Profesorius Petras Avižonis – terminologas

Birutė BRIAUKIENĖ Kaunas Vytautas University of the Great PROFESSOR PETRAS AVIZONIS — TERMINOLOGY Petras Oats (1875-1939) — the most XX a. famous Lithuanian ophthalmologist. Be as a doctor, a scientist, a ir practitioner, he bo actively contributed to the standardization of the common Lithuanian ir language. P. Avižonis felt the duty to take care of the affairs of the native language. He created Lithuanian medical terms, participated in The work of the terminology commission, belonged The Lithuanian language (1), society has given him dė the example of a proper Lithuanian. Į Lithuanian language history prof. P. Avižonis entered as: small 1) Lithuanian grammar of Lithuanian language („Lietuviška gramatikėlė“, 1899. 64 p.) the compiler; 2) creator of Lithuanian medical terms; the 3) first Lithuanian eye diseases textbook of world value (The Guide to Eye Diseases, 1939. 815 p., fig.) 1241 author. These works P. Avižonis worked constantly feeling the friendly common Lithuanian language father J. Jablonskio ir Lithuanian Language Promoter J. Balčikonis support. P. Avižonis, a be responsible medical worker, was constantly concerned with the consolidation of the common Lithuanian language, raising language culture, and was interested in innovations in language science. He was well versed in his native language and ir showed an example of proper Lithuanian language in his writings. Colleagues have ir jo acknowledged this. Dr. K. Grinius, 1922 m. popularizing medical hygiene ir knowledge, published a list of Lithuanian medical books. In this list The following three diseases were mentioned in the eye diseases section: P. Oatmeal booklets: 1. Dr-as P. Oatmeal. Trachoma. Vilnius, 1909. 8 p.; 2. Dr-as P. Oatmeal. Blindness ir trachoma In Lithuania. Vilnius, 1912. 12 p.; 3. Dr-as P. Oatmeal. Kova su trachoma. Raseiniai, 1920. 11 p., o po added by them K. Green's note: ‘Visi dr. P. "Overall impressions are very ir positive". O, for example, to Dr. A. L. Graičiūnas' booklets "Modes of development of infectious-lymph diseases and fight against them" ir su (Wilkes-Barre. 1912 m. 27 p.) was as follows: K. Green reference: “Language is difficult” (3). 1920 m. was started to publish a Lithuanian magazine, "Medicine". Pir111 the editor jo was dr. J. Staugaitis. Original articles and reports were ir printed in the journal by to the most famous doctors of the time, Prof. P. Avižonis, dr. J. Brundza, dr. K. Grinius, dr. V. Lairiūkštis, doc. V. Kuzma, prof. V. Lašas, doc. P. Little boy, Dr. M. Nasvytis, dr. J. Staugaitis, dr. V. Tumėnienė, dr. J. Earth ir many others. Publish here P. Avižonio articles are important for understanding the development of Lithuanian medical terminology. Common P. Avižonis expressed dissatisfaction with the poor language of the Lithuanian ir literacy. 1922 m. Medical Journal. No. 3 P. "About the State Exams for the Doctor's Degree Program". There he says that he has only ne corrected language in the programs of his specialty subjects: “When preparing the program, I will try to provide as many human terms as possible. In this regard, be the end helped a lot J. Jablonski, to whom I would like to express my sincere thanks. All terms have passed through jo criticism." For some medical terms P. Ovesnis suggested even several po terms, e.g.: blood vessels, blood vessels blood vessels, food digestibility digestibility; strange-born ir strange-bodies. ir ir Continue P. Avižonis explains that margoji šiltinė ir atokritinė šiltiyra nė words invented by people from Sodyba, the first by a — woman from Suvalkiai, the second — by a soldier from Kupiškis. Let these terms, on the advice of J. Jablonski, compete with the fictions of su doctors remain one ir another. ar Be to, Oves in P. this article suggests the use of the medical term venereal disease, o ne Venereal diseases, because Venus was a "purely healthy goddess". Injuries on the spot, a term used by lawyers J. Jablonski advised to use the term harm. The medical term acute disease is suggested for use nė because of the possibility of sudden death due to acute illness. Right here. P. Avižonis recalls that intelligent speakers write a lot mi ir of nonsense, if a word is widely used, it is an o argument that that word is good. ne Together the professor agrees J. Jablonski’s proposal to change some “inhumanly bad” terms used in medical ir language (4). The University Council of Lithuania, to which Prof. ir P. Oats, 1923 m. of March 18 d. decided to require iš applicants į Lithuanian University listeners to speak Lithuanian. Ji indicated that graduates of secondary schools in ne the Lithuanian language will have to take the Lithuanian 112 language exam in Lithuanian schools or at the University itself at the language exam committee. The committee will recognize the student as sufficiently proficient in Lithuanian only if he/she speaks fluently Lithuanian and repeats ir a Lithuanian scientific article selected by the committee (2). Prof. P. He was not only demanding of ne his students, but also of his colleagues ir and family members. On one occasion, Avižonis read a very scientific report as an opponent to a professor. P. There he only pointed out the scientific ne shortcomings of the dissertation, but questioned the bibliography, ir even the existence of some of the books mentioned. Finally, he pointed out the separation errors in the dissertation. When asking students, Avižonis demanded P. short, precise answers. ir ‘Dr. P. Avižonis made sure that the jo family members spoke correctly. Hearing the jų mistake made, he would immediately ją correct it", — ir today remembers marti Angel Avian. As a doctor, P. Avižonis met su patients of iš various Lithuania places. He particularly liked to listen to jų stories about illnesses and ir ailments, because he expected to hear new words and proverb terms. ar Especiallyhe was in need of terms of eye diseases. Whenever he heard a more rare or ar interesting word, P. Avižonis immediately jį wrote it down in a sheet, as he had learned J. Jablonski. He had been collecting words for a long time. 1904 m. 100 mg The second part of the Yushko dictionary P. Avižonis was mentioned (in the "Final Word") 22 among the persons who directly helped to prepare the dictionary. Prof. J. Balčikonis, 1940 m. publishing the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian 857 language”, among the word selectors also mentioned P. Oatmeal, doctor from Pasvalio. The greatest P. Avižonis's contribution to the — language is to take care of Lithuanian medical terminology. He was first concerned with the ir development of terms for eye-ear diseases. Still m., 1920 working In the medical field, he was a member of the P. Medical Terminology Committee. He was an active member of the commission, attended meetings diligently and had his own opinion on ir language issues. When necessary, he consulted su J. Jablonskiu ir J. Balchik. But the Ministry of Education released J. The Terminology Commission headed by Jablonski, entrusting its work University of Lithuania. 1926 12 29 was formed the University Terminology Commission, in which had to work P. Avižonis, S. Šalkauskis ir J. Balčikonis. P. Avižonis did not agree that the Ministry of Education had recklessly liquidated the old commission and, doubting that the 113 University faculties would be interested ar in terminology management and creation, stated that be J. For Jablonski, the only specialist in this field, such work is impossible at all. For to 1927 01 06 Prof. P. Avižonis resigned from the position of member of the Terminology Commission ir J. Jablonski at least moral support (5). 1925 m. In the Kaunas Medical Society dr. J. Staugaitis read a report on Lithuanian medical terminology. There he pointed out that specialists of other professions manage the terms of their field, only doctors have not even started, to the lack of terms is o felt every day. Therefore, it is envisaged to collect terms from medical books and iš newspapers and submit them to the State ir Terminology Commission for review. Po to Terms to print “in Lithuania” and In "Medicina" publicly criticizes ir remarks. Later The State Terminology Commission, after considering the terms again, will approve them and publish them. ir Tada P. Avižonis proposed that a ir Medical Terms Collection Commission be formed. Dr. J. Staugaitis was elected its chairman, and Dr. J. Staugaitis and Dr. J. Staugaitis were elected its members. J. Brundza, ir representative of Kaunas Medical University, Prof. V. Lašas, representative of the Faculty of Medicine. Iš Kaunas Medical Society funds were allocated 100 to make small litas cards (6). Later was printed such a The Medical Terminology Commission's article in "Medicina": "The matter of having our own medical terms is ripe for a long time. We have our own medical journal, medical school, Faculty of Medicine, where medicine is taught in Lithuanian, we do not have o medical terms. vų True, there are many tų terms, perhaps even too many, because, for example, one only „cellula“ has at jų least some cell, cage, — eye, but we do not have too many such terms that would be recognized by all, accepted by all. Thus, it is necessary to finally emerge iš from the existing nų termichaos, iš selecting now proposed ir more suitable to produce still missing terms. Therefore, the Terminology Commission appeals to all Lithuanian doctors, asking them to write down already ir known newly heard, iš especially rural people, medical ir terms to send them The Terminology Commission. It is best to write the terms on separate cards together with the Latin and, su preferably, German name, indicating in which region this or that term has been heard” (7). The Terminology Commission consistently pursued its goal of having good medical terms as soon as possible. 114 Therefore, In the journal "Medicinas" there were articles on medical terminology. 1925 m. ‘Medicinos’ No. 9-10 was printed by Dr. Žagarė iš M. Kuprevičia's article "Cell cage?" ar It states that in medical writings "cellula" is not uniformly referred to as a cell — cage. ir The eye, nose, and mouth are rarely visible. The author justifies his opinionnę Ir suggests to consume only the cell as does Ellison, Brundza, Matulevičius, etc. ir So P. Avižonis, having understood the need to have Lithuanian medical terms, began to work actively in this field. In the first jo articles, there are still such medical terms as: vaccines), methods of treatment methods), doctor's (= working hours), hospital hospital), (= objective being objectivity), tuberculosis tuberculosis) (= and so on. (= (= (= ir Around the end of the 1920s, P. Avižonis used a lot of international words in his works, mostly Latin and Greek words, for which he still did not find Lithuanian iš medical ir equivalents, e.g.: accommodation, separated skin, cell, cilia, divergent rays, enucleated, eviscerated, fissure, focus, iris, crypt, coloboma, conjunctiva, cornea, presbyopia, refraction, retina, scarification, sclera, etc. ir For example, 1924 m. In the "Medicine" P. Avižonis wrote as follows: We observed the posterior endothelium of the cornea, Hassal-Henkle warts in the endothelium, blood circulation in the remaining vessels of parenchymal keratitis in the po corneal stroma, cracks of the descement membrane folds, senile corneal degeneration ir (gerontoxon), zones of normal lens discontinuity, adult lens embryonic sutures, physiological residues of the pupillary membrane, iridocyclite precipitates, traumatic vitreous prolapse of the pupillary chamber, etc. į ir Seeing the process of standardization of the Lithuanian language that was taking place at the time, P. Avižonis corrected ir and improved the medical terms used in his writings. They were changed until they acquired, in the author's opinion, the most perfect form. For example: eye white — eye protein, 115 upper eyelid upper eyelid, — eyelashes eyelashes, conjunctiva — conjunctiva connective — membrane, — ciliary sheet ciliary chamber anterior — chamber, pupil pupil — pupils. — — Jau 1929 m. in the article “Senile eye changes” we find good P. Oatmeal created medical terms, e.g.: synovium (chorioidea), odena (sclera), cornea (cornea), iris (iris), snowflakes (synchysis scintilans), vitreous (corpus vitrum), scintillators (muscae voluntantes), mushroom flies (pupil). However, mainly prof. P. The medical terms created by Avižonis are in the most valuable work jo — "Handbook of Eye Diseases" (hereinafter referred to as — ALV). The textbook is intended for medical ir students. Į jį compose the professor- 's life-long practical experiences ir instructions. This work is still of great value to the ophthalmology ir language sciences today. ir Iš ALV is well seen in the use of other medical terms in ir ophthalmology. ir 1. Maximum The term is used in international medical terminology. Most often they are used in be explanations (a) or are explained in international Latin-Greek medical topics — ir — (b) and Lithuanian equivalents (c). For example: : a) <...> eye balance disorder given decentered glasses instead of combination prisms (VAT 66); There are special cryocauterizations (VAT 38); Tų image principle based on keratoscopy, ophthalmometry, phacometry (VAT 68); <...> glass edges are glued to the forehead, cheek nose with leukoplast, kalodium or mastizol ir (VAT 39); b) <...> begins epithelial regeneration (ulcus regressivum) (ALV 339); quartz lamp (Electric ophthalmia) (VAT 15); <...> eye diseases occur in neurasthenia (asthenopia nervosa) (ALV surgical 17); diathermy (electrocoagulatio) (VAT 41); c) Glasses are devices for fusion of images (for bilateral vision) (VAT 58); Parasitic eye damage occurs through exogenous infection, infestation, (VAT 15); Ametropia, myopia (VAT 73); Myopia or short-sightedness (VAT 73); Emetropa (true vision) eye (VAT 74); Erosion or discolor- (VAT 377). 116 2. ation Slightly less VAT P. The term is commonly used in medical terms, especially in — Latin and Greek. ir They were used for the titles of chapters, subsections, paragraphs and parts of the textbook. International medical terms used here for explanation be (a), explained by other international words (b) or explained by the Lithuanian equivalents (c). For example: : a) A. Keratitis (VAT 335); B. Corneal trauma (VAT 375); 1. Corpus alienum cornea (VAT 375); 2. Corneal erosion (VAT 377); 3. Vulnus corneae (VAT 378); 4. Combustio corneae (VAT 379); 5. Contusio corneae (VAT 380); D. Pigmentation of the cornea (VAT 385); E. Dystrophiae corneae (VAT 386); E. Ectasiae corneae (VAT 392); G. Corneal tumors (VAT 398); H. Congenital anomalies of the cornea (VAT 399); A. Optic nerve (VAT 572); II. 1998-1999 Optic nerve neuritis (VAT 580); A. Intraocular neuritis s. papillitis (VAT 580); B. Pseudoneuritis (VAT 581); C. Retrobulbar neuritis (VAT 581); a. Acute retrobulbar neuritis (VAT 582); b. Chronic retrobulbar neuritis (VAT 584); b) Conjunctivitis scrophulosa (phlyctaenulosa) (VAT 303); Acrosacea ne conjunctivae (rosacea-conjunctivitis) (VAT 312); Erythema exudatum multiforme (herpes iris conjunctivae) (VAT 313); Suppuratio (ulceration) (VAT 337); Tuberculosis keratitis (tuberculosis interstitial keratitis) (VAT 361); Opacitas corneae zonularis (s. fascicularis) (VAT 391); c) Hemeralopia (viStakumas) (VAT 147); Nyctalopia (nighttime) (VAT 148); Opacitates cicatriceae corneae (randinés ragenos drumstys) (VAT 380); Cataract zonal perinuclear s. (stratified cataract) (VAT 488); Iris, the iris (VAT 408). 117 Corpus ciliare, ciliary gland (VAT 411); Membrana limitans interna-unstructured, homogeneous film (VAT 411). 3. Less than 100 internationar al medical terms AI V Prof. P. Avižonis used Lithuanian medical terms. Most often they were ir interpreted in ir precise Latin Greek terms (a), somewhat less — frequently in Lithuanian words (b), very rarely in German — words (c). Example. : a) Plates raised (planconvex) ir flat convex (planconcav) lenses (VAT 59); Artificial eye (prothesis ocularis) (VAT 47); Protective barn, namely, monoculus (VAT 39); Frost burns (cryotherapy) (VAT 38); The edge of the envelope (pars marginalis conjunctivae)... (VAT 249); Blood vessels (ciliary vessel) (VAT 414); b) During war, perforated glasses with starved plates (shot glasses) can replace <...> (VAT 62); Pavilgai (compresses) (ALV 26); Concave, or concave lenses (VAT 56); Convex or convex lenses (VAT 54); c) For protection against ultraviolet rays, there are yellow (Fienzal), pink (euphos), yellowish-greenish of various shades of darkness (Hallauer) ir colourless (ultrasin) glass (VAT 59); Contact lenses, blown (Muller) or rectangular (Zeiss) (VAT 61). Be previously used, HIV we find a lot P. Avižonio naujai sukurtų parinktų medicinos ar terminų, pvz.: akilaukis, aklagimis, degintuvas, didžakumas, draikena, draikymas(is), drumstis, drumstéjimas, drumstynė, drumstumas, drumžlėjimas, drumžlinumas, dvejėjimas, dveJimimasis, garintuvas, gyslainė, glaustiniai (šviesos spinduliai), įdubieIt, concave, convex, convex (lenses), sense, sensitivity, heater, krumplynas, smallness, injury, plétréjimas, gap, sweating, presbyopia, diffused (rays of light), light breaker, comb, tapnukas, retina, netlažiūris, netlažiūrumas, far (glasses), crushing, cracking, myopia, myopia, bandage, stable, sustainability, infection. These terms were created ne iš once. The author created them, corrected, ir improved, changed, spent a ir lot of time even money — Faculty of Medicine prof. iš P. Avizon's fee (10.000 Lt) for the correction of the mų printer's losses about Lt 8.000 (8). The "Handbook of Eye Diseases" can be compared with the best textbooks on su ophthalmology in the world. 118 For us, Lithuanians, it is valuable because of the ir Lithuanian medical terminology, which the author created and improved throughout his life. ir V. In the words of Lašas, this is a ir synthesis of pedagogical scientific work (9). With great care and dedication Prof. P. Avižonis collected Material for the "Eye Diseases Guide", combined pictures, wrote jį ir checked the work of the press. He seemed to sense that his largest and last work would be monumental, so he spared neither labor, nor time, nor effort to perfect it. (10). However, P. Avižonis wasn't seen enjoying his ir book. According to the author’s instructions, made just before his death, the index, the list of recipes, the contents of the book were ir arranged by his son, senior assistant of the Eye Clinic, Dr. Vytautas Avižonis. Other fields of medicine can envy the ophthalmology terms of Oehlenschläger, because they are properly composed. This is because the most important source of Prof. P. Avižonis’s terms was the folk language. Received 1998 10 01 Literatūra 1. Zinkevičius Z. Lietuvių kalbos istorija. V., 1984. T. 5. P. 165. 2. Lietuvių kalbos mokėjimas // Medicina. 1923. Nr. 3-4. P. 183. 3. Grinius K. Medicinos ir higienos žinių populiarizacija lietuvių tarpe // Medicina. 1922. Nr. 6. P. 315-325. 4. Avižonis P. Valstybinių egzaminų gydytojo laipsniui programos reikalu // Medicina. 1922. Nr. 3. P. 136-137. 5.Piročkinas A. Petras Avižonis // Mūsų kalba. 1975. Nr. 4. P. 61-66. 6.Staugaitis J. Lietuvių medicinos terminologijos reikalu // Medicina. 1925. Nr. 3-4. P. 273. 7. Susirūpinkime medicinos terminais // Medicina. 1925. Nr. 3-4. P. 129-130. 8.Puzinas J. Petras Avižonis. Čikaga, 1979. P. 205. 9.Lašas V. Med. dr. P. Avižonis kaip universiteto profesorius // Medicina. 1940. Nr. 4. P. 264-270. 10. Marcinkus J. A. a. prof. P. Avižonis okulistas-oftalmologas // Medicina. 1940. Nr. 4. P. 259-264. ' 119