Lietuviški Vinco Kudirkos medicinos terminai

The Lithuanian Medical Terms of Vincas Kudirka For the 150th anniversary of Vincas Kudirka’s birth Almost every step in a person’s life is connected with a mention of health. We only rarely remember precious things. V. Kudirka. Varpas PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language X At the end of the 19th century, the Lithuanian national revival movement accelerated the publication of Lithuanian printed works. Popular medical booklets and articles in newspapers and calendars became more numerous. Prominent Lithuanian physicians and public figures Juozas Bagdonas (1866–1956), Jonas Basanavičius (1851–1927), Kazys Grinius (1866–1950), Stasys Matulaitis (1866–1956), Adomas Sketeris (1859–1916), Jonas Šliūpas (1861–1944), Antanas Vileišis (1856–1919), and others provided people with information on health and treatment. Among them was also Dr. Vincas Kudirka (1858–1899). Jonas Staugaitis (1868–1952), who had known V. Kudirka since his student days at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Warsaw, wrote that V. Kudirka was an experienced physician, worked with modern medical instruments, collected medical literature, and regularly read medical newspapers in Polish and Russian. From V. Kudirka’s writings, J. Staugaitis gathered the requirements he set for “physicians in general and Lithuanian physicians in particular” (Staugaitis 1925: 43). V. Kudirka proclaimed this ideal of a physician: “A physician must be honest, neither deceitful nor exploitative, a fair-minded colleague, well equipped with medical knowledge, not confined to one narrow medical specialty but sufficiently educated in other branches of science as well, a passionate lover of his homeland, a zealous educator of the people, and an awakener of national consciousness among the nation” (Staugaitis 1925: 43). V. Kudirka himself was precisely such a physician. V. Kudirka published little in the field of medicine—under the pseudonym Higienos tarna on the newspaper Varpas, he published four medical articles on hygiene— 142 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Lietuviški Vinco Kudirkos medicinos terminai “Tea,” “Coffee” and “Tobacco” in 1889, and “Alcohol and Alcoholism” in 1895. In the words of J. Staugaitis, “all these writings are composed in very lively and vivid language, understandable and accessible to the general public”; and although they were written quite a long time ago, they “do not in the least conflict with current hygienic science concerning these things” (Staugaitis 1925: 33). It should be noted that during the period when V. Kudirka edited Varpo, only popular medical literature was published, and these articles of his were written for ordinary people. V. Kudirka’s medical writings discussed here represent only a small episode in his extensive public and cultural activity. The subject of this descriptive article is medical terms of Lithuanian origin1, which make up slightly more than two-thirds (70%) of all the medical terms in the aforementioned articles by V. Kudirka. Thus, most of the medical terms are of Lithuanian origin. Two-fifths (40%) of these terms are used in the language of contemporary medical science, although some differ in spelling and compound terms in the order of their components. These are: 1) names of body parts and organs, as well as the fluids they produce: eye2 VrpKdr 1889 4 60, VrpKdr 1889 10 152, VrpKdr 1889 1 8, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 155, VrpKdr 1895 11 174, tear VrpKdr 1889 4 60, ear VrpKdr 1889 3 41, mouth VrpKdr 1889 8 120, VrpKdr 1889 9 139, VrpKdr 1889 3 40, tooth VrpKdr 1889 11 168, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 9 139, head VrpKdr 1889 1 9, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 10 153, VrpKdr 1889 11 168, VrpKdr 1895 11 175, brain VrpKdr 1889 10 153, VrpKdr 1889 1 9, throat VrpKdr 1889 10 152, vein VrpKdr 1889 9 139, kidney VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, forehead VrpKdr 1889 3 41, liver VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, leg VrpKdr 1889 1 9, VrpKdr 1889 2 25, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, blood VrpKdr 1889 9 139, VrpKdr 1889 1 9, VrpKdr 1889 10 152, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 4 60, VrpKdr 1889 11 168, chest VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 10 152, body VrpKdr 1889 1 Besides medical terms of Lithuanian origin, V. Kudirka used loanwords and terms of mixed origin (one-word hybrids and compound terms with components of different origins). Loanwords make up 20 percent of all the terms in V. Kudirka’s articles. Many of them are international words that are still in use today, for example: alcoholism, bacterium, dextrin, physiology, hallucination, hygiene, idiocy, caffeine, convulsion, medicine, nicotine, pathology, protein, psychiatrist, psychiatry, pulse, scurvy, tannin, therapy, etc. Terms of mixed origin are the least numerous (only 10%), for example: arterial wall, chronic inflammation, nervous systems, ethereal oil, abdominal catarrh, sexual organ, magnesium salt, organism tissue, mental illness, reflex sensitivity, tobacco intoxication, tobacco dizziness, zoopic hallucinations, etc. 2 Terms are presented in their authentic spelling (in alphabetical order), in the singular nominative form, which in most cases has been reconstructed. Terminologija | 2008 | 15 143 3 40, respiratory tract VrpKdr 1889 10 152, lip VrpKdr 1889 8 120, VrpKdr 1889 9 139, nose VrpKdr 1889 4 60, VrpKdr 1889 3 40, skin VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, diaphragm VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, stomach VrpKdr 1889 1 9, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 8 120, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, sweat VrpKdr 1889 3 41, hand VrpKdr 1895 11 174, VrpKdr 1889 1 9, VrpKdr 1889 2 25, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, member [? -ys] VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, saliva VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 8 120, sputum VrpKdr 1889 9 139, VrpKdr 1889 10 152, face VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, cheek VrpKdr 1889 3 41, intestine VrpKdr 1889 2 25, VrpKdr 1889 3 41; neramumas VrpKdr 1889 3 41, sveikata VrpKdr 1889 1 8, VrpKdr 1889 3 40, VrpKdr 1889 11 168, sziluma VrpKdr 1889 1 9, VrpKdr 1889 2 25, žegsejimas VrpKdr 1889 3 41. Some terms were written inconsistently both within the same article and across different articles by V. Kudirka. Such spelling variation was generally one of the characteristic features of the periodical press of the late 19th and early 20th centuries (Palionis 1995: 238), for example: vodka VrpKdr 1889 11 168 / vodka VrpKdr 1895 11 173, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 155, tongue VrpKdr 1889 8 120, VrpKdr 1889 9 139 / tongue VrpKdr 1889 3 41, lungs VrpKdr 1889 10 152 / lungs VrpKdr 1889 10 152, VrpKdr 1889 1 8, VrpKdr 1889 9 139 / lungs [? -iai] VrpKdr 1889 3 40 / lungs VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, brain VrpKdr 1889 4 61, VrpKdr 1889 11 168 / brain VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, VrpKdr 1889 2 25, heart VrpKdr 1889 1 9, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 10 152 / hearts VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, intestines VrpKdr 1889 1 9, VrpKdr 1889 9 139 / intestines VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 9 139, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156. In V. Kudirka’s articles there are many Lithuanian-origin medical terms that are no longer used in contemporary medical language—they make up three fifths (60%) of all the terms. V. Kudirka used a number of Lithuanian names for body parts and organs (anatomical terms) that did not take root in contemporary medical terminology. These include the white of the eye, tear duct, tissue, gums, nerve, lump, vessel, connective membrane, pupil, abdominal membrane, membrane, pancreas, pleura, marrow. All these words are given in LKŽ in the meanings in which V. Kudirka used them, and illustrative examples from the aforementioned articles by V. Kudirka are recorded for most of them. Some of these words are used in everyday speech (white of the eye, duct, brain, lump, pancreas); others may have been neologisms of the time. J. Palionis, who studied the language of Varpas, considered the words connective membrane, pleura, marrow to be neologisms coined by V. Kudirka. In the researcher’s view, these were morphologically and semantically unsuccessful neologisms, which took root neither in the lexicon of Lithuanian literary language of that period nor in that of later times (Palionis 1952: 238–239). We shall therefore discuss the above-mentioned anatomical terms in V. Kudirka’s medical writings in somewhat greater detail. Part of the outer fibrous layer of the eyeball was called by the term white of the eye, for example: “Nevertheless, a person’s whole constitution indicates tobacco poisoning4. The face and w h i t e s o f t h e e y e s5 are yellow, the body is depleted, lethargy and 4 Here and elsewhere, the terms in the original are printed in italics. 5 In this and other sentences by V. Kudirka, the terms in spaced lettering are set by the author of this article. Terminologija | 2008 | 15 145 inability to work with the hands and head” VrpKdr 1889 3 41. According to LKŽe, baltymas “the white part of the eye” is attested in everyday speech—in Grūžiai (Pasvalys district) and Šėta (Kėdainiai district); it was also used by K. Sirvydas. In contemporary medical language, P. Avižonis’s term odena (Latin sclera) has been adopted, although white of the eye is also used in colloquial speech. The lacrimal canaliculus (Latin canaliculus lacrimalis) was called by the term tear duct, for example: “Having become addicted to tobacco, the t e a r d u c t s become blocked, tears flow incessantly, and the eyes itch” VrpKdr 1889 4 60. In LKŽe, the word takas ‘channel, gutter’ is included from folk speech—Žilinai (Varėna district), Ylakiai (Skuodas district), Raudėnai (Šiauliai district), and Kuršėnai (Šiauliai district). V. Kudirka used the term auda – auda in the sense of “tissue” (Latin tela): VrpKdr 1889 9 139, VrpKdr 1889 8 120, body tissue VrpKdr 1889 1 9, lung tissue VrpKdr 1889 9 139, for example: “When food is chewed, that is, when it is not extracted from it as far as the tissue the parts needed for oneself, it is processed in several places: first, one place prepares the food to suit the second, the second for the third, and so on.” VrpKdr 1889 8 120. LKŽe does not attest the word auda in the sense of “tissue” from everyday speech. The gums (Latin gingiva) were called by the compound term dantų smegenys – dantų smegenys VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 9 139, inflammation of the gums VrpKdr 1889 3 41, for example: “At first they thought that scurvy was caused by the disease scurvy (scorbutus), which attacks the g u m s, but they became convinced that tobacco does not ward off that disease at all” VrpKdr 1889 3 41; the single-word term brain was also used, for example: “[...] but even better over-the-counter remedies will not cure the b r a i n s of scurvy [...]” VrpKdr 1889 3 41. The word smegenys meaning “gums” is used in everyday speech—LKŽe gives usage examples from Bagotoji (Marijampolė district), Bartninkai (Vilkaviškis district), Jurbarkas, and Lukšiai (Šakiai district). A nerve (Latin nervus) was called by the Lithuanian term dirgsnė – dirksnės VrpKdr 1889 10 153, VrpKdr 1889 2 25, taste nerves VrpKdr 1889 3 41, small nerves VrpKdr 1889 4 60, elongation of the nerves VrpKdr 1889 1 9, for example: “Taking a little coffee once a day, especially after a meat meal, does no harm to the body; it merely gently stimulates the activity of the n e r v e s, dispels sleepiness and mental discomfort, just as taking tea does” VrpKdr 1889 2 25. The loanword nervas was also used; it functions as the dependent element of the compound term nervous system VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, but V. Kudirka more often used the term nerve system VrpKdr 1889 11 168. This word is attested in written sources—LKŽe gives only one illustrative example of dirgsnės meaning “nerve,” from 146 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Lietuviški Vinco Kudirkos medicinos terminai From V. Kudirka’s writings. He also used the derivative dirgsninis, -ė – dirksninės ligos VrpKdr 1889 10 153, VrpKdr 1889 11 168, dirksninis širdies tvinksėjimas VrpKdr 1889 2 25, VrpKdr 1889 1 9, for example: “Prietiam, these workers easily fall ill with all kinds of d i r k s n i n i u l i g u […]” VrpKdr 1889 11 168, “[…] one must be especially careful with coffee in cases of […] d i r k s n i n i o š i r d i e s t v i n k s ė j i m o […]” VrpKdr 1889 2 25. In LKŽe, only dirgsninės ligos is recorded under this derivative (V. Kudirka’s term). Liauka (Latin glandula) was named by V. Kudirka using the terms grumulas and gru-mulėlis – grumulėliai VrpKdr 1889 8 120, popilvinis grumulas VrpKdr 1889 8 120, prakaito grumulėliai VrpKdr 1889 3 41, seiliniai grumulėliai VrpKdr 1889 8 120 / seiliu grumutėlei6 VrpKdr 1889 8 120, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, for example: “[…] tobacco irritates the tongue and the nerves of taste, and thereby irritates the s e i – l i u g r u m u t ė l i u s, which then spare none of their bitterness; […]” VrpKdr 1889 3 41. According to LKŽe, grumulas, meaning “gland,” is a word from living speech in Grūžiai (Pasvalys district) and Svėdasai (Anykščiai district). In addition, the dictionary provides an illustrative example from V. Kudirka’s article containing the terms prakaito grumulėliai, seilių grumulėliai. The terms indas and indelis – kraujo indai VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, VrpKdr 1889 9 139, kraujo indelei VrpKdr 1889 4 61, plaučių indai VrpKdr 1889 9 139 were used in the sense of “blood vessels” (Latin vas sanguineum), for example: “The b l o o d v e s s e l s are not left unharmed” VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, “Sneezing jolts the brain, and as a result the b l o o d v e s s e l may burst” VrpKdr 1889 4 61. In LKŽe, the meaning “channel, vein” for the word indas is not attested in folk speech; the word is included with this meaning only from P. Matulionis and other written sources (rš). The diminutive form indelis (the term plonieji indeliai VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157) may have referred to the smallest blood vessel—the capillary—for example: “The skin of alcoholics is dry, and on its surface the t h i n v e s s e l s are dilated” VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157. V. Kudirka called the ocular mucous membrane jungplone (the term uždegimas jungplones VrpKdr 1889 10 152), for example: “If the eyes are often irritated by smoke, inflammation of the eyes may arise (inflammation of the j u n g p l o n e s – conjunctivitis), which may persist and cause all the harmful consequences of that disease in the eyes” VrpKdr 1889 10 152. In LKŽe, the term junglonė, “membrane; conjunctiva,” is cited only from V. Kudirka’s medical writings. The current official Lithuanian term is junginė (Latin conjunctiva), while its international equivalent is konjunktyva. 6 Most likely a printing error (it should be grumulėlei). Terminologija | 2008 | 15 147 The pupil of the eye (Latin pupilla) was designated by the term little doll (the term pupil-expanding7 VrpKdr 1889 3 41), e.g.: “The signs of severe poisoning by nicotine are these: restlessness, trembling, dizziness, a painful heat in the chest; immediately afterwards—weakness, vomiting, cramps, pallor of the body, cold sweat, pain in the forehead, dilation of the pupils in the eyes, ringing in the ears, and confusion of consciousness; [...]” VrpKdr 1889 3 41. The LKŽe entry little doll, meaning “pupil of the eye,” is included solely on the basis of written sources (rš). V. Kudirka used the term abdominal membrane in the sense of “peritoneum,” e.g.: “The a b-d o m i n a l m e m b r a n e also falls ill very frequently because of alcohol” VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156. The LKŽe entry abdominal membrane, “abdominal membrane (peritoneum),” is recorded only from an article by V. Kudirka, which means it may have been a term coined by him. In current Lithuanian medical usage, the Lithuanian term pilvaplėvė (Latin peritoneum) is used. The membrane (Latin membrana) was called by the term thin membrane—thin membrane VrpKdr 1889 4 60, VrpKdr 1889 8 120 / thin membrane VrpKdr 1889 9 139, eye membrane VrpKdr 1889 10 152, palatal membrane VrpKdr 1889 4 60, nasal membrane VrpKdr 1889 4 60 (middle nasal membrane VrpKdr 1889 4 60), membranes around the heart VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, abdominal membranes VrpKdr 1889 8 120, brain membranes VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, e.g.: “The e y e m e m b r a n e is very delicate; particles of coal smoke irritate it, and, irritated, it becomes engorged with blood—hence the eyes turn red” VrpKdr 1889 10 152, “Through the n a s a l m e m b r a n e, as generally through all m e m b r a n e s, poisonous t o b a c c o8 liquid can pass into the blood” VrpKdr 1889 4 60. However, some sources differ in their interpretation of V. Kudirka’s term thin membrane. For example, in the aforementioned “Dictionary of Less Common Words” in V. Kudirka’s Collected Works, it is stated that thin membrane means mucous membrane (Kudirka 1990: 928); the LKŽe entry thin membrane is included with the meaning “film of the upper skin” (two illustrative examples from V. Kudirka’s articles are provided). J. Palionis recorded thin membrane in the sense of “membrane” in the “Dictionary of Neologisms” in his dissertation (Palionis 1952: 336). The author of this article agrees with J. Palionis. V. Kudirka used the term saldmesės in the sense of “human glands that secrete juices needed for digestion,” for example: “The surfaces of d r u n k a r d s’ p a n c r e a s e s have whitish drops like milk. Sometimes they are enlarged, sometimes softened, and occasionally become hard as horn” VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156. LKŽe gives several variants of this word meaning “pancreas”: saldmeisė from A. Juška’s dictionary and Šatės (Skuodas district), and saldmeisės from Kvėdarna 7 May be a printing error (it should be lėliukiu). 8 The word tabakas is abbreviated in the original. 148 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Lietuviški Vinco Kudirkos medicinos terminai (Šilalė District), Gegrėnai (Plungė District), the northeastern dùnininkai dialects, Viekšniai (Mažeikiai District), saldmeisiai from the northeastern dùnininkai dialects, saldmėsa from G. H. F. Nesselmanno’s Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (1851), saldmėsė from F. Kuršaitis’s dictionary, and saldmėsės from M. Niedermann, A. Senn, F. Brender, and A. Salys’s Dictionary of the Lithuanian Written Language (1932–1968). Only one illustrative example, from an article by V. Kudirka, is recorded alongside the word saldmėsės. Besides saldmesių, he also used the current term kasa (Latin pancreas). There were proposals to use saldmėsę as the official medical term for the gland called pancreas. In the article “The Pancreas and Spleen,” published in the journal Health Protection in 1965, linguist J. Paulauskas and biologists P. Šivickis and J. Kazlauskas proposed calling the Latin pancreas saldmėse and abandoning kasos, since it supposedly already had many homonyms (Šivickis, Kazlauskas, Paulauskas 1965: 50). For the mucous membrane covering parts of certain internal organs (the throat, palate, abdomen), V. Kudirka used the term slidplonė – pilvo slidplonė VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, slidplonė gerklės VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, slidplonė gomurio VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, for example: “A catarrh of the throat caused by alcohol, manifested by a change in the voice, is familiar to everyone; it becomes engorged with blood s l i d p l o n ė g o m u r i o i r g e r k l ė s” VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156. In the LKŽe, the word slidplonė, meaning “smooth, even skin,” is recorded from A. Kuršaitis’s Lithuanian–German Dictionary (1968–1973), but no illustrative example is provided. It turns out that V. Kudirka used slidplonę much earlier, in 1895. In present-day medical language, the official term is gleivinė (Latin tunica mucosa). A blood vessel through which blood flows from the heart (Latin arteria), V. Kudirka called artery – arteries VrpKdr 1889 9 139, tightening in the arteries VrpKdr 1889 1 9, for example: “The tissue of the human organism is nourished by blood: flowing from the left side of the heart, it passes through the a r t e r i e s, [...]” VrpKdr 1889 9 139. LKŽe arteries ‘arteries’ is illustrated with only one example from V. Kudirka’s article. V. Kudirka also referred to these blood vessels using the borrowed term arteries (the term arterial walls VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156), which is an official term in current medical language. The blood vessel through which blood flows toward the heart (Latin vena) was called by V. Kudirka with the broader term gysla (he narrowed its meaning), for example: “[…] that spoiled blood, unsuitable for nourishing the tissues, passes into other kinds of blood vessels, into g y s l a s […] and through them flows into the right side of the heart […]” VrpKdr 1889 9 139. The word gysla is not recorded with the meaning “vein” in LKŽe. Today, gysla is vas, while the blood vessel in question is called by the international term vena. Terminologija | 2008 | 15 149 V. Kudirka coined terms for the blood flowing through arteries and veins. He called the blood flowing through arteries sunkinis kraujas VrpKdr 1889 9 139, and that flowing through veins gyslinis kraujas VrpKdr 1889 9 139, for example: “[…] the blood […] delivers to the tissues the degį they need, from which the blood is red (s u n k i n i s k r a u j a s) […]” VrpKdr 1889 9 139, “[…] spoiled blood passes into other kinds of blood vessels, into veins (g y s l i n i s k r a u j a s) […]” VrpKdr 1889 9 139. Under the derivative sunkinis, meaning “arterial,” LKŽₑ gives only one illustrative example from an article by V. Kudirka—sunkinis kraujas. Thus, this may have been V. Kudirka’s term, as may gyslinis kraujas (in the dictionary, the derivative gyslinis is recorded with other, nonmedical meanings). The terms used today are arterinis kraujas and veninis kraujas. Not all Lithuanian-origin names used by V. Kudirka for diseases and their symptoms, pathological conditions, and other medicine-related concepts have survived in present-day medical language, for example: apjakimas “blindness” VrpKdr 1889 4 61, galvos apkvaitimas VrpKdr 1889 3 41 / apkvaitimas galvos VrpKdr 1889 10 153, degis “oxygen” VrpKdr 1889 9 139, galvos sopimas VrpKdr 1889 2 25, VrpKdr 1889 4 60, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, kaktos sopimas VrpKdr 1889 3 41, klejojimas VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, sąnariu bevalda VrpKdr 1889 3 41 / bevalda sąnariu VrpKdr 1889 3 41, and others. Catarrh had a broader meaning in V. Kudirka’s medical writings. First, it was used to denote inflammation of the nasal mucosa (the term nasal catarrh VrpKdr 1889 4 60), for example: “With prolonged use of t o b a c c o⁹, n a s a l c a t a r r h sets in, [...]” VrpKdr 1889 4 60. This meaning of the term is found in the language of modern medical science. Second, catarrh was also used to refer to inflammation of the mucous membranes of other organs—the mouth, throat, respiratory tract, abdomen, lungs, and stomach—simple gastric catarrh VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, catarrh (catarrhus) of the mouth VrpKdr 1889 3 41, catarrh of the throat VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, catarrh (catarrhus) of the abdomen VrpKdr 1889 3 41 / abdominal catarrh VrpKdr 1889 9 139, pulmonary catarrh VrpKdr 1889 10 152, protracted abdominal catarrh VrpKdr 1889 9 139, protracted pulmonary catarrh VrpKdr 1889 9 140 / protracted catarrh of the lungs VrpKdr 1889 9 139, protracted catarrh of the respiratory tract VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, for example: “[...] almost all smokers have a b d o m i n a l c a t a r r h” VrpKdr 1889 9 139, “Sūdžei, like paszalinai, not invited guests, irritate the throat and lungs—coughing and p u l m o n a r y c a t a r r h arise, with all their consequences” VrpKdr 1889 10 152. As catarrh 9 The word taboka is printed in spaced letters in the original. 150 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Lietuviški Vinco Kudirkos medicinos terminai V. Kudirka also used the loanword kataras as a synonym (terms kataras pilvo VrpKdr 1889 1 9, kataras žarnų VrpKdr 1889 1 9). In LKŽe, only two illustrative examples of the word sloga in this sense are recorded—from the writings of G. Petkevičaitė-Bitė and from the Lietuvių rašomosios kalbos žodynas by M. Niedermann, A. Senn, F. Brender, and A. Salys—while the plural form slogos, meaning “inflammation of the mucous membrane of another organ,” is also widespread in spoken language—in Žemalė (Mažeikiai District), Baisogala (Radviliškis District), and the northeastern Dzūkian dialects. In present-day medical language, the Lithuanianized Latin term kataras and its Lithuanian equivalent gleivinės uždegimas (“inflammation of the mucous membrane”; Latin catarrhus) are used. In an 1889 article on the effects of tea on the human body, alongside the term styris, V. Kudirka recorded the Latin equivalent tetanus, which has two meanings in current medical terminology: “tetanus” and “prolonged muscle contraction.” On the basis of the article’s context, it can be said that the author most likely used styrį not in the sense of “tetanus (an infectious disease caused by the tetanus clostridium),” as given in LKŽe, but in the second sense of tetanus, for example: “Even now a person is not seized by s t y r i s (tetanus) from a stronger dose, but only reflex sensitivity increases [...]” VrpKdr 1889 1 9. In V. Kudirka’s articles, the genitive case of a noun serves as the distinguishing element in compound terms denoting diseases, for example: dvasios ligos VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, kepenų ligos VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, liežuvio ligos VrpKdr 1889 9 139; however, he also used an adjective with the suffix -inis. For example, V. Kudirka called lung disease (Latin pneumopathia) by the term plautinė liga VrpKdr 1889 9 139 / plautinė liga VrpKdr 1889 10 152, for example: “Various p l a u t i n ė s l i g o s (lung diseases) subsequently develop in people with weakened lungs” VrpKdr 1889 9 139. According to LKŽe, the adjective plautinis, meaning “related to the lungs,” is attested in spoken language—for example, plautinė dž̌iova (Palanga)—and was used in his writings by the physician V. Lašas (plautinio kvėpavimo mechanizmas). In the aforementioned dictionary, the term plautinės ligos is recorded only from V. Kudirka’s article. The previously mentioned term dirgsninės ligos was formed analogously. V. Kudirka referred to digestion (Latin digestio) by the term žlebčiojimas (another variant also used was žlebčiojimas)—žlebcziojimas VrpKdr 1889 9 139, VrpKdr 1889 8 120, sužlebcziojimas VrpKdr 1889 8 120, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, stoka žlebcziojimo skystimu VrpKdr 1889 9 139, žlebčiojimo keliai VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, for example: “Saliva is an indispensable substance for the d i g e s t i o n of food” VrpKdr 1889 8 120, “With prolonged consumption of alcoholic drinks, the d i g e s t i v e t r a c t is the first to become damaged” VrpKdr1895 9/10 156. In LKŽe, the illustrative example of the word žlebčiojimas (“to digest”; žlebčioti) is included only from Terminologija | 2008 | 15 151 A. Lalia Lietuviškos ir angliškos kalbų žodyno (1915), iš gyvosios kalbos šis žodis nepaliudytas. Taigi žlebčiojimą „virškinimo“ reikšme V. Kudirka buvo pavartojęs anksčiau. LKŽe variantas žlebčiojimas ta pačia reikšme įdėtas iš V. Kudirkos straipsnio, taip pat ir sužlebčiojimas. To name a dose (Latin dosis), V. Kudirka sought a Lithuanian equivalent, using the term duosnė – dūsnė VrpKdr 1889 1 9, didelė dūsnė (dosis) VrpKdr 1889 1 9, VrpKdr 1889 2 25, maža dūsnė VrpKdr 1889 1 9, mirtina dūsnė VrpKdr 1889 1 9, for example: “Therefore, we must consider d i d e l i a s d ū s n i a s kavos turime laikyti už nūdus, just like alcohol and tabakui” VrpKdr 1889 2 25. According to LKŽe, the word duosnė is not attested in spoken language, and it was V. Kudirka who used it in the sense of “dose.” As is customary among physicians, V. Kudirka provided Latin equivalents alongside some Lithuanian medical terms in his articles, for example: džiova (phthisis) VrpKdr 1889 10 152, išputimas plaučių (emphysema) VrpKdr 1889 10 152, kasa (pancreas) VrpKdr 1889 8 120, uždegimas jungplonės (conjunctivitis) VrpKdr 1889 10 152, vėžys (carcinoma) VrpKdr 1889 4 60, vietinis žuvimas jautrumo (anaesthesia) VrpKdr 1889 4 60, vilkas10 (lupus) VrpKdr 1889 4 60, and so on. Terms used by V. Kudirka such as szlapumas VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 2 25 (“urine”), limpanti liga VrpKdr 1889 10 153 (“infectious disease”), gyvastis VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 9 139 (“life”), and myris (the term netikėtas myris VrpKdr 1889 4 61) (“death”) reflect the general usage of the time—these words were also common in the medical writings of other physicians, for example: “[...] meanwhile, the patient feels that he is about to lose his l i f e, but later begins to salivate, vomit, pass u r i n e and empty his bowels considerably—and thereby expels much nikotino; the patient feels better and falls asleep” VrpKdr 1889 3 41, “As long as the organism resists attacking microorganisms and does not yield to them or provide them with a suitable place, an i n f e c t i o u s d i s e a s e will not develop” VrpKdr 1889 10 153, “Finally, sneezing itself is quite a dangerous thing: Fr. Hoffmann and Glazer found cases of u n e x p e c t e d d e a t h caused by the rupture of blood vessels in the brain after violent sneezing [...]” VrpKdr 1889 4 61. 10 The disease named by V. Kudirka using this term is now called odos tuberkulioze (Latin lupus vulgaris) (see Kudirka 1990: 898). 152 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Lietuviški Vinco Kudirkos medicinos terminai CONCLUSIONS 1. V. Kudirka’s written medical legacy is modest—only a few popular articles on hygiene—but they are important sources for the history of Lithuanian medical science and Lithuanian medical terminology. 2. V. Kudirka sought to use Lithuanian terms—they make up the largest share of the terminology in his medical articles. Moreover, many of these terms are words from the living language (as confirmed by the data in LKŽe). This preference is understandable, since he was writing for ordinary people. Some terms are still in use today, but many did not become part of modern medical terminology. 3. Although V. Kudirka did not devote himself specifically to matters of medical terminology, it can nevertheless be said that he contributed to the creation of Lithuanian medical terms. Not content with borrowings, he sought Lithuanian words to name medical concepts, and may himself have coined some. According to the data in LKŽe and J. Palionis’s dissertation Lietuvių literatūrinės kalbos normalizacija XIX a. pabaigoje (1880–1901), the terms jungplonė, pilvaplોનė, slidplonė, sunkė and others may have been neologisms coined by V. Kudirka. However, these terms did not take root in the language of modern medical science. PRIMARY SOURCES Hygijėjos tarnas. Hygijėna. I. Arbata. – Varpas, 1889, Nr. 1, 8–9. Hygijėjos tarnas. Hygijėna. II. Kava. – Varpas, 1889, Nr. 2, 25. Hygiene’s servant. Hygiene. III. Tobacco. – Varpas, 1889, No. 3, 40–41; No. 4, 60–61; No. 8, 120; No. 9, 139–140; No. 10, 152–153; No. 11, 168–169. Hygienos tarnas. Alkogolis ir alkoholizmas. – Varpas, 1895, Nr. 9/10, 155–157; Nr. 11, 173–175. ADDITIONAL SOURCES Kudirka V. 1990: Raštai 2, Vilnius. LKŽe: Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. – www.lkz.lt ME 1991: Medicinos enciklopedija 1, Vilnius. MedŽ 1980: Astrauskas V., Bizulevičius S., Pavilonis S., Vaitilavičius A., Vileišis A. Medicinos terminų žodynas, Vilnius. LITERATŪRA Palionis J. 1952: Lietuvių literatūrinės kalbos normalizacija XIX a. pabaigoje (1880–1901) [filologijos mokslų kandidato laipsnio disertacija], Vilnius, VUB RS, F 76–Ds 58. Palionis J. 1995: Lietuvių rašomosios kalbos istorija, Vilnius. Staugaitis J. 1925: Dr. V. Kudirka kaip gydytojas, Kaunas. Šivickis P., Kazlauskas J., Paulauskas J. 1965: Kasa ir blužnis. – Sveikatos apsauga 2, 49–50. Terminologija | 2008 | 15 153 LITHUANIAN MEDICAL TERMS OF VINCAS KUDIRKA The rise of the movement of Lithuanian national rebirth at the end of the 19th century speeded up the publication of works in Lithuanian. Popular books, booklets, articles in newspapers and almanacs on various issues of medicine became more numerous. One of the doctors who was educating people on health issues was a famous Lithuanian public figure Vincas Kudirka (1858–1899). In Varpas magazine he published four articles in the field of hygiene – “Arbata” (“Tea”) (1889), “Kava” (“Coffee”) (1889), “Tabakas” (“Tobacco”) (1889) and “Alkoholis ir alkoholizmas” (“Alcohol and alcoholism”) (1895). This article deals with medical terms of the Lithuanian origin in the above-mentioned writings of Vincas Kudirka. Such terms comprise up to 70% of terms used by him. 40% of them are still being used (akis (eye), dusulys (shortness of breath), džiova (tuberculosis), gerklė (throat), gydymas (treatment), gydytojas (doctor), kraujas (blood), kudikis (baby), kvėpavimas (breathing), ligonis (patient), sveikata (health), vaistas (medication) and others) and 60% fell out of usage in modern language of medicine. Vincas Kudirka used quite a lot of Lithuanian names for body parts and organs, which did not take root in the language – akies baltymas ‘odena’ (white of the eyes), ašarinis takas ‘ašarų kanalėlis’ (tear duct), auda ‘audinys’ (tissue), dantų smegenys ‘dantenos’ (gums), dirgsnis ‘nervas’ (nerve), grumulas ‘liauka’ (gland), indas ‘kraujagyslė’ (blood-vessel), jungplonė ‘konjunktyva’ (conjunctiva), lėliukė ‘akies vyzdys’ (pupil), pilvaplonė ‘pilvaplėvė’ (peritoneum), plonė ‘plėvė’ (membrane), saldmėsės ‘kasa’ (pancreas), slidplonė ‘gleivinė’ (mucous membrane), sunkė ‘arterija’ (artery). All these words are given in Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of the Lithuanian language) in the meanings used by Kudirka and the majority of them have illustrative examples from the earlier-mentioned writings of Kudirka. There were also some Lithuanian names of diseases, their symptoms, medical conditions and other terms related to medicine used by Kudirka which did not take root in the language either, for instance apjakimas ‘apakimas’ (loss of sight), duosnė ‘dozė’ (dose), galvos sopimas ‘galvos skausmai’ (headache), gyvastis ‘gyvybė’ (life), limpanti liga ‘infekcinė liga’ (contagious disease), styris ‘tetan as, ilgalaikis raumens susitraukimas’ (tetanus), žlebčiojimas ‘virškinimas’ (digestion). Kudirka, like other doctors, used to give Latin equivalents next to some Lithuanian medical terms, for instance džiova (phthisis) (tuberculosis), kasa (pancreas) (pancreas), vilkas (lupus) (lupus) and other. Kudirka’s articles are important sources of the history of Lithuanian medical science and Lithuanian medical terminology. Kudirka contributed to the creation of Lithuanian medical terminology, though he did not make a special effort in this. The majority of the words he tried to use as medical were words of folk language. He was not content with borrowings, but was looking for Lithuanian equivalents to name medical concepts and created some Lithuanian medical terms as a result. According to the data from Lietuvių kalbos žodynas and Jonas Palionis thesis Lietuvių literatūrinės kalbos normalizacija XIX a. pabaigoje (1880–1901) (Normalization of the Lithuanian standard/literary language at the end of 19th century) (1952) terms jungplonė ‘konjunktyva’ (conjunctiva), pilvaplonė ‘pilvaplėvė’ (peritoneum), slidplonė ‘gleivinė’ (mucous membrane), sunkė ‘ar- 154 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Lietuviški Vinco Kudirkos medicinos terminai terija’ (artery), sunkinis kraujas ‘arterinis kraujas’ (arterial blood) and other terms could have been created by Kudirka, but they did not take root in the modern language of medicine. Gauta 2008-12-08 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT–10308 Vilnius E. paštas: [email protected] Terminologija | 2008 | 15 155