Sinonimai latvių kalbos terminų žodynuose

IŠ 2016-09-01 10:00:00 2016-09-01 10:00:00 FOREIGN TERMINOLOGY Regina KVAŠYTĖ Institute of Latvian Language, Riga SYNONYMS IN LATVIAN LANGUAGE TERMS DICTIONARIES The requirement in terminology theory of different languages that terms should be unambiguous and have no synonyms is difficult to implement in terminology practice. This is true for many languages. In the initial stage of the formation of terminology of scientific fields, synonymy is an inevitable phenomenon, because not only the terms, but also the concepts and scope themselves are not yet sufficiently clear. The jų existence (appearance) of synonymous terms is usually determined by a number of factors: “a) the desire to name the concept much more rational than so far; (b) the creation of a new term in derogation of existing names; c) the proposal of terms of different terminology schools or directions; (d) effects of language interference, etc.’! Synonyms arise both because of objective (possible linguistic patterns, changes in concepts) and subjective (the personality of jo the terminologist, linguistic skill, the attitude of a smaller or larger group of specialists, etc.). Often the choice of one or another synonym is determined only by the agreement of a certain collective, i.e. conventional norms. Synonyms cannot be avoided in Latvian terminology, they are found in texts and dictionaries of various fields. Selecting dictionaries of terms related to economics, finance, business (all terms of these related fields are conditionally called technical terms), the presentation of synonyms and their changes in Latvian language term dictionaries published at various times from the beginning of the publication of normative terminology sets are examined. "Kaulakienė A. Evaluation of the synonymy of terms of physics and technology //Lithuanian Linguistics Issues: Issues of Language Normalization. Vilnius, 1991. T. 31. P53. 76 The first scientific dictionary of Latvian scientific terminology* was published in 1922. After the establishment of the Republic of Latvia in 1918, it became necessary to develop national science and culture, so in 1919 the Ministry of Education established the Terminology Commission, whose task was to create a uniform terminology. The Commission was also attended by prominent Latvian linguists Janis Endzelins, Pēteris Šmits, Ernests Blese and Jēkabs Dravnieks. The dictionary is a summary of the results of the work of this commission — it contains Latvian terms and their equivalents in Russian and German, covering 19 fields: philosophy; music; painting, sculpture and construction; natural sciences; forestry; chemistry and chemical technology; mathematics; geometry and drawing; physics; mechanics; machinery and metalworking; construction; electricity and electrical engineering; military sciences; seafaring; book industry, as well as economic, financial and legal terms corresponding to the subject of research. In April 1921, the work of the Terminology Commission was interrupted due to lack of budgetary funds. There is still a lot of work to be done, but a lot has been done. The sections on financial and economic and legal terms are considered to be the best prepared, and their volume is also solid (31 pages out of 162 pages of the glossary — 1346 terms in total). * Since the then Terminology Commission belonged to the Ministry of Education, the course of Latvian terminology management in that period was reflected in the monthly magazine published by the Ministry of Education*, where various proposals were published for general discussion, including a number of synonymous terms in a certain field, and feedback was expected. Several dictionaries of Latvian terms were published in the first half of the 20th century, and all of them contain various synonymous terms, some of which have remained synonymous to this day, while others have disappeared over time or have different meanings. Si- * Glossary of scientific terminology. Riga, 1922 (hereinafter referred to as ZTV). * Blinkena A. The contemporary view of the 1922 “Zinātniskās terminoloģijas vardnica” // National terminology: history, present and perspectives: Thesis. Riga, 1996. Page 37. * Monthly Bulletin of the Ministry of Education (hereinafter referred to as IMM). 77 names reflect the development of terminology in each field of science, but only the practical use of terms helps to choose the most appropriate. „Synonymy in terminology practice shows that the terms of the (mostly concepts) ir system is not yet established, the process of terminology is still being developed. ji Synonymy is not characteristic of ir scientifically based terminology systems, because it is avoided as much as possible already in the preparation of the term." * This process is reflected in the terminology sources, when different names and definitions of a certain term are found in the dictionaries of terms of the same field published at different times. ir ir jų They are determined by the effort to find the most rational and convenient names for the newly changed ar concept. The term is often used in synonymir ous iš terms. ar This applies to the process of ir developing standardized terminology. Subject terminology stands out especially in this respect, because it is in the fields of its use that in various periods (and is still happening recently) many changes, so synonyms are used much more. Since many new phenomena and names come from abroad, terminologists are increasingly jų confronted with cases iš of synonymy of international terms in their own language or su absolute synonymy. ir This is the most popular form of ne synonymy in terminology, but the way such synonyms are presented in different dictionaries is different. Most often the first mentioned term of foreign origin, next to it the Latvian synonym separated by a o comma /recently in the dictionaries of terms the general principle is jo observed in the first place is mentioned more widely used term, regardless of its origin, but it is difficult to say, this principle was valid in the preparation of — previous dictionaries of terms/: protests, iebildums pieStarojums”® ar ir , (IMM 1920, IX); ¶7 END.: complaint, objection, “objection” (IMM 1921, IV; ZTV 30); compensation, reimbursement ‘at/si/palyginimas’ (IMM 1921, IX); rapporteur, *Skujina V. Principles of the development of Latvian terminology. Riga, Lpp. 1993. 49. * The translation of a į Latvian term into English is approximate, it may not be a term. 7 In po parentheses, the corresponding abbreviations indicate the year and the number of the publication (in Roman numerals) or the page (in Arabic numerals). 78 Precursor ‘supplier’ (IMM 1920, II) /plg. Latvian synonym word — combination priekša cēlējs (ZTV paritate, 4)/; singular "equal value" (IMM 1920, XI; ZTV 22) /both international and Latvian related term includes ir į composition of the generic — term naudas paritate, naudas vienvėrte “the equal value of money” (ZTV broker, 16)/; broker „tarpininkas“ (VLT 22)® - Look. Broker/; Circular, Circular, Circular ‘circular’ (VLT 34); akreditivs, power of attorney "authorization" (VLT); confiscation, confiscation, confiscation (VLT); rebate, discount ‘discount’ (IMM 1920, XI; ZTV 31); memorandum, invitation ‘memory’ (ZTV 16). It is also necessary to mention that the dictionaries of terms reflect the spelling norms of ir their time, now based on the norms of the current — Latvian language some international (sometimes Latvian) terms are spelled differently. (o ir The spelling requirements for international words in Latvian have changed particularly often. ? The first ir mentioned Latvian term of the — reversed terms is found, synonymous with the po to international: izredze „perspektyva“, vacancy (VLT 31); lietprats „scientist, iSmanantis reikalg®, expert (ZTV 6) (plg. expert, expertise VLT); parvede „pervedimas“, indosaments (VLT) /the previously published dictionary did not contain the internati- — onal term plg. parvedu uzraksts, parvede,,pervediuzrašamo s, pervedimas“ (ZTV original 22)/; text, original, “original text” (ZTV 5) /Russian. podlinnik/; premium, adzio (VLT) and others. Such absolute synonymy of international and Latvian terms is justified. However, it is often desired to avoid it: “the universal tendency to avoid absolute synonyms, although limited, manifests itself in two ir ways: ... semantic differentiati1) on of such pairs; total debt-expulsion system". * 2) mu iš There may be undesirable phenomena for terminology, for example, the non-equivalence of the own language and the international term. E. Vacu-Latvian commercial terminology. Riga, Lpp. 1935. 35 (hereinafter referred to as VLT). ? The letters underlined that do not correspond to the current Latvian spelling are now usually — long vowels. "Klimavičius J. Synonymy of ir international Lithuanian terms in terminology // Lithuanian terminology. Vilnius, 1975. T. 16. P. 92. 79 vivalentity. Often the dictionaries provide different Latvian terms as synonyms for one international term or one Latvian term has different international synonyms, for example, the above examples reklamacija, iebildums protests, iebildums. Similar relationships occur in other cases: thought “bail”, guarantee ir ir (VLT) - Look. Guarantir ee/deposit money "cash deposit", thought (VLT) - Look. Deposit/. In some dictionaries of terms, different forms of ir the international term calculation have Latvian equivalents: vienzodis terminas priesagainis vedinys aplėsums — ‘calculation’ /ZTV international term — calculation (16) — plg. vok. Kalkulation, Berechnung/ ir dvizodis rūšinis terminas, į kurio sudėtį įeina galūnės vedinys aplėse: kalkulacija, iepriekšėja aplėse ‘advance calculation’ (VLT). Kitados J. Endzelynas opposed the non-Latvian loanword rēkins of iš the German language and ir proposed to use the old jo Baltic form instead /ēse"!. This was reflected in ir the dictionaries — (screaming) (IMM 1920, IX; ZTV 34), nevertheless has taken hold in the current language rökkins ir jo Vedic, although sometimes used in some official texts, for example, the title of the section in ir the statute texts “Nodokla aplėse maksasanas kartiba” “Tax mų calculation in the — order of payment”!2, The relationships between the un elements of the synonymous pair may change, some disappear, others acquire a ir differentiated meaning or become deterministic. — jų This is particularly evident when analyzing the changes in terms of imports and exports. Both of them had Latvian equivalents from the very beginning for the inputs “ievedums” and “izvedums”. „išvežimas“, which appear in dictionaries as both generic terms and as compounds of related terms or as elements of compound terms: izvedtirdznieciba „izvežamoji prekyba“, eksports (VLT) - Look. Export trade/; ievedtirdznieciba „įvežamoji prekyba“, importtirdznieciba (VLT 17) - Look. Import trade/. The dictionary also contains the names of actors exportiers, izvedējs ‘exporter’ (VLT 13) - Look. Exporter/; importers, ievedėjas ‘importer’ (VLT 17) - Look. Importer/. However, later terms " Language practice questions / red. J. Endzelins. Close. P. Ozolinsh. Riga, 1935. > On enterprise income tax // Day. — 1995, of March 8. 80 In dictionaries these Latvian equivalents appear only as explanations in parentheses —cf. exports (also exports) (ETV 72); exports (outputs) (ESA 77);'; imports (ievedums) (ETSV 90) /the term imports is not present in the 1975 dictionary — only two terms contain the import-: importmuita ‘import duty’ and importprece ‘import good’ (ETSV 95)/. Recently, the elements ievest and izveist have been used only in the aggregate terms ievest customs duty “import duty” (ELDO 237) and export customs duty “export duty” (ELDO 237) and in compound terms where they perform the functions of a certificate. According to Latvian lexicologist A. Laua, sometimes international words have the meaning of terms, and their Latvian equivalents are not terms, but refer to these terms. Often, in addition to the single word international term, the dictionaries of terms include a compound term with both Latvian and international accents: festators, testamenta taisitūjs “the testator” (IMM 1920, II); trasant, bill of exchange issuer “bill issuer” (IMM 1920, XI; ZTV 35); trasats, veksela maksatajs ‘the payer of the bill of exchange’ (IMM 1920, XI); skonts, konta atlaids “discount on the account” (IMM 1920, XI) /this also reflects a grammatical change — in the present language the feminine form atlaide is used instead of the term atlaids (see also rabats, atlaids)/; kurtaža, maklera atlidziba “broker- ’s salary” (ZTV 15) /previously in the monthly the Latvian equivalent is given in parentheses —kurtaža (mūklera atlidziba) (IMM 1920, X1)/; a bond, known as a pledge (IMM 1920, IX); adopcija, pienemšana bērna in place of „adoption in place of a child” (IMM 1921, IV) /the one-word international term is recommended to be replaced by a three-word Sudeten Latvian synonym (later in the dictionary international terms are used twice: adopcija (ZTV 6) and adoptēšana (a consolidated form with the suffix -Sana), pienemšana bērna in place of (ZTV 7)/; averss, monnatas vorpue "the front of a coin" P Noun in economics terms. (Terminology Series No. 11). Riga, 1975 (hereinafter ETV). "4 Explanatory dictionary of economic terms (edited by prof. A. Moisejeva). Riga, 1981 (hereinafter referred to as the ETSB). “Laua A. Latvian lexicology. Riga, 1980. Page 200. 81 (ZTV 7); revers, coined on the reverse “the reverse side of the coin” (ZTV 30) —the international term may contain a typing error — in current language reverss /later reverss (coin on the reverse) (JTV 142)'¢/. It is also necessary to mention that synonyms help to convey several meanings of this international term, which are related to the Latin reversus "directed backwards, returned"! and is reflected in the current Latvian dictionary of a total of five of them —„2. In commercial law, a pledge is an undertaking, a promise, which is signed when something is pledged. 3. a letter of guarantee issued by the shipper to the master of the ship’ (LLVV 634)’* —cf. guarantees under the heading ‘warranty letter’, reverse (TSV 4, 497).’ In the dictionary of current Latvian technical terms, the international term is fixed in only one meaning, and the Latvian word combination is presented in brackets as an explanation (in another font — in the dictionary in italics) —reverss (monetas reverse) (ELDO 353). Synonymy is observed both between single-word terms and between elements of composite terms. In this case, synonyms can be any part of a compound term —both a genus term and a designator of a genus term —usually the noun’s origin, less often a participant or an adjective: tranzita, caurvedu muita “duty of passage” (IMM 1920, XI); priorities, advantages of shares “preferred shares” (ZTV 27); commission (mediation) transaction “mediation transaction” (ZTV 14); thought (guaranteed) share “laid share” (IMM 1920, IX); guaranteed bond (ZTV 19). Such synonymous elements are given in parentheses or after a comma, without repeating the genus term. With a few Latvian elements, a generic term can consist of both an international term and an old loan or Latvian word, e.g.: atvieglots (priekšrocibas) tarifs „Jengvatinis (privilegijas) tarifas“ (JTV 22), sakarigas, atkarigas cenas „priklausomos, susie1 Juridisko terminu nosaukums. Riga, 1942 (hereinafter referred to as JTV). " International Dictionary of the Languages of the World, 1969. P. 661. '* Dictionary of the Latvian literary language. Riga, 1987. P.-6(2) (hereinafter referred to as LLVV). The economics wordbook. Riga. 1943-1944 (hereinafter referred to as TSV). 2 Terms of economics, accounting and work organizaELDO). 82 tion. Riga, 1995 (hereinafter referred to as those prices) (ZTV 12); iepriekšēja kontrole (revision) “preliminary control” (ZTV 25) and so on. The Latvian equivalent of the international term in po parentheses is understood as synonymsSkas termins dublikats (divotnis) "double" ir (ZTV 12); taxator (novertétajs) ‘Assessor’ (JTV 159); magnates (lielmanis) ‘great’ (JTV 92), ir as an explanation, especially if it is a phrase: koncesija (tirgoSanas atlauja) ‘marketing authorisation’ (IMM 1920, XI; ZTV 15); remedy (increased) Zama medjiba) "The Real Difference" (IMM 1920, XI) /plg. later remedijs, pielaizama tarpiba (Increas30)/; ed ZTV (inheritance after first-born) "inheritance by first-born" (IMM 1920, XI); embargo (apkilasana, aizliegums) "description, prohibition" (ETV 78). Less frequently, a Latvian term is given in the first place, with o the international equivalent jo in parentheses: pirmtiesiba (prioritūte) "right of priority" (JTV 133); preface (original) "original writings" (JTV 133) Iplg. source text, original (ZTV 5)/; piekritiba (kompetence) “appartenence” (JTV 128) - Look. competence, competence, competence; Russian. podsudnostj, vedomstvo/; safe locker (ari a. seifs) “safety locker” (TSV 370). Less common synonymous terms in dictionaries are linked by a conjunction or “or” indicates — that the meanings coincide, jų because in Latvian this conjunction connects words with exactly identical meanings: klienta jeb pienaksnieiraidiba “the presence ka of a customer” (IMM 1921, IX) /Russian. naličnostj po sčetu klienta later — in the dictionary be conjunction: klienta, pienaksnieka iraidiba (ZTV 17)/; forms or forms blanks (TSV 4, 497); gramatvesana or gramatu veSana (also literacy or literacy) ‘bookkeeping’ (TSV 4, 542). The term is not used in the English language, but is often to referred to as the glossary. / see: talrunis see phone (JTV 159) ir telefons (talrunis) „tulkalbis“, as appropriate (JTV 160). In modern Latvian, the term "talrunis" (lat. talrunis) is used. iš Fernsprecher) is quite popular, for example, in official announcements printed in various newspapers and elsewhere. In modern dictionaries they are synonyms: talrunis sk. phone (ELDO 407) ir telephone, telephone (ELDO 411). 83 Sometimes several Latvian terms are given as ir synonyms in dictionaries. These can be both singular and compound terms, but there are not many such cases (perhaps more frequently in the current technical terminology): aizbildnis, aizgadnis, parvalditdjs „guardian, caretaker, ruler“ (VLT) / vok. Curator/; opinium ‘conclusion, opinion’, referre ‘referral’ (IMM 1921, VII) /in modern language the meanings of these terms are differentiated/; iejitkums, iestradasands „i/si/dirbimas“ nų (ZTV offer, 16); pledge "offer, promise" (ZTV 25); dieninieks, dienas stradnieks, algadzis “day laborer, day worker” (ZTV 23) /algūdzis —old Indo-European loanword*/; parvedu uzrašas, parvede „pervedimo užrašas“ (ZTV); finds out ‘information’, norude ‘reference’ (ZTV 6; 33) /differentiated meanings in current terminology/; galvotajs, galvinieks “the agitator” (VLT) /different Latvian suffixes —and -fdjs, and -nieks are suitable for making names of characters/; ligumdarbinieks, darbnēm “Contract staff member, employee” (ZTV 23); depreciation, depreciation losses “depreciation, loss of value” (TEV 134)%; prolongation, delay, delay“ (TEV 40) /differentiated meanings/; straddjosie, stradataji “working” (TEV 123); naudas iztéréSana, naudas izdoSana "expenditure, use of money" (ELDO 164). Other cases of synonymy are also reflected in the dictionaries of terms published at various times, for example, synonymy of compound and single-word terms, a particularly productive way of forming terms in the current Latvian language: muitnica, muitas valde “customs” (IMM 1920, XI); laika strūdnieks, laikstradnieks “Jaiko darbininkas” (TEV 123); Pass-through capacity, pass-through "permeability" (TEV 122); ipatsvars, ipatnējs svars ‘reference weight’ (ELDO 404); saskarpiegūdes, saskarpiegūdes “related delivery” (ELDO 309); galaraditaji, galigie raditaji “final indicators” (ELDO 340) /compound term and compound diphthong term containing pa- "Karulis K. Latviešu etimoloģijas vardnica. Riga, 1992. Sit down. 1. pp. 66. * Trade economics, organization un management terms. Riga, 1992 (hereinafter referred to as TEV). 84