Kompiuterio spalvų terminai

Giedrė FLEDŽINSKIENĖ*, Angelė KAULAKIENĖ**, Valerijonas ŽALKAUSKAS*** * Vilnius Academy of Arts ** Institute of the Lithuanian Language *** Vilnius University COMPUTER COLOR TERMS Nature has endowed humans with the most complex organ of vision—the eyes. The eye’s remarkable ability to adapt means that the ratio between the greatest and least intensity of human vision reaches one million. Humans distinguish thousands of shades. Most birds, fish, and even insects also distinguish colors. Bees see even in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum, so they can distinguish objects painted with lead white and zinc white. However, not all mammals distinguish colors. Dogs are thought to be color-blind, but they have a much better sense of smell. People’s vision varies, so it is not easy to define the concept of any given color. In addition, colors can have aesthetic as well as emotional or psychological effects. Like many peoples around the world, Lithuanians have words for naming the primary colors of the spectrum (Table 1). Orange, an intermediate color, is sometimes also included among the primary colors—red, yellow, green, cyan, and blue. Two words are generally used to name intermediate spectrum colors and shades. The table shows how intermediate spectrum colors (yellow-green) and shades (greenish yellow, yellowish green) can be named. Color names are often associated with the names of minerals such as lapis lazuli, turquoise, ruby, and others, or with plant names. In Lithuanian, shades of color are usually expressed in three ways: 1) with adverbs derived from color adjectives (bluish green); 2) with the word shade and the genitive forms of an adjective (or noun) (green of a bluish shade); and with the preposition with construction (green with a bluish shade). These names differ only in form. Compound color names are also possible, for example: dark red, dark yellow, light- 9 yellowish, dark green, bright green, dark blue, light blue, dark gray, light gray, and so on. In addition, adjectives with the suffixes -ine, -ė are often used to name various color shades, for example: lilac-colored (the color of lilac blossoms), raspberry-colored (the color of raspberries, light red), amber-colored (the color of amber), rose-colored (the color of a rose blossom), cherry-colored (the color of cherries), and so on. Table 1 Wavelengths of the light spectrum and its primary colors Wavelength Color name Ultraviolet λ ~ 445 nm Violet ---- λ ~ 475 nm Blue ---- Blue-cyan Cyan-blue λ ~ 510 nm Cyan Greenish cyan Cyan-green ---- λ ~ 545 nm Green Yellowish green Greenish yellow Greenish yellow λ ~ 580 nm Yellow Pinkish yellow λ ~ 600 nm Orange Yellowish red λ ~ 640 nm Red Infrared 10 Dictionaries of color names in foreign countries contain several thousand color names [1]. Attempts are also being made to create standards for color names that precisely define individual color names. For now, we have neither comprehensive dictionaries of color names nor standards. Each color system is based on three fundamental numbers that define a particular color. In art and design, a yellow, red, and blue color scheme is used, cf. Engl. Yellow-Read-Blue [1]. In addition, a yellow, magenta, and cyan color scheme is also used, cf. Engl. Yellow-Magenta-Cyan. Here, the first parameter is always yellow. By mixing the pigments of these colors, any color in the palette can be obtained. Artists call the color that dominates in one or another palette color its tone, cf. Engl. color tone, while color nuances are called shades, e.g., green with a bluish shade. The names of color tones usually coincide with the names of the primary colors of the spectrum. In television and computing, the most widespread color scheme is RGB—red, green, and blue, cf. Engl. R.G.B.—Read-Green-Blue. These colors form the triangle of primary colors. It has been proposed that the quantities of the primary colors, as certain physical quantities, be called redness (Engl. Read level), greenness (Engl. Green level), and blueness (Engl. Blue level) [2]. Thus, for example, a lime-green color could be described as having 60% redness, 100% greenness, and 20% blueness. Incidentally, in the “Windows” operating system, color quantities are measured not in percentages but in certain arbitrary numbers ranging from 0 to 255 units. Mixing 255 units each of redness, greenness, and blueness produces white. Mixing equal amounts of two primary colors produces an intermediate color: red and green yield yellow, while green and blue yield cyan. A particularly magical color results from mixing the extreme colors of the spectrum—red and blue. This color is not found in the solar spectrum. In English-language computing literature, it is most often called “Magenta” [3]. Lithuanian equivalents for this color would be pink, purple, or violet. However, physicists associate violet only with the extreme blue color, beyond which the invisible ultraviolet begins. Therefore, the adjective purple would be more suitable for naming this color. 11 The three intermediate colors—cyan, magenta, and yellow—form the second, less commonly used CMY primary-color scheme, cf. Engl. C.M.Y.—Cyan-Magenta-Yellow. The terms cyan, magenta, and yellow have been proposed for the quantities of these colors. Incidentally, these three colors, together with black, are used in color inkjet printers. Hence one can also encounter the CMYK color scheme—cyan, magenta, yellow, and black, cf. Engl. C.M.Y.K.—Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-bleaK. A third scheme used in computing is HSB—hue, saturation (or intensity), and brightness (lightness), cf. Engl. H.S.B.—Hue-Saturation-Brightness (Luminance). The first parameter changes as the cursor cross moves horizontally in the “Windows” color spectrum (Fig. 1). Pure colors are in the upper part of the spectrum (saturation = 255). As you move down the spectrum, saturation decreases. At the very bottom, where saturation is zero, is gray. Color brightness is adjusted by changing the brightness value in a separate column. Fig. 1. “Windows” color spectrum 12 Only one brightness parameter is needed to describe gray. There is no color tone here. The hue parameter is also irrelevant for gray. Gray is often described not by brightness but, conversely, by percentages of gray. The term grayness has been proposed for this quantity, cf. Engl. gray scale, gray level. The six primary colors are considered the basic colors of the “Microsoft Windows” 95, 98, and NT operating systems (Table 2). These colors have names in “Windows.” In addition to these basic colors, the “Paint” graphics editor in “Windows” allows users to choose a color from a palette of 48 basic colors (Engl. Basic Colors). The colors in this palette do not yet have names of their own. Incidentally, this palette is not used in “Microsoft Office” applications. Table 2 Primary “Windows” colors, their composition, and Lithuanian equivalents of their English names English name Lithuanian name Redness Greenness Blueness Hue Saturation Brightness Red Red 255 0 0 0 255 128 Green Green 0 255 0 85 255 128 Blue Blue 0 0 255 170 255 128 Yellow Yellow 255 255 0 42 255 128 Cyan Cyan 0 255 255 128 255 128 Magenta Purple 255 0 255 213 255 128 The color palette in the „Microsoft Office“ 4.3 and 95 applications consists of twelve colors: six primary colors and six more colors of the same hue that are twice as dark, e.g., dark red (English DkRead), which has 128 units of redness. This palette is supplemented by white, black, and two or more shades of gray. This color palette could not be expanded or changed. In „Microsoft Office 97“ applications, in part, and in „Microsoft Office 2000“ applications, entirely, a new palette of basic colors came into use (Table 3). The 40 basic colors in this palette already have names. Naming- 13 There are also 6 additional colors (Table 4), found only in some parts of the programs. The user can access a further hexagon of 126 additional colors, alongside which are 16 shades of gray. The colors in the hexagon no longer have names. In the color palette, the user can create their own color (Custom Color). Table 3 Colors in the basic “MS Office 79/2000” palette, their composition, and Lithuanian equivalents of the English names. Suggested in bold are color names that differ from those of the basic colors English nameLithuanian nameRedGreenBlueHueSaturationBrightness12345678BlackBlack000~~0Dark RedDark red12800025564RedRed255000255128PinkPurple2550255213255128RosePink255153204234255204BrownBrown1535101425577OrangeOrange255102017255128Light OrangeLight orange255153025255128GoldGold255204034255128TanYellowish brown25520415321255204Olive GreenOlive green515104225526Dark YellowDark yellow12812804225564LimeLime153204054255102YellowYellow255255042255128Light YellowLight yellow25525515342255204Dark GreenDark green05108525526GreenGreen012808525564 14 Continuation of Table 3 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 Sea Green | Sea green | 51 | 153 | 102 | 106 | 128 | 120 Bright Green | Bright green | 0 | 255 | 0 | 85 | 255 | 128 Light Green | Light green | 204 | 255 | 204 | 85 | 255 | 230 Dark Teal | Dark blue-green | 0 | 51 | 102 | 149 | 255 | 51 Teal | Blue-green | 0 | 128 | 128 | 127 | 255 | 64 Aqua | Water blue | 51 | 204 | 204 | 127 | 153 | 128 Turquoise | Turquoise | 0 | 255 | 255 | 127 | 255 | 128 Light Turquoise | Pale turquoise | 204 | 255 | 255 | 127 | 255 | 230 Dark Blue | Dark blue | 0 | 0 | 128 | 170 | 255 | 64 Blue | Blue | 0 | 0 | 255 | 170 | 255 | 128 Light Blue | Light blue | 51 | 102 | 255 | 160 | 255 | 153 Sky Blue | Sky blue | 0 | 204 | 255 | 136 | 255 | 128 Pale Blue | Pale blue | 153 | 204 | 255 | 149 | 255 | 204 Indigo | Indigo blue | 51 | 51 | 153 | 170 | 128 | 102 Blue Gray | Blue-gray | 102 | 102 | 153 | 170 | 51 | 128 Violet | Violet | 128 | 0 | 128 | 213 | 255 | 64 Plum | Brownish violet | 153 | 51 | 102 | 234 | 128 | 102 Lavender | Lavender violet | 204 | 153 | 255 | 191 | 255 | 204 80% Gray | Dark gray | 51 | 51 | 51 | 170 | 0 | 51 50% Gray | Gray | 128 | 128 | 128 | 170 | 0 | 128 40% Gray | Light gray | 150 | 150 | 150 | 170 | 0 | 150 25% Gray | Grayish | 192 | 192 | 192 | 170 | 0 | 192 White | White | 255 | 255 | 255 | 170 | 0 | 255 15 Additional colors in the “MS Office 2000” palette, their composition, and Lithuanian equivalents of the English names Table 4 English name | Lithuanian name | Red | Green | Blue | Hue | Saturation | Brightness | Periwinkle | Periwinkle | 153 | 153 | 255 | 170 | 255 | 204 | Ivory | Ivory | 255 | 255 | 204 | 42 | 255 | 230 | Dark Purple | Dark purple | 102 | 0 | 102 | 213 | 255 | 51 | Coral | Coral | 255 | 128 | 128 | 0 | 255 | 192 | Ocean Blue | Ocean blue | 0 | 102 | 204 | 149 | 255 | 102 | Ice Blue | Ice blue | 204 | 204 | 255 | 170 | 255 | 230 This article attempts to select Lithuanian equivalents for the 46 basic colors in the “MS Office 97/2000” palette. The Lithuanian equivalents were coordinated with general English–Lithuanian dictionaries and the academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. In most cases, the previously mentioned first principle for naming color shades was followed. The basic Windows color “Magenta” is already called “Pink” in the “MS Office 97/2000” palette, while a color of the same hue that is twice as dark is called “Dark Purple.” In Lithuanian, in the first two cases we call it purple, and in the third case dark purple. The basic color “Cyan” is called “Turquoise” in the color palette. In Lithuanian, colors of this hue are usually called light blue, so the latter term is used in both cases. In this case, the basic green color in the basic color palette became light green. The green, meanwhile, is called by the darker color more familiar to people. Only a few impure colors are included in the basic “MS Office 97/2000” color palette—sea green, water blue, and several colors close to gray, located next to the last column of gray colors. The palette colors are grouped by hue. Only a few colors have hues that differ from the basic colors, so there are also few names for intermediate colors: dark blue-green, brownish violet, and yellowish brown. 16 The composition and names of the palette’s colors are precisely defined by three RGB and three HSB color-scheme values—red, green, blue, hue, saturation, and brightness. Literatūra 1. Designer’s guide to color. T. 1–5 // San Francisco.: Chronicle Books, 1986–1991. 2. Žalkauskas V. Apie spalvų terminus // 32-oji nacionalinė fizikos konferencija: Programa ir pranešimų tezės. 1997. 10. 8–10. Vilnius, 1997. 3. Color Spaces Tutorial // Center for Innovative Computer Application. http:// www.cica.indiana.edu/cica/color-spaces.html THE TERMS OF COMPUTER COLOURS Summary In this paper the Lithuanian terms of colour spaces RŽM – raudonos, žalios ir mėlynos (R.G.B. – Read-Green-Blue), ŽPG – žydros, purpurinės ir geltonos (C.M.Y. – Cyan-Magenta-Yellow) and AGS – atspalvio, grynio ir skaisčio (H.S.B. – Hue-Saturation-Brightness (Luminance)) are discussed. Terms of colour levels raudonis (read level), žalis (green level), mėlis (blue level), žydris (cyan level), purpuris (magenta level) and geltonis (yellow level) are also proposed. The Lithuanian terms of basic colours of Microsoft Office 97/2000 are considered. The composition of these colours is presented. Giedrė FLEDŽINSKIENĖ Vilniaus dailės akademija Maironio g. 6 LT-2600, Vilnius Gauta 2000 07 01 Angelė KAULAKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Antakalnio g. 6 LT-2055, Vilnius El. paštas [email protected] Valerijonas ŽALKAUSKAS Vilniaus universitetas Fizikos fakultetas Radiofizikos katedra Saulėtekio al. 9 LT-2040, Vilnius El. paštas [email protected] 17