Lietuviški metaforiniai statybos terminai

The emergence of etaphoric terms is associated with the primary, or “Stichine”, stage of the formation of special lexicon, in which the nomination of terms is determined by subjective factors and the semantics of the language sign reflects the naive understanding of objects, properties, actions and processes. In the development of science and technology, the most important factor determining the creation of terms is not the correspondence of the concept and the word, but the analogy. New knowledge about the world is conveniently associated with familiar images “embedded” in the lexical meanings of words. Therefore, in the initial stage of the formation of special lexicon, the role of terms is played by common language words meaning according to various associations (Bonoguna 1997: 43). The importance of metaphorical nomenclature in emerging terminology systems is emphasized by cognitivists, who claim that metaphorical nomenclature is one of the main sources of terminology. Metaphor is an integral part of human cognition, thinking and an effective means of enriching the vocabulary. Despite the conditionality, the metaphor contains a sufficient amount of information and can perform the functions of the term. Often only metaphorical terms can convey the concept of an object, a phenomenon that does not have a fixed name (see HBura 2003: 46-49). Although the metaphorical way of naming concepts in construction terminology is not very productive (metaphorical terms in the sources examined do not make up even 1% of all terms), it is important to look at what metaphorical terms are characteristic of this traditional and long-forming field. The aim of the article is to clarify the expression of metaphorical terms, the prevailing methods of metaphorical transfer, the relationship of Lithuanian terms with terms of other languages. The material is collected from bilingual and multilingual dictionaries of construction terms. textbooks. The article examines 846 metaphorical terms. Before starting the analysis, it is worth mentioning that from a stylistic point of view, metaphorical terms are classified as linguistic metaphors. Linguistic metaphors, unlike artistic ones, are characterized by objectivity, lexical and contextual independence, systematicity, coherence, anonymity. They are self-evident and reproducible, used for various communication purposes, non-fictional and reflecting general objective logical relationships lexical units (KPP 2003: 324). Metaphors of this type are characterized by the 62 Robertas Stunzinas | Lithuanian metaphorical construction terms universality of the nomination, their general psycholinguistic feature — transfer of the name of one object (phenomenon) to another object (phenomenon) by similarity. This article focuses on two functional types of metaphors — nominative and sign metaphors. Nominative metaphors arise when one descriptive meaning is replaced by another, they are the source of homonymy (cited Ilpoxoposa 1996: 40). Nominative metaphors in the language of science originated from the terminated words of ordinary language. This type of metaphor in science is primary, because the objects of science referred to have no other names (see Huxuruna 1987: 37). In this article, nominative metaphors include metaphorical single-word terms, e.g., spike STŽ 188, composite terms with metaphorical basic démens, e.g., [crane] leg ALSTZ 25, and phraseological composite terms, whose metaphorical meaning derives from the whole compound, e.g., hearing threshold STŽ 547. In total, 784 nominative metaphors are examined. Metaphors of characteristics® identify characteristics of concepts that arise when comparing the properties of objects of different categories. Metaphors of signs in this article include metaphorical dependent elements of compound terms and metaphorical compounds of elements, e.g.: fungic [construction] ALSTŽ 79, hairy [clapping] STZ 418, “clover leaf” [sankryza] STZ. 497. In total, 62 metaphors of signs are examined. The metaphorical terminology of construction is anthropocentric — the measure of designation is the human being, his body structure, activity, everyday life. This is evident from the expression of metaphorical terms — in the group of nominative metaphors predominate names of parts of the human body, names of human physiological, mental actions, states and characteristics, names of household objects and social activities. There are fewer terms named with words denoting animal, plant and other nature concepts. Table 1 shows the number and ratio of metaphorical terms by noun groups. The type of nominative metaphors has been distinguished by N. Arutiunova (Hunxurnna 1987: 37; Npoxoposa 1996: 40). * Metaphors of signs should be classified as the type of metaphors of predicative signs (Hukuruna 1987: 37). Terminology | 2006 | 13 63 Table 1, Metaphorical terms of construction by groups of nouns Metaphorical terms Groups of nouns incl. % names of parts of the human body 86 (29)* 11 (21,2) names of physiological, mental actions, states and 121 (12) 15,4 (8,8) characteristics names of household and other objects 406 (53) 51,8 (38,7) names of human social activities 21(15) 2.7 (10,9) names of animal world objects 84 (21) 10,7 (15,3) names of plant world objects 41 (5) 5,2 (3,6) names of still life objects 25 (2) 3,2.(1,4) Total 784 (137) 100 From the presented data it is clear that in the metaphorical construction terminology there are many terms, jvardyty by the names of parts of the human body, e.g.: elbow ALSTŽ 246, [vamzdzio[alkiné ALSTŽ 124, grooves STZ 177, Įmediniai] grooves STŽ 140, 177, sole ALSTŽ 40, [tower] sole STŽ 376, hose STŽ 723, STZ 376, Jarmuotoji] hose STZ 723. There are often deminutives ivardyty scientific terms, e.g.: barzdelé ALSTZ 29, kumstelis RLSTZ 161, noselé ALSTŽ 45. Most of the metaphorical terminology consists of terms from words denoting various groups of objects: (a) names of cutlery, dishes, e.g. : Drill] spoon ALSTŽ 20, 314, skewer STZ. 188, Wood cutting] knife Dzed 22; (b) the names of working tools, e.g.: (rail) pliers ALSTŽ 60, drilling] hammer ALSTZ 117; (c) the names of clothing accessories, e.g.: belt ALSTŽ 39, collar STŽ 28, [safety] belt ALSTŽ 31; d) names of ornaments, household items, e.g.: well] ring* ALSTŽ 283, ring ALSTŽ 14, [marking] comb Dzed 14: (e) the names of foods, the number and ratio of synonyms shall be indicated in parentheses. These data are intended to show the diversity of expression of related terms. According to A. Sabaliauskas, "<...> the finger ring must first be associated with the verb žiesti 'to turn, to make out of clay'. For the original meaning of this Ring was “some round object, circle” (Sabaliauskas e.g.: [cement] milk STZ 409, [filtration] paplotis ALSTŽ 49, paplotis ALSTŽ 49, dough 1904: 387). 64 Robertas Stunzinas | Lithuanian metaphorical construction terms STŽ 641, crumbs STZ 663: f) names of buildings and their parts, e.g.: threshold (for water transfer) STZ 548, machinist] hut STZ 85, fruit mill Grig 142, thermal bridge ALSTŽ 44; (g) names of weapons, e.g.: arrow ALSTZ 39, insertion shield ALSTŽ 36, vibrating shell ALSTŽ 94; (h) names of musical instruments, e.g. : Įgegnių | string ALSTŽ 59, [winch] drum ALSTZ 26, STZ 85; i) furniture names, e.g.: [installation] cradle STZ 317, [pull] cabinet ALSTŽ 91; f) devicey, other accessories names, e.g.: foro] network ALSTZ 8, [self-propelled] trolley ALSTŽ 45. Available data shows that construction terminology is most often metaphorically named specific objects, but relatively rare are metaphors of actions, states and other phenomena (this is typical of many technical fields). In construction terminology, metaphorical nomination of abstract concepts took place according to: (a) human physiological states, e.g.: [asphalt] sweating ALS 34, Impact fatigue ALS 368, aging ALS 8; b) actions, e.g.: jump STZ 619, step (course) STZ 728; b) mental states or characteristics, e.g.: sensitivity ALSTŽ 297, memory STZ 50; ¢) domestic, social activities, e.g.: washing ALSTŽ 130, cutting (wood splitting method) Grig 39, [column] knocking STŽ 262, [Silumos | giving ALSTZ 51, 2adinimas ALSTZ 133. There are relatively few metaphorical construction terminology terms named by words denoting animal, plant and other nature concepts. Most of the terms in this group are named after animals, animal body parts and objects of the animal world, e.g. : In-crane] goat STŽ 375, [crane] snake STZ. 588, [building] wing STZ 558, horn ALSTZ 152, [hand] winch ALSTZ 371, track ALSTZ 20, snail ALSTZ 254; [electric lamp] socket STZ 317, [pipe insulating] shell ALSTZ. A small group consists of metaphorical terms from words denoting plants, objects of the plant world, e.g.: grain ALSTŽ 164, [flax] core STZ, 608, stem STZ 578, fpipe] branch ALSTŽ 42. Also rarely, terms are expressed by words denoting still-life objects, e.g. fcemento] stone Grig 230. According to S. Griniov, the metaphorization of the meanings of general words usually takes place first according to the external similarity of the objects to be named, and later — according to the similarity of the function (Tpunes 1993: 131). This law could also be applied to the metaphorical terminology of construction. A considerable number of metaphorical terms are characterized by the metaphorical transfer of the name according to the similarity of the form, Terminology | 2006 | 13 65 e.g.: [drill] head ALSTŽ 33, [loop] hair (carpet) Grig 249, foot Dzed 16, [crane] leg ALSTŽ 25, heel RLSTZ 119, [suspension] eyelet ALSTŽ 134, [wire] strand Grig 80. Metaphorical transfer of the name according to the similarity of the form is characteristic of metaphorical terms of all groupings, e.g.: [crane] drum ALSTŽ 26, STZ 85, [drill] spoon ALSTŽ 20, 314, grain ALSTŽ 164, cradle STZ 317, machinist] cabin STZ. 85, [safety] belt ALSTŽ 31, boom ALSTŽ 39, [well] ring ALSTŽ 283, [telephone] cabin ALSTZ 232; [concrete] sprayer STZ 588, horn ALSTZ 152, track ALSTZ 20, [Zérudio] scales Grig 219. Terms from words denoting food are characterized by metaphorical transfer of the name according to consistency, structure similarity, e.g.: [cement] milk STZ 409, flour STŽ 339, dough STŽ 641, crumbs STŽ 663. A group of terms is characterized by metaphorical transfer of the name according to the similarity of the function, e.g.: [rail] pad ALSTŽ 150, [rail] pliers ALSTŽ 60, [tower] pad STŽ 376, [grinding] hammer ALSTŽ 117, [pneumatic] hammer STZ 414, [ball] mill (wood cutting device) Grig 142, (self-propelled |] trolley ALSTŽ 45, inserting] panel ALSTŽ 36, fpipe insulating|] shell ALSTZ 86. True, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish the main pozymj of metaphorical transfer, because often transfers take place according to several related characteristics. In addition, the impressions caused by the object (phenomenon) also have a great influence. Metaphorical transfer according to various associations is mainly characteristic of terms derived from professionalisms, e.g.: swallow tail “cut-in way” Dzed 17, goat ALSTŽ 316 and phraseological Sudeten terms, e.g.: hearing threshold STZ 547, gearbox ALSTŽ 160, air network ALSTŽ 8, thermal bridge ALSTŽ 44. It is also difficult to classify according to the methods of metaphorical transfer and abstract metaphors. A common feature of such metaphors is that metaphorical transfer of the name may have taken place not according to one, but according to several, usually associative, conceptual features, e.g.: [winding] step STZ 728, [calcification] quenching Grig 132, trimming Grig 39, [supporting walls] step STZ 728. Regarding metaphorical construction terms, it should be said that in terms of novelty most of them are the result of secondary metaphorical nomination — metaphorism is also characteristic of ordinary words that designate scientific concepts. It is obvious that most of the metaphorical terms are formed according to the metaphorical models of the general lexicon, a large part of them can be borrowed from folk terminology, e.g.: elbow ALSTZ 246, foamzdžioJ] elbow ALSTŽ 66 Robertas Stunžinas | Lithuanian metaphorical construction terms 124, elbow“ 5.,bent spring of the brick, protruding far to the rear“: New-fashioned brick fitted on the elbows are stronger around Nm (LKŽ); Chimney] throat STZ 167, throat 3. “pit hole”: Cover the pit well so that the potatoes do not freeze Lš (LK Ž); [columns] length ALSTŽ 292, STZ 309, length 5. „main part of a tool, utensil“: Two yens are added to the vest [Zagrés] Uzg. (LK ŽŽ); fault STZ 408, [lever] fault STZ 409, fault 7. „part of the shoulder- “: The shoulder overturned, and one shoulder broke Grk (LKZ); [bégio] neck STZ 232, neck 4. EncIV1398 "part of the dagger by which it is attached to the dagger shank, leg": Dagger collar iron St. (LKZ); [drill] head ALSTŽ 33, head 8. „circular, heavier part of an object; the front; top, top“: Cibule head OG134 (LKŽ); footnote RLSTŽ 164, footnote 1. Klvr, Brt, Mrį, Šn. Krsn "part of the carriage connecting the axle to the ring and holding the wheel": The foot of the carriage connects the lushnapan with asim Brb (LKZ). Secondary metaphorical nominations are typical of all grouping terms, e.g. foblius's] knife Dzed 33, knife 2. Gl, Dks, Sd "part of a plough or a ploughshare": A knife is attached to the ploughshare Jz. (LKZ); Ball] mill (device for wood processing) Grig 142, mill 3. 1141. ^ "The 1141. Need to take trees to mill to cut Prk (LKZ); [vibrating] table RLSTŽ 39, table 2. Jdr, Pšš “a plate of a machine, tool or some device is lying there to help, to fix”: O kas an stalo padavinės [pédus[? Plm. Set the table up well, so that it will not turn over while it is in motion Kt. (LKŽ); arrow ALSTŽ 39, arrow 2. DŽ, NdŽ, Skp, Krn “reproduction, growth”: Medžias arrow allows Įn(Pnd) (LKŽ); Įgervės] drum ALSTŽ 26, STŽ 85, drum 3. ‘clay-blown vessel, leak’: there is still gas Y1 at the bottom of the drum. S. Dauk (LKZ), who puts his mead into the drums and gets stuck; grain ALSTŽ 164, grain 3. prk. ‘small particle, small amount, grain’: Salt grain K. Sand grain K1705 (LKZ); 375 pp., 11th ed. „stand with legs, on which are placed trees to be pulled“: Push the goat galan, ba the tree vožinas Ud (LKZ); [crane] jet STZ 588, jet 2. E, NdZ ‘snout of animal’ (LCZ); Meška RLSTZ 17, Meška 5. Ktk, Kp "a large device with a heavy tip for hitting balls, plowing clay and so on." : Pulling up, the bear unhangs, so that falling, the stakes will fall. Uzp (LKZ); horn ALSTŽ 152, horn 4. N, DŽ, Nd, Kin "the protruding top of the end of the boat or a place near it": Šėpies rūgas KI1154 (LKZ): Įrankinė] winch ALSTŽ 371, winch 3. ‘Leverage; lever pin, broken’: Nulūžo gérvé Brž (LK Ž); wing RLSTŽ 241, wing 2. LKAI129 (Tr, SI¢, Avl, Kzt, Lkm) "wheel scissors, forks, between * Examples with the values given are taken from LK Ze. 2006 | 13 67 kurių sukasi ritė": Su dantim sparneliai, kur siūlas uždėti Pb. Don't ask. 33, wing 4. K, LL230, NdZ, Zg, Ps. Ssk „windmill wind turning part plate, squeak“: [The mill/wings are so turning, even scary LKT265(RdN). It is true that some popular terms may have been derived from examples of terms in other languages. The name "Silver" may have been derived from silver. [Sagen]miihle “Jentpjūvė” (Kaulakienė 1991: 88). A significant part of metaphorical terms can be semantic borrowings, i.e. metaphorical meaning can be borrowed from terms of other languages. This can be said when one considers that more than three quarters (82.5%) of the metaphorical terms correspond to terms in other languages. Almost three-quarters (72%) of the terms named after parts of the human body correspond to foreign terms, e.g. [rail] head, vok. [Schienen]kopf, rus. zonoska [penvca] STZ 159; [drilling rig] leg — angl. leg fof boring tower], rus. noza [6yposoil eviuku] STZ 267; kakliukas —angl. neck, rus. weiika STZ 232; [lever] shoulder —rus. nzeuo [poiuaza] STZ 409. Other languages terms correspond to 85% of the objects named jvardyty terms, e.g. : Jakmeninis] bearing —ang]. [stone] bed, rus. [kamennas] nocmeno STZ 184; [grinding | hammer —german. [Bohr Jhammer, fr. marteau [de forage], rus. [6ypumbnbtii] mosomok STZ, 414; [hanging | cradle —engl. [suspension] cradle, rus. [nodsecnas] nova 317; (columns | collar). [column | collar, rus. sopomuuk [komonvt] STZ 28; [safety] belt —angl. [safety] belt. rus. [npedoxpanumenvuviii| nosic STZ 122; [taxophone] cabin —rus. 6ydka [maxcopona] STZ 85. Other language terms correspond to 82% of the natural world objects named jvardyty terms, e.g.: [concrete] straublys —rus. xatom [Ons nodauu Gemonnoii cmecu] STZ 588, gija strand STZ 168, [pastato] wing —engl. [back] wing, vok. [Gebdudelfliegel, rus. xpviio [sdanus] STZ 558, [cable] core —engl. [cable] core STZ 608, [column] socket —rus. 2nesdo [dns Kononnbi | STZ 317, crawler — engl. caterpillar ALSTZ 53. As many as 91% of metaphorical terms of abstract concepts correspond to terms of other languages. e.g.: [multicycle | fatigue —angl. [high-cycle] fatigue, vok. Ermiidung [at high load play], fr. fatique [multicyclic], rus. [mMuozoyuxnosas | yemanocmv STZ 368; [hydraulinis | šuolis —angl. [hydraulic] jump, vok. [hydraulischer| Sprung, rus. [cudpasnuueckuii] ckauox STZ 619; aging —angl. ag(e)ing ALSTŽ 8. Clear international values are phraseological metaphorical terms, e.g. : This is only about the metaphorical correspondence of elements. 68 Robertas Stunžinas | Lithuanian metaphorical construction terms cement milk — vok. Zementmilch, pranc. milk of cement, rus. yemenmmnoe monoko STZ. 409, hearing threshold. threshold of hearing, rus. nopoz cvnuumocmu STZ 547; gearbox —rus. The skull was not damaged by STZ 119. However, almost all identical terms are considered semantic borrowings. From the above comparison with folk terminology it is clear that some Lithuanian terms are fully motivated in their own language. The correspondence of Lithuanian and other linguistic terms should be explained by the universality of the metaphorical nomination and language contacts." According to A. Sabaliauskas, the name of the winch was given “not only to the levers of rural wells, which are now fading away, but also to the cranes that swing in the construction of big cities. As early as the 14th century, the Germans gave the name winch to the device for lifting cargo onto a ship (der Kran, the winch is now called der Kranich in German). The English crane has also long meant not only a winch, but also a device for lifting weights. And the first to name such a device by the name of a bird were probably the Greeks: their géranos is both a “winch” and a “device for lifting weights” (Sabaliauskas 1994: 97). For the sake of curiosity, it can be mentioned that some non-coinciding terms also have metaphorical nominations, for example: crane —rus. JreGėdka STZ 167, meška —rus. 66a RLSTŽ 17, goat. horse STZ 375, [suspension] ear —engl. [lifting] eye ALSTŽ 134, [pressure] jump —angl. [pressure] kick STZ 619, fvamzdyno] alkuné—rus. KoJreno [mpy6Gonposoda] STZ 18. Regarding metaphors of signs, it should be said that metaphorical nomination of signs in construction terminology mainly takes place according to the characteristics of household objects and objects of the animal world, and much less often — according to the characteristics of the structure of the human body, physical states and characteristics, vegetation and still nature objects. "The 2000s in the field of metaphysics". From the expression of specific terms it is clear that most often the dependent elements are named by the external similarity to: a) a household item, e.g.: balniškoji Jatrama] ALSTŽ 87, 330, katiliškoji [įgriuva] STZ 189, pjautuviškoji [arka] RLSTŽ 12, pjūkliškasis [buolis] ALSTŽ 286, forkutiškoji Įdetalė] STZ 117, komkiškasis [įkirtis] ALSTZ 64, vėduokliškasis [bridge] ALSTZ 44; b) a musical instrument, e.g.: drum [boiler] ALSTŽ 294, trimithic [crossed] STZ 498, bell [part] ALSTŽ 111; (c) a plant, part of a plant, fungus. e.g.: eglutiškoji [perriša] ALSTŽ 39, grybiškoji 7 It is believed that construction terminology, as well as all technical terminology, was considerably influenced by Russian and German languages. * The table compares only different expressions of metaphors of signs. Terminology | 2006 | 13 69 Table 2. Sign metaphors in construction terminology by concept areas Sign metaphors Concept areas incl.% human body structure 7 11.3 human physical state and characteristics 7 11.3 household sphere 27 43.5 animal world 15 24.3 plant world 4 6.4 still nature 2 3.2 Total 62 100 [perdanga] STŽ 401; d) a natural object, e.g.: marble [rot] RLSTŽ 61, cellular [radiator] STZ 466; (e) a part of the human body, e.g. hair [pleiséjimas] STZ 418; (f) an animal, part of an animal, e.g. a butterfly roof STŽ 583. The most typical expression of the metaphorical elements of this group are the derivatives of the adjectives -iškas, -iškas, -inis, -inė. Cases of compound adjectives and noun pronoun expression are rare, e.g.: vilkaausis [stoglangis] STZ 585, „klavilo lapo“ [kryžius] STZ 497. Similarity to a food product (colour, consistency) is indicated by the noun's prefix, e.g. coffee [shade| Dzed 11, sour cream [consistency] Grig 268. Often the dependent elements metaphorically refer to surface features, e.g.: toothed [hammer] ALSTZ 169, [breaker] with paw ALSTŽ 24, fingered [cobra] STŽ 263, broad-footed Įpamatas] STŽ 384, winged Jverzlé] ALSTZ 232, RLSTŽ 22. In other cases, the signs arising from various associations (similarity of form, function) with the objects named by the reference words are indicated. Here the suffixes -inis, -inė are predominant, e.g.: kurminis [drainage] ALSTZ 115, blistering [foundation] ALSTŽ 35, sliekinis [sliding] STZ 250, spinal [wall] STZ 508. There are few cases of metaphorical naming of signs according to physical states, actions, e.g.: saturated [steam] ALSTŽ 318, standing forum] ALSTZ 10, crawling farka] STZ 43, stepping [excavator] ALSTŽ 362. It is noteworthy that the metaphorical nomination of signs in other languages has in many cases taken place according to the same signs. It is believed that Lithuanian accents can be made according to examples of terms in other languages, e.g. : 70 Robertas Stunžinas | Lithuanian metaphorical construction terms