Kalbotyros terminai vidurinės mokyklos lietuvių kalbos vadovėliuose

234 Vocabulary Terms in Lithuanian Secondary School Textbooks R I T A K A T E L Y T E Institute of Lithuanian Language One of the theoretical tasks of terminology science is to determine communication of specialists (Grinev, 2000). the development of term knowledge, as well as the training and 1993: 12). This task includes not only the special fields of science – the education of scientific knowledge begins in secondary school. Bendrosioseprogramoseirišsilavinimostandartuose akcentuojamas įgyjamų mokslinių žinių moksliškumas, t. y. žinios turi būti „patikimos, teisingos, sistemingos, integruotos, atskleidžiančios įvairiapusius tikrovės reiš-čios įvairiapusius tikrovės reiš-ios įvairiapusius tikrovės reiš-įvairiapusius tikrovės reiš-vairiapusius tikrovės reiš-ės reiš-s reiškinių ryšius ir sąveikas“ (Bendrosios programos ir išsilavinimo standartai, 2003, p. 10). In secondary school Lithuanian language textbooks are used terms from various fields (linguistics, literary science, stylistics, methodology and other fields), so this study is interesting because it allows to examine the origins of education – starting from primary education in general education school. This article analyzes the linguistic terms in Lithuanian textbooks for grades III–XII. The main aim of the article is to show the amount of use of different linguistic terms in Lithuanian textbooks, the formation of systems of linguistic terminology areas and their change in the educational process. Material collected from 18 different Lithuanian textbooks, which were selected in random order. The selected textbooks reflect the teaching contents specific to the concentrations presented in the Common Programmes and Educational Standards. Vocabulary Terms in Primary Schools Primary education is the beginning of the general education system. The main objective of the educational system is to develop language competence as a continuation of the language competence acquired in preschool education. General values and didactics are also formed. The main aspects of language competence are Rita Katelytė | Kalbotyrosterminaividurinėsmokyklos... Terminology | 2008 | 15 235 Development of binary communication, ability to read and write, reader traits, elementary knowledge of all language domains. In the general programmes and educational standards it is proposed to teach (to learn) to read, think, create in the Lithuanian language textbooks for grades III-IV. After moving to the higher concentration, students must have learned phonetics and sentence theory, must distinguish the meaningful parts of the word, be familiar with the parts of speech - verb, noun, adjective. The common curricula and educational standards emphasize that the content of the curricula consists of language and literature education – integral parts of the educational process. However, the terms of linguistics used in Lithuanian language textbooks are examined separately from those of literary science, methodology and other fields. The textbooks of Lithuanian language for grades III–IV contain 435 different terms of linguistics, literary science and methodology. The terms of this concentration comprise 48% of all terms. This shows that sufficient linguistic competence is developed, understanding of practical phonetics, grammar (morphology and syntax), lexicon and text-building tools is deepened and the ability to apply it in practice. Linguistic terminology of Lithuanian language textbooks for grades III–IV (a total of 212 terms) consists of phonetics and accentology (20), morphology and word formation (118), syntax (30), lexicology (19), general and other fields (language history, dialectology, etc.) terms (25), e.g.: voice intonation, softness of consonants, consonant similarity, syllable; person, common noun, adjective genus, minor noun, adverbial noun; questioning sentence, main part of sentence, intonation of sentence, factor; antonym, synonym, foreignness, word meaning; alphabet, Altay dialect, linguistics, elementary. THE TERMS OF THE LOWLANDS (V–VIII) CLASS CONCENTRATORS The most important objective of basic education is communication competence, which is understood as “the ability to express, perceive and interpret thoughts, feelings, facts orally and in writing in various social contexts” (Common Programmes and Educational Standards 2003: 127). In order to achieve comprehensive harmony of the language system, all types of language activities – speaking, listening, reading, writing – are equally important. The Lithuanian textbooks for grades V-VI are designed for language teaching. 236 All language education consists of all kinds of language activities, on the basis of which the General Programs and Educational Standards for Higher Grades are drawn up. The language is taught through text, but there is also a lot of attention to grammar. The noun, adjective and verb are taught, the basics of word formation are presented. It also teaches to discuss, write an essay, summarize, edit the text. A large part of the language science terms are brought from the concentrate of the primary classes to the V class. This can be said, bearing in mind that almost half of the linguistic terms in the V grade textbook are already used in the concentrate of primary classes. Of the 327 linguistic terms in this textbook, 161 terms are used in the concentrate of primary classes. V–VI klasių vadovėliuose vartojamas 741 terminas, iš kurių 461 yra kalthe term of the botrytis. In the terminology of linguistics in grades V–VI, the most abundant is the field of morphology and word formation terms (208), e.g. : adjective noun, future tense, plural, conjunctive, transitive, adverb. Syntax (70), phonetics and accentology (69), lexicology (59), general and other terms (55) are almost approximate, e.g.: circumstance of manner, parallel connection of sentences, indicative sentence, compound conjunctive sentence; right accent, sound combination, long syllable pronunciation, intonation, root vowel change; antonym, phraseology, homonym, loanword, international word; Hawaiian language, sound science, language history, morphology, main unit of text. The basis of the Common Programmes and the Educational Standards is almost identical in the concentration of grades VII-VIII, the four main types of language activity – speaking, listening, reading, writing – remain the most important, because the essence of concentration is to constantly repeat, expand and deepen the knowledge already acquired. The Lithuanian language textbooks for grades VII–VIII deepen the existing knowledge about the verb and verb forms. Public speaking and oral language skills are developed. Extended syntax section. The section on stylistics provides the most essential theoretical material. Phonetics teaching(s) continues. The concept of word combination and sentence is repeated, the understanding of a cohesive sentence is developed, explaining in detail all the parts of the sentence, their expression and use peculiarities, the characteristics of homonymous sentence parts, insertions, comparative expressions and their distinction. In Lithuanian language textbooks for grades VII–VIII there are 745 terms, of which 500 are linguistic terms. It was observed that 43.2% of the Classes VII-VIII conRita Katelytė | Kalbotyrosterminaividurinėsmokyklos... Terminology | 2008 | 15 237 of the Centre’s linguistics terms are used in the lower concentration, in grades V–VI, and 56.8% of the terms are new. The most abundant in the terminology of VII-VIII grades are the areas of morphology and word construction (253) and syntax (109), e.g.: personal pronoun, impersonal verb, adjective, adjective, copulative number; circumstance of manner, grammatical center, chain of sentence connection, pure conjunct, conjugation mark. Much less are the areas of phonetics and accentology (61), lexicology (26) and other terms (51), e.g.: adjective preposition, intonation, left accent, fourth accent, free accent, front vowel; antonym, barbarism, polysyllabic word, phraseology, synonymic form; peculiarities of the Altay dialect, the science of the sounds of the language, the way of linking paragraphs, adjective, Southern Altay dialect. KLASIŲ KONCENTRE The Lithuanian language textbooks for grades IX–X are designed to introduce the basics of the phonological, grammatical and lexical structure of the language, the basics of linguistics. The aim is to develop strong skills of correct pronunciation and spelling, spelling and punctuation, words, their forms and constructions. The material of the Lithuanian language textbooks for grades IX–X is focused on the pupils’ communication ability, the development of linguistic awareness and practical use of spoken and written language. 1335 terms were found in Lithuanian language textbooks for grades IX–X, of which 800 are linguistic terms. 33.75% of the terms of this concentrate are used in the lower, VII-VIII class concentrate, and 66.25% are new. In the linguistic terminology of these classes, the most abundant is the field of general and other terms (260), e.g.: church Slavic language, dialect, basics of linguistics, written word, rhetorical function; smaller are the fields of morphology and word construction (174), syntax (140), phonetics and accentology (125), lexicology (101), e.g.: adjective of the highest degree, general noun, participant, plural, prefix, active participant; unconjugated sentence, participle, quantity circumstance, mixed compound sentence, compound connective sentence; right accent, muted consonant, movable accent, pronounced last syllable, soft consonant, preposition; antonym, Baltic water name, barbarism, sound word, hydronym, homonym. 238 THE TERMS OF THE HIGHEST (XI–XII) KLASIŲ KONCENTRE The development of Lithuanian language textbooks for grades XI–XII includes all four types of linguistic activity: speaking, listening, writing, reading. The main focus is on reading and writing, with less on speaking and listening. In Lithuanian language textbooks for grades XI–XII 1151 terms were found, of which 427 are linguistic terms. 62.5% of the terms of this concentrate are used in the lower concentrate of classes IX-X, and 37.5% of the terms are new. The most abundant terminology in these classes is in the fields of general and other terms (169) and morphology and word formation (125), e.g.: administrative writing, multilingualism, phonetics, lexicology; adjective of the upper degree, third person of the past tense, plural form, derivative form of the verb, quantitative numeral, originator.There are much fewer terms in the fields of syntax (83), lexicology (67), phonetics and accentology (28), e.g.: conjugation mark, insertion, affirmative sentence, syntactic construction, point of a compound connective sentence; household lexicon, homonym, lexical alienation, lexical synonym, new construction, dominant of the synonym sequence; production of articulated sounds, differential intonation, phonetic figure, logical interjection, melodic structure of the phrase. The presentation of definitions of vocabulary terms in Lithuanian language textbooks for secondary schools depends on the level of education of the pupils. In primary school textbooks, the terms are defined almost one by one. The pronounced syllables of the terms to be defined are highlighted, the definitions themselves are given without scientific explanations, e.g. : a conversation between two or more actors in a play, where one asks and the other answers, is a dialogue; a word that tells what the actor of the sentence does, did, used to do, or will do is a preposition; nouns change their endings when answering the questions who? what? to whom? what? with whom? where? (where?). The textbooks for grades V–VI contain more definitions of linguistic terms. The definitions are concise, the explanations are not scientific, but comprehensive. The terms explained are emphasized, most of them are also conjugated, for example: the end part of a word, which varies depending on other words, is called the end; actual nouns mean the names of individual (specific) persons or objects; a multi-meaning word is a word that has several meanings, etc. VII–VIII grades handbook Rita Katelytė | Kalbotyrosterminaividurinėsmokyklos... Terminology | 2008 | 15 There are even more definitions of terms in the 239 volumes. In the textbook for class VIII, the definitions of terms are formulated scientifically, the explanations are detailed and long, e.g.: orthopepy – this is a part of the science of phonetics, the task of which is to determine the norms of pronunciation, to foresee possible violations of them; preposition is a non-independent invariable part of speech, which usually goes with a vowel and shows the relationship of the vowel word with other words; such verbs that have only the 3rd person form and do not mean any person are called impersonal. In the textbooks for higher classes, there are even more definitions of linguistic terms. Most of the defined terms are consonant, the definitions are scientific and detailed, often coinciding with the definitions of terms in the K. Gaivenis and S. Keinis Kalbotyros terminų žodynas (1800 kalbotyros terminų; V., 1990), e.g.: particle is an invariable part of speech that gives sentence or its parts additional semantic shades; dialectology – the science that studies dialects; consonant – stronger pronunciation of one syllable in a word. In upper-class textbooks, even more terms are presented with definitions. For example, in V. Salienė and A. Smetona’s textbook Lithuanian language: XI–XII classes, almost all linguistic terms are presented with definitions from various encyclopedias, reference books, dictionaries. At the end of the textbook there is an explanatory glossary of the most important terms, in which all terms are emphasized and interspersed, e.g.: paragraph – a text unit that represents one final thought of the text; part of the text that begins with a new line; stylistics – the science of style and its means; tèxt – printed, written or spoken work in oral form, its fragment; a sequence of words forming a certain whole, spoken or expressed graphically (in writing), recorded on a disc, tape recorder or the like. CONCLUSIONS After analyzing 2445 linguistic terms from eighteen secondary school Lithuanian language textbooks, it was observed that the number of terms in different concentrates differs significantly. In the concentrate for primary classes 212 linguistic terms are used, for grades V–VI – 461, for grades VII–VIII – 500. Most of the linguistic terms are used in the concentrate of classes IX–X – 800. In the highest, XI–XII concentrate, 472 linguistic terms are Iš visų kalbotyros terminų sričių gausiausia yra morfologijos ir žodžių used. the scope of the terms of work. The terms of this field are most common in all concentrates, except for the highest classes. Terms that move from a lower concentration to a higher concentration make up 37% of all linguistic terms examined. The most significant transition in terms of linguistics is from VII–VIII to IX–X concentrated textbooks. 240 The definition of vocabulary terms depends on the level of education of the students. In the primary classes, the definitions of terms in the textbooks are individual, in the lower classes, the terms are defined scientifically. In upper-class textbooks, linguistic terms are often defined in the same way as in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms, and in upper-class textbooks, the terms are defined encyclopedic. SOURCES Čepaitienė G., Palubinskienė E. Lithuanian language: for VII class. Kaunas, 2000. 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Kvietkauskas, Vilnius, 1985. Dictionary of International Terms. Red. A. Kinderys. Vilnius: Vilnius University Press, 2001. Vaitkevičiūtė V. Dictionary of International Words. Vilnius, 2001. Гринев С. Введениевтерминоведение. Москва, 1993. Retrieved 2008-11-28. Rita Katelytė Institute of Lithuanian Language P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 E-mail: r[email protected] Rita Katelytė | Kalbotyrosterminaividurinėsmokyklos...