1901 m. Petro Kriaušaičio „Lietuviškos kalbos gramatikos“ kalbos mokslo terminai

HISTORY OF TERMINOLOGY Stasys KEINYS Lithuanian Language Institute 1901 TERMS OF LINGUISTICAL SCIENCE IN PETRO KRIAUŠAIČIUS' "LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE GRAMMATICS" In the first years of the 20th century, as can be seen from the Lithuanian bibliography, 134 Lithuanian books were published. The exact year of publication of a few more books and booklets published at the very end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century is not known”, so at least some of them may also be from 1901. Similarly, judging by the titles, a third of the books of that year were devoted exclusively to religious subjects, and about ten to popular science. Among the latter, it is worth mentioning A. Gykis’s “Geology” (translated by St. Matulaitis), V. Lunkevičius’s “Where did our domestic animals and cultivated plants come from” and “How plants live” (both translated and edited by J. Adomaitis-Šernas), St. Matulaičio “How the human bones were repaired”, J. Nusbaumas-- Hilorovičius’s “Biology, or the science of living things” (translated by J. Adomaitis-Šernas), Pr. Mašiotas’s “Talks about Heaven and Earth” translated from foreign languages and A. Vileišis’s “What is cultivated land? How did it come into being, what are its chapters and how to know them?” and “A short talk about contagious diseases and how to defend against them?” All these books, in addition to A. Vileišis’ booklets, were published in America (A. Vileišis — Tilžėje). In addition, A. Janulaitis’ shortened translation of E. Roemer’s (Remer’s) work “Puudžiava Lietuvoje” was published in America. The harvest is small. But it was still the time of the printing ban, and, moreover, in general, recently (in 1891) the number of Lithuanian books published per year had only exceeded a hundred.” ! Lithuanian TSR Bibliography: Books in Lithuanian [1862-1904] 2 (2), Vilnius, 1988, 844. 2 Ibid., 469-478. 3 Ibid. See also : Bibliography of the Lithuanian SSR: Books in Lithuanian [1547-1861] 1, Vilnius, 1969, 550-574. 50 Each of those books published a hundred years ago can be important and interesting in its own way, both for our culture and science, as well as for language and terminology. However, this time I am particularly interested in one of the three books on language published that year (by the way, the only one in Lithuanian) —“Lietuviškos kalbos gramatika. A handbook for writers and readers. Written by Peter Kriaušaitis. In 1901. Printed at Otto v. Mauderode” (all the words on the cover and title page)*. The role of this 88 (+4) large-page book in creating the current common language is so great that it will always be mentioned not only in Lithuanian linguistics or grammar, but also in the history of the language itself. In terms of cultural value, it is comparable to the first Lithuanian grammar —D. Klein's Grammatica Litvanica (Karaliaučius, 1653). This is because “Lietuviškos kalbos gramatika” is the first normative Lithuanian grammar of the present common Lithuanian language. It finally established the dialectic basis of the common language („the language of this grammar will be the ‘simple Suwalki dialect’, only it will be strengthened and supported by other dialects where necessary“), emphasized the very important priority of the spoken language of people for the preservation of the language- ’s uniqueness (at the same time it was noted that „in addition to words and phenomena [„compositions of words“ —St. K.] really Lithuanian, used among people since ancient times, there is a lot of garbage in our spoken language. It is necessary to be able to separate the garbage from the grain, because grammar only needs to consume the grain of the human language- ”), justified the fluctuations in grammar (“Our written language is not yet developed, its spelling is not uniform, and it is very difficult to give it firm laws in the meantime. It should always be mentioned that in the grammar of other nations, although their literacy was much more elaborated, there are also some similarities with the Lithuanian grammar. * Two other books were also printed in Tilžė — the second edition of the first part of J. Schiekoppo’s “Litauische Elementar-Grammatik” (this is a German summary of E. Kuršaitis’ grammar) and the second part of V. Gaigalaitis’ doctoral dissertation “Die Wolfenbūtteler litauische Postillenhandschrift aus dem Jahre 1573” (word formation, humor, text examples, dictionary), which was defended at the Faculty of Philosophy of Karaliaučius Albert University. In addition, a couple of elementary schools were opened that year. SKriauS- $aitis P. [Jablonskis J.]. English Grammar, 1901, 2. * Ibid., 1. 51 there are a lot of fluctuations''"). This grammar was an extremely important and significant step in the provision of a common language that was being rapidly developed, developed and grown at that time, as well as an example of writing. Its peculiarities and role have been explored or at least reviewed and evaluated many times.” It was discussed extensively by the greatest researcher of J. Jablonski, A. Pirochkin, in his book "At the Origins of the Common Language- ". Will this work of J. Jablonski go down in history? entered with the adjective of the language name —our language is called Lithuanian language in the title of the book. He himself later corrected this — in 1911 was published “Lietuvjų kalbos sintaksė- ”, 0 1918 (1919) and in 1922 his most important work in the field of grammar is called “Lietuvių kalbos gramatika” — and explained, writing in the newspaper “Viltis” in 1912: “Kaz. Jaunius and after him P. Kriaušaitis wrote other Lithuanian language studies, Lithuanian language grammar; later, having learned the language of people much better, both dared to write “Lithuanian grammar- ”; now K. Būga, P. Kriaušaitis, J. Šlapelis, Rygiškių Jonas... all began to write "dictionaries, grammar, syntax of the Lithuanian language- ". “Lithuanian dictionary, Lithuanian grammar” would be just textbooks written in Lithuanian.” In fact, the adjective-constructed language designation is used only in the heading of the spoken grammar. Already in the first sentence of the introduction, the name of the language is abandoned — "Lithuanian grammar is the science of the laws and characteristics of the Lithuanian language [emphasis by me — St. K.]". The following is also used in Lithuanian 28, 69, 76", Russian 28, 63, also with plural "Ibid., 2. 8 Among the most important works are mentioned Sie: Palionis J. J. Jablonskis and his textbooks of Lithuanian language. - Kn. : Jablonskis J. Selected Writings 1, Vilnius, 1957, 17, 23— 32; Piročkinas A. At the Origins of the Common Language: The Life and Works of J. Jablonskis 1860-1904, Vilnius, 1977, 147-175; Sabaliauskas A. The History of the Study of the Lithuanian Language: Until 1940, Vilnius, 1979, 193-195. The terms used by J. Jablonski in his PhD dissertation „Lietuvių kalbotyros terminų istorija“ (typography; Vilnius, 1961) have been examined by A. Balašaitis. ? For the role of P. Avižonis in the preparation of this grammar, see the works mentioned in the previous footnote and the literature cited therein. 10 Jablonskio raštai 4, Kaunas, 1935, 91. HU Kriaušaitis P. Min. veik,, 1. 2 The numbers written next to the examples throughout this article indicate the pages of “Lietuviškos kalbos gramatika” (Tilžė, 1901) from which the examples are taken. 52 names of dialects and their language phenomena made up of a ancestor, e.g.: augštai dialects 477, eastern dialects 64, žemaičių dialects 36, žemaičių verb 30, etc., but also Lithuanian grammar 1, 69, Slavic languages 65, žemaičių sentences 61. In any case, Lithuanian language seems to be just a slag on a clean sheet in the heading of grammar. This shows that it was only a short distance to the heading of the grammar to appear Lithuanian instead of Lithuanian. This article is about the language of the Lithuanian language. In total, the book uses nearly 300 different linguistic terms, not counting certain minor genders, specific word parts, names of individual languages and dialects, etc., which are considered nomenclatural names, e.g.: upper case ending 20, double noun 18, verb of the past tense “participant of the past tense” 33, first future tense pronoun “first person of the future tense” 33, noun of the first conjugation 10, adjective of the third conjugation 18, Lithuanian language 1, eastern Upstate dialects 5, Russian language 28, sun-rising Zemgale dialects 26, Zemgale dialects 34, etc. 1901, the year of the publication of the “Grammar of the Lithuanian Language”, was still a time of rapid development of the current common language. Many things were still unsettled at the time, including deadlines. And J. Jablonskis himself, increasingly involved in language work, quickly matured as a language provider. Therefore, it should not be surprising that about half of the terms of the “Grammar of the Lithuanian language” did not come into force, and by the way, almost all of those terms that did not come into force did not enter into later grammars of J. Jablonski himself. The Lithuanianness of the terms used, which is characteristic of J. Jablonski, is immediately noticeable. Only a few international terms are used here — form 7, graphic 84, grammar 1, infinitive 71 (the only one used together with a term used everywhere else in an invariant sentence) and syntax 69 (syntax 75), so in total about 1.5%. There are almost no composite terms (only word form 7 is observed) in which there are borrowed words. The Lithuanianness of terminology is an essential feature of J. Jablonski and his school, and it is very clear already in his first grammar. It will probably come as a big surprise to the reader, but it is a fact that at the very end of the 20th century I had to review a dictionary of almost half a thousand terms from another field, which contained only about 1.5% of unborrowing terms. What an antagonism of attitudes to the sources of terminology and vocabulary in general! The use of international terms, apparently, can be linked to the Latin name often written in parentheses next to the Lithuanian term in grammar. Latin terms are added to nearly a third of Lithuanian terms (usually only when the Lithuanian term is used for the first time and only by accident that it is presented in this way a couple or three times in very different places) — to parts of speech, sections of significant pronouns and verbs, ways of conjugation, names of many genders (syllables, 53 degrees, conjugations, tenses, kinds), parts of sentences, some statements, etc. Many of these Latin terms are still used today in linguistics, especially in works on the history of language, as true international terms, Europeanized or not. For example: 1) phonetic terms vowels (vocales) 3, semivocales (semivocales) 3, consonants (consonantes) 3, syllable (syllaba) 3 (Latin syllaba is a loan from Greek ovAAaprį); 2) morphological terms: noun (Nomen substantivum) 8, adjective (nomen adiectivum) 15, numeral (nomen numerale) 20, pronoun (pronomen) 22, verb (verbum) 27, adverb (adverbium) 55, preposition (praepositio, postpositio) 58, conjunction (coniunctio) 67, interjection (Interiectio) 69; personal pronouns (pronomina personalia) 23, reflexive pronouns (pr. reflexivum) 23, possessive pronouns (pr. possessiva) 24, demonstrative pronouns (pr. demonstrativa) 24, interrogative pronouns (pr. interrogativa) 26, narrative pronouns (pr. relativa) 26, indefinite pronouns (pr. indefinita) 27; action (actio) 27, status (status) 27, causal verbs (verba causativa) 53, causal verbs of passive meaning (verba passivo-causativa) 53, causal verbs of active meaning (verba activo-causativa) 54, condensing verbs (verba freguentati- * In grammar, the ending of the masculine plural is -iejei, but in many terms this verb is not used. But even in such cases, the verb is presented here with the usual ending in that grammar. The spelling of terms used in grammar remains unchanged. 54 va) 54; declination (declinatio) 8, conjugation (of verbs) (coniugatio) 28; cases (casus)' 8, degrees (gradus)' 20, numbers or numerals (numeri) 28, persons (personae) 28, times (tempora), genera (genera) 28, modes or modes of saying (modi) 28 (therefore the term saying is used everywhere else where necessary- ); nominative (casus nominativus) 8, vocative (c. vocativus) 8, genitive (c. genitivus) 8, dative (c. dativus) 9, accusative (c. accusativus) 9, instrumental (c. instrumentalis) 9, locative (c. locativus) 9; non-comparative or first degree (gradus positivus) 20, higher or second degree (gradus comparativus) 20, highest or third degree (gradus superlativus) 20; indicative sentence (m[odus] indicativus) 28, imperative sentence (m. imperativus) 29, desired sentence (m. optativus) 29, permissive sentence (m. permissivus) 29, conditional or countable sentence (m. conditionalis, potentionalis) 29, orative sentence (m. orativus) 29, imperfect sentence (m. infinitivus) 29, aspirational sentence (supinum) 29; transitive (t[empus] praesens) 30, past narrative tense (t. praeteritum narrativum, aoristus) “past tense” 30, past ordinary tense (t. praeteritum frequentativum) “past frequent tense” 30, future tense (t. futurum simplex) 30, transitive postponed tense (t. perfectum praesens, praesens resultativum) 31 (e.g., I am not, you are mates), past perfect tense (i.e., praeteritum de conatu) 31 (e.g., I was beeings), past perfect tense (i.e., plusquamperfectum, praeteritum resultativum) 31 (e.g., was ordering), future perfect tense (i.e., futurum exactum, futurum resultativum) 32 (e.g., I will lie down); conjugating verb (verbum copulativum) “auxiliary verb” 29, verbs (participia) 19, 28, participle verbs (participia declinabilia) 29, participle active verbs (participia activa declinabilia) 33, participle passive verbs (participia passiva declinabilia) 34, participle passive verbs (participia passiva) 80, passive imperative verb (partici- “* Yes (Lithuanian term plural, Latin singular) is given in grammar. 55 pium passivum necessitatis, gerundivum) “necessity participant” 34, in the case of the inflexible active verbs (participia activa absoluta), “participants”® 34, conjunctive verb (participium contemporale activum) “half participant” 33; the active gender (genus activum) 35, the reflexive gender (genus reflexivum) 35, the passive gender (genus passivum) 35; in the case of the intransitive verbs (verba intransitiva) 80; 3) syntactic terms subject (subiectum) 9, 72, predicate (praedicatum) 72, 75, attribute (attributum) “notice” 75, object (obiectum) “additive” 35, 71 (with the synonym of proximal object), proximal object (proximum objectum), circumstance (Umstand; circumstantia) “circumstance” 79, oratio obliqua “indirect language” 77, [expression] “noun with an indefinite sentence” (nominativus cum infinitivo) 72 and expression “user with an indefinite sentence” (dativus cum infinitivo) 71. In addition to the mentioned terms, it can be understood from the examples that the participles are named not only as unconjugated active verbs (participia activa absoluta) 34, but also as unconjugated verbs (participia absoluta) 80, although otherwise the latter designation would be suitable for the participles together with the semi-participles. In a few cases, the Lithuanian term is not given, there is only an explanation with the Latin term added afterwards, e.g.: 1) “Causative words are also made from intransitive verbs, only they always have the initial meaning (v. inchoativo-- causativa)” (p. 54). 2) “Causative verbs of passive meaning (verba passivo-causativa) are made of several passive words (sword, sword) and all kinds of transitive verbs (v. transitiva- )” (p. 53). In this case, the Lithuanian term is not used only in the given sentence, and otherwise the verb transitiva equivalent of transitive verbs is used in grammar (p. 28 et seq.). 3) “If the action of the adverb, expressed by a verb, is performed not by the factor of the sentence, but by some other object, clearly expressed in the sentence, so that the object, which performs the action of the adverb expressed by a verb, is used in the noun, the verb adverb itself can only be a non-conjugated verb (absolute dative)” (p. 80). Why did J. Jablonskis so frequently put Latin terms next to Lithuanian ones? He does not forget that at that time Lithuanian grammar terms were not yet settled, not one grammar writer used many of his own terms. Therefore, the Latin terms here clearly replace the explanations of meanings that many pupils, students and enlightened people, who learned Latin in schools, easily understood. Although it may seem strange to many people now, in a hundred years’ time, those Latin terms were the key to understanding 56 Lithuanians (in fact, they do not cease to play that role at all today). In addition, Jablonski himself was a specialist in classical languages, having taught Latin in high schools for a long time, so Latin terms were quite familiar to him. In a few cases, the grammar ends with German equivalents instead of Latin, for example: 1) “If the introductory sentence is a concessional sentence or has the meaning of an exculpatory sentence, then the actual sentence [,,main sentence” — St. K.], which follows it, often has the conjunction einst, nur (only)” (p. 68). 2) “Emotional words, especially sound words (Nachahmungsworter), are very frequently used in spoken language” (p. 69). 3) “Alongside the verb used to express a compound conditional, there are often all those pronouns and adverbs with which we enter whole sentences used in place of the subject and object (in Subjektund Objektsatzen)” (p. 76). 4) Finally, among the syntax examples, the only case already mentioned above, where the Lithuanian term „circumstances“ is explained by its German and Latin equivalents — apstova (Umstand; circumstantia) 79. The reasons for placing them in grammar are, of course, the same — to explain the meaning of the term or statement (in the third sentence). It is noteworthy that the Lithuanian grammar contains only a few synonyms of terms. They are consistently added only to the names of independent parts of speech, e.g.: noun (subject) 8, adjective (adjective) 8, numerals (numerator, numerator) 20, noun (substantive) 8, verb (verb) 8, 19, 27, and others do not form any clearer groups, e.g.: uppermost or third degree 20, uppermost or second degree 20, reversible or adjective verb “recursive verb” 28, infinitive or non-expressive sentence 71, non-comparative or first degree 20, non-recursive or adverbial prepositions “innovative prepositions” 59, false or mixed diphthongs 4, prepositions and pronouns 58, conjunction or holding “personification” 28, pronoun modes or sentences “nuosakos” 28 (here also presented in reverse), numbers or numerals 28, 9 (cf.), pronoun or conjugation sentence “supposed consequence” 29, solid or non-duplicate adjectives “ordinary adjectives” 15, pronoun false or second “internal transitive pronoun” 9 (p. 61 next to the second pronoun in parentheses, it is doubtful whether it is 57 appropriate to consider another name of that verb — it is too different from other terms of that kind of grammar; here there is probably an explanation), the actual deputy or the first "current domestic deputy" 9. In grammar, however, only one of these related synonyms is used, usually the first written one (perhaps except for the above-mentioned terms infinitive, pronoun and false pronoun, and the true pronoun is usually called only local). Find the most inconsistently named "direct complement" — the direct derivative 9, the direct or near derivative 28, the near derivative 28, 75, and finally again the direct derivative 80. By the way, why are those secondaries of the main terms presented, it should be deliberately examined. Now it can only be assumed that one of these synonyms might have been known to J. Jablonski from other sources (such as the pronoun from K. Jaunius), but for this or that reason it was not suitable, because it would be pointless to make two terms for the same thing, even occasionally. Thus, the synonyms added will have to help the readers of the grammar, who have used or at least seen other terms used. It should be added that there are several synonymous terms that are not related in the grammar itself, for example: muffled consonants 6 and muffled consonants “muffled consonants” 84, muffled consonants 6 and vowel consonants “vowel consonants” 84, instrument 9”, 18 and instrument 34, 83, union 8, 67 and conjunction “conjunction” 29, unified adjective 18 (p. 15 are connected unified and unambiguous adjectives), unified adjective 16 and probably ordinary adjective 22. In addition to the 14th and 15th rows, the 16th and 17th rows have a 14th and 15th rows, respectively, and the 17th and 18th rows have a 14th and 15th rows, respectively, but the 16th and 17th rows have no 14th rows, and the 18th and 19th rows have no 14th rows, respectively. 58