J. Balčikonio kalbotyros terminų sandara ir savitumas

This year marks the 115th anniversary of the birth of one of the most prominent Lithuanian linguists — Juozas Balčikonis, who left a mark on Lithuanian culture as a lexicographer, pedagogue, translator, editor and collector of folklore. Although he did not publish any of his works on linguistics in a separate publication, his various articles, reviews and reviews in the periodicals of the time are abundant. J. Balčikonis’s activities are mainly related to his work as a language normifier and arranger. He was very concerned about the correctness of the native language, sought to improve the written and spoken language, followed how it was spoken in schools, on the radio, as it was written in books and newspapers. ir J. Balčikonis’ name is mentioned among the most famous names of lexicographers, because be jo we do not imagine a great Lithuanian dictionary. This linguist tried very hard that K. The word library compiled by Boge did not go in vain and, based on the lexicographical work, he began jo to organize si The Lithuanian language ir dictionary. Working as a language normifier ir teacher, as As an editor of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary, J. Balčikonis ir repeatedly encountered terms from various fields, so he had to be interested in terminology. ir In this area J. Balčikonis started working at a young age. In Voronezh he helped J. He was a prolific ir teacher of mathematics and other subjects. 1925 m. wrote an article “On the work of the terminology commission”, in which he defends long-borrowed terms. 1939 m. posted an article In his book “Terminoloir gy of our language”, in which he described some aspects of the development and mo creation of terms, he has written several articles on the use of individual terms. At the moment, for ourselves, J. The terminology used by Balčikonis in linguistics can be an interesting subject of research. His beautiful, regular language is an excellent example for the linguists who create terms today. ir 59 Being a dedicated linguist and partly a terminologist, J. Balčikonis tried to accurately select and use linguistic terms in his works. Since at the beginning of the 20th century the common Lithuanian language was still being created and standardized, its standard grammar was being written, the Lithuanian terminology of linguistics was also unstable and inconsistent. Linguists were free to choose which terms to use and often tried to create new ones. This instability of terms is also reflected in J. Balčikonis’ writings. He often discusses with his colleagues, especially in his early articles or reviews, the appropriateness of one or another linguistic term. J. Balčikonis’s activities as a linguist span a long period — from 1918 to 1968, so his works reflect the development of the selection and establishment of linguistic terms. There are many commonly used terms in them today, but there are also many older variants of them that are interesting for the history of terminology. A large part of the linguistic terms were created and established by J. Jablonskis, and J. Balčikonis took over them. However, although he respected the authority of his senior colleague, he did not agree with all of them and did not avoid creating new terms of his own. Thus, the terminology used by J. Balčikonis in linguistics is interesting and worth studying. Since J. Balčikonis’s speech legacy is very widely scattered among various periodicals, and we currently have the only publication that contains most of it, —J. Balčikonis’s “Chosen Writings”, it is precisely the linguistic terms found in them that are being studied here. In these two books, 1026 linguistic terms have been identified. Since J. Balčikonis was not a specialist in one area, these terms are very diverse and belong to almost all branches of linguistics. The majority of his linguistic terms are morphological terms (43.9%). Second in abundance are syntax terms — 15.5%. This is not surprising, since morphology and syntax were the most widely studied, in addition, they are the largest branches of linguistics. It should be added that the most errors in speech occur in these two areas, so J. Balčikonis, as a language normifier, most often encountered and discussed them in his works. Morphological terms are particularly abundant also because in morphology lectures for students of Panevėžys Gymnasium, many older variants of terms are used, which supplement such a large system of morphological terms. Other fields of linguistics were less frequently studied by the linguist, and therefore such terms are less frequently used in his works. 60 ir jų ir jo ir Almost po the same J. Balchik In the “Collected Writings” phonetic lexicology (9,4%) ir terms were (9%) found. Basics of Phonetics J. Balčikonis outlined in the already mentioned In the lecture notes of Panevėžio gimnazija. He did not study lexicology systematically, but he was very interested in ancient Lithuanian place names. There are relatively many general accentology terms in the jo works, all the others are only a few dozen: spelling (7,596) ir punctuation (6,3%) o po ar ir — 3,2%, dialectology — 2,8%, word formation ir stylistics just — po 1,296, because these two branches of linguistics have been relatively little studied. J. The terms used by Balchikoni in linguistics are quite diverse in ir their origin. As is known, there are du ways of creating terms using — the resources of the native language vocabulary ir by borrowing terms from iš foreign languages. Language science itself seems to require us to translate ir as much as possible with the means of our own language. However, like any old ir science, linguistics has a certain amount of borrowed international terms. It is true that Balčikonis J. tried to consume jų as little as possible. One of the ways iš of creating Lithuanian terms is terminology of the main meanings of secondary words. ar Ji is associated with semantic changes: su the terminological word acquires a special, precisely defined meaning. There are very few terminological terms in linguistics in general, o J. In Balčikonio "Collected Writings" — only 4,5%. These are essential linguistic concepts used in common language since ancient times, e.g.: sound 1 40', language I 37, Snail 1 233, name I 39, word II 39, of which the basic meanings were terminologized. Iš of terms obtained by terminology of other meanings of words, the following can be mentioned: person II 51, genus I 182, time II 44, ! The place of use of the term is indicated next to the examples — J. "The Book of the Dead", Arabic text. The abbreviation indicates that the ct example is quoted. 61 degree 11 36, number 11 17, from the original terms used by J. Balčikonis, —type „nuosaka“ II 47, direction „kreipinys“ II 132, torso,truen® II 95, image „,paveikslas“-II 51. The second method, where a term is created using its own vocabulary, is term making using word making tools. This method of creating terms is the most popular. All four types of word formation are used to create vocabulary terms. St. Keinys found that a lot of adverbial terms are made in Lithuanian*. Much fewer terms are made with prefixes, endings and conjugation. J. Balčikonis’s “Rolling Writings” use 236 (23%) single-word linguistic terms. Most of them (60.7%) are derivatives. The number of adverbs derived from adverbs is twice as high as all other adverbs – 64%. They are usually measured by verbs, e.g.: coordination II 94, control 11 97, conjunction 11 107, conjugation 1 99, dialect I 43, loan I 162, equivalent 1 232, dative 11 18, factor I 261, negation I 200. Fewer derivatives of suffixes are derived from nouns, e.g.: cząsteczka 1 39, koma 11 131, narzędziowiec I 40ct, końcówka II 12, głoszyna II 194, okoliczność II 105, and only a few from adjectives, e.g.: verbality 11 113, komunikatywizm 1 101, wysokaici 1 73. Although there is a considerable similarity between the construction of prepositions and endings, the endings in the terminology of Vedic linguistics are very few — 10.6%. Most often they are derived from verbs, e.g.: insert I 300, phrase I 140, suffix 1 95, subjunctive 11 92, conjunct II 122, ending 1 38ct, junction II 98; three times less from nouns, e.g.: vowel II 5, letter II 4. The endings are -a and -is. The derivatives of prepositions used by J. Balčikonis are formed with six prepositions —prie-(preposition 11 65, preposition 1 99, preposition II 75, adverb II 73), pa-(participant II 50, surname I 74), pro-(prokalbė I 232ct), pra-(preposition I 137), po-(preposition I 301), ant- (heading 1 201). They account for 8.4% of all single-word terms. In the second place in frequency is the concoction of linguistic terms. The percentage of broken words in J. Balčikonis' terminology is 15.5%. They are of two types—command and control. Determinative punches may have *Keinys St. Terminology alphabet. Vilnius, 1980. P. 70. 62 both noun and verb (person verb 1 267, 11 46, semivowel 11 132, 11 7, kamiengalis 1 357), adjective noun sandą ir (old-fashioI 231, ned nickname 1 266), numerical noun ir (two-voiced II 6). The controlled punch kė occurredonly one ( linguist I 97). Many innovations in Lithuanian linguistics were created by prominent Lithuanian linguists, especially great work in this field was done by J. Jablonski. He proposed such innovations as the personification of I 198, communicating I 101, charactI 136, eristic reference II 132, random 1 300, participant II 50, fonetic II 194, character 1 186, action verb I 300, II 46. Iš S. Daukanto used linguistic terminology remained an adjective forever 11 16, noun verb 11 28, 11 39, iš K. Young's — new semi-vo1 46, wel II 7, Smoothie II 79. K. It was the first to use the term "debt". II 93, I 162, Dialect I 43, smiley I 99, A. Baranauskas — letter II 4, spelling I 86, sentence II 89, number II 41. In detail, the history of the origin of ir Lithuanian linguistic terms was studied A. "Balashi". International terms in linguistics are mostly derived from classical Greek and Latin. — ir — This is because in older times The grammar of the European languages was based on the ir Latin grammar, and Latin o terms were used. Later, new terms were created on the basis ir of Greek Latin words. ir J. Balčikonis used a term 41 of Greek origin, e.g.: alphabet apostrophe 11 244, 1 247, dialect 11 141, enclitics 1 316, Philosophy 1 40 , Ethics II 154, Phonetics 1 198, Phraseology 1 107, grammar 11 4, hydronym 1 371, lexicon 1 198, metathe1 382, se onomastika 1 352, orthopepia 1 201, semasiology 11 81, syntax II 81 ir kt., ir 42 terms of Latin origin, e.g. the affix afrikata I 264, I 271, directivas I 394, geminata 1 327, hybrid 1 179, inesyvas 1 394, infinitive II 85, intonation II 82, consonantism I 233, particle 1 333, predicate 11 313, suffix II 40, term 1 43, vocalism 1 232ct, attributive function I 316 ir kt All These terms are referred to as Balašaitis A. History of Lithuanian Linguistic Terms. Vilnius, 1961. (disert. rankr.) 63 Some of the terms used by J. Balčikonis are of Latin origin, but he also used terms of that language form, e.g.: dativus absolutus I 309 (noun with participle), gradus comparativus 11 144 (higher degree), nomina actionis I 180 (substantives of the verb), verbum transitivum I 182 (potential verb). However, the latter terms are usually presented as clarifications next to the Lithuanian ones. This is probably also the influence of the Latin tradition as the language of science. There are relatively few international terms derived from other languages — just one other, for example, the jargon I 49 from French, the font II 265 from German. Some of the above international terms serve to form hybrid terms. In J. Balčikonis’ “Collected Writings” there are as many as 123 such terms. There are very few monophyletic hybrids. They are usually made up of Latin and Greek roots: accentology I 93, terminology I 99. A much larger proportion is made up of hybrid words. Ten such terms consist of two words of different foreign origin and in this form are borrowed from other languages. The most common combinations of words of Greek and Latin origin, for example: grammatical form II 88, syntax term II 111, syntax function I 316; one term each of French and German origin — Gothic font I 234, of Greek and Italian words — grammatical stencil II 111. Most of the compound terms of mixed origin are those in which one word is Lithuanian and the other is international. Their structure shows that they were not borrowed, but formed in Lithuanian linguistics. They were found 113, and they can be divided into two groups. The first group consists of hybrid compound terms, the main member of which is of foreign origin, and the notation denoting the generic concept is Lithuanian, e.g.: impersonal form 11 139, plural form I 383, recursive form I 351, personification system II 197, category of denotation II 18, pronunciation paradigm 11 189, partitive construction 1 311, exclamation intonation 11 13, language norm 1 315, comparative phonetics I 323, notation article I 156ct. The second group of hybrid compound terms consists of such combinations of words, the first member of which is of foreign origin. In this case, the international term usually denotes a specific characteristic of a grammatical concept, e.g.: abstract word 64 1 118, acute profound 1 375, analytical language 11 84, circumflex pronoun 1 375, phonetic feature 11 197, grammatical I 113, meaning synthetic language II 84. International terms exist in every field of science. These are traces of economic, political and ir cultural interaction between nations. The use of internationir al Lithuanian terms depends on the inclinations of the author, only the choice ir of the authors determines the spread of each ar other's words. However, sometimes foreign words unreasonably push the good iš Lithuanian equivalents of the language. J. Balčikonis understood well the value of his own, Lithuanian, vocabulary, because in his works jo international terms are used relatively rarely. (9% ir However, there are several international pairs of ir Lithuanian terms used synonymously, e.g.: alphabet alphabet II 244 — II 4, general II 85 — infinitive I 101, dialect II 141 — dialect I 43, flexion I 254 — limb II 12, Linguisti1 229 — cs Linguistics 1 97, neologism 1 163 — neologism 1 46, partikula I 333 — particle I 103, suffix II 40 — suffix I 95. Maximum J. Part of the linguistic terms used by Balčikonis consists of two-word compound terms, naming specific linguistic concepts — jų is 668 (65,1196). They can be divided into two groups: į combinations of the coordinating certificate and the ir control certificate. The signs of the first group of compound terms are usually represented by various adjectives in ordinary — (narrow voice) II 146, foreign word I 103, unstable crossing 1 233ct, interjection control by 11 98), nouns (common birth II 17, pure predicate II 112), with prepositional derivative (impersonal sentence I 261, anonymous birth I 93), compound adjective (monosyllabic word 1 385, final consonant 11 10, 1 40, homonymous II 120), sentence especially often prepositions -inis adjectives ( adjective adverbs 1 180, vocal personification I 73, nasal vowel 11 6, extended note I 39ct, coinage name direct 176, derivative travelling 1 361, number 11 41). Relatively often, the participants of a compound term are given a combination mark: explanatory word I 109, consonant 1 226, imperative clause 1 276, the adjective is 11 98, attached to the positive II 135, 65 meaning as an affirmative circumstance 11 106, much less frequently —infinitive nouns, e.g.: second degree 1 39, fourth pronoun 11 18, first person I 229, third person I 355. The rarest grammatical type of two-word terms —from two noun nouns, e.g.: vakariečiai aukštaičiai 11 147, pajūriškiai žemaičiai 11 145, antrininkė dalis 11 96. Compounds of the control certificate are less common than those of the harmonized certificate. In J. Balčikoni- ’s “Collected Writings” they are half as many as in the first type. K. Gaivenis suggests that such compound biword terms should be more detailedly divided according to the main, rather than secondary démenj*, taking into account whether the main focus is a concrete or abstract noun (type circumstance II 106, friend’s conjunct 11 86, language unit 11 140, verb of attraction 1 161, etymology dictionary II 283, Kamiengal vowel I 271, Zietela dialect I 363, language group I 231), verb abstract (adjective formation I 271, use of consonants 1 42, dialect description II 159, vowel change 1 298, conjugation affiliation II 97, accent jumping I 100), less often — adjective abstract (vowel length 1 180, language liveliness I 107, consonant softness II 144, accent instability I 233ct). Half the less studied source found three-word terms — 104 (10.1496). These terms are very varied according to the parts of the language that make them up, and 19 types of them can be derived. However, according to the interrelationships of the members, they can be divided into only three groups.” tąsą *Gaivenis K. Compound terms with two words in contemporary Lithuanian language // Issues of Lithuanian Linguistics. Vilnius, 1975. T. 16. P. 60. *Gaivenytė J. Comparison of structures of Lithuanian and English four-word techniques // Terminology and Present. Kaunas, 1997. P. 91-96. 66 The first group of three-word terms are associated with the main focus of the method of inclusion. The main member su forms the primary word combination with the middle designator, o šį describes the secondary subordinate member. For example: the exclusive part of speech 11 130, the comparative blowing consonant of the closure of languages 1 232. In the second group of three-word composite terms, the marking elements are also related to the main term by means of su inclusion, but the direction of inclusion is different. The primary word combination is formed between the two indicative members. The second noun-expressed element controls the first adjective element, and the whole word combination describes the main dominant o element. nj For example: back-row vowel 1 395, western highland dialect 1 233, form of direct reference 11 136, current action image target 11 51, species participant 1 42ct, action-end verb 1 377. me. In the third grammar scheme, the compound terms are made up of iš the principal member's indicative — word and two ir independent indicatives belonging to it. Example: a subordinate circumstII 125, antial sentence a subordinate circumstantial sentence 11 124, future cumulative time 11 45, previous probation period II 49, subjunctive sentence accentuative 11 130, noun adjective 1 316 These three types of terms prevail in terminology. Other types of compound terms are very rare — 16 four-word terms ir 2 five-word terms. 67 mass word II 134 —negative 1 200, question mark 11 291 — question mark 11 240. One-word terms are more convenient in many respects. They do not compromise the accuracy of the meaning and comply with the principle of language economy. This is why they are most commonly used today. As in the case of synonyms of terms J. Balčikonis’s “Collected Writings” contain terms that cannot be considered true variants because they were used at different times. Some forms are older than others and have been replaced by more perfected variants, e.g.: gimtis II 17 —genus I 182, direction 11 132 —address II 132, contradiction II 121 —contradiction II 121, capital 11 5 —capital 1 58, lowercase II 5 —lowercase 1 58, noun adjective 1 134 — noun adjective 1 315. All these synonyms and variants reflect the development of Lithuanian linguistic terminology. Although part of the jų ir did not survive in the language, but are interesting for terminology history researchers. THE STRUCTURE AND DISTINCTIVENESS OF J. BALCIKONIS' TERMS OF LINGUISTICS Summary This paper deals with terms of linguistics used in Balčikonis' “Rinktiniai raštai“ (“Selected works“). More than 1000 terms of linguistics are discussed according to their origin, structure and word formation, also their variety and topicality for today’s linguistics is surveyed. The main part linguistic of terminology used by Balčikonis consists of of two-word terms naming specific of concepts of linguistics. One-word terms were used less. Three-word terms are twice rare one-word as terms. as Terms of other structures are very rare in Balcikonis’ works. In respect of origin, terms of linguistics used by Balčikonis can be classified into be three types: terms created terminologisation some meaning 1) word, terms created means by word formation, of terms borrowed from other of a languages. 2) by of 3) The first of type is very rare. The main part of Bal¢ikonis’ terminology consists of Lithuanian one-word derivates and complex terms. Most frequently Balčikonis used suffixation. Compounding was used less frequently. Even fewer terms were created using endings. Prefixation in The term "Balchikonis" was also used very rarely. All international terms used by Balčikonis belong to the borrowings type. Most of them are taken from Greek and Latin. 74 Two and three word complex terms are classified according the relationship between to components the phrase. of Chamomile ANDRIUŠKAITĖ Received 2000 11 02 Vilnius Pedagogical University Faculty of Lithuanian Studies Department of Lithuanian Linguistics T. Ševčenkos 31 LT-2009, Vilnius 73