J. Kruopas ir lietuvių terminologija

TERMINOLOGY IR Current Stasys KEINYS Lithuanian Language Institute, Vilnius J. GROWLS IR LITHUANIAN TERMINOLOGY Almost a quarter of a century has passed po Jono The (1908-1975) death of Kruop, jo but the significance of the works and the nė importance of the activity, seems to ir be somewhat unbleached. Now, as in the days when J. Kruopas continued to į pursue the lines of linguistics he had chosen ar himself, and it can be said without doubt that he belongs to the most prominent Lithuanian linguists. Vidurinė ir the young generation of Lithuanians did not feel the warmth of the wisdom of this bright man as a teacher, a guide of ir scientific works, ji but grew iš the soil in which he plowed, he sowed ir J. Balčikonis, J. Kruopas ir and other ancient and older linguists. J. Kruops was and always will ir be a representative of the post-Jablonski ir generation of linguists, su J. Balčikonis and a small ir group of friends of science, pupils of Vytautas the Great University, in the difficult post-war times had the duty to educate the researchers ir of the native language, to organize the research ir work of the language, to involve them productively, and finally to prepare teachers of ir Lithuanian language į literature necessary for the life of the nation. ir All these works J. He worked hard, and was very ir hard-working. Į He entered the history of Lithuanian science as a prominent researcher of the history of the language of ancient writings and dictionaries, as a distinguished dictionary writer, as a noble provider of common language. Clear footprints in Lithuanian terminology bars. Terminology sounds like it's already in the jo first, ir 1935 m. In the article "Language education in our society" J. published in "Gimtoji kalba" by Kruopa. ir Writing about the creation of language, be writers (then applying only ne į the only place of language creation), J. Kruopa mentions here ir "one another" term manager in your field (P. Oatmeal, E. Many, K. Greens, St. Šalkauskį, J. Vidmantą) ar voter (J. "Alison". Ta waiting 1Zr. Kruo Pas J. Language education ir our society // Mother tongue. 1935. No. 7. P. 98. never faded during all four decades, during which J. Kruopas wrote and published his scientific works. However, it was particularly strengthened after 1951, when J. Kruopas was appointed Chairman of the Terminology Commission of the Lithuanian Language Institute (since 1952 the Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute) (he held this public office until 1972, when the Terminology Council at the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences was established in place of the Commission; J. Kruopas was also the vice-chairman of this council until his death). So for about twenty-five years J. Kruopas managed the terminology work in Lithuania and worked on it himself. During all this time he was in the middle of the organizational terminology work — he instructed specialists in various fields, especially scientists of the institutes of the Academy of Sciences, to manage the terms of their fields and prepare terminology dictionaries or bulletins, took care that terminology work was included in the plans of all scientific institutions and higher schools and was consistently worked on there. In 1953, J. Kruopas, wishing to make terminology work in Lithuania more efficient and targeted, wrote: “Until now, there is no body in our republic that coordinates and directs all terminology work. It goes without saying that these functions cannot be performed by a three-person terminology committee at the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature, which considers the terms submitted by individual MA institutes from a linguistic point of view and advises various institutions, companies and organizations orally and in writing. The composition, purpose and competence of this commission do not allow to organize and develop terminology work on a national scale. For this purpose, a republican chief terminology commission should be formed, following the example of other Soviet republics, which could entrust individual scientific institutions, enterprises and organizations to contribute to the terminology of their field, which would coordinate the terminology work of individual scientific institutions, institutes, publishing houses, etc., and whose adopted terms would be binding on all", adding that subject terminology commissions subordinated to the chief terminology commission should operate in the institutes of the Academy of Sciences or in higher schools?. "About the Development and Improvement of the Work of Terminology" // "The Truth". January 11, 1953. 8 Though the idea of organizing the terminology work remained unrealized, the terminology work itself has been noticeably revitalized since the early 1950s. A lot of dictionaries of ir terms in various fields have been prepared and published, active field terminology ar commissions have been revived, some of them, for example, botany, physics, have iš been working fruitfully for a decade. ne J. The Terminology Commission, headed by Kruop, reviewed the “Dictionary of Legal Terms” A. prepared by Žiurlis in 1999), the first “Library Bibliographic Terminology” (1954 booklet I. prepared by Kisinas in 2000), Gudelis ir (1956 V. "Dictionary ir of Geology Physical Geography Terms" (1956), P. Brazdziūnas edited "Dictionary of Physics Terms" (1958), The "Dictionary of Sports Terms" prepared by the team of specialists of the (1959), J. Institute of Physical Culture "Dictionary of melioration terms" (1960), K. "Chemistry Dictionary". (1960), A. Jurevičiaus ir A. Chizhou The first part of the Explanatory Dictionary of Textile Terms (1962), J. The “Dictionary of Botanical Terms” prepared by the team led by Dagis (1965), K. The “Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary of Economic Terms” compiled by economists led by Meškauskas (1966), B. Augustinas, P. Danisevičius ir K. Miecevičiaus "Brief Guide to Criminal Investigation" (1970), V. Kairio, A. Kaminsko, Z. Kudirkos, R. Kundrotienės, M. Lipšico, A. Mačerniaus, J. Norkaus, Riaubūno, J. Stanaičio, J. Stulpino B. streets ir A Šliavo "Russian-Lithuanian-English Dictionary of Computing Technology Terms" (1971). Almost all of these dictionaries authors compilers in ar the prefaces sincerely thanked, others, be ir J. Careful už consultation, advice ar participation in the terms of consideration. J. Kruop has also assisted in the preparation of S. Gecevičiūtė- 's "Interpretations of Zoology Terms" (1974), M. Mikalajūno "Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary of Meteorological Terms" (1975), V. Astrauskas, S. Biziulevičius, S. Pavilonis, A. Vaitilavičius ir A. Vileišio „Medicine Terms Dictionar- (1980), y“ helped MA The terminology ir commission of the Institute of Electrical Energy Engineering, which published a series of technical terminology bulletins in the 1960s, supported other terminology work. With his enthusiasm, elevation, vitality, ability to communicate, cheerfulness, contagious laughter J. The grove attracted people. Uncommon J. Specialists in pą various fields visited him, called him on the phone, asking for advice or even a decisive word on the terms used or missing. Now it is unlikely that anyone would be able to determine to whom, how many and what terms J. Kruopas has proposed himself, but he will have approved most of the terms included in the dictionaries of terms discussed by the Terminology Commission led by him, bulletins used in many textbooks of various fields, monographs and other publications, which were prepared by scholars or publishing house editors. Not one of these scientists seriously devoted themselves to terminology management activities. Large work on terminology was done by physicist P. Brazdžiūnas, botanist J. Dagys, geographer V. Gudelis and others. Knowing that it is very important to properly present the most important terms of various fields in the general language dictionaries, J. Kruopas called on a group of renowned specialists to help him prepare the main work of the general language word supply — the “Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language”, its first edition (1954). The dictionary thanks physicist P. Brazdžiūnas, lawyer J. Bulavas, doctor S. Biziulevičius, chemist K. Daukšas, historian J. Jurginis, lexicographer Ch. Lemchen, Colonel V. Luna, biologist J. Maciukas, engineer A. Novodvorskis, astronomer P. Slavenas, doctor J. Vaitilavičius, mathematician G. Žilinskas, lawyer A. Žiurlis and others. Thus, J. Kruopa’s efforts established a mutually important and beneficial relationship between linguists and specialists in other fields. By the way, this harmonious work was most beneficial for the Lithuanian language itself. J. Kruopas was a clever man, a good and creative work organiser, able to get people to work, inspire. He constantly supported the activities of the regional terminology commissions and himself, according to his abilities, participated in their meetings, organized national terminology councils, sought to initiate and legitimize terminology work in all scientific institutions. He has repeatedly explained that terminology work in every scientific institution should be considered an integral part of the scientific work, that it is necessary to allocate both staff and other things necessary for the work. This approach seems quite correct. After all, terminology is necessary for scientific work, it must be created and managed on the basis of science. People determine the success of the work. But any work requires some preparation. It is not possible to manage terminology 10 knowing the subject ir without having sufficient linguistic proficiency and judgment. The essence of terminology work is the provision of technical language. Therefore, only excellent, broadly educated specialists in that field together with properly prepared linguists can properly arrange the terminology ir of any field. At the same time, since the specialists usually do not have the su necessary linguistic education or work experience, linguists lack the knowledge of specialised areas. to o Only over a longer period of common work, some have significair ntly ir outpaced others. J. In this respect, Kruopas followed the view that was widespread in earlier times, but still alive today, that terminology commissions ir should be composed of specialists in scientific fields, linguists tų o — “contribute with linguistic advice”. However, without knowing the job, only based on consultations, home ar jo You can't build an annex. Finally, one ir science is not enough. Language creation, like any ir other creation, requires talent, a good ir sense of language. Ne every good linguist can make a good suitable term ir anyway word. ar On the other hand, the greatest ir part of the natural vocabulary of the language is composed entirely by ne linguists, other specialist ir ne writers, as if o by themselves simple, but deeply feeling their native language. Therefore, it is clear that those ir who can only demand that linguists iš give them terms, which are already in use, are 0 wrong. Language is created by society. Ji ir smoothes, refines and gradually changes the means of speech expression. But it is not to be iš forgotten that common languages are created, developed and ir managed mostly consciously. Therefore, the ability to to manage, work with language, as well as terminology, is absolutely necessary. ir J. He was concerned about the education of professional linguists and terminologists. Be experienced linguists, members of the Institute’s Terminology Commission, Grigas, N. Kučinskaitė, A. under the jo guidance of young people who have worked on terminology for a longer or shorter period of time, A. Balašaitis, V. Bartusevičius, V. Labutis, T. Valiuvienė, ir etc. Iš jų devoted his whole life to never-ending terminology work K. Refreshment and later į tą wagą stojącą Ang. Kaulakienė and J. Climate. Ir the writer of these lines, just graduated from Vilnius University, KruoJ. * Idem. 11 was taken to the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature to work on terminology. That selection proved to be fatal, because a po few years į The unforgettable leader of Vilnius University postgraduate studies V. Urbutis proposed the dissertation iš topic of term making, and after several years again J. Kruops invited to return for a long time į The Lithuanian Language ir Literature Institute to work on the ir terminology of lexicography, and after J. Kruopos's death to continue some of his works. ir At that time the institute already operated 1972 m. J. The Terminology Group, which was established with the care of Kroopa and in which all three of the aforementioned o contributors worked, was led by K. Gaivenis and J. Kruopas, Head of the Dictionaries Department. He is the author of the PhD thesis on terminology. iš ir A. Balašaitis (The History of the English Language, Vol. 1961 ir K. Gaivenis („Sudėtiniai terminai dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje“, 1969 m.), graduated from the postgraduate course J. Climate. There were accumulated topics for future terminology dissertations. Don't lose sight of the fact that iš J. It was important for Kroop that only practical work on terminology be ne done, but that research in this field be carried out. ir He encouraged younger researchers to investigate topical issues, write articles, suggested topics, spared no advice, sometimes he himself came to help as a co-author. ir į Jo all Lithuanian terminologisir ts of the older middle generation have felt the substantive spiritual ir support. In fact, only terminologistne s, but probably a lot of academics, students, who had to meet J. Kruop on the roads of life ar and especially have common affairs with him. With the spread of terminology research and the growth of researchers themselves, publications dedicated to terminology subjects have been prepared. In the early 1970s, the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature published the “Instructions for the vo Compilation of the Terms Dictionary Catalog” (1971), the “Language Culture” booklet for terminology subjects (1972), the “Terminology of the Lithuanian Language” (1973) and the “Terminology of the Lithuanian Language” (1974). (1972 nį (ss. 25. Vilnius, 1973), volume "Lithuanian Linguistics Issues" (t. 16: Lithuanian terminology. Vilnius, 1975), iš Russian language was translatir ed released methodical USSR MA The booklet ir “Terminological work” prepared by the Scientific and Technical Terminology Committee (value A. Skeletal. Vilnius, 1973). 12 Terminology subjects, you can say, constantly J. He was a prolific writer, o often ir publishing his own scientific articles and articles in the general press (newspapers, magazines). Several terminology workers, as mentioned, are mentioned in the first article “Language education in our society”, published in the pre-war jo “Native Language”. Soon ir po In a study written on the occasion of the anniversary of the first 400 printed Lithuanian book after the Second World War, M. "Short History of the Terminology". ir Having mentioned that Mažvydas, Vilentas, Bretkūnas ir and other early writers “had to break new, difficult paths in creating the Lithuanian written language”, ir continue J. Krupas listed the "difficult tasks" that might have faced them. ir First iš tų tasks — „the creation of terminology to denote the new faith, ir Christianity, otherwise abstract concepts““. The following is a list of terms į borrowed from other languages. — iš (church, cross, altar, ir etc.), part taken over by giving new content to iš paganism (god, saint, heaven, etc.) ir — ir expressed a really interesting thought that “the question may be raised as to what are the consequences of the collision of two cults, the disappearance of paganism and the ir establishment of Christianity in the Lithuanian language”. The question of the formation of Christianity and Lithuanian terminology in general is ir M. in the vicinity of catechism® and in the greatest J. Kruodarpo be — „1598 m. "Kropas" - Merkelis Petkevičius' Catechism Lexicon J. M. In the language of Mažvydas' writings // The Old Lithuanian Book. K., 1947. P. 220. Ta thought repeated in ir po the study article “Lexical parallelisms in the language of Daukša’s catechism” published several (1595) years ago (see section 4.4). Lithuanian Linguistics. V., 1960..T. 3. P. 223), so, a hundred ar even du hundreds of years of Christianity in the lands of Lithuania could have lived Lithuanian be terms (for more see. in the author’s article „Overview of Lithuanian terminology development (up to m.)’ 1940 // Linguistics. V., 1967. T. 18. P. 6-7). 3 Idem. P 253. ‘Zr. Kruopas J. Lexical parallelisms in the language of (1595) the Daukša Catechism. P. 243, 245, 254. 13 is”. Dad J. Groop rated all three The role of a. Lithuanian catechisms published by Pope John XVI in the history of Lithuanian terminology. A plethora of articles J. Kruop announced about The 19th a. Century Lexicographical Works of Men of Culture. Those articles deal with: M. Akelaičio (1829-1887), S. Daukanto (1793-1864), L. Ivinskii (1810-1881), A. Kašarausko (1821-1882), J. Miliausko (Miglovaros, 1845-1937), D. It is a (1782-1849) ir dictionaries of Sutkevičius and others, and one other different work. For this thread article about K. Drąsutavičiaus (Drasučio, about 1850 — about 1905) glossaries and lists of terms was decided to complete ta his own J. List of ads. Jo The sixteenth volume of Lithuanian — Linguistics Questions (Lithuanian Terminology) appeared a couple of months after the death of J. Kruop, the author and responsible editor of the book. In some of the articles, the terms in those dictionaries and other works are somewhat discussed or at least hinted at. For example, in the article "M. Akelaitis leksikografas” states that this man’s “encyclopedic activity manifested itself not only in the efforts to compile a comparative and two bilingual dictionaries, but also in the collection of various terminological material and the creation of new terms, the recording of Lithuanian terms in the Polish text of Lithuanian grammar, word interpretations and other small notes”®. There is also discussed a 20-page manuscript from J. A. Pabrėža, written out, but enlarged, “Rodykle wardų sawiszkųjų, kaip kores augimes wadina Žemajtiai”, which contains 580 Lithuanian plant names with Latin equivalents. Here are also inserted the linguistic terms used by M. Akelaitis, his comment on the term dictionary is quoted (,, Wadinu „Zodinas“, ne Zodinis, kajp nor Walleniawicze [Valiūnas] and Ivinskis; nes sakom —karklis, karklinas, puszis, puszinas: už tataj ir žodis —Zodinas“°®). So-- "See. Kruopas J. 1598 Merkelio Petkevičiaus Catechism Lexicon // Questions of Lithuanian Linguistics. T. 12: From Lithuanian lexicology and lexicography. V., 1970. P. 144 et seq. *Kroopas J. M. Akelaitis lexicographer //Lithuanian Linguistics Issues. T. 12: From Lithuanian lexicology and lexicography. V., 1970. P. 172. ? Idem. P. 173. 14 mentioned ir M. Akelaitis- 's work „Apej garus“, in which more than a hundred names of steam locomotive parts have been found, mostly in Kruop’s J. words, adapted from the iš o M. Akelaitis is considered the pioneer of Lithuanian technical terminology." By the way, šį about the job In the ir journal „Mokslo technikos“ (1969 m. No. 11) card su L. Gastila ir A. Žitkute J. Kruopas has published ir a separate article "The pioneer of technical ir literature terminology". General issues of the development of Lithuanian terminology, its state and overviews of the work carried out ir J. He has presented at scientific conferences. ir He had to participate in ir speaking in the then famous USSR MA Institute of Languages 1959 m. In Moscow, he je participated in a union-wide conference on the development of terminology, ir spelling and alphabets. The most influential Russian linguist of his time in the opening speech to mo V. Vinogradov, other be things, raised po to many times on various occasions lined up the slightest differences between the common International terminology in the languages of the USSR peoples based on the principle ir of newly created terms (that principle was included in the recommendations adopted on behalf ir į of the Council)'. At the meeting on Lithuanian terminology matters spoke A. Balašaitis, J. Kruopas ir Ch. Lemchenas. Jie V. The Vinogradov principle was not touched. J. Kruopas, having reviewed the terminology work carried out in Lithuania, mentioned Institute of ir Lithuanian Language and Literature The role of the Terminology Commission and the instructions for terminology nų selection, cataloguing and interpretation prepared by it, touched on the issue of terminology sources. On this occasion, he mentioned that in Lithuanian there are many similarities of internationir al Lithuanian terms that there is a ir tendency not to eliminate such synonymy? ?. Like any ir other, this ką attitude can be assessed in different ways, even opposite (and favourably, and ir unfavorably), but it seems obvious that this was a sober attitude to the terminology based on the state, reflecting a moderate į policy of terminology ir and language management in general. ir Anuo- "The same. P 173 and 162. 1 Zr. BOIIPOCH! TEDMHHOJIOTHH (Marepuajisi Bcecoio3HOro TEDMHHOJIOTHYECKOTO coBentaHHus). Mocksa, 1961. C. 10, 227. It's burning. P 212. 15