Lietuvių fonologijos terminų sandara ir kilmė

Gita KAZLAUSKAITĖ Vilnius Pedagogical University LITHUANIAN PHONOLOGY TERMS BAND IR ORIGIN The article discusses ir the current terms of Lithuanian phonology in terms of their structure origin. Research material collected iš A. Girdenio darbai "Phonology" (1981) ir "Theoretical foundations of phonology" (1995). All the terms under consideration can be divided into į two groups: monosyllabic compounds. ir In addition to the commonly used terms, there are other terms ir that can be used to o describe the same thing, such as prefixes, suffixes, and endings. Many problems arise when discussing international terms in relation to the work, because it is always ne possible to synchronously no ar the structure of another term. This type of terms that į Lithuanian language has become ka used for are not the ir result of Lithuanian word formation. For this reason, the division of affixes is jų somewhat ir formally conditional. There are cases where only morphological, ir operative decomposition can be spoken of. The real derivatives here are those international terms that have a functioning o ne base word in the Lithuanian language. When discussing international terms, there is also the problem of sietic ir performed stems. A related root in word formation is called a root that “differs from a self-contained (free) in that one same word (and changing) trunk does not ir always go (as primary root) with suffix, prefix su another root. The ar sitic stem is repeated in at least two words: it is evident in the caittive stems, except for non-coinciding affixes and sands!". iš jų Performed trunks are allocated in such Zodiacs, in which „as it is ir possible to distinguish the affix (based on the fact that the segment formally coincides su with an affix known ir elsewhere that the meaning of the word under consideration allows su comparison with other words having V. such an affix (Urbutis Word formation theory. V.: The science, in 1978. P. 121. 51 words), but the remainder is not known as a stem (both independent and related to other adjectives)?- ". In Lithuanian terminology, most of the su nouns derived from Lithuanian terms are derived from prepositions- ." Ši trend is observed in ir the marriage of phonological terms. The most common derivatives of verbs are the abstract suffix -ing (pronunciation, softening, suffocation, coincidence) and the international suffix -(i)ation (articulation, aspiration, dominance, dephonologization, pharyngalisation, phonologization, glotalization, implication, intonation, commutation, correlation, labialization, monophtongization, neutralization, palatalization, rephonomization, transfonologization, velarialization- ). There is only one derivative for each of the other prefixes, for example: -ymas (statement), -tis (contract), -cija (reduction), -muo (syllable), -ata (aspirata). The derivatives of nouns, especially the abstract noun suffix umas (vowel, dullness, hardness, softness, non-vowel, non-softness, inconsistency, relevance, sharpness, folk-syllabic, continuity, trakums, monophonic, squealing). The derivatives of other suffixes are not common, e.g. -atika (phonematic), -oidas (diphthongoid), -ikos (enclitic, proclitic). In addition, there are some non-commercial functions that do not require a license. Terms with these endings usually have connective (1) or performative (2) roots, e.g.: -ija: 1) exclusion, prosody, position, -cija: 1) distribution; 2) extension, coalescence, correction, -ema: 1) expresseme, phoneme, prosodeme; 2) cenema, dialema, sindema, sociolema, -ata: 2) afrikata, geminata. The morphological structure of the terminals is very similar. With the endings -as, -is only 1—2 derivatives are produced: -as (sound), -is (accent, vowel). International prefixes are more typical for derivatives of prefixes: meta- (metaalophone, metaphoneme, metagars, metatonia, metavariant), archi-(archiphoneme, archiprozodema, architoneme), ante-(antepenul- *"The same. P 112. *Keinys S. The creation of Lithuanian terms in the context of the Lithuanian language. Science, 1975. T. XVI. P.7. 52 tim). Vedic su Lithuanian prefixes are not common: prie- (adjective, pronoun), ne- (non-adjective, pronoun). The terms semiphoneme, diphthong, monophonic //monophonic are considered compounds. In Lithuanian phonological terminology, international term elements are found, which do not appear as independent words, but are ir not considered true affixes. The nų most common are prepositional international elements, often considered as prefixoid ir elements of compound words: bi- (biJonema), fono- (phonotactics, phonostatistics, phonostylistics), hyper- (hyperphonema), quasi- (quasiphonema, quasihomonym), morphoar (morphosilabema- ). A large part of phonological terms consists of international borrowings: acute, apophony, circumflex, diphthong, emphasis, final, Jormanthe, glaide, gravis, initial, medial, mora, polyphonic, sonant, tone. In terms of the relationship of the main subordinate, two-word ir compound terms are usually divided into three groups in terminology: the coordinating į mark, the control mark, 1) the melting mark." In the case of 2) phonology, only the terms of 3) the first and second groups are used. In the case of a comparative adjective, the adjective is usually a ir relative or qualitative adjective. Relatives are usually Lithuanian nouns adjectives participles adverbs or suffixes of foreign origin (1), (2), (3), (4) (5) -inis adjectives: 1) dental || palatal labial // anterior // articulation, labial nasal lateral // africanate, || bivowel labial nasal anterior // posterior // vowel, basic // frequency, // coincident bivowel, sound element, vowel bivowel group consonant semivowel compound // phoneme, /| laryngeal || obstructive || tongue cleft // consonant shark syllable intermediate || sound, vowel /| group, sound // characteris- // tic, initial consonant || compound, // final initial // consonant, etc. ; || // || *Fresh K. Compound terms in contemporary Lithuanian language // Lithuanian Linguistics. V.: Science, 1975. T. XVI. P 61. 53 2) acute achitis; 3) continuous circumflex, transverse //lauztinė || pushtive suffix; 4) spontaneous prosody; 5) phonetic alphabet, faucal afrikate, phonological || spectral analysis, accentological archaism, phonological argument, alveolar || heterosyllabial || retroflex articulation, bemolar //diesical //diffuse /I compact vowel, contrastive || oppositional distribution, correlational sequence, phonological //prosodic || supersegmental element, phonological evolution, peripheral || functional || historical phonetics, autosegmental //autonomous || diachronic || dichotomous || generative //classical //metric || prosodic phonology, diphthongic //diffuse //pharyngeal //compact || laryngeal //molecular /| musical //palatal //uvulary || veliary sound, etc. A small group of terms of the type of combining adjectives is represented by the suffix -utinis (1) or compound (2) adjectives: 1) aukštutinis // lower vowel, last syllable; 2) a four-pronged circumflex, a "two-faced" phoneme, a multivowel sound, a bivowel group, a single-pronged medial, a multivowel //multilateral //bilateral opposition, a multisyllable || a two-syllable || a four-syllable //three-syllable word. Combinatory marks of biword terms are also represented by qualitative ordinary (1) or nominative (2) adjectives: 1) defective distribution, impermanent /| potential /| independent phoneme, commutable sound, constant consonant, proportional opposition, facultative realization, etc. 2) muffled afrikaat, muffled //soft articulation, open //high //long || indefinite || ordinary || constant //weak || strong /I short || closed || low vowel, mixed diphthong, general phonetics, general phonology, weak phoneme, vowel //flawed II hard || strong || sonorous || low sound, free consonant, empty box, facultative neutralization, potential //virtual pause, minimum pair, weak //strong position, high //vowel || blussy || muffled /| hard /| soft /| unvowel // unsoft //non-vowel || discontinuous || bright || ordinary || sargusts || sharp || smooth || continuous || tranquill || low || sharp consonant, rough || soft prefix, open |/closed junction, long syllable, free variant, universal notation. Frequent conjugation signs, expressed by passive (1) or active type participants: 1) blown //turning articulation, tense |/variable //murmuring untense unvariable unpronounced vowel, additional distribution, unrealized phoneme, pharyngalized || tense // labialized || untense //velarized sound, aspirated || pharyngalized || glotalized //labialized || unaspirated || unmotivated //non-blown || palatalized || blown || explosive || turning consonant, accented || unpronounced syllable, etc. ; 2) commuting sound, rising || falling tone, 54 rising // falling prefix. In the case of the dominant noun type terms, the nouns control the noun expressed in the noun's vowel, so the subdivision is supported by the noun's vowel character. Thus, the mark is represented by a descriptive (1) or a possessive (2) adjective: (2) 1) accent echo, combination of vowels /| sounds, phoneme distribution, synharmonic chain, group of sounds || consonants, harmony of vowels, || inventory of || phonemes, || combination of phonemes || sounds || consonants, vowel //fatness, phoneme || syllable quality, sound complex, aspiration //row [| softness || sharpness || squeal correlation, vowel /I phoneme || sounds || consonants //semivowels || sonates class, phoneme matrix, correlation fiber, neutralization position, external junction, boundary signal, vowel //pronunciation || consonant system, sound stylistics, type of accent, accent location, palatalization || pronunciation focus; 2) syllable accent, archiphoneme representative, phoneme allophone, syllable center, consonant dullness, sound biphonic, phoneme standard, sound function, pronunciation intensity, syllable intonation, sound characteristic, consonant hardness, consonant softness, phoneme norm, syllable base, allophone || vowel || sound || intonation //correlation || tone characteristic, phonological principles, syllable limit, consonant sharpness, system gap, voice || sound || pronunciation strength, phoneme surrogate, consonant timbre, pronunciation duration, monophonic diphthong. 55 It is the same as the phrases in the phrasebook where the word is a noun. According to the meaning, we distinguish between objective (1) and subjective (2) terms: 1) accommodation of vowels, assimilation of vowels, aspiration of consonants, accent removal, identification of phonemes //identification, phoneme manifestation, sound modulations, nasalization of vowels, leveling of accents, identification of phonemes, phoneme || accent realization; 2) Evolution of pronunciation, phoneme embodiment, phoneme combination, vowel || consonant change, vowel preposition, consonant sangria, vowel || phoneme accumulation, vowel conjugation. In Lithuanian phonology terminology, there are three types of compound three-word terms: 1) another sign attached to the designative and the indicative (compound term), 2) the indicative attached to the designative is represented by a combination of genitive words (compound term), 3) the designative has two independent signs belonging to it. For the first type of terms, the first notation is usually represented by the noun's ancestor, the second notation is an adjective with the suffix -inis, e.g.: regressive vowel assimilation, extended syllable center, phonological center of the word, initial || internal group of consonants, central || peripheral element of the syllable, phonological element of the word, positional || natural length of the syllable, articulatory || inherent II spectral sound characteristics, heterosyllabic sound compound, initial consonant compound, synchronous sound change, syntactic class of phonemes //prefixes, folksyllabic //heterosyllabic sound complex, nonphonemic boundary signals, main phoneme variant, etc. The second type of term mark consists of a combination of adjective words, the main element of which is always the noun, the dependent element can be the adjective with the suffix -inis (1), the noun (2), the adjective (3) or the participant of the passive kind (4), e.g.: 1) the height of the main tone, the distribution of vowel phonemes, the penultimate syllable accent, the criterion of sound similarity, the class of supersegmental elements, the degree of articulation characteristic, the manifestation of phonological accent, the periphery of the phonological system, the realization of the phonological element, the consonant phoneme convergence, the sign of phonetic transcription; syllable word beginning compound, accent change, sound change mechanism, phrase intonation component, methodology of phoneme identification, phoneme combination realization, phoneme identification technique; individual voice characteristics, sound of constant sliding articulation, free strike system; variable articulation sound, fixed accent language, accented vowel elongation, fixed accent system. 56 2) || || 3) || 4) The first notation of the third type of three-word terms is usually an su adjective suffix -inis, -ė, second adjective — suffix su -inis, -ė (1), noun origin participant or (2), adjective noun, (3) e.g.: phonological auditory (4) experiment, supersegmental 1) phonological element, transitional nasal element, decimal labiovelar consonant phoneme, palatal nasal sound, distinctive phonological culminating || non-phonological accent, relevant phonological feature, qualitative spectral phonetic phenomena, etc. ; tongue posterior || africanate, II phonological // analysis of speech, posterior articulation of the tongue, phonological aspect of speech, non-anterior anterior /| posterior consonant of the tongue, phonetic ir realization of 2) pronunciation accent, phonological system of the dialect of the language, phonological structure of the intonation word, etc. ; retroflex posterior articulation, retroflex posterior voice, II murmuring || // || // 3) || ‘reduced’ vowel phoneme, prenasalized velarised // consonant phoneme; pure composite 4) diphthong, long short vowel phoneme, hard soft simple |/ consonant phoneme, binary explosive group, binary /| explosive // compound, ternary internal compound. Since compound four-word terms make up only a small part of all phonological terms, this ir jų resolution is not very diverse. The most common construction is a group of two notes attached to the indicative word a separate jų notation: the relative ir height of the main tone, the implosive part of the inner compound, the syllable of the mumble 57 //reduced vowel equivalent, phonological criterion of syntagmatic identification, planimetric model of phonological system, phonetic //,,isoric“ reduction of phonological element, segmental || syllable realization of reduced vowel, Latin phonetic transcription sign. In terms of origin, terms can be Lithuanian, i.e. terms formed by the internal powers of the language, borrowings from other languages, so-called international terms and mixed terms — hybrids. Most of the single-word phonological terms consist of international terms — 70.8%, e.g.: articulation, aspiration, aspirata, bifonema, dephonologization, diphthong, exclusion, expressema, emphasis, phonotactics, geminate, hyperphonema, intonation, commutation, labialization, metatony, prosodem, rephonomization, synharmonism, sonant, tone, veliarization, etc. Other one-word phonology terms are divided as follows: Lithuanian —24.5%, e.g.: vowel, vowelness, dullness, bivowel, sound, hardness, pronunciation, accent, softness, softness, non-vowelness, non-vowel, non-softness, non-vowellessness, saying, consonant, preposition, sharpness, syllable, dullness, coincidence, pronunciation, continuity, trailing, monophonic //monophonic; hybrid — 4.7%, e.g.: metaphone, semiphoneme, relevance, monophonic. Table 1. Monosyllabic phonological terms in terms of origin. Term Type Number (units) Percentage (96) 1. International terms 75 70.8 2. Lithuanian terms 26 2455 3. Hybrid terms 5 4.7 IS total 106 100 Compound terms are formed by the combination of words of their own language, but their elements are of different origins. In phonology, the most commonly used terms for compound diphthongs are those that consist of two Lithuanian elements —32.6%, e.g.: diphthong // final // labial // nasal // anterior // posterior vowel, mixed diphthong, consonant dullness, laryngeal /| obstructive // tongue-sided // cleft || consonant 58 sound, sound characteristic, sound combination, non-terminal pronunciation, non-terminal accent, high || vowel // bluous /| dull // hard /| soft // non-vowel || non-soft /| unsharp // non-fluid || sharp consonant, ascending // falling // rough // soft prefix, long /I accented syllable, polysyllable || bi-syllable || quad-syllable || trisyllable word. The rarest are compound biword terms that have both elements international —4,696, e.g. phoneme allophone, defective || phoneme distribution, phoneme standard, potential phoneme, phoneme group, phoneme identification, phoneme //sonanty class, phoneme combination, aspiration correlation, phoneme manifestation, phoneme matrix, individual modifications, phoneme norm, neutralization position, phoneme realization, text segmentation, phoneme surrogate, substitution test. Other types of two-word terms are distributed roughly: Lithuanian and international accent —22.3%, e.g.: blowing II vibratory articulation, additional distribution, vowel //bivowel //prevowel || semivowel phoneme, vowel harmony, sound //sound complex, correlation of strings //softness || sharpness, vowel //sounds /I consonants || semivowel class, distribution table, correlation fiber, allophone || intonation //correlation /| tone characteristic, accent realization, phoneme cluster; hybrid and Lithuanian accent —21.4%, e.g.: phonetic alphabet, bemolar //diesical //diffuse vowel //pharyngeal //compact || laryngeal //palatal sound, dynamic //phonological II monotonous [| musical || tonal accent, abruptive //cerebral /I glottal /| intervocal //kakuminaline || compact || palatal || retroflex consonant, hyperdactyl //ortotonic word; hybrid and international accent —19.1%, e.g.: phonological /| spectral analysis, phonological || paralinguistic //prosodic || segmental // simultaneous element, autonomous || diachronic || dichotomous // classical //metric || prosodic phonology, assimilatory //facultative || contextual || structural neutralization, phonological opposition, acoustic signal, phonological || phonotactic system, implosive sonant, phonetic || phonological transcription, facultative /| compositional || positional variant. 59