Dėl kai kurių radioelektronikos terminų vartosenos

Vilius PALENSKIS, Vytautas VALIUKĖNAS ir Valerian ZALKAUSKAS University of Vilnius ON KAI OF WHICH RADIO ELECTRONICS DEADLINES VARTOSENOS Currently in the press “Radioelectronics terms (Lithuanian, English, French, German Russian) ir dictionary- ", which contains about thousands of terms. 18 Authors of this dictionary: dr. Kazimieras Gaivenis, habil. Dr. Gytis Juška, dr. Lives Kalesinskas, dr. Angel Kaulakienė, dr. Stasys The change, Dr. Jonas Matukas, dr. Vilius Palenskis (man. redaktorius), dr. Antanas Petraeus, Habil. Dr. Stanislavas Sakalauskas, habil. Dr. Algirdas Stabinis, dr. Vytautas Valiukėnas (man. red. vice-presidenir t) dr. Valerijonas Žalkauskas (computer processing editor). Some of the terms in this glossary have already been discussed in various publications dedicated to [1, 2]. terminology. Taking into į account international ir Lithuanian standards on physical quantities ir jų units [3], significantly expands the term factor usage. Term coefficient according to the requirements of the above standards (English) coefficient || pranc. coefficient m || vok. Coefficient m || Russian. Koadummenr m) should be used only when sizes du 4 ir B (A=kB) The linking factor is k a dimensional quantity, e.g. : Hol coefficient || Hall coefficient || coefficient m de Hall || Hall coefficient | m Xonza; diffusion coefficient || coefficient || m de diffusion || Diffusion coefficient m || xKosdbŽOburnneHT m. MĖdyz3un; elongation coefficient || coefficient of linear expansion || coefficient m de dilatation linčigue || linearer Coefficient of expansion m | KosbĒhunneHT m nuHEHHOrO paCNIHpeHHS3; recombination coefficient || coefficient || m de recombinant || Recombination coefficient m || KO30OOHnKHEHT M peKOMOVHAINMH; 48 coefficient self-induction, || self-inductance of coefficient d'auto-induction, self-inductance || m f || Self-induction coefficient m | xoaddunuenr Mm CAMOKHHYKINMK, CO6CTBeHHASI HHIIYKTUBHOCTb f; temperature coefficient resistance || coefficient tempėrature of rėsistance || m de de || Temperature coefficient of m Resistance, resistance temperature coefficient m || I'm sorry, I'm sorry. KO3(DMOUIUEHT M CONpOTHBIIEHHS; magnetic k., absorption k., expansion k., proportional effect k., attenuation k., thermal k., thermoelectric k. k. ir kt Iš The examples given here show that the generic term names of the nų coefficients usually reflect the nature of ar the phenomenon at a certain magnitude of change or are named after the authors who studied a particular phenomenon. Term factor (English) factor || pranc. factor m || vok. Factor m | Russian. xoacdbdunuent m, muoxurens is m) suggested when the size k (A=kB or k=A/B) is non-dimensional, i.e. when sizes A ir B have the same units of measurement, but have the same ne meanings, e.g. dielectric dissipation factor, dielectric loss factor facteur || || m de losses dielectric || dielectric Loss factor m || Ko2dĒOHInneHT m ĮMMDJIEKTpHYECKYX TTIOTEPD; power factor || facteur || m de power || Power factor xokaddunuent m || m MONIHOCTH; guality factor, || figure merit factor of || m de quality, factor m de merit || Drop Factor m, Goode number f || KO30OĖunHeHT m JJOOpOTHOCTHK, JĮJO6pOTHOCTB f: correlation factor || coefficient corrélation || m de || Correlation factor m | reliability factor factor m | || m de reliability || reliability factor m | koadbdunuenr m nanamanxuocru; sutapties faktorius coincidence factor | factor coincidence || m || coincidence m | factor m xoadbdumuenr - cosnanenus; pulse filling f., distorted iSmagnetization f, f., feedback overload f., scattering f., noise f, f ir kt 49 The examples given here also show that the names of the general terms of factors usually reflect the degree of the phenomenon or its effect, the degree of commonality or occurrence of certain phenomena, etc. Although the quantity described by the term factor is fundamentally different from the quantity expressed by coefficient, the latter is a dimensional quantity, but many of them have been called coefficients in Lithuanian scientific literature until now. Moreover, although in the “Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language” [5] the word factor is given only the meaning of a factor, in other languages this word is usually used in the fields of science and technology in the meaning of a numerical multiplier or number indicating the degree of a certain effect. Therefore, in the future, when preparing a new edition of this dictionary [5], the above-mentioned value of the factor should also be specified. As mentioned, the factor can also be expressed as a ratio of certain quantities, but this term should not be confused with the term ratio. A ratio is a non-dimensional quantity (k=A4 /A4,) in which the quantities A and A have not only the same units of measurement, but also the same meaning, i.e. the ratio shows how many times the values of a given quantity are greater or lesser than each other. The following are some examples: concentration ratio || rapport m des concentrations || Konzentrationsverhaltnis n | orHomenue n KOHIIEHTpAlUN; doping density ratio || rapport m des dopants | Dotantenverhialtnis n | oTHomeHnue n IUIOTHOCTEN JIETUPYIOLIMX IIPUMECEH; ratio of logical unit to zero signals || one-to-zero ratio | rapportm signal un —signal zéro || Null-Eins-Verhaltnis n || oruonmenue n CHUTHAJIOB jorudeckux 1 u 0; mixture component ratio | rapport m des composants au mélange | Mischungsverhéltnis n || coorKomenune n KOMIIOHEHTOB B CMECH; signalo ir triukšmo santykis || signal-to-noise ratio || rapport m signal/bruit || Signal/Rausch-Verhiltnis n || orHomenue n curnasn/ stochiometrinis santykis stochiometric ratio rapport stoechiométrique stochiometrisches Ty M; 50 || || m || Verhiltnis n || crexuoMerpuueckKoe OTHOJNNICHHE A; height width s., ir etching speed s., movable s., magnetostrictive s., carrier noise s., damping s., heat capacity ir s. ir kt If the coefficient ir factor of the generic terms names were usually not related to the sizes su A ir B names, this relationship of generic terms names directly refer to sizes A ir B names. In cases where the ratio k=A/B is less than one, the size is a už fraction o of the 4 size B (A includes į B composition), term to be used part (English) part || pranc. part f || vok. Part m || Russian. uacr» f, mons A): active part active || part partie || active f || Akivteil m, Active part m || akruBHas 4acTb f; menamoji dalis || imaginary part part || imaginary f || Imaginary part | MHuMas VacTb f, realioji dalis real || part partie || réelle f || Real part m || BEIIIECTBEHHAs YACTb f, NeUCTBUTENIbHAS YACTb f. weight part || weight part || partie f de weight || Weight part m || BeCOBas1 YAaCTb f, BECOBAs JIOJIS /; tūrio dalis || volume part || partie f de volume || Volume part m, Raumteil m | 0o65ėMHas acts f. It is regrettable that in both Lithuanian and other languages ir scientific and technical literature je ir terms coefficient, factor ratio are often confused, ir only recently these terms have begun to be systematized [3, 4]. For example, the term gain coefficient (although by meaning it should be a strengthening factor) is so widely used that it is hardly worth changing it now. Combinations of physical quantities iš formed by factors of certain ir coefficients are often considered new quantities, sometimes called parameters, such as the Gröneisen parameter. The usage of this term should not be expanded, because the term parameter is usually used in the sense of a characteristic, when you want to describe a device, device other product with certain sizes, e.g.: parametrai signalo grandinės parametrai large-signal parameters paramėtres signal fort ar || || m pl en || GroBsignalparameter m pl || napatechnologigues 51 MeTDpBbI m pl B pexxuMe G0JIbInoTO CHTHAJIa; integrinio grandinės parametrai || integrated circuit parameters || performances m pl de circuit intėgrė || IC-Leistungsparameter m pl || mapamerper m pl UuHTETpaJIbHbIX CXeM; technologiniai parametrai || technological parameters || paramėtres m pl || Production m pl || parameters mapamerpsl m pl TEXHOJIOTMYECKOIO rpolecca. Logarithm of the ratio of a given physical quantity A to its reference value A (L=1g(4A/A,)) is called the level (usually expressed in decibels): a felismerhető szint || detectable level || szintm detektálható || Nachweisbarkeits-niveau nm || ypoBeHb m OGHapyXeHU; signalo lygis || signal level || niveau m de signal || Signalpegel m || YPOBEHb M CHTHAJIa; triukšmo lygis || noise level || niveau m de bruit || Rauschniveau n, Rauschpegel m || yposens m nryMa. However, the term level is widely used to refer to ir defined values of physical quantities, e.g.: references I., the maximum signal power L, permissible radiation L, L., zero restrictL, ion L., threshold I. ir kt The term level should not be confused su with the sublevel, the latter used to describe energy sublevels: acceptor I., donor congenitL, al laser L, I., unexcited I., unfilled primary I, energy L, recombination L., shallow donor L, empty I., etc. The term is also used to refer to the constant or constants. A quantity that has the same value under all conditions is called a universal constant or simply a constant: elektrinė konstanta || electric constant || constante f ėlectrigue || dielektrische Konstante f, Dielektrizitatskonstante f || 97rekrTpuuecKasi IIOCTOsIHHAA f; Magnetic constant || magnetic constant || constante f magnétigue || magnetische Feldkonstante f, Permeabilskonstante f des Vakuums || MarHuTHasi nocTOSHHASI A, Planko konstanta || Planck's constant || constante f de Planck || Plancksche Konstante f || nmocrostauas f Inanka. 52 For other quantities, which have the same values under certain conditions and where in other languages the terms constant, constante, Konstante and so on are used, in Lithuanian preference should be given to the term constanta, rather than the Russian term nocmosannas value constant (the latter term is not in the dictionary [5]): galvanometro konstanta || galvanometer constant || constante f de galvanomėtre || Galvanometerkonstante f | nocrosxHas f TaJIbBaHOMeTDA; electric charge time constant || constante f de temps de la charge || Ladezeitkonstante f || IIOCTOSIHHAs /BpeMeHH 3apsl/la; laisvoji konstanta || arbitrary constant || constante f arbitraire || willkūrliche Konstante f || mpousBosibHas mocrosHHas J, dezintegracijos konstanta || decay constant || constante f de däsintėgration || Zerfallkonstante f || nocrosxHas f pacnana; slopinimo konstanta || damping constant || damping constant f || Vapour constant f || nocrosHHas ycnof KOCHHS. There is a much broader use of the term method. This term was not even included į “Physical Terms Dictiona- [6], ry“, although in many places it can replace the term method, i.e. in cases where it refers to a type of being, manifestation, doing or acting, e.g.: būdas || approach, method, technika || mode m, méthode f, technique f|| Method f, Verfahren nm, Technik f || crroco6 m, Mero m; test method testing technique technique dessai || || f || Priiftechnik f || cmoco6 m ucnbITaHuS; patterning technique || technique f de däfinition dessin de || Structure mapping methods n || coconut m OOopMHUpoBaHHS; PUCYHKA; modų synchronizavimo būdas || mode-locking technique || méthode f de synchronisation des modes || croco6 m cnHxpoHH3arnMH MOI; basic approach méthode | || f de base || Basic procedure n || 6a3o0BbIit crioco6 m; error compensation method || compensation d'erreur 53 method f de || Error compensation method r || croco6 m COMINEHCAIIHH TMOTDpENIHOCTH; susitapatinimo būdas self-aligned || approach mėthode d'autoalignement, || technique f dauto-alignement cmnoco6 camoCOBMEINEHUf S; multi-stage || diffusion b., m two-stage b., foil etching b., production b., evaporation b., pulse compression b., crystal drawing b., quantification b., measurement b., decomposition b., fiber optic junction b., diffusion b., excitation b. b. ir kt However, this does not mean that everywhere the term method should be changed to method, for example, when the term is associated with the authors' surnames by other proper nouns: su Bridgman method || ar Bridgman method || méthode f de Bridgman || Bridgman-Methode f || Metron m. Cochralski method || Czochralski method || méthode f de Czochralski || Czochralski-Methode f || Metron m Uoxpanisekoro; Monte Carlo method Monte Carlo method Monte Carlo method Monte Carlo method Monte Carlo method Monte Carlo method Monte Carlo method Monte Carlo method Monte Carlo method Monte Carlo method Monte Carlo method Monte Carlo method Monte Carlo method Monte Carlo method Monte Carlo method Monte Carlo method In those cases where we want to express the totality or generalization of methods, the principle of investigation or operation, should not be avoided and the term method, for example: artutinis metodas || approximative method || méthode f approximative || Annaherungsverfahren n || npuOjmxėHHbIžū MeTOJI m; loop method || méthode f de boucle || Schleifenmethode f || Merojį m metnu, Meron m uuieida; mūšio metodas || beat method || mėthode f de battements || Schwebungsverfahren n || Mayor m sentenced; nulinis metodas || null method || mėthode f de zėro || Nullmethode f, Nullabgleichmethode f || HyneBoit MeTOJ m; differential method || mėthode f diffėrentielle | Differentialmethode f || pasHocTHbIū MeTOJN m, JUuOgdepEHIMAJIbHbIĖ METOJĮ M; variacinis metodas || variational method || mėthode f des variations || Variationsmethode f, Variationsverfahrenn || BapuanuoHHbIri gradient m., charge-discharge m., harmonic balance m., discharge m., contour currents m., nodal potentials m., similarity m., symbolic m., superposition m., bridge m., three-ammeter m., delay potential m., stepwise MEeTOJ Mm; 54 ir m. ir kt Next, we will discuss the use of thermal sensor, ir thermal converter. The — sensor is [7] 1) element device ar that reacts to physical effects, such į as heat, light, sound, pressure, magnetic electric field, motion, etc., generates a certain signal, device means ar increasing the specific sensitivity of ir the primary ir element, device that, using the radiation of 2) energy particles of ar certain objects or reflection from them, detects, displays 3) represents these objects or actions. ar ar jų Some examples: sensor sensor, || sensing element senseur || capteur m, m || Fūhler m, Sensory elements, Geberm || 3yBCcTBHUTEeJIbHEIŽ 2JIEMEHT M, TATIUK m, bolometrinis šviesos jutiklis bolometric light || sensing element capteur bolomėtrigue lumiėre || bolometrischer m de || Light source m || Gonomerpuyeckuit JiaTUHK m. CBETA; Jotoelektrinis jutiklis || photoelectric sensing element capteur || photoélectrique m photoelektrischer || Geberm || dporosnexTpuueckuii HJAaTYMK Mm; inductive sensor capteur inductif inductive sensor || || m || Geber m || HHJLYKTHBHbIŪ JATYUK m; magnetostrictive sensor capteur || magnetostriction magnetostriktiver || m a || Geber m || MarHHTocTpHuKULMOHHBIŽ JaTUKK Mm; pressure || sensor pressure sensor, pressure || pickup capteur m de pressure || Pressure sensor m || Jtaruux m naBieHus; light sensor light sensor, || photosensor photosenseur photorėcepteur || m, m || Photosensor light m, sensitive Element n, Light receiver m || dOoroJieTEKTOp m, (GOTOUYBCTBUTEIbHBII DJIEMEHT Mm; humidity j., electronic j., hol j., voltage j., optoelectronic j., piezoelectric j., fiber optic j., capacitive j., temperature j., ultrasound J image j., vibration j., etc. 55 A transducer is a device or component that converts one type of energy into another, while retaining the information contained in the primary energy, its derivative, or integral. In some cases, the functions performed by the transducer and the sensor are very close (French, German and Russian often use even the same terms), but the transducer is not intended for detection. The converter may be 1) a microphone that converts sound waves into an electrical signal (current or voltage), 2) a modulated laser that converts an electrical signal (usually current) into modulated light, 3) a light receiver that converts modulated light into an electrical signal, etc., e.g.: elektromagnetinis keitlys || electromagnetic transducer || capteur m ėlectromagnėtigue || elektromagnetischer Geber m || anekrpoMArHUTHBIN JAaTYUK M; galios keitlys || power transducer | power transducer m || Leistungsgeber m || mat4uk m MOLIHOCTH; Holo keitlys || Hall transducer || sensor m de Hall || Hall-Geber m || naruuk m. XoJuia; magnetostrikcinis keitlys || magnetostriction transducer || transducteur m de magnėtostriction || Magnetostriktionsgeber m || MarHuTOCTPUKIIMOHHBIA ĮĮaTUMK M; telemeter transducer || transducteur m de télémesure || FernmeBgeber m || Jtaruuk m TenensMepeHus; displacement transducer || capteur m de déplacement || Weggeber m || įtaruuk m cMenieHus. A converter (converter, changer || convertisseur m, changeur m || Wandler m, Umsetzer m, Umformer m || npeo6pa3osBareJis m) is a device that usually changes a certain parameter of the same kind of energy into another, one function into another, one form of information into another, etc. Keitikliu gali būti 1) radijo imtuvo dalis, pakeičianti įėjimo signalo dažnį žemesniu, t. y. į tarpinį dažnį, 2) elektros generatorius, keičiantis kintamąją srovę nuolatine arba atvirkščiai, 3) įtaisas, keičiantis duomenų pateikimo pavidalą kitu, nepakeičiant jų prasmės, ir kt.: analoginis skaitmenų keitiklis || digital-analogue converter || convertisseur m digital-analogigue || Digitalanalogumsetzer m, Digital56