Sinoniminiai „Medicinos enciklopedijos“ terminai

In this article we will Lietuvių kalbos institutas examine the synonymy of international and Lithuanian medical terms used in the Lithuanian language. The research material consists of 291 synonymous terms (610 term units in total) that refer to the same concept. Terms collected from the two-volume “Medicine Encyclopedia” (Vilnius, 1991, 1993). The authors took the terms from the Medical Terms Dictionary (Vilnius, 1980). The "Medical Encyclopedia" contains 4500 articles (synonymous terms are in 485 articles). A large part of the encyclopedia consists of articles about the structure of the human body, its organs, and the functions of those organs; about various diseases, their origin, causes, symptoms, prevention; groups of drugs are described, more commonly used drugs. However, the encyclopedia contains not only medical terms, but also terms from other fields. A lot of attention is paid to physiology, immunology, psychiatry, sexology, biochemistry related to medicine, genetics, microbiology, parasitology, psychology. A number of medicinal plants, most commonly cultivated sports names are presented. In addition, the resorts are described in individual articles, and at the end of the second volume, after the general articles, about 200 of the most famous Lithuanian doctors are described!. This time, we will distance ourselves from hybrids, i.e. mono-word hybrids (terms with a Latin or Greek root and a Lithuanian suffix, e.g.: pharmacist, lethalness, resistance) and hybrid word combinations (composite terms in which either one (or more) element is Lithuanian and the other (or others) is international, or one of the elements has a Latin or Greek root and a Lithuanian suffix or prefix, or when one of the elements is a compound word with one Latin or Greek and the other — Lithuanian, e.g.: cucugamuši | See also Medical encyclopedia (preface) 1, Vilnius, 1991. 34 fever, extravascular processes, external fixation devices, sea therapy, tuberculosis of bones and joints, lymph node inflammation, mosquito bites, anti-asthmatic drugs). Before considering the synonymy of medical terms, it is first worth clarifying how the term synonym is understood. 1. The definition of a synonym The term synonym [gr. synonymos — common name] is an old one, coming from the ancient times. It was only applied to words, but it was expanded over time. Synonyms have also been used to describe word forms, means of word formation, word combinations, and sentences. Synonyms have been studied extensively, a number of different works have been written. The definitions of synonyms in the literature of glossary are not equally defined, because there are different criteria for their assignment, so the definitions vary, specify, complement each other. Linguists, having studied synonyms, usually distinguish three main characteristics in terms of expression, content and functions. Synonyms are words of different sound composition, but of the same or very similar meaning, used to denote certain nuances of meaning or style. In the dictionaries of colloquial terms, the term synonym is defined by various combinations of the aforementioned characteristics- ." A new word on the issue of synonymy was spoken by J. Apresian. In order for words to be considered lexical synonyms, the linguist writes, they must have a coincident interpretation of the meaning in the dictionary, an equal number of *Lyberis A. Thesaurus of the Lithuanian language, Kaunas, 1961, 6. 3See. Mapy30 X. Croeaps nuneeucmuueckux mepmunos, Mocksa, 1960, 267; AxMaHnoBa O. Choeapb auneeucmuyeckux mepmuros, Mocxrea, 1966, 407; Gotab Z., Heinz A., Polanski K.. Słownik terminologii językoznawczej, Warszawa, 1968, 555; Bartschat B., Conrad R., Heinemann W., Pfeifer G., Steube A. Lexikon sprachwissenschaftlicher Termini, Leipzig, 1988, 240; Gaivenis K., Keinys St. Kalbotyros terminy Zodynas, Kaunas, 1990, 182-183; Bussman H. Roudledge dictionary of language and linguistics. Translated and edited by Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzazi. London and New York, 1996, 470; Mattews P. H. The concise Oxford dictionary of linguistics, Oxford: Oxford University Press. In determining the synonymy of words, it is important that the words Oxford University Press, 1997, 367-368. 33 considered synonyms denote the same or very close denotation — an object, a characteristic, an action or a state*. On one criterion of synonymy, interchangeability, not all linguists agree. Some think that synonyms are only words that can replace each other in any context (S. Ullmann, J. Lyons, Ch. Bally)®. Others think that the interchangeability of synonyms cannot be discussed at all (J. Barauskaitė, A. Rasimavičius)". K. Župerka, who has studied synonyms from a stylistic point of view®, talks about partial interchangeability as a necessary characteristic of synonyms. However, other linguists argue that interchangeability, although important, is not an absolute (A. Lyberis) or even an unnecessary characteristic of synonyms (J. Pikčilingis- )." Synonymy is characteristic not only of the general, but also of the thermal lexicon. However, its significance in these parts of the lexicon is far from uniform. Common language is more characterized by stylistic synonyms, which name the same thing, but associate it with different concepts, revealing different characteristics of that thing. Synonyms in terminology are of a different nature and perform different functions. They name the same thing, but associate it with one concept, they do not describe different characteristics of that thing and do not perform a stylistic function, but functions of substitution and clarification." It should be emphasized that in terminology, unlike in general lexicon, a pair of synonyms can be made up of terms of different composition – singulars and plurals. Synonymy phenomenon to name terminology theory- *Anpecuan IO. HIM. Jlexcuveckas cemanmurxa. Cunonumuueckue cpedcmea asvika, Mocksa, 1974, 220-223. 1975, 201. SPikcilingis J. Lithuanian language stylistics 2, Vilnius, 1975, 201. 6 Zr. Pikčilingis J. Min. veik., 200; Barauskaitė J. Pradmenys leksikologijos (leksiné semantika), Vilnius, 1979, 53. "Barauskaitė J. Min. veik. 53; Rasimavičius A. Synonyms problems. —Man and Zodi 1, Vilnius, 1999, 18-24. 8 Zu perka K. Lietuviy kalbos stilistika, Vilnius, 1983, 30. *Lyberis A. Dictionary of Synonyms, Vilnius, 1981, 3. Wpikc¢ilingis J. Min. veik., 201. " Mauunenko B. II. Pycckas mepmunonoeus: onbim Auneeucmuuecko2zo onucatus, Mocksa, 1977, 73, 78-79. 36 There are several terms used. In the opinion of O. Achmanova, one of the two terms naming the same scientific concept should be called a duplicate, but not a synonym?. D. Lottė refers to two, three or more terms used to define one concept as synonyms or simply synonyms." V. Danilenko uses synonym and doublet as equivalent terms." In their monograph “O611as TepMuHojIorusi” (“General Terminology”), A. Superanskaya, N. Podolskaya and N. Vasilyeva, writing about synonyms, mainly rely on A. Reformatsky and E. Riggs and, defining the phenomenon in question, follow E. Riggs’ approach, who calls words associated with one concept synonymous terms®. The term is derived from the Greek word ισοδύναμος, equivalent, meaning "equally meaningful, equivalent to, equivalent to, equivalent to, equivalent to, equivalent to, equivalent to, equivalent to". Synonymy has a positive meaning in the vocabulary used by all – synonyms make the language more vivid, richer. In terminology theory, synonyms are often considered a major terminological flaw. For example, the Russian terminologist D. Lotte believes that synonymy of terms is harmful and that it should be eliminated, i.e. only one term should be used to define each concept. It makes only a few exceptions, i.e. it allows the use of synonyms when it is necessary to highlight different features of one concept in different terminology systems and when one of the two terms is a shorter variant." However, the synonymy of terms is an inevitable phenomenon and it is not appropriate to prohibit it, especially since terms, like words of common language, should be regulated through variants and synonyms!- *. Thus, synonymy is one of the main and important terminology 2AxmaHoBa O. Min. virk., 145. 5 Praise Him. C. Ocxoebi nocmpoenus nayuno-mexnu4ueckKoii mepmunonozuu, MockBa, 1961, 21. “Nanunenko B. II. Min. veik., 73. SCynepanckasi A. B., [logonbckass H. B., BacuaseBa H. B. Obwan mepmuronoeus: Bonpochbi meopuu, Mocksa, 1989, 51. “Tpunes C. B. Bgedenue 6 mepmunosedenue, Mocksa, 1993, 108-109. PJNlorre A. C. Min. week., 15-16, 22-23. ® Kaulakienė A. Trends in the change of sources of Lithuanian terminology. — IX International Congress of Baltists: The Baltic Language at the Turn of the Century (Theses of Presentations), Riga, Latvia, 1999. This 2000, 134. 37 is acknowledged by many terminologists. The international and Lithuanian synonymous terms examined here are one of the types of synonymy of terms. It was extensively studied by J. Klimavičius. He writes that synonyms for such terms arise for nonverbal reasons. J. Klimavičius studied the synonyms in question based on the dictionaries of the related fields of science — physics, chemistry and polytechnics — and focused mainly on the abundance of such synonymous terms in international and Lithuanian dictionaries and that they are presented differentiatedly minų sinonimijos pateikimo dalykams. Kalbininkas daro išvadą, kad according to the degree of synonymity." St. John's was also investigated. According to his data, in J. Čeitis's "Melioracijos terminų žodynas" (Vilnius, 1960) such synonymous terms form the second most frequent group (2796)??. Lithuanian terminologists who have studied the spoken synonymy have noted that it is frequent, abundant and diverse. They do not object to this kind of synonymy. "In addition to established Lithuanian terms, international terms are used to accelerate and Lithuanian jy equivalents are used or newly formed in addition to international terms"? '. J. Kruopas also mentioned in one of his presentations that the Lithuanian language has many parallel international and Lithuanian terms and that this type of synonymy should not be abandoned. However, they still prefer the Lithuanian term. 2. The form of presentation of synonymous terms Although the presentation of synonymous terms is not essential for synonymy itself as a semantic phenomenon, it is still necessary to say a few words on this issue, because the terms „Medicinos en- “ Klimavičius J. International and Lithuanian terms synonymy in terminology. —Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai: Lietuvių terminologija 16, Vilnius, 1975, 91-122. »Keinys St. On the question of synonymy of terms. —Lexicography and Syntax Issues, Šiauliai, 1974, 47. "Keinys St. Terminologijos abėcėlė, Vilnius, 1980, 103. 2 Bonpocbi mepmunonoeuu (Marepuajibi: Bcecot03Horo TEDMHHOJIOTHYeECKOTO coBerntanus- ), Mocksa, 1961, 212. 38 the encyclopedia“ are presented in different tinio termino lietuviškas sinonimas ir pagrindinio lietuviško termino ways. Generally, the main international synonym is given after the comma and separated by italics. Most often synonymous terms are also presented separately with a reference (or 71) to the main term, i.e. they are linked symmetrically, e.g.: pituitary gland, adrenal gland (see adrenal gland 71 pituitary gland); dying, agony (see agony 7A dying). There are also a number of cases where the Lithuanian synonymous term of an international term is presented next to the comma, but not distinguished in italics as a synonym, although it is presented separately with a reference, e.g.: dacryoadenitis, tear gland inflammation (see tear gland inflammation 7 dacryoadenitis); fascia, developing (see developing 2 fascia). This may cause the reader to doubt whether it is a synonymous term or just an interpretation of an international term. But these are probably proofreading errors, because the Lithuanian terms are raised separately. A string of synonymous terms is found when the international synonym is given separately with an explanation, e.g. adolescence, puberty (see puberty®). Sometimes a synonym is given at the end of the article, i.e. the article of a non-main term gives a reference to the article of the main term after a brief explanation, e.g. epidermis, anthodis (see anthodis, superficial layer of the skin, otherwise 7 epidermis); inspection (see inspection, test method, otherwise 7 inspection). Often, however, synonyms are not listed separately or are listed separately with reference to the main term, e.g. injection (see injection 7 injection); resistance (see resistance 7 resistance). In addition, there are some cases where the main articles are not given, and there are only references, for example: inflammation of the vitreous 7 hyalitis; rhinolalia 7 snoring; vaccine 7 shots; ventilation 7 ventilation; erythroderma 7 skin redness; dermatomycosis A fungal skin diseases. * There are several other inconsistencies in the presentation of terms in the main and non-main articles, e.g.: blepharitis, inflammation of the edge of the eyelids, but inflammation of the edge of the eyelids 7 blepharitis; epidermis, anthodis, but anthodis 7 epidermis; sialodochitis, inflammation of the salivary gland ducts, but salivary gland duct inflammation 7 sialodochitis; kidney inflammation, but nephritis 7 kidney inflammation; skin diseases, dermatitis, but dermatitis 7 skin disease; chicken, hemerolopia, but hemerolopia 7 chicken. 39 a string of synonyms consisting of three or four synonyms. Sometimes they are all presented separately with reference to the main term, sometimes some are presented with reference, and others are not presented at all, by the way, there were cases when all synonyms are not presented separately, e.g.: autopsy, scroding, autopsy, dissection (see scroding 7 autopsy, obduction 7 autopsy, section 7 autopsy); edema, swelling, branka, but only swelling 7 edema; periodont, desmont, pericement, periosteum (the last three terms are not given separately). In addition, the encyclopedia also presents as synonyms nonsense terms, such as: sexual coldness, anaphrodisia, the absence of sexual desire and orgasm during sexual intercourse in a physically and mentally healthy woman (see anaphrodisia, decrease or total absence of sexual desire) (see in the “Dictionary of Medical Terms” (hereinafter — MTZ) anaphrodisia, ae f anaphrodisia absence or decrease of sexual desire — anagpoousus, hyphedonia, ae f hiphedonia decrease of sexual desire (sexual coldness) — eudhbedonus zunoezedonus); 7 hermaphroditism (cf. hermaphroditism, bisexuality, the presence of male and female sex characteristics in the same organism) (cf. MTZ hermaphroditismus, i m hermaphroditismus —bisexuality —eepmagpodumusm); paraphilia A sexual abnormality (see sexual abnormality) (see MTZ paraphilia, ae f see perversio sexualis, perversio sexudlis sexual abnormality —nonosoe u3epaujenue); parapathy 7 sexual abnormality (cf. sexual abnormality) (cf. MTZ parapithia, ae f see psychoneurosis, psychoneurosis, is f psichoneurozé —ncuxoneepo3); parerosia 7 sexual abnormality (see sexual abnormality) (see MTZ parerosia, ae f sexual abnormality —no1060e uzepaujenue). It is unclear whether such inequalities in the presentation of synonymous terms have any basis. Perhaps this variation in presentation depends on the frequency of use of the terms or something else (the encyclopedia does not explain this), or perhaps it is simply the shortcomings of lexicographic preparation. 3. International and Lithuanian synonyms In the “Medicine Encyclopedia” the most commonly considered as the main one-word international terms (179 synonymous terms lines — a total of 191 international and 183 Lithuanian terms; only one compound two-word international term dietos terapija was found, whose Lithuanian 40 synonym is also two-word —gydomasis maitinimas). Their Lithuanian synonyms are: 1. Mononyms (60 synonymous terms), e.g.: aphasia,inability to walk**; abstinent, drinker; abulia, inability to move; adaptation, adaptation; adenylitis, toothlessness; adynamia, helplessness; agalactia, lactase deficiency; acromegaly, megalomania; amnion, water bag; anaesthesia, anesthesia; anorexia, anorexia; aponeurosis, dry sputum; auscultation, listening; bitches, drums; cellulose, fibre; character, manner; diaphragm, diaphragm; epidermis, anthodis; epilepsy, noema; pharmacist, pharmacist; the fascia, developing; favusas, susna; gigantism, gigantism; hermaphroditism, bisexuality; hypothalamus, pituitary gland; Injection (see Injection 7 Injection) intuition, instinct; irrigation, irrigation; caries, caries; clitoris 7 penis; lagophthalmus, non-closure of the eye; macroglossia, big tongue; macrostomy, big mouth; Malaria, watermelons; microcephaly, hypocephaly; microstomy, hypostomy; anaesthesia, intoxication; palpation, palpation; showing, adding; perforation, puncture; pericardium, pericardium; percussion, hoarseness; placenta, nuova; patches, stretches; pleura, pleura; recurrence, relapse; scleroderma, scleroderma; spasm, constipation; stasis, stagnation; thermocaustics, burning; transplantation, transplantation; tuberculosis (see section 7 tuberculosis). A number of lines consisting of three or four terms have been found. These are cases when an international term has one Lithuanian and two international, two Lithuanian or one international and one Lithuanian synonym. The order of their presentation is not uniform, most often Lithuanian terms go last, e.g.: autopsija, skrodimas, obdukcija, sekcija; dragee, dragee, pea and pill (see Spider 7 pill); edema, swelling, bleeding; urea, urea, urea; liliputh, non-eagle, dwarf; dwarfism, nanosomy, non-growth; periodontal, desmonth, pericement, periosteum; somnambulism, lunacy, sleepiness. ** Examples of terms in the article are written as they are presented in the Medical Encyclopedia. The articles of the terms considered basic are given. If there is no synonym of the main term after the decimal point, the synonym from which the reference (21) to the main term is derived is given in parentheses. 41 2. Compound diphthongs (80 synonymous terms), e.g. adventitious, outer cover; amenorrhea, absence of menstruation; anuria, non-excretion of urine; anthropogenesis, the origin of man; arthritis, inflammation of the joints; ascites, abdominal fluids; atelektasis, pulmonary embolism; cheilitis, inflammation of the lip; chorioiditis (see inflammation of the cornea 7 chorioiditis); cucumber fever, bush fever; Diagnosis (see Identification of the disease A Diagnosis) dermatitis, inflammation of the skin; dysmenorrhea, menstrual disorder; dysuria, disturbance of urination; exostosis, bone growth; epididymitis, inflammation of the epididimis; esophagitis, inflammation of the esophagus; pharyngitis, inflammation of the pharynx; fructose, fruit sugar; gamete, the sex cell; gastritis, inflammation of the stomach; gastrorrhagia, stomach bleeding; gastroscopy (see gastric examination 7 gastroscopy); uterine protrusion 7A metroptosis; gingivitis, inflammation of the gums; glucose, grape sugar; glossitis, inflammation of the tongue; granulation, granular tissue; hepatitis, inflammation of the liver; hydrocele, testicular water; hydronephrosis, kidney water; pituitary gland, adrenal gland; hypoxia, oxygen starvation; iritis (see iritis 7 iritis); cataract (see lens opacification AA cataract); keratitis, inflammation of the cornea; motion sickness; conjunctivitis, inflammation of the conjunctiva; cryptorchidism (see testicular non-descendance 7 cryptorchidism); xerophthalmia, dry eye; lactose, milk sugar; laminaria, sea cabbage; laryngitis, inflammation of the larynx; leukemia (see corneal turbidity 7 leukemia); lumbar pain, lower back pain; mastitis, inflammation of the breast; menopause (see end of menstruation 7) menopause); flatulence (see bloating 7A flatulence); metrorrhagia (see uterine bleeding 7) metrorrhagia); migraine, headache; myocardium (see heart muscle 72 myocardium); nephrectomy, removal of the kidney; necrosis, local death; oophoritis, inflammation of the ovaries; osteoporosis, bone thinning; osteotomy (see bone perforation 7 osteotomy); otitis, inflammation of the bone; otitis, inflammation of the ear; ozone, smog; pancreatitis, inflammation of the pancreas; Patachi, three-day fever; paramnesia, false memory; parapsoriasis, lichen peeling; periodontitis (see appendicitis 7 periodontitis); pericarditis, inflammation of the pericardium; periostitis, inflammation of the periosteum; peritonitis, inflammation of the peritoneu42 m; petechia, spotting bruising; plateau, sexual height; propolis, bee glue; prostate, prostate gland; retinitis, inflammation of the retina; salpingitis, inflammation of the fallopian tube; There are 12 main one-word terms (12 rows of synonymic terms, for example, apsinuodijimas, intoksikacija; ištrauka, ekstraktas), whereas fewer terms are twoor threeword terms (27 and 5 rows of synonymic terms, for Lietuvių kalbos institutas example, plaučių uždegimas, pneumonija; karščiavimą mažinantys vaistai, antipiretikai). Palmira ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Received 10/10/2001 Antakalnio g. 6, 2055 Vilnius E-mail [email protected] 49