Dėl „įrengimo“, „sąrankos“, „statos“, „parinkties“ ir artimų terminų vartosenos kompiuterijoje

SVARSTYMAI, SIŪLYMAI ON THE USE OF INSTALLATION, CONFIGURATION, BUILD, OPTION AND RELATED TERMS IN COMPUTING Recent computer programs contain quite a few terms or commands that at first glance seem similar. One group consists of the English terms setting, setup, reset, preset—derivatives of the root set. A synonym of setup is installation, and its antonym is uninstallation. Terms used alongside reset include return, restore, refresh. Words close in meaning to setting are option, choice. Although these terms are similar, they express different concepts. Lithuanian equivalents for these terms vary in recent computing dictionaries and are intermixed, confused, or not distinguished. Different Lithuanian equivalents for the same English terms are used in various books and by different groups of computer specialists. Dictionaries of terms in a single field should not give different meanings for the same word, nor should one terminology dictionary give many Lithuanian equivalents for the same term. Therefore, the meanings of the terms should be distinguished more clearly. The important English term installation is rendered by the following Lithuanian equivalents in recent computing dictionaries: įrengimas (process) [1]; 1. instaliacija, įranga 2. montažas 3. sistema [2]; 1. įrenginys, 2. nustatymas [3]; 1. įdiegimas 2. įstatymas [4]. Although the equivalent įdiegimas is more common in school-level computing literature, it is difficult to form its antonym, so preference should be given to the term įrengimas. During this process, software (software products) is installed: • įrengimas, įdiegimas a. installation, setup, p. installation, r. размещение, установка. This is the writing of a software product (a. software) to computer storage. Installation is performed by special programs (a. installer, setup). During installation, the size and parameters of the product are determined and, to ensure that it works properly on a particular computer, the computer's operating-system parameters are changed and adjusted. The specific terms are as follows: 91 • software-product installation a. software installation, p. installation de logiciel, r. putting software into operation; • computer installation a. computer installation, r. installation of a computer. There would also be • additional installation, reinstallation, a. reinstallation, r. additional installation, reinstallation. This is the addition, update, repair, or reinstallation of a software product. The antonym of this term would be: • uninstallation a. uninstallation, removal r. removal, elimination. This is the removal of a software product from a computer using special tools. During uninstallation, the product's files are removed and the operating system's original settings are restored. The English term setup is translated as follows in the dictionaries mentioned above: 1. installation, 2. assembly [1]; 1. installation, assembly, 2. adjustment, configuration, tuning, 3. device, diagram, layout [2]; configuration, assembly, tuning [3]. In the Lithuanian version of the OS/2 Warp operating system, setup is translated by the shorter form surinkimo—sąranka. This form should be regarded as the recommended synonym for the term įrengimas: • configuration a. setup, configuration, p. installation, configuration, r. установка, компоновка, namely: 1. Unpacking a software product and installing it on a computer using special installation programs (Setup). The term is a synonym of installation. 2. The layout, scheme, or parameter settings of a particular object. Specific terms: • page setup a. page setup, p. mise en page, r. параметры страницы. This refers to the settings for page margins, size, orientation, and layout; • printer setup a. print setup, printer properties, p. configuration de l’imprimante, r. параметры печатающего устройства. This refers to the settings for printer paper formats, graphic element properties, print resolution, and printer memory usage. 92 Meanwhile, the term assembly emphasizes the action: • assembly a. assembly, mounting, p. assemblage, collection, r. сборка. The user can modify an installed program, customize it to their needs, change its control commands and toolbar buttons (a. toolbars). To name this adaptation, the translators of the OS/2 Warp operating system found the Lithuanian term tinkinimas, listed in DŽ [5], which very aptly expresses the idea. Use of this somewhat neglected word should be encouraged: • customization a. customization, fitting, p. personnalisation, r. на-стройка, подгонка; • customized printing a. customized printing, demand printing, r. печа-ние персонализованных изданий. In the English-Russian Polytechnic Dictionary [6], the word setting has as many as 20 meanings. The most important of these in computing are: 1. r. установка, 12. уставка, 13. установка в состояние “1”. Thus computing requires at least two Lithuanian equivalents for the English word setting. In Lithuanian computing dictionaries, setting has the following meanings: 1. setting, 2. adjustment [1]; 1. installation, mounting, 2. setting, adjustment [2]; setting, adjustment [3]. The plural form settings [1] is already different—setting parameters. There is no doubt about the first meaning of this word: • setting a. setting, adjustment, defining, p. ajustage, r. установка. This is the action of setting or adjusting the operating parameters of a device or program: • zero setting a. zero setting, zero adjustment, p. ajustage du zéro, r. установка на нуль. For the second meaning of setting, whose Russian equivalent is уставка, a Lithuanian equivalent was hard to find. In OS/2 Warp this word is translated by the international term parametras, while in the Lithuanian version of IBM Works we already find nuostatas. Equivalents are needed for the singular setting and plural settings. However, the words nuostata and nuostatai are not suitable here. In the DŽ both words have defined meanings that differ from each other and are not equivalent to the meaning of setting(s): nuostata means an inclination to behave in a certain way; nuostatai means the rules of an institution or a set of such rules. The editors of the five-language radio-electronics dictionary proposed a good equivalent for the second meaning of setting 93 — stata. The term fits well with the French equivalent mise au point. It makes it possible to form a system of terms: • stata, statos a. setting, settings p. mise au point, r. уставка, уставки. These are preset program properties, features, or parameters, as well as option settings and values. The specific terms are as follows: • zero stata a. zero setting, p. mise zéro, r. установка нуля; • relay stata a. relay setting, p. mise au point de relais, r. уставка реле; • stata value a. set value, p. valeur spécifiée, r. значение уставки; • Windows statos a. Windows settings, r. установки Windows. [1] lists several terms with the word preset: preset parameter – preset parameter, preset time – preset time. It is hard to imagine a preset parameter or understand what a preset time is. In these cases, the word stata would also help: • preset stata parameter a. preset parameter, r. заранее заданный параметр, • initial stata time a. preset time, r. время предварительной установки. The same root is also found in another English word widely used in computing, reset(ting): reset [1]; initial reset [3]; reboot [4]. This term overlaps with another related but ambiguous term, return: 1. return, 2. reset [1]; 1. reset, return to the initial position, 2. reverse path, reverse course [2]; reset [3]. As we can see, the actions of returning automatically (resetting) and forcing a return become confused. A derivative similar to stata would be very suitable here—atstata: • reset a. reset(ting), p. remise au point, r. reset, return to the initial state. This is the forced restoration of the initial state, and the restarting of a malfunctioning system. The specific terms are as follows: • zero atstata a. reset to zero, p. remise à zéro, r. возврат к нулю; • nulio atstatos įtaisas a. zero resetting device, p. dispositif de remise à zéro, r. устройство возврата к нулю; • atstatos mygtukas a. resetting key, p. bouton de remise, r. кнопка сброса. 94 The term return a. return, p. retour, r. возврат, выдача результата emphasizes an automatic or repeated return to the initial position, or denotes the return of a function value after computation. The specific terms are as follows: • return instruction a. return instruction, r. команда возврата; • return key a. return key, r. клавиша возврата. Restoration and return should not be confused with the related terms listed below: • retrieval, recovery a. restore, restoration, recuperation, p. restauration, récupération, r. восстановление, повторное использование. This is the recovery of lost or inactive objects removed to the trash (English Recycle Bin), making them functional again. For example, recovering a file or restoring a previous window state. • restoration a. recovery, regeneration, repair, p. rétablissement, régénération, r. восстановление, воспроизведение. This means restoring a system after a crash, repairing a damaged device or disk using software tools, or continuously regenerating data. • self-restoration a. self-recovery, self-repair, r. самовосстановление; • reproduction a. reproduction, p. reproduction, r. воспроизведение. This means playing back or displaying audio or video data recorded on magnetic or optical media. Sound is reproduced by the computer’s sound card and special software—a grotuvė or leistuvė. Images are reproduced by the computer’s video card, display (a. display, p. visu, visuel) and special software—a vaizduoklė (a. viewer, p. visionneuse). • renewal, refresh, updating a. renewal, refresh, updating, p. rafraîchissement, r. обновление. This means recalculating results, providing new results, rereading data, and refreshing fields generated by the computer. • development a. upgrading, updating, p. évolution d’un système, mise à niveau, r. совершенствование, модернизация. This is an improvement, correction, or modernization of software or an operating system. 95 When configuring a program or computer, more general settings may be changed – status (a. settings) or more specific settings (a. options). Lithuanian equivalents for the latter term vary: option: choice, variant, version [1]; 1. choice, variant, version, 2. optional feature [2]; optional feature, option, choice [3]; 1. selectable value, 2. optional parameter [4]. In computing, the plural form options is more common, and [2] already gives features. The term feature is not very suitable here. The first meaning of the term choice is almost identical to that of the term choice: selection, variant [1]; 1. selection, 2. variant, 3. menu item [2]; menu item [3]. For the sake of clarity, two forms should be used: selection to describe the act of choosing, and option to denote the selected value: • selection, choice a. choice, p. choix, r. выбор. This is the selection of a value, setting, scope, or command from among several possible alternatives. The specific terms are: • menu selection a. menu selection, menu choice, p. choix de menu, r. выбор меню; • routing selection, route, pathing a. routing, p. choix de tracé, choix de route, routage r. выбор трассы, маршрутизация. Another term would be: • option, options a. option, options, p. option, options, r. опция, параметры. This is the selection, activation, or deactivation of a property, size, or characteristic. The specific terms would be: • default options a. defaults options, p. options par défaut, r. параметры, выбранные по умолчанию; • print options a. print options, r. параметры печати; • option button a. option button, radio button, p. bouton radio, r. окошко выбора; • option box, check box a. check box, p. case cocher, r. контрольная рамка. Alongside option, there is also the term • parameter a. parameter, p. paramètre, r. параметр. 96 It is a quantitative measure describing the properties of a process, phenomenon, or system and is neither a constant nor a variable. Related terms would include • variant a. variation, variety, p. variant, r. variant, etc. • replacement, version a. version, p. version, r. version Literatūra 1. Valatkaitė R., Kudirka Z. Informatika. V.; Lietuvos informacijos institutas, 1998. 2. Aiškinamasis anglų–lietuvių kalbų kompiuterijos žodynas. / Red. A. Kirejevas, K.; Smaltija, 1997. 3. Paulauskas K. V., Jasinevičius R. Aiškinamasis kompiuterijos žodynas. K.; Technologija, 1995. 4. Informatika ir kompiuterių įranga. Aiškinamasis anglų–lietuvių kalbų žodynėlis. / Parengė V. Dagys, A. Klupšaitė, A. Žandaris, V.; Baltic Amadeus, 1995. 5. Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. / Red. kolegija: S. Keinys, J. Klimavičius, J. Paulauskas, J. Pikčilingis, N. Sližienė, K. Ulvydas, V. Vitkauskas. V.; Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1993. 6. С. М. Барионов, А. Б. Борковский, В. А. Владимиров и др. Большой англо–русский политехнический словарь. Москва:, Русский язык, 1991. Valerijonas ŽALKAUSKAS 97