Literatūros mokslo terminų antonimija 1922–1942 m.

ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ The Institute of Lithuanian Language has identified a crucial stage in the development of the terminology of literary science — the third and fourth decades of the 20th century, when the current Lithuanian terminology of this branch of science was rapidly developed and created. One of the semantic phenomena related to the system of terms is antonym. This article aims to review the main aspects of the antonym of the terminology of literary science of that period. Antonyms were searched in the most important and large textbooks of literary theory and history of universal literature (see list of sources). The first Lithuanian textbook of literary theory —K. Bizausko Literatūros teorija (more precisely — third supplemented and revised edition (1922); the first two of much smaller volume), as well as other significant special works of literary theory: M. Gustaitis- ’s Stylistika (2nd ed., 1927), J. Norkau’s Literatūros teorija (3rd ed., 1930) and J. Ambrazevičius’s Literatūros teorija (4th ed., 1938); works on the history of universal literature —V. Dubo textbook (1st ed., 1923; 3rd ed., 1931) and the two-part Universal Literature by J. Ambrazevičius, J. Grinius and A. Vaičiulaitis (4th ed., 1942). The latter textbook, only with a slightly different title, was published in 1931—1932 (the chosen fourth edition differs little from the second: 1—1934; 2—1935; 3—1936; 4—1937; 5—1938; 6—1939; 7—1940; 8—1941; 9—1942; 10—1943; 11—1944; 12—1945; 13—1946; 14—1947). 2 (1939). Antonyms, unlike terms of other semantic categories — synonyms, polysemantic terms — are not criticized or questioned by terminology theorists and practitioners. In particular, the antonym helps to realize one of the requirements of terms — systematicity and does not cause problems of use and related to it. The theory of antonyms of terms is based on the concept of antonym* in general linguistics. The basis of antonym terms consists of logical and semantic * More about the sources is written in the author’s articles published in Terminology (see no. 11, 12). * Kai kurie teoretikai bando vartoti iš dalies platesnę, iš dalies siauresnę nesuderinamumo, arba inkompatibilumo (vok. Inkompatibilitat, pranc. incompatibilité), sąvoką, dar vadinamą inkonimija, heteronimija, diahi134 Asta Mitkevičienė | Literatūros mokslo terminų antonimija 1922-1942 m. contradictions. Of course, not all terms opposed in the text are true (systematic) antonyms. An important (but not the only) characteristic of antonymous terms is correlation (correlates, according to K. Gaivenis, are “terms belonging to one category, but opposed by some essential characteristic”) (Gaivenis 1989: 101). Antonyms, as a group of correlates, are mentioned in Russian terminology (see, for example, Huxuruna 1987: 85, 1996: 16). Antonyms of terms are related to the dichotomy of concepts and binary classification (Gaivenis 1989: 100; /laBposa 1979: 55) and less to hierarchical or other classification of concepts (Gaivenis: ibid.). In Lithuanian terminology, as in general linguistics, antonym is usually considered to be the ratio of units of the same level of language. However, in terms of terminology, this semantic phenomenon, in the opinion of K. Gaivenis, has some peculiarities (see ibid.: 102). In the terminology literature, the boundaries between antonym and non-antonymous terms are not always drawn in the same places (especially when it comes to the antonym of compound terms). In her terminology glossary, R. Kvašytė distinguishes a group of terminological antonyms, which consists of antonyms that acquire opposite meanings in the terminology system, such as written language and spoken language, alongside lexical and constructive antonyms (Kvašytė 2005: 12; also cf. Andriuškaitė 2001: 72-74). In Russian terminology, there are also proponents of a broad concept of the antonym of terms, when the semantics of the words that make up the terms are not considered (see, for example, Hukuruna 1997: 67). In the dictionaries and glossaries of foreign terminology (GTT; PTT) antonym terms are simply defined as opposite terms, naming of opposite concepts, without indicating their specificity or any limits. This article will take a traditional approach to antonyms. Thus, such terms of literary science found in the sources, as folk lyric — literary lyric Biz 167, oratory works — written works Nor 10, folk song — individual song Am 109, etc., are not considered antonyms, although the basis of their emergence — binary division of concepts- .” The characteristic by which one phenomenon is distinguished from another, according to binary classification, does not always imply the emergence of antonyms (/lasposa 1979: 57). Sometimes associative terms can be confused with antonyms. The term is often used in the context of anthropomorphism, but it is often confused with the term antropomorphism. V. Danilenko, one of the first Russian terminologists to pay more attention to the term pony; The opposites of cohiponims (the more common equons) are also characterized by contrariness. less often, contradiction (see MLS 1993: 270). However, this is not a common view. * They could at least be perceived as contextual (situational) antonyms. Terminology | 2006 | 13 135 antonyms, provides examples of either mono-word antonyms or simply antonym adjectives that go along the secondary elements of terms (HJanunenko 1977: 80-81). In the textbook of terminology by B. Golovin and R. Kobrin, antonyms are defined as words (I'onosun 1987: 58). Traditionally, the antonym of compound terms as syntactic units arises from the antonym of lexical units (the words that make them up). In linguistics, the antonym of syntactic constructions is considered a derivative phenomenon (see PAD 2003: 29). It is probably no coincidence that most of the linguistic dictionaries and encyclopedias refer only to antonyms (see KTŽ; CODL; CEL; LST; Axmanosa 1996 and others). The main conditions for the use of antonyms in the language, distinguished in the syntactic aspect, are regular context and constant lexical relationships (Ermanytė 1995: 11). Compound antonyms clearly satisfy the second condition — their elements are linked by constant lexical connections. It can be argued that in literary texts another condition is also not violated —both antonyms are often used in the same sentence or at least in adjacent ones (cf. A period is called continuous if it comprises only one thought, and composite if it comprises the union of two or more thoughts, which are divided between rise and fall Biz 35; Finally, Shakespeare combines in the same work the lineal language with the non-lineal language AG 229) (ref. in the source — A. M.). In the case of adjectives, they are divided into conjunctives (adjectives) and non-conjunctives (adjectives). As we will see, in the terminology of literary science, in addition to the actual (own) terms of literary science (prose — poetry), the general terms of science (analysis — synthesis) and art (fantastic element — realistic element), linguistics (consonant — non-consonant) terms, etc., are also connected by antonym relations — an integral part of the terminology of literary science. Non-common-root antonyms in literary science are supported by four types of opposites: contradictory (complementary), contrary, vector and conversinés®. In the Encyclopedia of Russian Terminology (Tarapiuos 2006: 17) the complementary type of antonyms is usually distinguished from the contradictory. In Lithuanian linguistics (and terminology) the antonyms of contradictory and complementary opposition are combined into one group, because it is believed that contradictory opposition is characterized by complementarity (see Ermanytė 1995: 9-10). In general, in linguistics, the types of opposites are not distinguished on the same basis. The basis of the vector opposition can be either contradictory or contrary opposition (see. PHO 2003). 136 Asta Mitkevičienė | Antonyms of Literary Science Terms 1922—1942 is associated with the dichotomy of concepts, and the contrary — with the boundaries of the concepts of the term field (Kazlauskaitė 2004: 212, 215; Andriuškaitė 2001: 68-69). It is difficult to distinguish strictly between terms named on the basis of contradictory opposition and antonyms based on contradictory opposition. It is usually considered whether there is a middle member (appointed on the same basis) or not. In contrast, non-consonant antonyms usually express a contradictory opposite. Monosyllabic antonyms of contradictory opposites (A, —A’) are roots of foreign origin, e.g.: analytic — synthetic AGV 266, analysis — synthesis Gus 156, archaism — neologism Biz 43, Gus 19, Nor 20, Am 34, deduction Gus 154 — induction Gus 161, objectivity Dub, 376, AGV 6 — subjectivity Dub, 118, AG 131, optimism Dub, 72, AG 211 — pessimism Dub, 51, Dub, 271, AG 44, poétics Biz 129 — prose Biz 98, poetry Gus 4, Nor 4, Dub, 308, Am 23 /poézia Biz 32 "fiction, visual literature"® — prose Biz 32, Gus 4, Nor 4, Dub, 308, Am 23 "non-fiction, non-visual literature" (cf. poetry in prose Biz 97, prose in poetry Biz 97), reality AG 256 "reality" — fantasy AG 256 "conception", realist Dub, 112, Dub, 115 — idealist Dub 99, Dub, 170, realism AG 254 — fantasy AG 253 fantastiSkumas®; of Lithuanian origin, e.g.: aiškumas —miglotumas AG 5, gyoumas AG 205 /ryškumas AG 205 —dryness AGV 6, įdomybė Dub, 49, Dub, 275 —boringness Dub, 70, senybé Nor 20 /senzodis Am 34 —newcomer Nor 20, Am 35, tikrovė —realization Nor 17; of different origin roots, e.g.: original Dub, 118, AG 195 —translation Dub, 40, Dub, 19, AG 198, tikrenybé Gus 103 —fantasy Gus 113, content Biz 15, Gus 5, Dub, 4, Dub, 3, Am 9, AG 47 —form Biz 15, Gus 4, Dub, 34, Dub, 45, Am 9, AG 47, etc. Two different oppositions link the same terms: prose Biz 80, Gus 4 "unlined language" —poems Biz 80 / verses Gus 4 "lined language", prose "unlined works" —poems Biz 94, Nor 6. Antonyms of single-word terms are derived from the antonyms of common language, or the antonyms have arisen in purely scientific language. The antonyms of the listed terms determine the relationship of the compound terms formed with them to the antonym sub-démens (such a relationship can be determined by adding the antonym sub-démens to the antonym sub-démens). The following symbols are used in this article: A, and A, —antonymous single-word terms or antonymous main or controlling elements of compound terms; a, and a,—antonymous combining parts of compound terms; x — the non-antonymous part of the term (in the case of polynomial terms — the part). In Lithuanian literature, the primary antonym opposition poetry — prose is “fictional, visual literature” — “non-visual, precise literature” (see TZZ 1936). In one of the sources of the period under consideration, poetry and prose (AG 212), in this case not terms, are also opposed with figurative meanings. Terminology | 2006 | 13 137 graphically represented A, —A, —A x —A x), e.g.: language of poetry —language of prose Am 26, theory of poetry Biz 129, Am 26 —prose theory Biz 98, Am 26, work of poetry Nor 4, Am 25 /work of poetry Biz 32 —work of prose Biz 32, Nor 4, Am 25; element of reality Dub, 214 —element of fantasy Dub, 187, Dub, 281, or the antonym of the compound terms is directly related to it (mononymous terms and elements of the corresponding compound terms are related) (can be expressed A, —A, > a,x —a,x), e.g.: analytical teaching method Biz 116 —synthetic method Biz 117, deductive reasoning —inductive reasoning Gus 155, poetic narration Nor 61 —prose narration Nor 67, objective narration —subjective narration Biz 153, original narrative —translational narrative Nor 67, poetic element —prose element Gus 107, poetic depiction —prose depiction Gus 79, realistic [historical novel] tendency —idealistic tendency AGV 163, real background AG 93 —fantasy background AGV 109, real travel description —fantastic travel description Gus 99, real environment —imagined environment AG 3, as well as poetic expression —prose expression Biz 31, poetic work —prose work Biz 48, poetic description —prose description Gus 101, poetic work —prose work Biz 94, etc. The antonyms of other compound terms are based on adjectives or participles of opposite meanings of various origins, with which more than one term is often formed. Lithuanian antonyms, passing through secondary elements of terms, express such contradictions of terms as general description "a group of similar objects is described" —separate description "one object is described" Biz 110, Gus 100, general theory of literature —separate theory of literature Biz 15, spiritual discourse "Related to religion" —worldly discourse "meshed with religion" Gus 168, superficial image —internal image Biz 130, sensual lyric —rational lyric Am 106, laughter of a sensual nature —laughter of a mental nature Gus 201, main novel —side novel Nor 70, main theme —side theme Am 78, positive protagonist —negative protagonist Nor 59, Am 82, direct meaning Biz 59, Nor 25 —translational meaning Biz 59 /translated meaning Nor 25, solid period —compound period Biz 35, solid sentence —compound sentence Gus 90, social motif Am 105 —personal motif Am 106 and so on. In addition, the sources also contain compound terms associated with antonymically related elements of foreign roots, e.g.: collective creation — individual creation It is often difficult to determine which are from the general lexicon and which belong to the special lexicon. 138 Asta Mitkevičienė | Antonyms of Literary Science Terms 1922—1942 AG 134, collective poetry —individual poetry Dub, 14, complicated character Dub, 210 —elementary character Dub, 112 /elementary character Dub, 187, concrete narrative —abstract narrative Am 82, antonyms of roots of different origin, e.g.: individual scene —collective scene AG 202, general style —individual style Gus 179, world history —ecclesiastical history Gus 142, etc. The opposite kinds are named according to various generalized characteristics, e.g.: “separate – general”, “unified – composite”, “religious – non-religious”, “good – bad”, “complex – simple”, etc. Compound terms with antonymous main démens form another case of terminology antonym. Their main démens are antonymal mono-word terms, such as character realism AG 229 — character unnaturalness AGV 81 (A, —A, -> xA, —xA,), or words not terminated in literary science, such as: proximity to life —distance from life Dub, 231, diversity [of thought expression] Biz 137 —uniformity of thought expression Biz 136, suddenness of events —slowness of events Am 52 (cf. sudden event —slow event Am 52), length of syllables —shortness of syllables Gus 59 (cf. long syllable —short syllable Gus 47, Am 68, long syllable —short syllable Gus 60, Nor 39, Am 68). The opposite elements of the other compound antonyms found may function as single-word terms, but this is not realized in the selected sources. Therefore, it is possible to speak only about compound antonyms, e.g.: expressional splendor — expressional simplicity AG 5 (Lithuanian antonym elements), psychological certainty AG 193 — psychological unnaturalness AGV 67 (antonimic elements of roots of different origin) and so on. Antonyms with the main elements of the opposite meaning do not differ in nature from the monosyllabic antonyms. Only conditionally to the group of non-consonant antonyms belong the antonyms work with fable —work without fable Am 78. It is possible to discuss the contradictory nature of some terms, for example, when the elements of antonymal terms are qualitative adjectives, e.g.: good actor — bad actor Nor 60, AGV 60, long sound — short sound Biz 81 (long sound — short sound Nor 39, Am 70), strong intrigue — weak intrigue Am 82, or derivatives of such adjectives, e.g.: character complexity — character simplicity Dub, 112, Dub, 187, sound length — sound shortness Gus 64, etc. In lexicology, such pairs of adjectives and their derivatives are considered antonyms of contrary opposites, but in literature the listed terms do not have a middle member (term). Apparently, it would be more accurateTerminology | 2006 | 13 139 sia to leave them to the antonyms of contradictory opposition. Among the antonym names of the aesthetic categories and the antonyms related to the aesthetic evaluation of the literary work, e.g.: beauty — ugliness Dub, 265, admiration Dub, 99 —ugliness Dub, 363, the names of moods, e.g.: joy Am 107, AG 131 —sadness Am 106, AG 128, rejoicing —sorrow AG 52, etc., it is also possible to discern both the features of contradiction and contradictoryness: these pairs of terms do not have equivalent intermediate members (terms), but the negation of one member does not yet contradict the statement of the other member, for example, what is not beauty is not yet ugliness, etc. The terms of literary science, which form a contradictory opposition, refer to quite different concepts, and their names can be assigned to several significant groups. The most eye-catching are the antonym names of properties. The terms of contradiction identify the edge concepts of the field of terms. This kind of opposition can be found among marginal terms naming various parts (pieces or text units) (the relationship “beginning — end”), e.g.: introduction Biz 117, Nor 11 /introduction Am 11, AG 241 —end Biz 117, Nor 11, Am 11 /conclusion Nor 11 /final AG 242, beginning (introduction, introduction) —end (conclusion) Gus 153, beginning of sentence —end of sentence Am 60, hint Dub, 37, AG 256 —node Dub, 236, AG 258 (drama hint —drama conclusion Biz 182, plot hint —intrigue conclusion Am 79) and so on. The tragedy Biz 185, Nor 58, Dub, 35, Dub, 175, Am 115, AG 13 and the comedy Biz 185, Nor 58, Dub, 115, Dub,241, Am 115, AG 13 are worthy of special attention. The literary theory of the period under consideration distinguishes three main genres of contemporary dramaturgy: tragedy, comedy and drama, and comedy and tragedy are edge concepts of the field of terms. Nevertheless, the basis for the emergence of these antonyms can be a contradictory opposition; for a long time tragedy and comedy were the main genres of drama. Formally speaking, the antonymal opposition links the species terms classical tragedy Biz 187 "antique tragedy" — classical comedy Biz 194 "antique comedy", pseudoclassical comedy Biz 195 — pseudoclassical tragedy Biz 190, etc., but their opposition is rather purely associative. Antonyms of the names of participants in literary processes tragic Dub, 105, Dub, 181, AG 60 “writer of tragedies” —comic Dub, 115, Dub, 191, AG 89 “writer of comedies- ”, antonyms of the names of characteristics tragism Dub, 161, Dub, 274 —comic Dub, 134, Dub, 66 are related to the antonyms of the terms tragedy and comedy. The related words of tragedy and comedy go by secondary elements of terms (A, —A, —ax —a,x), e.g.: 140 Asta Mitkevičienė | Literatūros mokslo terminų antonimija 1922—1942 m. tragic figure —comic figure AG 251, tragic mask —comic mask Biz 185, AG 56, tragic myth Dub, 175 /tragic myth Dub, 101 —comic myth Dub, 101, Dub, 175, tragic work —comic work Nor 47, but it is not always clear whether the contradiction arises from the primary or secondary meaning of the antonyms. There are not many non-consonant terms associated with the vector prefix Sybe in literary science, and they are not as varied. They are used to name events of opposite directions (the direction “up — down”), e.g.: rise of [period] —decrease of [period] Biz 34, Gus 89, rise of voice —decrease of voice Am 57, rise of action —decrease of action AG 246, as well as names of objects with properties of opposite directions, e.g. raised voice —decreased voice Gus 92. Verb antonyms question Am 55, AGV 156 and answer Am 55, AGV 157 are convertible. Antonyms are also associated with compound terms that differ only by the prefix no-(very rarely —with-), e.g.: conjugation mark —conjugation mark Gus 87, pure foot —unpure foot Am 67, extended [primary /secondary] member —unextended [primary /secondary] member Gus 93, extended sentence Gus 90 —unextended sentence Gus 89, interrupted action —continuous action AGV 82, meaningful word —meaningless word Am 76, vocal language —nonvocal language Biz 78, regular language Biz 38, Nor 18 —irregular language Biz 38, Nor 19, literal meaning —indirect meaning AGV 103 (of the actor), direct question —indirect question Gus 27, figurative word —non-figurative word Am 24 (antonyms of direct meanings of conjugated words); deep character AG 81 — shallow character AGV 169 (reverse transitive), etc. Some of the words in the secondary suffixes of some antonyms are obvious antonyms of terminology, e.g.: lineal language — non-lineal language Nor 6, Am 25, lineal epic — non-lineal epic Am 90, accentuated syllable — unaccentuated syllable Biz 83-84, Gus 47, Nor 40, Am 63, accentuated syllable — unaccentuated syllable Gus 47, etc. The opposite characteristics are also named by common roots (singular or compound) terms, e.g.: naturalness AG 202 “realistic” —unnaturalness AGV 38, intrigue complexity Dub, 203, Dub, 214 —intractability of intrigue Dub, 112, Dub, 187. The terms permanent epithet —non-permanent epithet Am 41 are considered quasi-antonimes — their opposition is relevant only in certain cases of use, e.g.Terminologija | 2006 | 13 141 jiui, when it is necessary to strictly distinguish and name opposite concepts. The sympathetic actor — the unsympathetic actor AGV 55 (cf. antipathic), the defaced word — the undefaced word Am 21 is only a simple negation, because, according to K. Gaivenis, in the case of an antonym, “the opposite of the lexical meaning formed by the negation must be symmetrical” (1989: 99). This denial is relevant to the terminology of literary science. Quasi-antonimes are also considered pairs: poetry Gus 4 "linear language" — non-linear Gus 147 "non-linear language" (see prose Gus 4 "non-linear language"), drama work — non-drama work Am 115, grammar conjunction — non-grammar conjunction Biz 83 — the second member of the pair only negates the first, and without it is irrelevant. The terms of Greek origin prologue Biz 183, Dub, 68, Am 113, AG 57 and epilogue Biz 183, Dub, 68, Am 113, AG 180 form a pair of antonyms due to prefixes of opposite meanings. Among the co-rooted and non-co-rooted antonyms there are enriched antonym terms (terms with enriched démens in the case of composite terms). The stanza of the terms “monophonic” based on Lithuanian antonym adjectives — the stanza of “polyphonic” Dub, 131, monosyllabic words — polysyllabic words Gus 40 (the relationship “one — many”); The antonym of Gus 60 (the ratio of "beginning to end"). Conditionally to the group of conjugative terms belong the following terms of Greek origin: sympathy—antipathy Nor 47, Am 24, AGV 6, monologue Biz 181, Gus 159, Nor 57, Dub, 149, Dub, 223, Am 80, AG 57 —dialogue Gus 160, Nor 57, Dub, 74, Dub, 131, Am 80, AG 57 /dialogue Biz 181. The latter pair of antonyms is interesting in that the accent mono-(meaning one, uniform) and the affix dia-(meaning reciprocity) are not opposites. With monologue and dialogue and their derivatives is formed a group of terms that are also mutually antonyms (A, —A, > xA, —xA, or A, —A, > ax —aX), e.g.: rhetorical monologue — rhetorical dialogue AG 81; monologue form — dialogical form Am 14, monological writing — dialogical writing Gus 98, etc. Individual progenitors of M. Gustaitis’s newcomer [period] “ascending part of the period” — the successor “descending part of the period” Gus 89 (cf. the progenitor and successor members Gus 92) are also linked by antonym. One of the characteristics of antonyms in terminology is the disappearance of antonyms in the general lexicon (Gaivenis 1989: 101, 102). In the terminology of literary science with the antonyms of the general vocabulary, masculine and feminine forms with142 Asta Mitkevičienė | Literary science terms antonym 1922—1942 m.