Ką Jablonskis padarė geografijai ir kas su tuo daroma

Terminology and the Present Jonas KLIMAVIČIUS Institute of Lithuanian Language WHAT JABLONSKIS DID FOR GEOGRAPHY AND WHAT IS DONE WITH IT Terminology is pleased with the anniversary commemorations of John Jablonski (Piročkinas 2000; Gedrimas 2000). What Jablonski did for terminology is a small thing. First of all, the living witnesses are to be mentioned (Zemaitis 1956; Žemaitis 1966; Šikšnys 1962). The data of the origin certificates and special studies, although not completed, are very significant. But this is not all — we need to explore the sub-yablonsky part of this terminological development, support and strengthen it, because otherwise a good start can have an unpleasant end. The post-Yablonsky generations can and must witness the life of his created terminology. And again, it is inseparable from the destiny of the nation and the state — just like Jablonski- 's works. In the eleventh year after Jablonski- ’s death, Lithuania was again hit by occupation, genocide, loss of statehood, and linguistic violence. Therefore, testifying according to this and evaluating must be done. The opportunity to express my long-ripened thoughts came as if by accident — at that anniversary I was walking around with a newly prepared school glossary of geographical terms. I found there almost ruins of the terminological foundations of Jablonski. There is therefore no longer any delay. Of course, it was not the dictionary that started — both geographical science and school geography, and all kinds of translations of geographical travel literature, with their terminology, sometimes unwillingly, sometimes willingly, slipped into the Russian hill. The terminology of geography was quite abundant, subjectively and linguistically not without significance for both science and school. In 1956, V. Gudelis’s “Geology and Physical Geography Terms Dictionary” (edited by Ch. Lemchenas; rusy-lietuviy languages, with Lithuanian arrow; 220 p.) was published, reviewed by the Terminology Commission of the Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute [GirFGŽ]. The "Šviesos" (pedagogical literature) publishing house has published three — two translated and one original: 1972 — S. Agapovo, 7 S. Sokolov, D. Tichomirov’s encyclopedic “Geography Dictionary” (trans. V. Kvietkauskas, ed. E. Subačienė), supplemented with Lithuanian terms by the editor of the translation V. Gudelis, in the publisher’s annotation is intended for pupils, 0 in the preface of the Lithuanian edition —and students, lecturers (272 p.) [GeogrZ]; 1987. pp. A. Solovyov, G. Karpov „Physical geography dictionary-guide” (translated by E. Ylevičienė and J. Žukauskienė, reviewed by A. Laigonaitė, edited by L. Junevičienė), edited by A. Basalykas (216 p.) [FizGZZ]; 1994. s. Vaitekūnas „Enciklopedinis geografijos žodynas“ (edited by S. Drabavičius), recommended by the Ministry of Culture and Education (256 p.) (EncGZ)]. None of these three dictionaries has been approved, published and widely reviewed by specialists and linguists in the press. There are problems of standardization, as well as contradictions between these dictionaries. The Lithuanian language purist is rightly proud that the main geographical terms have been significantly lithuanized by Jablonski. However, after several decades, Jablonski’s compass was lacking for those who continued his work, and they were influenced by other landmarks. And after 10 In the years of regaining independence, it is not easy even for scholars to realise that in the Soviet decades Lithuanian approached Russian in the use of international words. Jablonski's main renovation of geographical terminology is concentrated in the 1918 "Our Dictionary" by John Rygiškis: diurnal, equator, pole, tropics, continent, glacier, volcano, horizon. Only the volcano and the ocean—already in the 1906 translation by Jablonski of S. Mečius’ “Brief Description of the Earth” (Piročkinas 2000 11: 16). This can be seen from LKZ data. The fate of Jablonski’s terms and his attitude to them are quite well illustrated by Lithuanian dictionaries of international words. A good start was made in 1907 by Jurgis Šlapelis SNZZ. Without synonyms and without any explanation there is a volcano — a volcano. This is the most commonly used Lithuanian term for Jablonski. One can only regret that in the same 1907 J. Ambraziejaus “Polish-Lithuanian-Russian dictionary” the variant volniakalnis (with an inappropriate connective vowel) is given, which was later repeated in several other dictionaries (LKŽ XVII). Next: ocean, ocean — ocean, big sea, big seas. The great mary is to be considered an interpretation, not an equivalent. The didžjūris is not recorded in LKŽ II, but there is a didžjūris — already J. A. Pabrėža, later A. Lelio, also a didžjūris — L. 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, 8 "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884, "Autumn", 1884. Synonyms are not necessary at all, and these cannot be compared to the Jablonski Ocean due to insufficient distinctiveness. The Ocean 2. „abusus vandens telkinys, didelis vanduo, vandenys“ in LKŽ XVIII is given, although with a cautious note nj.(?), from dialects (Griškabūdis, Pagėgiai, Marijampolė, Alytūs, Tverėčius). By the way, from Jablonski’s native Griškabūdis nearby places —Slavikų, Lekėčių and Snowy 1. “heavy snow mass; snow-covered field” (LKŽ XIII). There would seem to be a straight path to a continent, but not yet: a continent- —hard land, a large area of hard land. Hard land is also found in A. Lelis’ Lithuanian- -English Dictionary (3rd ed., Chicago, 1915): kietžemis —continent (but also kontinentas —continent), continent —continent, sausžemis, as well as terra firma —land, hard land. Sausžemis was first used (LKŽ XII) in M. Miežinio,,Lietuviszkailatviszkai- -rusiszkame žodyne“ (Tilžė, 1894): sausžemis —sauszeme — lad —mamepux. GNSS tropics — tropics; tropical country, tropical land — tropical or tropic land — warm land; Tropics — "the lines around the earth, on both sides of the equator, to which the sun reaches at the winter and summer solstices. There is hot air between the two winds all year round." Grįžratis is also used in A. Lelio Lithuanian- -English dictionary: grįžratis, -čio —tropic (and tropikas —tropic), tropic —geogr. grįžratas, tropik, related to the meaning „Grįžulo ratai“, A. Tatarė, V. Kudirka (grįžratas Plokščiai), and most widely used in the meaning „Grįžulo ratų“ griZératas Sintautai, Raséiniai, Kvėdarna, Kaltinėnai, Priekulė (grįžoratas Gargždai), also grįžo ratas Tilžė, grįžo vežimas Šilūtė, grįžulo (grizulo Dūsetos, Salamiestis) ratai Seduva, grįžulo ratai Kudirkos Naūmiestis, grįžalo ratai Grūžiai, grįžinio ratai Geistarai (respectively grįžulas /gryzula F. Kuršaičio dictionary, grįžalas /grižalas Betygala, grįžas 1. /gryZas F. Kuršaičio žodynas —„the rod of the carriage drilling device, to which the horse is bent“) LKŽ III. In the active Lithuanianization of international terms, Urlapeliui jraSytina and saulėgrįža —hidden in the article on the solstice, not separately in the dictionary (there is neither the article on the solstice). J. A. Emphasizes that the tropics were motivated by the solstice — the return of the sun (LKZ XII). "Glacier, large areas of ice on high mountains that slide easily down the hill". For the equator, meridian and horizon, Ulapelis does not provide corresponding terms, only explanations: 9 The equator — "the supposed stretch around the earth that divides the earth's surface into the winter and the southern hemispheres", the meridian — "the supposed line that runs along the earth's surface from one pole to the other", the horizon — "the whole area of the earth, as far as the sky, visible to the eye." Poles, although, as we have just seen, used, has neither equivalent nor interpretation in the dictionary. Although some things still need to be explained and clarified (this is not the subject of this article), it is already necessary to point out the clear Lithuanianizing direction of Šlapelis’ dictionary (about half of which are international words, about half are barbarisms, all kinds of borrowed equivalents, otherwise Lithuanian words that are perhaps still not understood in common language) — not only the introduction of Lithuanian new words by Jablonski, not only by other predecessors or comrades, but sometimes also by his own efforts. Later dictionaries and dictionary only added something, even stalled, did not go as far as possible and as much as necessary. The 1923 pseudonymous STZZ (only international words) provides the meridian —diurnal, but also explained —"the earth's globe is divided into 180 circles intersecting both poles and <...>" (poles omitted). Most of the time they are satisfied only with equivalents: horizon — acyclic, parallel — parallel, volcano — volcano; ocean (oceanas) has two more —seas; ocean (it's a step back); also a continent —land, land, but there is not yet a continent here. The equator is only explained — “the middle belt of the globe, the hottest place”, the equator is not yet there. 1924 J. Norkaus SNŽŽ (Lithuanian words — about 6%) continent — land, land; horizon—the horizon, “that area of the earth beyond the heavens that you see with your eyes; only the far edges are visible, where the earth as if connects with the sky; the limits of science or knowledge”. And the words equator, meridian, ocean, parallel, pole, tropics, volcano are not. Would that mean that they are no longer relevant—- that substitutes have been adopted, settled in? The absence of mathematical terms translated into Lithuanian by Jablonski makes this assumption at least somewhat plausible. In the 1936 broad TŽZ they are presented in different ways: some — only with corresponding terms: equator — equator; oceans —1. the ocean; volcano —1. a volcano; parallel — parallel; matching; alignment; Others — even with explanations: horizon — horizon, “the supposed line connecting the earth with the sky”; continent — a continent, “a large portion of land surrounded on all sides by seas and oceans”; meridians 10 —diurnal, the imaginary long curved line passing through the two poles of the globe and crossing the equator at right angles; <...>“; poles —1. the pole of the earth; ‘the supposed end of the pole’; tropics — 1. the tropics, “the lines of latitude running parallel through 23? 28' south and north of the equator’; 2. ‘lands between those lines’ means tropical regions; Glacier, a glacier that gradually slides from the top of a mountain to the slope. The presentation of the first post-1951 TŽŽ is similar, only the Lithuanian equivalent is sometimes distinguished by the press: equator — pu siaujas — 1) "in the mind is drawn a circle on the surface of the Earth's globe equally distant from both poles of the Earth; <...>“; 2) <...>; meridian-southern,<...>; ocean-1) ocean, <...>; glacier: a glacier, <...>; but not excluded: continent, <...>; poles: 1) the pole, <...>; solstice —astr. the solstice, <...>; volcano — volcano, <...>. The equivalent of the tropics is strangely offset to the very end: Tropics —1) "two imaginary circles, parallel to the celestial equator and away from it by 23° 27' (...), in which the Sun is on the days of solstices (solstices)"; (2) ‘intertropical countries with a hot climate’ means the tropics; though tropical — (1) tropical, being between the tropics; <...>. Paralelé —only 1) geom. paralleliagreté, <...>,03) geogr. —"each of the circles derived in mind on the globe of the Earth, <...>". Horizon —1) horizon, <...> (visible h.), but 2) <...> (true h.), only 6) horizon; horizons — (future) perspectives. There is a notable contradiction: although the pole is 1) the pole, in the interpretation of the equator it is the pole, not the pole; though solstice —astr. solstice, but in the interpretation of the tropics — solstices (sun standings). Equinox—- without equivalent. In 1969, the TŽŽ did not see any substantial progress. 2) geog. parallel —<...>. Even backwards — added unnecessary explanations: volcano — “geological formations”, volcanoes, arising <...>; solstice left already without a counterpart. In this edition, for the first time in the history of Lithuanian international words dictionaries, the word psn. was not used in any case (it was not even added to basketball, which is not to be presented in such a dictionary). In 1985, there was no significant improvement in the THR. Without explanations, only continent —land, ocean —ocean, pole —1 is given. geogr. 11 pole, but 2. astr. —without a pole; parallel geographical value is not even present (only 2. geom. parallel). In this dictionary, in addition to the mark psn., there are also other marks (i.e. not presentable), but these marks are neither used in these cases (such as iceberg other marks —iceberg —<...>), nor is their purpose and use explained at all. Only the horizon—1- —had moved forward. horizon (but 6. “the breadth of knowledge, ideas, possibilities and perspectives of action” —without horizon). In 1999-2000, the TGZ made a step forward: there is no ocean, no glacier — apparently, as unnecessary; without explanations, synonyms are given: tropics, tropical; solstice, equinox; kontinentas, kontinentas (but continental: 1. continental, related to the continent, e.g., -ės nuosėdos —<...>; -is klimatas —<...>; -is šlaitas —<...>); also pole: 2. astr., geog. pole; as equivalent, but with explanations: meridian, diurnal —<...>; equator, equinoxes: <...>; volcano, volcano: 1. <...> (although 2. -ai dgs. astr. „on planets and their satellites active and extinct volcanoes; <...>“); equinox, equator — <...>; horizon: 1. horizon —<...> (although 7. p.: a) „extent of knowledge, ideas“, horizon, <...>); parallel and in this dictionary has no geographical meaning (only 1. geom. parallel). In relation to the spoken words, the usage certificate ntk was never used. And in this —as in all previous dictionaries of international words—neither by any lexicographical technique, nor by any general instruction to the reader, is the idea given that the Lithuanian equivalent is or could be either equal to the international one, or even more expressive than it. And since in the dictionaries of international words the first word is the international word, and the equivalent — only after it, the reader is automatically told that in language the equivalent is only secondary, auxiliary, inferior. The school dictionary of international words is not different, although pedagogical objectives, it seems, should be compulsory for it. In 1995 and 1998, the MTŽZ presented pairs without explanations: equator — equator, continent — continent, ocean — ocean, parallel — 2. parallel, volcano — volcano; with explanations: equinox — equinox (...), solstice — solstice (...), reverse order: horizon — 1. <...>, horizon, meridian —<...>, diurnal; equivalent —in the explanatory text only: tropics — “tropical belts located on the tropics’ parallels” (essentially — idem per idem); without the Lithuanian equivalent: polius —2. ‘spot of highest activity’: the Cold Pole; glacier — "a glacier sliding off the mountains". The school (even the high school) still does not have a vocabulary for teaching the common language (although there are school phraseology, synonyms, antonyms dictionaries), but the dictionary of international words already has! The general situation is repeated in the school: the public received a large number of periodicals in 1936, and a 12 general language dictionary only in 1954 (DŽ,). Not only the MTŽZ itself, but also its “Preface” unilaterally directs students and teachers to internationalism, not to Lithuanianness, not even to balance. The “Preface” emphasizes the possibility of “entering the environment of phenomena that unite the world” through international words (MTŽZ 1998: 3), that “science, being common to the whole world, very often uses the same words for terms” (MTŽZ 1998: 3). And Lithuanian language is presented as if it were incomplete — “the language of peasants since ancient times” (MTŽZ 1998: 3). We shall see here that the peasant word equator is perfectly suitable as a substitute for the equator, and there are many such examples. But MTŽZ says nothing about it. The purpose of the dictionary is narrow, one-sided — “to help clarify the meanings of such popular words” (MTŽZ 1998: 3). Especially recklessly and carelessly it is said that the native language, if it creates its own terms, it does so only “next to the international terms that are taken over” (MTŽZ 1998: 3), and their value is “national- ”: “In the scientific language, international is most often used, and when speaking, Lithuanian is said” (MTŽZ 1998: 4) — this has indeed been the case, but it is no longer the case: now even more international is said than written. Only “sometimes an international word is completely displaced” (MTZZ 1998: 4) by Lithuanian, for example, lakiinas jau, not aviatorius. But the author of the “Prologue” does not know how the pilot is pushing the pilot now. When it comes to stylistics, incorrect advice is also given, which is unfavorable to Lithuanian words: “nonsense is a rude word, therefore it is avoided when speaking politely” —that is nonsense! (1998: 4). However, DZ, and DZ, nonsense is not stylistically marked and interpreted by the Lithuanian word —„beprasmybė“, not like DZ, —„absurdas, beprasmybė“, DZ, -,beprasmybe, absurdas- “. For K. Būga and J. Balčikonis, nonsense was neither rudeness nor rudeness: Today I don't have to proclaim such nonsense, K. Būga. He's me. 13 nicely fed me and noticed that my eyes are quite calm and there is no nonsense in the speech J. Balčikonis (LKŽ VIII). In Stasys Šalkauskas’ dictionary “General terminology of philosophy” (1937, 1938), discussed in the terminology section of the Lithuanian Language Society, nonsense —fr. nonsense, nonsense, nonsense, nonsense "S. Šalk R II 164" (in Russian). becmbicauya.ru. In his book „Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba“ (1943) P. Skardžius considers nonsense to be a novelty (Skardžius 1996: 590), but this is not quite the case. It is not possible to determine the exact date of the death of the poet (1965). The precise coordination of form with consciousness may be secondary — unconsciousness is probably a variant of writings, arising according to dialect variants: unconscious A. Juška dictionary (cf. and bdv. nesąmonus — not only 1. „neprotingas, neapgalvotas“, but also 2. „nesumanus“ E Kuršaitis dictionary), unconscious A. Juška dictionary, A. Juška songbook, unconscious Naumiestis, unconscious Serėdžius, unconscious A. Juška dictionary (LKŽ VIII). That nonsense is not a mirror reflection of consciousness with a denial is clearly shown by the semantic difference — next to nonsense, bdv does not fit in the meaning of “meaningless”. unconscious (had begun to manifest, but J. Šukys justifiably cursed in the radio hour). And the raising of nonsense by the MTZZ clearly contradicts the recommendation of DZ, and DZ: nonsense —see. nonsense (DZ, and DZ, nonsense —“nonsense, nonsense”). The recently published “Lietuvių kalbos aiškinamasis žodynas” (Lithuanian language explanatory dictionary) of 7,000 most commonly used words (on the cover —“Aiškinamasis lietuvių kalbos žodynas”, compiled by Aldona Mackevičienė. —V., UAB “Gimtinė”, 2001, 512 p.) —“the first Lithuanian thesaurus with synonyms and antonyms” (ŠA 2001 36 11) —maybe could partly fill the gap in the school explanatory dictionary. However, in his “Preface” there is not a single word about the purpose, the selection of synonyms and the normative presentation of synonymous terms. The terms we are discussing are presented in different ways: diurnal + meridian (such a technique of synonymous presentation), parallel (only “parallel line”) + parallel (from where?! —J. K.); pole + poles, but equator + equator; tropics + tropics; volcano + volcano; horizon + horizon, and horizon + -> horizon; ocean + okeanas, big sea, o okeanas + = ocean; continent + continent —ocean (such a technique of presentation of antonyms); there is no glacier (and iceberg); sunflower 1. + 1. solstice, and equinox (and equinoxes) are not [nonsense + absurdity, nonsense, meaninglessness, and absurdity + -> nonsense; meaningless + meaningless, empty, absurd —meaningful; empty 4. + => meaningless; absurd + => meaningless). Totally disgraced equator; overly elevated ocean. If we look more strictly at the presentation of other international words, we see an unjustified preference for them over Lithuanian ones, although otherwise the equivalents are not denigrated. Prano Skardžiaus LTŽA (1973) occupies a special place in the developme14 nt of the Lithuanian equivalents of international words, both in terms of subject and special purpose. The book was published in Chicago and reprinted in Lithuania only in 1998 (Skardžius 1998: 425-507). It is not a dictionary of international words, but a special work of introducing and developing Lithuanian vocabulary. However, in his “Preface” the aim is described both narrowly and not quite clearly — the desire to help those Lithuanians abroad who “want to remember Lithuanian words, which are increasingly replaced by international words” (Skardžius 1998: 433). There are no equivalents or substitutes here. In the “Preface” and “Introduction” only the terms of the nouns and substitutes are used or used instead of the phrase. However, from the examples it is clear to the specialist that in some cases these are equivalents of international words — synonyms, in others — complete substitutes. But is it visible to the ordinary user? By the way, the novelties include cases where “words are taken from people’s (folk) language and their meanings are specialized” (Skardžius 1998: 435), but among the examples — not only bracelet (according to LKZ I, “specialized” already in the dictionaries of P. Ruigis and E. Kuršaitis), lygmuo (according to LKZ VII, used from J. Bretkūnas to F. Kuršaitis), spaustuvė (according to LKZ XIII, from the living language — only cheese press Marijampolė, in various meanings — from the oldest scripts, and in the colloquial meaning of “printing company” — already in K. Sirvydo dictionary), but also... spelling (Skardžius 1998: 435-436). Skardžius distinguishes only between "widely established" and "rarely used" (Skardžius 1998: 436). Only the second part of the LTŽA — the index of Lithuanian equivalents, in which international words are already in the second place — as if in the place of equivalents — provides a good counterbalance. Of the interesting words in this Skardzio work, it is not known why there is no volcano, equinox, solstice; only with equivalent ocean 15 Remember that the Lithuanian Encyclopedia was able to make the adjective volcanic: volcanic island (1939 VII 1433), P. Slavėnas — volcanic Earth crust. And volcanism has a counterpart—volcanic activity. Of course, according to the principle of coexistence, there is also volcanology, vulcanization. Jablonski gave the term glacier (see snow, ocean, continent). Even in Russian there is nednuxr. But in DZ, the term gletseris — geogr. “sliding glacier from the mountain”, although in its interpretation — Lithuanian glacier; In the dictionary there is also glacier, but without the geogr. mark —„a large body of ice mass characterized by self-sliding”: Northern glaciers. But geographers outpaced lexicographers: GirFGŽ 21emuep — glacier and nednux — glacier; GeogrZ — glacier; FizGŽŽ — glacier — see glacier; "Glacier- ". Unfortunately, both DZ and DZ, —as preserved, only the interpretation of the glacier "precision" —"enormous, ppr. moving ice mass’. In addition to Lithuanian terms glaciation, glaciation, glacial age, glaciation, glaciology, glacier, iceberg (already in the dictionary of F. Kuršaitis), glacier, icebreaker, icebreaker, the German glacier (German: Gletscher < Latin glacies —“Iceberg”; also English: glacier) is completely unnecessary. Unfortunately, there is still a lack of consistency here. For example, LTE VI uses the term glacier — “a moving mass of ice on the Earth’s surface” (LTE IV does not even use the term glacier), but next to it there is ice age, glacial; LTE XI - interglacial, interglacial. The name of the science glaciology may be (and the scientist glaciologist), although glaciology is also emerging. There is no glacier in the area. Jablonskis gave the Lithuanian term akiratis, much better than the also new term vegratis, used by Vaižgantas and J. Janonis, in a figurative sense —V. Kudirka and Vydūnas (LKŽ XI), and more precise than the eye area M. Šalčius, A. Vienuolis (LKŽ I,) (according to the variant akiplotas, known in common language only from the adverb akiploto; although DZ, has only eye area —„from the eye“), which now is not so much the „visual area“ DZ, DZ,, as the physiological term —campus visionis —,,area of peripheral vision“ MedZ. DG, horizon and horizon are synonymous but not exactly equivalent terms: horizon 1. “area, horizon” (2. “extent, breadth of knowledge, interests”), horizon —1. ‘visible boundary line between the sky and the land and sea surface’; horizon (2. ‘the entire visual space around the observer’; 22 3rd Prk. „the circle of knowledge, ideas“, 4. prk. ‘the circle of possibilities and operations’; 5. ‘water level of river or basin’). Basically so is DZ, DZ. But in geographical terminology there is no horizon: GirFGZ eopu3oHm — hort zontas, GeogrZ, FizGZZ, EncGZ — horizon. Only MeteorZ. eopusonm —1. horizon, horizon (but visible and real — only horizon), Kpye030p —Both: horizon, horizon. There is no horizon in AstrZ, only a horizon, a mathematical horizon — “the intersection line of the celestial spheres and planes, perpendicular to the direction of gravity (horizon planes). Distinguishes the visible hemisphere from the invisible", the horizontal system and the direction of the horizon, otherwise 1 world countries. At the end of the analysis, one can acknowledge something that is already clear — here the boundaries of geographical terminology have been slightly exceeded (volcano, glacier; only iceberg is mentioned) — this was required by a certain unit of Jablonski- ’s re-creation. For practical reasons, two non-Jablonski innovations could also be mentioned here: the astronomical terms solstice and equinox. The equivalent of the solstice, the solstice (also in Russian: coanyecmosHue, comnyuee6opom) in common language is processed from the Žemaičių word sunflower Saūgos, Kvėdarna, Laūkuva, Pavandenė, Viekšniai (variants sunflower Plunge, sunflowers Priekulė, sunflower DunZ, sunflower Subačius, etc.), to distinguish from the name of the plant Helianthus in common language sunflower, also known from the Žemaičių —Kvėdarna, L. Ivinskis, M. Miežinis, having many variants in various dialects and scripts: sunflower Akmėnė, sunflower Lėipalingis, Drūskininkai, sunflower Tauragė, Šiauliai, sunflower NdŽ, sunflower Vydūnas; solstice J. Ryteris's dictionary; solstice Kelmė, solstice LBZ, sunrise Slavikai; sunflower vak. dz., Klaipėda, sunflower Linkmenys, sunflower Rūdiškės, sunflower Valkininkai, sunflower Lazūnai, sunflower Jieznas, Kriukai, sunflower Obėliai; the sunrise of Duseto; sunflower Pilviškiai; sunflower Palomenė, sunflower Tirkšliai, Varduva, Žemalė, J. A. Pabrėža, sunflower J. A. Pabrėža, sunflower Simnas, sunflower Keturvalakiai, Bartninkai; as well as sunflower, sunflower, sunflower, sunflower; sunflower, sunflower, sunflower; sunflower, sunflower; sunflower; sunny grass K. Sirvydo dictionar23 y, even sdulinė F. Kuršaitis dictionary (LKŽ XII). The equinox equivalent equator is not even included in LKŽ VII; but here there is an equinox: The equinox passes exactly through the center of the earth A 1884, 255 (the dictionary explains “equator, equator” —probably to explain the misunderstood sentence: Through the center of the earth —the equinox passes the eternal equinox). Conclusions The creator of the common language, Jonas Jablonskis, was also a very productive and successful creator of terms, irreversibly translating a number of so-called international terms. One group of them consists of geographical (and adjacent) terms diurnal — instead of meridian, parallel — instead of parallel, equator — instead of equator, pole — instead of poles, tropical — instead of tropical, ocean — instead of ocean, continent — instead of continent, glacier — instead of glacier, horizon — instead of horizon (here you can also add non-Jablonski substitutes: iceberg — instead of iceberg, solstice — instead of solstice, equinox — instead of equinox). Jablonski went further than the Russian language (only mamepuk —land, aednuk —glacier, Kpy2030p —horizon; connuecmosnue, connueeopom —solstice, paenoJdencmeue —equinox). It is more similar to Polish (pofudnik — meridion, rownoleżnik — parallel, rownik — equator, biegun — pole, zwrotwik — tropical, ląd (staly) — land, lodowiec — glacier; horizon — horizon; rownonoc —equinox) and into German (Ldngenkreis, astr. Mittagskreis — meridian, Breitenkreis — parallel, Gleicher — equator, Wendekreis — tropical, Festland and Erdteil — mainland; "Sonnenwende - Tagundnachigleichung - Equinox" (in German). The Lithuanian terminology of Jablonski’s (and others’) geography did not have sufficient impetus. Most importantly, a dictionary of geographical terms was not published in time (as were the dictionaries of mathematics). For a long time the lexical needs of common language users were met only by dictionaries of international words, and in them no lexicographical technique, no general instruction states that any Lithuanian equivalent is more representative or even a substitute, in general, equivalents and substitutes were not distinguished more strictly for a long time. Thus, through these dictionaries only international words spread faster, not Lithuanian vocabulary — the sieve that Jablonskis had at the beginning was no longer there. Late normative lexicography moved from Jablonski to the other side and back, sometimes lagging behind even geographic terminology (only DZ, closer to Jablonski). It even meant double standards — Jablonski’s work was known and recognized, it was proud of it, but practically it was carelessly ignored. Even linguists did not realize that under the conditions of Soviet Russian bilingualism, the Lithuanian language approached Russian in terms of the use of international words. Now special efforts are needed to straighten the skipped ship and sail back on the Lithuanian course. It is necessary to point out the marked difference in the fate of Lithuanian terminology in geography from mathematics: static — instead of cathetic, perpendicular — instead of perpendicular, diagonal — instead of hypotenuse, semi-angular — instead of bisectrix, semi-lateral — instead of median, parallel — 24 instead of parallel, radius — instead of radius, diameter — instead of diameter) — are substitutions, not adjacency. By the way, the Lithuanian language here also remains from the Polish (rožniczka — differential, różnicowanie — differentiation; catka — integral, catkowanie — integration, although economically — integracja). This group remained almost entirely Lithuanian. This could not be explained by the order and logic of mathematical reasoning alone. This was mainly due to socio-linguistic reasons — the closure of the use of this group of terms. What and from this group entered the broad usage, approached the Russian language: diameter, radius. AstrZ —Dictionary of Astronomical Terms. Compiled by A. Juška. Vilnius, 1984. DZ —Dictionary of the Modern Lithuanian Language: DZ, —I ed., Vilnius, 1954; DZ, —II pap. Leid., Vilnius, 1972; DZ, —III pat. and pap. DZ, —IV leid., Vilnius, 2000. EncGZ —Vaitekūnas S. Enciklopedinis geografijos žodynas, Kaunas, FizGŽŽ —-—Solovjovas A., Karpovas G. Fizinės geografijos žodynas-- žinynas, Kaunas, 1987. 1994, GeogrŽ —-Agapovas S., Sokolovas“ S., Tichomirovas D. Geography Zodynas, Kaunas, 1972. GirFGZ —Gudelis V. Dictionary of Geology and Physical Geography Terms, Vilnius, 1956. LA —Lietuvos Aidas (daily newspaper). LKKN —Decisions of the Lithuanian Language Commission, 1977-1998. Vilnius, 1998. LKŽ —Lietuvių kalbos žodynas: 1 (II leid.) —1968; 2 (II leid.) —1969; 3 — 25 LRKŽ LTE LTZA MatZ MedZ MeteorZ, MTZZ SNZZ STZZ SA S. SalkR TTZ VKNS 1956; 7 — 1966; 8 — 1970; 9 — 1973; 10 - 1976; 11 — 1978; 12 —- 1981; 13 —1984; 17 —1996; 18 —1997; 20 (the article also uses abbreviations of this dictionary, which is still being prepared), Vilnius. Dictionary of the English Language 2. Compiled by M. Niedermann, A. Senn, A. Salys. Heidelberg, 1951. Lithuanian Soviet Encyclopedia: 4—1978; 6—1980; 11—1983, Vilnius. Skardžius P. Lithuanian equivalents of international words, Chicago, 1973. Dictionary of Mathematical Terms. Scientific red. J. Kubilius. Vilnius, Astrauskas V., Brziūulevičius“- 1994. S. ; "PavilFonisS145 Vaitilavičius A., Vileišis A. Medical Terms Dictionary, Vilnius, 1980. The Russian-- Lithuanian Dictionary of Meteorological Terms, Vilnius, 1975. Dictionary of International Languages. Prepared by I. Ermanytė, O. Kažukauskaitė, J. Paulauskas, J. Pribušauskaitė, J. Žiemytė. Kaunas, 1995. II pat. and pp. leid., Kaunas, 1998. Dictionary of foreign and uncomprehensible words: Facilitation for readers. Made by J. Slapelis. 1907, 1907. 1923 Norkus J. Dictionary of Foreign and Ununderstandable 1924. Words, Kaunas, M. and S. Dictionary of Foreign and International Words, Šiauliai, 1923. North Athens (self-published). S. Šalkauskis Raštai 2, Vilnius, 1991. Dictionary of International Terms. Compiled by K. Boruta, Pr. A. Sirutytė- -Čepienė. Kaunas, 1936. Dictionary of International Terms. Edited by I. V. Liochinas and E. N. Petrovas, Lithuanian edition — Ch. Vilnius: Vilnius University Press, 1951. Dictionary of International Terms. Edited by I. Liochinas, S. Lokshina, F. Petrovas and L. Šaumianas, Lithuanian edition — Ch. Vilnius: Vilnius University Press, 1969. Dictionary of International Terms. Red. by V. Kvietkauskas. Vilnius, 1985. The International Dictionary of Languages 1, 2. 1999, 2000. Vilnius, Rudaitienė V., Vitkauskas V. New borrowings in Western languages, Vilnius, 1998. LITERATŪRA Gedrimas R. 2000: Jonas Jablonskis ir lietuviškoji gamtotyros terminologija. — Gimtoji kalba 12, 4-8. 26 Jėrinaitė J. 1995: Enciklopedinis geografijos žodynas [rec.]. — Terminologija 2, 92-96. LKG I 1965: Lietuviy kalbos gramatika 1, Vilnius. Pirockinas A. 2000: Jonas Jablonskis — naujų žodžių kūrėjas. — Gimtasis žodis 10, 2-6; 11, 14-16; 12, 7-12. Skardzius P. 1996: Rinktiniai rastai 1, Vilnius. Skardžius P. 1998: Rinktiniai raštai 3, Vilnius. Šikšnys M.1962: Manolietuvių kalbos pamokos ir atsiminimai apie J. Jablonskį. — Kalbotyra 5, 81-87. Žemaitis Z. 1956: Iš atsiminimų apie J. Jablonskį. — Literatūra ir kalba 1, 32—39. Žemaitis Z. 1966: Lietuviškosios matematikos terminologijos istorija. — Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 8, 195—201. WHAT JONAS JABLONSKIS DID FOR GEOGRAPHY AND WHAT IS BEING DONE WITH IT Summary In 1918 the father of standard Lithuanian (and terminology) Jonas Jablonskis met the first independence of the Republic of Lithuania by coining Lithuanian terms of geography dienovidinis (meridian), pusiaujas (eguator), ašigalis (pole), atogrąža (tropic), vandenynas (ocean), žemynas (continent), ledynas (glacier), ugnikalnis (volcano), akiratis (horizon). However, at that time there was no dictionary of terms of geography and no dictionary of standard Lithuanian, therefore these terms did not have the time to take root. In soviet times, when in its usage of international words the Lithuanian language was getting closer to the Russian language, so called international terms meridianas, ekvatorius, polius, tropikas, okeanas, kontinentas, glečeris, vulkanas, horizontas started choking out those terms. Jablonskis had made them in a way which was closer to Polish and German languages where purification of the language is noticeable. The Russian language has fewer Russian equivalents — only mamepuk — konmunenm, neOHuK — 2zhemuep, Kpy2030p — 2opuzonm. During the second independance inertia can be observed — good changes require much effort. Terms of mathematics lithuanised by Jablonskis remain almost untouched. It was predestined not so much by the strictness of mathematical thinking, but more by sociolinguistic reasons — the isolation of the usage of terms of this group. Jonas KLIMAVICIUS Received 26 September 2001 Lithuanian Language Institute Antakalnio g. 6, 2055 Vilnius, Lithuania E. mails [email protected] 27