Iš karybos terminų istorijos

HISTORY OF TERMINOLOGY Vincentas DROTVINAS Vilnius Pedagogical University THE HISTORY OF CARIBBEAN TERMS Not so sorry for me chicks I'm sorry for the boys. Sudarshan. From a manuscript of M. Miežinis from 1849 1. War and its vocabulary War is as old as the world. The history of many nations is long wars of capture or defence, narrated and sung on the pages of world literature. When we read them, we come across the war vocabulary of different countries — names of soldiers, weapons, combat actions and methods, etc. In ancient Lithuanian literature, as well as in folklore, we find many terms of warfare that came from ancient times. Thus, military terms are one of the oldest layers of the Lithuanian language lexicon. However, so far neither the old nor the current terms of warfare have attracted the attention of researchers. It is true that the origin of the terms of warfare has been reviewed by the historian of Lithuanian written language Jonas Palionis (1967). The author indicates three layers of origin of military terms: folk spoken vocabulary (248-250), book Lithuanian vocabulary — new words (263-264), borrowed vocabulary (278-279) and defines the quantitative relationship of these terms with other groups of the respective origin — among the groups of folk Lithuanian vocabulary, military terms are one of the smallest (248-249), while names of war and war technique form a relatively abundant group of verbs fixed in the monuments of the ancient period Lithuanian language (278-279). A considerable amount of military vocabulary, not used in the current Lithuanian language, 27 is presented in J. Palionis’ latest work (2004). The term karybos is mentioned among Simon Daukantas’s novels (Zinkevičius 1990: 152). Warfare is understood as the theory and practice of warfare in the broadest sense, i.e. 1) “the field of activity covering the organization, training and operation of the state’s armed forces during war and peace”, 2) “knowledge, skills and abilities needed by a soldier”, 3) “war science, its main object of research — armed struggle during war”, in addition, the art of warfare is also distinguished (Smetona 1995). In this article I will try to review the expression of the semantic field “warfare” in the works of lexicography of the 17th-18th centuries, especially in the manuscript dictionaries of Lesser Lithuania (some of them, only recently published, have not yet managed to enter the scientific circulation of historical lexicology) —to discuss the origin of the concepts of warfare, the more important units of naming, synonymy, change of meanings, as well as their survival in current Lithuanian terminology. 2. War, soldier, etc. The word karas can be found in the ancient monuments of the Lithuanian language, but it is much older than the 16th century. Karas is not only a Baltic, but also an Indo-European lexical community. Like Prue. *kargis, *karjas "army", "war", lit. kareivis in ancient writings had the meaning "war; the military; pluton, regiment", as well as karia "war"; kariuomenė“ and karė „war“, 'karis „army, war“ in LKŽ V (for more see Mažiulis 1993; Palionis 1967: 250%). In the writings of Martynas Mažvydas, Mikalojus Daukša and others in the 16th century, the word karas (and variants) was the Lithuanian name for the above-mentioned meanings, although it also had synonyms. The 1642 dictionary of Konstantin Sirvydas. woyna, Latin bellum, the Lithuanian equivalent of karioné, was also used in the writings of M. Mažvydas. However, in the 17th-18th century manuscript dictionaries of Lesser Lithuania, besides karas, we also find borrowed —slavybių and germanybių. The most common synonym for war in English is the Slavic word eona (Pol. wojna, Br. eouna): Krieg Karas, Wayna Lex? Military expedition, Karas, 0. M. Wainas, 0. MCII, War Waina, os, Cll, War Karas Wayna Richt 144, Karas Wayna O. ' The origin of individual military terms has been discussed by Lithuanian lexical historian Algirdas Sabaliauskas (1990). ? Illustrative examples from bilingual (trilingual) dictionaries are presented in the original form (not translated into common language). 28 In other 18th-century dictionaries | the first place is occupied by the Germanic word krygė: Krieg Karas, aro, M. Kryges, iu, f,pl., Wainas, no, M. R, Krieg BellumKaras, Kryge, Waifkas, Waina B. The spread of the Germanic word is also evident from the illustrations: next to girdziu kara now no turrinti end B we already find Į Kryge eiti, į Krygę traukti, į kryge sufti B, cf. Feldzug Pulkimmas į kryžius, karą M. However, the Lithuanian accent karas is retained in the Lithuanian equivalents of German compound words, as well as in the combinations of Vedic and Lithuanian words, e.g. : Krieg fithren karauju Lex, Krieg Cammer —Kar Kamare, Kriegs Macht Karo macis, Kriegs Rincke Karo kitraftis Richt and Kriegs=Rancke, Guddryste Karo Q. The first dictionary of K. Sirvydas also includes fighting (Woyna/ bellum, militia, kawima [is SD'. In the F. Pretoria dictionary next to Krieg mentioned War, aro, M Krieg, giu, f, pl. Wainas, no m we find one specialized term for ruba: Plunderung Rubba, os. F C III; also in P. Ruigi’s dictionary Grenzkrieg, Rub ba, bos, f. “border military conflict, clash” R (brus. py6a,.robbery, looting, assault”*). The verbs used in the word warfare vocabulary include the words used to name the war itself, the action of fighting: fight, fighting, fighting, fighting, fighting, fighting: Kiūmpffen kovauti, karauti Lex, Kampffen, Kowawoju, jau, su, ti, Karauju, rawau etc. CII, Wars Karauti Lex, Wars. Karauju, awau, su, ti Bellum gerere, Karą weddu, dzau, su sti CIl; plg.dar bekriegenapkarauti Lex, BekriegenApkarauju, rawau, su, ti Cl,Kriegfiihrenkarq weddu, dzau, su, sti CII, kdmpfenkowauti, Szirmawoti Richt, streiten Kautisi, krvwagoju Lex, Streiten. Kowawoju, jau, su, ti CII, Streitenkowauti fighting Lex. I$ verbs used to denote the use of a firearm, such as sušaudyti, šaudyti: archibusiren suffaudyti Lex, suffaudyti C I, SchifBen szauti Lex, etc. 3. Ancient names of the army The most common terms used to name military forces are base and force, less often /oger (camp). It should be noted that German 29 related words of the same root as germanity /ageris have Lithuanian equivalents, cf. belagern. Siege Lex,siege, lau, lsu, [ti CI, Belagerungapgulimas Lex,siege, o Cl. Abazas (lenk. oboz): Armee abazas, waiskas Lex, Feldlager abazas Lex, Heer, Abažas, 06. M. Pūlkas, 6. MC II, Feldschlacht abazo mufis Lex, [Feldlschlacht Mufis, Abazu Mufiis B, cf. [Feld]Haupt Mann Wyrausis on Abazo CII, cf. FeldHerr diddifis Etmons Abaszo B, [Feld] PredigerAbaszo Klebons, kunnigs B,Heerlager Waiskas Abas as B,HeerhornAbazo Ragas B, Heereskrafft Waiskas, Abas as, Zalneru Pulkas B, [Heeres)- Spitze abazo Pryfakkis Birkt. In Sirvydas Zodynas' Zodynai, a b a z a s was translated with its Lithuanian equivalent: Oboz /caftra, tentorium, [tativa kario [towis/kariowiete SD', plg. obozny /adiectiu. caftrenfis [ubft menfor, Į...) karioftowinis SD!, battlefield /Acies, capus, [...] Wieta kariones/- karionawite SD’, plg. dar Oboz /Caftra, ovum. Taworay Karieywiu SD’. Abaz is translated and descriptively: Tabor žofnierski / Carago, onis. Karias wesymays aplinkuy apfiftatis SD’, cf. also J. Brodovski’s dictionary Lager. Caftra. Szietras. Abasas. Checker wita. Wieta whistling B, [Lager] schlagenabasza whistling/- set B,cf. dar Heereskraft Wai fkas, Abaszas, Zalneru Pulkai B. Vaiskas (Len. wojsko,- kariuomené*): Kriegesheer Wai [kas Lex, KriegesHeers, Waifkas, 6. M C 11, [Heeres] Volck Zalneru Pulkai, tikri Zalnerei Waifkas B: country camp, itvaiskas used and germanybé /ogeris, logoris (German: Lager, camp®): Kriegslager abazas, Logeris, rio. M. R., Warlord Waifkas, ko. M; Feldlager Loger, rio, M. Kriegslager Abaz, Waifkas, Logoris B,Abaz, 30 M.é pol. M. In this way the army unit is also called regiment: Heer regiment Lex, Heerschaarenpulkai Lex, Parthey Regiment Lex,Heer Regiment Richt, [Heerfiihrer Wadas Regiment there, Heerscharen Regiments there; Army of Pulkai Q; Parthey Pulkas B. 30 4. soldier, soldier, soldier In the ancient writings we find perhaps the most terms for a person serving in the army — both Lithuanian and borrowed, as well as their synonyms and variants. In the early 1990s, the term "warrior" was used to refer to a warrior who was a soldier, but later the term was used to refer to a warrior who was a soldier. : And sent his soldiers and killed the rabbiners John Bretkūnas and Bartholomew Wilents. The soldiers gathered against him, well he ažu recovered the abyss in K. Sirvydas Punktay Sakimu I 135; also in Simon Daukanto, Simon Stanevičius writings, Antanas Juška songs (see LKŽ V). It is true that the words karys, kareivis are not used in later works of XVII-XVIII century lexicography — they will be replaced by the borrowed equivalent polekybė zalnierius (the variant žalnierius is already found in the writings of M. Mažvydas, M. Daukša and other old sources). Even in the 17th and 18th century dictionaries of Lesser Lithuania, zalnierius was unable to displace the German word. Soldier'. The meaning of soldier's salary is recorded in K. Sirvydas' 1642 dictionary: zold/Stipendium. "S.P.I.C.E.M- .E.R.S.". Zoldowy /Stipendiarius.piniginis SD’, as well as Zolduie /žotdnierską stuze /žold wiodę Mereo, Milito Karau=iu au pinigus SD’. This is also the case for other names of the planet, e.g. : Zoldak /vide. Zolnier3 money. Karieywis afu pinigus, žolnierz /Miles, Kariautoias, karieywis SD? In addition to the dictionaries of K. Sirvydas, lenkybé zalnierius is also used in the dictionaries of Lesser Lithuania: Landsknecht 3alner"' Lex, Kriegsknecht Zalnerus B, Kriegsknecht Zalnerus, eraus M. R, Kriegsvolck “Soldat came into the German lexicon in the 16th century from the Italian soldier. Vid. vok. height. solr "salary, soldier's salary" derived from Old French so/r "gold coin", and this from Middle Latin soldus < Latin (nummus) solidus "pure (coin)". The word is derived from the French soldier, soldat. soldier, angl. soldier. The Little Dictionary of the English Language. Soldat corresponds to zalnierius, e.g. : Soldat 5alnierus Lex, Zalnėrus, ėraus R, Soldat, Zalnerus, eraus M. In German there is also the derivative Sd/dner. The old order of hiring soldiers for monetary remuneration is also recorded in Polish dictionaries: polk. 2003) 2003 – The 20-Lire coin, a small Italian coin of 1/20 of a lira, was introduced in the Czech Republic. Zolnierz. Vok. Soldat 17th century borrowed to the Russian language —condam (from it is the Slavic saldotas- ). 31 3alnierey Lex, Warriors Zalnerei B, pg. Recruiting soldiers Hire Szelnerus O. Zalnierius is a common Lithuanian synonym of not one German term, e.g. : Warrior bellator Zalnierei Rubikkai Kareiwys Karzygis B, Krieger Zalnerus, out, M. Karzygys, ygio,M. Warrior partic. Rubbinas, no, m. R, Kriegesmann Zalnerus, out, Kareiwis, wjo, Karzygys, gio,M. The Polish zalnierius corresponds to the first element of German compound words Krieg, e.g. : War gear zalnieru rikai Lex, [Warriors] on the sea Zalnerei ant Juru B, [Warriors] resign Zalnerus atdekawoti B, [Warriors] recruit [zalnerus] rinkti, werboti B* Another fame is the Rubik's Cube: Pliinderer Rubik's Cube Lex, Plunderer Rubikkas, o. M. ka, os F C III, plg. Plunder rubba Lex, Krieger bellator Zalnerei Rubikkas Kareiwys Karzygis B, plg. rubyti: plindernrubbiti, sdrojautiLex, plg.darrubauninkas "robber" (Polish: rubownik). It should be considered whether the current Lithuanian surnames The name "Rubiks" or "Rubiks" could not be derived from the latter term (for the origin of the names mentioned see LPŽ 1989). 5. Various soldier names The most common specialized title of a person serving in the army in ancient writings is infantryman: Fufivolck peftininkas Lex, FuBvolck Peftininkai, ku, m. pl. R, B, Hayduk Pedes.peftininkas SD',[(Fuff| Knecht Peftininkas, o. M, [Fufs] Ginger Uznoks tawe as a Baker Fufgdnger CII, Fufsginger zu Fup Peftininks B, Fufvolck Peftininkai B, Fufigdnger Musgvetirer Pe ftininkas, ko, m. K. Sirvydo dictionaries, in addition to the mentioned term soldier (Walecznvk /woien- * Since, as mentioned, soldiers were recruited at that time, their service lasted for many years (if the war went well...), the soldier during that time also created a family. This is evidenced by the names of the soldier's wife: Soldatenweib Zalnierka, os Lex, Soldatin Zalnierka, os R, Soldatin Zalnierka, os £ M, KriegerinKareiwjene B, cf. also Dragonerfrau nik. Bellator, pugnatoby Dragunka M. 32 r. Karieywis SD’), gives more in the title —warrior: Rycerski czlowiek /Equestris ordinis homo. A soldier of the SD? Brave /Bellicosus, pugnax. Kariaunikas SD’, Jancarowie /Triarij Turcarum. Are you a Turku SD fan? Leia zimna żolnierfka /Hyberna, orum. Hyemalia. $iemaguolis /diemaguiltas kariauniku SD’ fighter: Zoinierz / Miles, Kariautoias/karieywis SD’, walecinik /praeliator, bellator. kariautoias SD; Kirisnik /Cathaphractus, loricatus, |...) Gielafinikas kariautoias SD’; kazokas: Light soldier/cossack. Veles itis; thousands of lewis of armor. Kazakas SD’. Among the rarer names of soldiers mentioned in Lithuanian are San-Karawis, wjo ein Mitgenofi H, ein Mitstreiter Sankarawis, wjo, M. R, cf. also Draug=Karaujas, janšio ein Mitstreiter, G. Mafc., janti, šios foem H. More frequently recorded borrowing terms are canvas: Drab mafc. et drabant /ex germ. pedescalo fatelles, [tipator, [piculator. drobas SD'; dragiinas: Dragonner dragunas Lex; Dragoner Dragun’s, no, m M, Draguner dragun’s, 6 M C I, Dragouner Draguns B. The latter is interpreted as an ancient infantryman, later a lightly armed rider, having the distinctive mark —cloak with the image of a dragon (for the origin cf. French dragon „Dragon“ < Latin draco, onis „dragon, dragon“); eidukas: Wybrant3. Puczkininkas, Eidukkas, 6. M. C IV, Wybrants Eidukas Putzkininks. "Wybrancas O (< lenki. hayduk < Hungarian. Come on. „varovas, shepherd”, from the 16th century this was the name of Hungarian mercenaries); Puczkininkas: Wybrantz Puczkininkas. 4, pp. 104. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z. Džialo /machina, tormentum, pucika SD", Biickse putczka Lex; ručinykinykas: Muszkietnicy /Fistulatores. S3auditoiay rucinikanikay SD', plg. rusnica, bombarda, tormentum ruciničia „šautuvas“ SD! '; arrows: Schiitze Strelczus Lex, Schiitz Strelczus O; Armourer: Kuriflirer Szarwnik, 6, M. Cll, plg. Left S3arwas, 6. M. CI, dar rynftunek /ex germ. apparatus, szarway SD"; vybrancas: Wybrantz. 1999. "P.S. I'm a newbie," The New York Times. wybraniec /wybrancy /Delecti viri, [Brinktinis SD’. 33 6. Changes in the meaning of terms From the meanings of the terms Krieger Kazigis (= war —V. D.) Lex, geriisteter Mann Karžygis Richt, Geristeter Mann Karzygys (y corrected from i —V. D.) It is clear that the word „karžygys“ had the broadest meaning in the past (in the 17th-18th century writings of Lithuania Minor), i.e. the meaning of a soldier, because of the second sando see „žygis“ („Gangejimas“, „zygis Lex“, „Reisekellone“, „kellawimas“, „zygis Lex“), thus „karžygys“ means „the one who marches, goes 1 war“. However, some time later, in 18th-century dictionaries, we find a changed meaning of the term „karžygys“: „karžygys“ corresponds to German „Herzog“. Held, Ritter (by the way, the latter did not have a Lithuanian equivalent before: Ritter rycerus Lex, Held Karzygis Riczierus Richt; Held Karzygis Ryczierus O, Held Karzigys Rycerus (illustrated from the Bible) B; [Heer]Fiihrer Feldherr General B. Thus, the fieldherr gradually acquired its current meaning of "hero, hero". Officer, soldier in the meaning of "war man, soldier; soldier” is already found in the writings of J. Bretkūnas (LKŽ V). Although Jonas Jablonskis already in 1911 proposed to use officer, a man of war, instead of soldier, and Juozas Balčikonis provided the borrowed apicieras (Balčikonis 1978: 146—147), but, according to Pranas Skardžys, soldier eventually took over the place of soldier, and officer acquired the meaning of “apicierius” (Skardžius 1996: 142, 589, 603). Now an officer is defined as a "member of the military or police leadership staff", and the second meaning is psn. soldier (D3). An example of a change in meaning is the term colonel. What. Richter's dictionary gives it a different form colonel: [Partey] Gdnger Col. Richt, cf. potkownik, see also [Partey] Ginger Colonel B (so regimental, small combat group, soldier), Colonel, ko der Oberste, der Hauptmann H, Colonel, ko, M. ein Hauptmann ziemlich obsol. M. Already in K. Sirvydas' dictionaries the colonel is used in its current meaning: Rotmiftrz /centurio, [...] centurion, gunman SD'; Chiliarcha, tribunus militum, legionarius, centurio, pultkinikas SD’. 34 7. Titles of ranks In our reviewed sources, we find a number of terms that identify degrees of military hierarchy, military duties: apic(i)erius:Officiererappicierus Lex,OfficiererAppicierus, aus. MCII, Apicerius, out, m. an officer R, officer Apicer's B; Corporal: Rott Meister Corporal, Karprolus B; etmonas, hetmonas, hetmanas: Feld=Herr Etmon’s, 6. M. C II, Feldherr hetimons Lex, Feld=Herr Etmon’s, 0. M. CII, [Feld]Marfchall Etmon's, 60.M.tenpat, Feldherr Etmonas O: plg. Hetman /ex german. [...]hetmanas kariawedis SD'; generales: General generales Lex, General. Generolus C II, General, General, lo, mR, General, Generolus, [from M, General, Generolus (added: der General Feldherr) B; Kapitan, kapteinis, kaptainis: Kapitan /vide Rotmi[trsz/ porucznik /Hetman. Captain SD’, Capitein Captain Lex, Capitain. Captain, io. MCI, Captain, Hauptmann, Captain, nio, ra. Szymtnik, co. M. R, Hauptmann, Capitain, Kapteinis, nio. Szimtininkas, ko, Wyrefnis ant Zalneriu R, Capitain Kaptainis B, [Haupt] Ambts Pillonis, Szimtininks, Pulkawnink’s. Kaptainis Captain B; Corporal: Corporal Karprolus Lex, Rottmeister Karprolus Lex, Corporal Karprolus Richt, Rott Meister Desetkininkas, Karprolus B; Crown Prince: Fahnrich Crown Prince Lex, Fahnrich Crown Prince, o. M. CII, Fahnrich Crown Prince, co. M. R, Karunininks, ko, ein Fahnrich, Fahnenjunker R, Fahnrich Karunininkas O, Fahnreich Karuninink's B, Cornett Carunininkas Richt, Raitelis Karuninis, ko, mM, plg. dar chorqiy /[ignifer, vexillifer, karuz a fis SD"; leitmonas: Leutenambtleitmonas Lex, LeutenantLeutmonas, o. M. Paruczininkas C ll, Lieutenant. Leutmon's; Paruczinink’s a Pol. Lieutenant B, plg. K. Sirvydo lieutenant /Subcenturio, vicarius centurion. Wietinikas simiininko SD’; 35