Variantiniai statybos liaudies terminai „Lietuvių kalbos žodyne“
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Terminology | 2008 | 15 111 Alternative construction folk terms Lithuanian language dictionary ROBERTAS STUNŽINAS Institute of Lithuanian Language Variation is a feature of language related to the uniform deviation of a isomorphic correspondence of content and form units in the variations of linguistic unit (Сложеникина 2005: 8). It is the ability of the language to create the same linguistic unit in various parts of the language (phonetics (and spelling), accentology, grammar, lexicon) without infringing the mo (КРycР 2003: 104). Historically, variantity is the result of language development, the interaction of different areas of language (dialectal, oral, professional, etc.) and various internal systemic factors (КРycР 2003: 104). Variation is particularly characteristic of the folk terminology that has been formed over a long time, used in different parts of Lithuania and influenced by various linguistic factors. This article examines the construction folk terminology of the Lithuanian language dictionary (LKŽe 2005), i.e. living language words naming special construction images or concepts. One of the main distinguishing features of folk terms is that, unlike science, folk terms do not refer to special concepts that have arisen along with science, but to special images or concepts (cf. Гринев 1993: 48), and folk terminology is distinguished from scientific terminology by less stringent meanings and use (Klimavičius 1996: 6). The aim of the article is to clarify the prevailing cases of variation of construction folk terms and show the variety of variation. Based on the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language (DŽ6 2006), the relationship of folk terms with the normative language is determined. This time, we limit ourselves to the formal structural type of term variation and focus on the least differing terms. This article does not talk about the reasons for variation of the popular terms of construction, this will be the subject of further research by the author. In total, almost 400 cases of term variation are analyzed. As already mentioned, all cases of term variation analyzed in this article are classified as formal structural term variation. This variation is considered to be those cases where the varying linguistic means do not indicate denota-
112 Robertas Stunžinas | Variantiniai statybos liaudies terminai... the the boundaries of the consistency of terms and does not cause semantic changes of the term, i.e. it is not related to any meaningful differences in the content of the term (Татаринов 2006: 173). This type of variants are defined as formal variants of the same linguistic units, performing the same function and having regular differences in phonological structure (see КРycР 2003: 107). The study of the collected material allows to distinguish two large groups of variants – pronunciation and phonetic variants (containing almost two thirds of all variants) and morphological variants. These two groups of variants are further divided into smaller groups. In the group of pronunciation and phonetic variants, pronunciation variants are the most common, accounting for more than two-thirds of all variants of this type. The group of pronunciation variants is dominated by variants of different pronunciation positions, accounting for almost three quarters of all pronunciation variants. In the group of variants of different interjection locations, variant terms of constant and non-constant interjection paradigms predominate, while variant terms of only non-constant or only constant interjection paradigms are much less common. In this case, the first and second rows are the same as the third and fourth rows. In the group of variants of I and III pronunciation, the lines of variants with the main normative terms of I pronunciation predominate, e.g.: doonkepis (1) Smn1, Šk – duonkepės (3a) Užv; grrvilka (1) Vvr – garvilkk (3b) Kv, Rt, Sv; grebstas (1) Brž, Jnš, Pn, Rk, Ukm, Krk, Klm, Upn, Dl – grebstas (3) Švnč, Kš, Vžns, Mlt, Ds; kltis (1) Tv – klėtas (3) An, Uzp; lópeta (1) Paį, Dr, Vdn – lopetet (3a) Ds, Kv, Mrs, Mšk; malkinė (1) Alk, Trg, Sb, Mrk – malkin (3a) Jrb; muukna ‘thick bark’ (1) Sr, Kv – muukn (3) Ss; pallangė (1) Ūd, Mrj, Nmč, Sdk – palangė (1) Brs – palang (3b) Dv; pãpamatis (1) Škn – papamatuotas (34b) Als, Šts; star (1) Ds, An – star (3b) Skdt; (1) Šln, Žg – front (3a) Švnč, Slk; pre-welding (1) Shlv, Ktk, Pb, Nmč – pre-welding (3a) Ukm; sspara (1) Rs, Vlk, Ad, Šmn, Vlkš, Kkl – sparing (3a) Vl, Grš, Grl, Pkn, Kp, Alz, Dgl, Lnt, Rtn, Žl, Klt, Trgn; stoginė (1) LKA I 57, Krt – roof (3a) LKA I 57, Kv, Krtn, Ms, Lnk, Plng, Gršl, Lkž; spit (1) K. Būg (Skp), Kp, Adm, Krs – spit (3b) Dkk, Kp, Šmn, Paį, Dg, Krs, Dj; tapangis (1) Rs – interpangus (3b) Varn, Šl; ùžkaboris 1 The article uses abbreviations from the Lithuanian language dictionary. differences of the signs. The formal structural variation does not go beyond
Terminology | 2008 | 15 113 (1) Plk – backward (34b) Graž; verandnda (1) LKA I 40, Sd, Dv – verandd (3b) LKA I 40 (Sg). There are much fewer variant lines with the main normative terms of III pronunciation, e.g.: lenkenan (3b) Slk, Grv, Tvr, Kp, Dglš, (3a) Dsn – leekena (1) Vs; rentin (3b) Vdk, Kv, Dkš, Plv – rheumatic (1) Grz; roofing (3a) Vb, Skrb, Mšk, Krš, Skr – roofing (1) Tlž, Krž, Paį, Srv, Ēr Variant lines with non-normative members consist of variants of current language words, e.g.: ÷ušė (1) Rm, Vkš, Kv, Kp – apuš (3b) Grv, Mrk – ānpušė (1) DŽ6; pakréigė (1) Smn, Gž – pakreig (3b) J. Jabl (Mrj), Stk – pakrėigė (1) DŽ6; pallngis (1) Prk – palangųs (3b) Mrj – palųngė (1) DŽ6; pamūarras (1) – pãmūras (3b) Jsv, Krk – pamūrrė (1) DŽ6; paprėežedė (1) Vdn, Trgn – papriešed (3a) Mlt – papriešeždis (1) DŽ6; paprėežedis (1) – papriešedūds (3a) Erž – pãražės (3b) DŽ6; prėepirtė (1) Všk – priemenųs (3a) Šmk, Btrm – priemen (3a) DŽ6; prėepirtė (1) Sk, Pš, Sn – priepirt (3a) Vlk, Žal, Alk – prėepirtis (1) DŽ6, or terms not used in current language, e.g.: plytmetė „who makes (green) brick“ (3b) Škn – plättmetis (1) DŽ6; prievijs (3a) Lkm – pier (1) Ml, Plš; intersection (1) Jz = intersection (34a) Dglš; slógstis ‘cables supporting the roof ridge’ (1) Rmš, Ūd – slogstās (3) Step. A large part of the I and III variants consist of foreign words, e.g.: ãkselis (German: Häcksel) (1) – akselås (3b) Gs, Nm, Skr, Kl; gvelis (German pronunciation: Gevel) “two cut bars that are placed on the litter so that the wind does not tear them” (1) – gėvelus (3a) Ldvn, Rdm; gvelis (German pronunciation: Gevel) “the end of the roof, vaults” (1) – gvelus (3a) Up; (3b) Šlu, Skdv, Lnkv, Vlkv – kachel (1) Br, kakkalis (1) Prn; kiaunor (German: Keller) ‘house for pouring potatoes’ (3a) Šn – kiaunóré (1) Klp; Klammer (German) ‘iron clutch’ (1) – klemer (3b) Erž, Vdk, Šll; skiadelis (German: Schindel) ‘malksna’ (1) Adm, Gr, Grž, Vb – shindel (3b) Skp; stalažiaad (German dialect: stallâsche) (3b) Jnš – stallasses (1) Škn; steedderis (German: tarm. ständer) ‘column’ (1) Vn, Krž – stender (3b) Rsn; speicher ‘svirnas’ (1) LKA I 47 (Rsn, Plšk) – špykėr (3a) LKA I 47 (Vlkš, Pgg), Vrb, Nm, Mrj; šteedderis (German: ständer) (1) Brs – stander (3b) Pgg, Dr, Brs, Ms; žiogspiraä (German: Sägespäne) ‘sawdust, chips’ (3a) Lk, Pln – žiógspirai (1) Ggr, Ms. Several lines are made up of uncooked hybrids, e.g. paprăpečkė (Brus. прыпечак) ‘place after pripečka, pakrosnė, paprieždis’ (1) Vdš, Klt – papripečk (3b) Sn, Tvr, Ad; cross-beam (1) LKA I 130 (Sg) – cross-beam (3b) Akm;
114 Robertas Stunžinas | Alternative construction folk terms... ùžkaklis ùžpečkis „place behind the stove, behind the stove“ (1) DūnŽ – zapečkųs (3b) Upt, Btg, Trk. In the group of variants of pronunciation I and II, the lines with the main terms of pronunciation I predominate. With respect to the norm, it is clear that there are equally variant lines with normative II and with normative I pronunciation terms, e.g.: statėnis (2) Alz, Užp, Vb, Skrb – stãtinis (1) Paį, Kp, Upn, Pkn, Ndz, Onš; šungaāvis “the protruding ends of two sunken logs at the junction of the hut” (2) Erž – šùngalvis (1) Slv, Jrb; ublãdē ‘a separate hut where there is a baker’s oven or where the cattle shed is repaired’ (2) Vvr, Knt, Pln – ùbladē (1) Slnt, Kl; spãlinė (1) Šmn – spãlinė (2) Nč; (1) Klb II 19 (Lkm), Ob, Žl, Pc, Gs, Kp, Km – chicken (2) LKA I 52, Plšk. One line of variants was found with both normative terms, e.g.: aakkierius „room of a country house“ (1) Krtn, Tv – alkiarrius (2) Al, Mrj, Šlvn. One line is with the standard term of I pronunciation: pastóginė (1) Rm – pastogėnė (2) Ėr, Šd, Tv, Jn. Several lines are made up of variants of current language words, e.g.: grinčiaj (2) Srd – grunčia (1) Žsl, Bgs – gryčiaj (2) DŽ6; šlūna (1) LD 215 (Ds, Lkm, Klt), Jnšk, Grv, Rmš, Klvr, Šmk, Pls, Rš, Erž, Ktk, Krns – šlynų (2) Vlk, J. Jabl (Wlk) – snake (1) DŽ6. In other cases, the lines consist of terms not used in the current language, e.g.: altãrija (1) Vvr, Pn – altarijă (2) Grg; brick (1) An – brick (2) Jnš; pãpavietis “shelter” (1) Mrs – poppy (2) Dv, Vrn; attic (2) Vkš, Trk, Mžk, Lž – attic (1) Vkš; paštra „pašiūrė“ (1) Slv, Grdž – pašėtrj (2) Erž; hay (1) LKA I 57 (Skrd, Žal, Brb), Šil – hay (2) LKA I 57 (Klp, Plšk, Alk), Glv, Prk, Nm, Pgg; (2) Vrn – rope (1) Ds. A considerable part of the I and II variants of the pronunciation consists of terms not used in the present language – foreign words and hybrids, e.g.: dùršliokas (l. durszlak) “tool for making a hole in an iron” (1) Sn, dušliokas (1) Kal – duršliakas (2) Švn, Ds; kaminyčij (l. kamienica) ‘brick house’ (2) K. Būg (Grl) – kaminičja (1) Ms, Slnt, Kv, Ds, Šln, Ar, Pkr, Krš, Dgl, Pc, Ds, Skp, Trgn; lėd (l. lada) ‘a device for lifting logs’ (2) Stk – lda (1) Alv, Nmn; mįkolas (brus. махало) ‘paint tool, brush, brush’ (1) Nm, PnmA, Vžns, Dgl, Sb – painter’s brush (2) Jnšk; padameettas ‘foundation’ (2) Skp, Vl, Sdb, Kp, Ppl – foundation (1) Paį; pilavvnas (l. piɫowiny) ‘sawdust, sawdust’ (2) Vs – płalavinos (1) Jnšk; carpenter (2) Al, Jon, Upt – carpenter (1) Tt, Vdk; stoniaj (Brus. стайня) ‘arklidė’ (2) Šlčn, (4) Plv, Užg, Slm, Ktk, PnmR, Ut – stónia (1) LKA I 266, K. Būg (Ds); Stamps (German). „place between wall and stove, stovetop“ (1) See, Up – stovetop (3b) See;
Terminology | 2008 | 15 115 Stemmp fahl) “bridge polis” (2) Dbč, Vlk, Ds – štaupolis (1) Sdk; tesląčia (l. cieślica) ‘tapping axe’ (1) KzR – teslyčią (2) LKA I 89 (Pjv); zomat ‘pile fence’ (2) Akm, Sd, Rdn – zomat (1) Nmn; zovieskas „vyris“ (2) akmenyčiad (2) Pls, Plš – Grk, Grz, Mrj, Sn, Všk – zvieskas (1) Slnt; akmenyčia (1) Klvr; brick (l. murɫat) (1) Lk – brick (2) Pvn; torpedo boat "pašiūrė, kur kraunami malkos ir peltas" (2) Lkv – intermittent (1) Antz. In the group of three-line terms of I, II and III pronunciation, more frequent variant lines with the main normative terms of I pronunciation, e.g.: prėešinė „patalpa kam pasidėti, kamara“ (1) Pl, Lš – priešin (3a) Gdl – priešėnė (2) Ūd; pl, Lš, Krok – opposite (3a) Gdl, Vv – opposite (2) Ūd. One line was found with the main 3b pronunciation term: plūktuv (3b) Krš, Gdž, Jnš, Šd – plūktùvė (2) Brž – plūakktuvė (1) Jnšk, Škn, Šd, Žml. The string of variants with non-normative terms consists of a string of variants of current language words, e.g.: garaladė (2) Ps, Rm, Klov, Sdb – gãralaidė (1) Ds, Slm – garalaid (34b) Kp – grėrlaidė (1) DŽ6. In the group of variants of pronunciation I and IV, the lines of variants with the main terms of pronunciation I predominate. Several lines are with the basic normative terms of I pronunciation, e.g.: čérpė (1) Brb, Vdn – čerp (4) Ds, Lkš; kkmša "a hole in the roof, ceiling or wall through which hay or straw is dumped on the barn" (1) Lkš, Gs – kimšū (4) Gs, Grš. Several variant lines are with non-basic normative III or IV pronunciation terms, e.g.: skarrda (1) DūnŽ, Slnt, Krš, Šv, Pls – skardū (4) Jš; vvržža (1) Rg, Škn, Varn, Pc – varžž (3) Slm, (4) Sdk. One row consists of non-normative terms. These are the variants of the word in the present language: pantään "transverse, connecting the shed's wings, beams" (4) Vkš, Lc – pänta (1) Mžk – päntas (1) DŽ6. Half of this group consists of lines with foreign words, e.g.: blka (German Blech, brush. бляха, l. blacha) "tin" (1) Slnt, Gršl, Grg, Yl – blėkas (2) Kp, Uzp; grda (Russian: гряда, Latin: grēds) “an ancient buy inside one of the karts around the walls for drying wood or other things” (1) Rdm, Vs, Lš – grēdūd (2) Ds, Jnš, (4) Švnč, Dglš, Tvr, Trgn; liūždė (German: lode) ‘svambalas’ (1) Kv, Bržr, Šk – liūd (4) Skr; stainij (Brus. стайня) ‘horse stable, stables’ (4) LKA I 51 (Žml, Škn, Rz, Klov, Krs, Pc, Čk, Krk, Trs, Vdš, Lb), Mžš, Pkr, Rd, Kp, Antš – stiinia (1) LKA I 51 (Rš, Pb), Trak; šiópa (l. szopa) ‘pašiūrė, stoginė’ (1) BM 69 (Žb) – šiopų (4) KzR; vopnų „kalkės“ (2) Pns, Žl, (4) Alv, Ds, Kp – vopna (1) DrskŽ, Srj
116 Robertas Stunžinas | Variant construction folk terms... Cases of times less. In the group of variants of pronunciation II and III, lines with the base word “shelter” (2) Km, Ut, DŽ6 – padangt (3b) Ad; priemen (3a) Ldk, Ign, diniais norminiais ir visais nenorminiais nariais yra beveik po lygiai, pvz.: Plš, Vl, Mrj, Brš, Ktk, Mšg, DŽ6 – priemėnė (2) Jž; stavãris (3b) Mrc, Krok, Rud, Drsk, DŽ6 – stavãris (2) Trgn, Sdk, Mlt, Krd, Lkm; padangšt (3b) Trgn – padažštė (2) Ktk – padažgtė (2) DŽ6; papaviättis (2) Dv – papavietas (34b) Nč, Rod, Vrn; Triobėsas (3a) Rmš – triobsis (2) Grnk, Šk – trobesāss (3a) DŽ6; pagrdai (hibr.) (2) Vrb, Mrj – pagrėdaų (3b) Klvr. In the group of variants of pronunciation II and IV, the lines of variants with the main normative terms of pronunciation II predominate, almost half less are the terms with the main normative terms of pronunciation IV, e.g.: aįkšnis (2) Krtn – alksnųs (4) K. Būg (Dv, Lz); string (2) – string (4) Up; kūellis (2) Prk – pile (4) Pp, Krkl, Lž; kūėtė (2) Slnt – kūt (4) Pp, Krš; masonry (2) Dr – masonry (4) Sv, KlvrŽ; stirrup (2) Jn (Kv) – stirrup (4) Eig; kāplās (4) Uzv – hoes (2) Pln; baslus (4) Nj, Jnšk – bàslis (2) Krč; kūl (4) Ds, Nmn, Ds, Ll – the burn (2) Tl; spyrras (4) LKA I 97 (Pnm, Šmn, Alvt), LKA I 131 (Gd) – spārris (2) DūnŽ, LKA I 131 (Pnm, Šlv, Vlkj), Škn. A considerable part consists of variant strings with non-normal members, e.g.: spyriùs (4) Krns, Rs, Dkš – spėrius (2) Up – spyras (4) DŽ6; trakniaau (4) Sv, Ldk, Upn, Gdl, Ėr, Upt, Kvr, Vb, Grž – trâkniai (2) DrskŽ – trâknys (4) DŽ6; ant (4) Kp, Antš – aatentė (2) Klp – aatentis DŽ6; daaublis (2) Btr – damblus (4) Rmš – demblus (4) DŽ6; streikuuliai (2) Mrk – streikuoliaau (4) Lzd; Front loader mounting frame (4) Kvt, Ob – stūris (2) Rk. A considerable part of the group consists of lines of foreign variants, e.g.: staėnė (Brus. стайня) “horse stable” (2) LKA I 51 (Up), Škt, Krš, Lk, Grd, Tt, Vdk – stain (4) LKA I 51 (Pc), Bsg; šiubaa (Brus. шыба) ‘window frames’ (4) Šn, Ldvn, Rmš, Kt, KzR – window frames (2) Ser, Skrd; švèlius (German: Schwelle) ‘fence, log’ (2) Sn, Ūd, Ldvn, Dkš, Pns – soft (4) Lp; gentle “hedge, log” (4) Brš, Lkš, Jrb – light (2) Pgg; šveliaaj (German: Schwelle) ‘lower crown of a building’ (4) LKA I 36 (Lkš, Snt, Br), Lkč, Čb, Skr – the threshold (2) Ūd; 4) Pg – threshold (2) Dj. Only cases of variation in terms of constant-intersection paradigms are relatively rare. The group of variants of I pronunciation consists of terms not used in the current language, e.g.: antrãmedis (1) Vj – aattramedis (1) Ds; ãtbraila ‘cut piece’ (1) Slnt – atbriila (1) Rdm; pakltė (1) Gl, Ds – pãklėtė (1) Slnt, Sts Several rows are made up of non-commercial hybrids, e.g.: buckwheat (1) Grš – pãbalkė variation of terms of unstable interjection paradigms were detected four
Terminology | 2008 | 15 117 (1) The spine; vištinąčia (1) LKA I 52, Vgr, Prk, Rsn, Pnd, Klp – vėštinyčia (1) Grš, Plv, Mrj, Jz, Rk Vdšk, Rgv. In the same way, the number of variables in the same variable set is smaller than the number of variables in the same set. This group is dominated by strings of variants with basic terms having the same punctuation. With regard to the norm, it is clear that a larger part of the variant lines are with the main normative terms, e.g.: aastpamatis (1) Skr – äänntpamatis (1) Šll, Up; ‘ceiling sparking’ (2) Dov, Slnt, Grg – ‘sparkling’ (1) Als, Kin; shed (1) Nm, Jnš – shed (2) Grš, Gs; sajaullas (4) Mrk – sawdust (3) Vlkv, Kp; smaigs (4) Pžrl – smaigs (3) Ak, Mrs, Skr; (1) Nj = lightning bolt (2) Pbr; “two bound logs to build a high post” (2) Ms – logs (1) Nmn; gravel (2) Kl, (4) Varn, Krž – gravel (3) Sect. One row of variants has a non-basic normative term: trisienis (1) LKA I 57 (Btrm), Ig, Skd – trisiennis (2) LKA I 57, Ms, Plng, Kl – trisienionis (1) LKA I 57 (Ndz, Eiš, Azr), Rtn, Slm, Sn, Žrm, Nmj. In other cases, the variant lines consist of variants of current language words and unused terms, e.g.: spaaddas „palstis, paspara“ (4) Vlk – spänndas (1) Lp – spandad (4) DŽ6; stūojamas „durų užraktas“ (2) LKA I 40 – stūojamas (1) K. Būg (Ds) – stūmad DŽ6; gūnkas (2) An, Ds – gónkas (1) Sml; pakelaanis (2) Al, Alv – pakelainis (1) Lš, Mrs, Al – pakelainis (34b) Smn, Krok; (1) Sts – priekragtys (3b) Sts, Stk. A considerable part consists of lines of foreign variants, e.g.: kartukkas (l. tartak) „plank saw” (2) Pgr, Up, Lž – kartókas (1) Sk; staodas (German dialect: stall) ‘gate’ (2) Alvt, Slv, Vn, Rt, Bt, Kv, Varn, Užv, Trk, Žr, Prk, LKA I 50 (Trg) – stald (1) LKA I 50 (Lkv, Šlu, Pgg); staladis (German: stall) ‘gate’ (2) LKA I 50, Tl, Kltn, Kv, Rsn – stall (1) LKA I 50 (Dov, Nd); stalėnė „joinery workshop” (2) Jon, Grdž, Žml, Lkv, Plt – stalérnė (1) Pšl, Vkš; tartukkas (l. tartak) “lentpjūvė” (2) Dr, End, Slnt, Rs, Žg, Šmk, Skr, Lkč, Kdl, Lel, Ds, Jdr, Azr – tartókas (1) Rtr – tatokas (3b) Smn, Btrm; treapelis (nlt.?) “roof elevation on pillars” (1) Šlu, Prk, Brs, Lž, Krp, Trg – treapel (1) Up, Lkv; (1) Kv – vėnkelis (1) Antz, Akm, Dkk, Šd. A significantly smaller part of the group of prepositional variants of the same interjection consists of variant strings with the main terms with a strong prepositional beginning. Most of the lines are with basic normative terms, e.g.: čérpė (1) Brb, Vdn – čepė (2) Rs, Kt, Rdm, Lp, Lel, Šln, Dkš; nmhalf
118 Robertas Stunžinas | Alternative construction folk terms... (1) Šl, Pkr, Rm – something” (1) Rš = pémetē (1) Ēr; red (1) Dv, Shl – red (2) Jnsh; rmai (1) Žln – rmai (2) LKT 81 (Bdr); stodainis ‘board or stake for static fence weighting’ (1) Lž, Lc – stodainis (1) LKA I 60 (Lž); trunk (1) Pst, Kp – trunk (4) Pv, Gs; (1) Qd, Vvr, Snt, Pln – blade (4) Rdsh Several lines are made up of terms not used in the current language, e.g.: palūndai „clown’s side ceiling” (1) Lp, Vs, Pns, Sn – paluodai (2) Šn; sienolis ‘sienojas’ (1) Tvr – sienolis (2) Dsn, Lz. A considerable part consists of lines with foreign words and unusable hybrids, e.g.: ballkis (German Balken) “sieve, thick log” (1) Krč, Gs – baukkis (2) Pp, Kv, Grg; dùršliokas (l. durszlak) “a tool for making a hole in an iron” (1) Sn – durszlak (1) Kal; knants (l. kant) ‘edge’ (1) Nmn, Lš – knants (2) Ds; Lücke (German) ‘door roof opening for loading feed’ (1) Alk – Lücke (2, 4) Brt, Mrj; mùrlotas (l. murɫat) ‘a wreath of sinners to be placed on the beams of a brick building’ (1) Nm, Smn, Kp – mulotas (1) Kč; pečiùrkė (l. pieczurka) “a dent, hole in the side or forehead of the furnace for storing small objects” (1) Lp, KzR – pečiukė (2) Plv, Mrj, Dkš; sklepéinė (brus. скляпенне, lt. sklepienie) ‘curved vault (e.g. furnace)’ (1) LKA I 43 (Al, Dv, Btr, Kpč) – sklepeėnė (2) LKA I 43 (Eiš), Dv; kkallkpečius (hebr.) ‘lime-firing furnaces’ (1) Skr means kkallkpečius (1) Pgr; trmbalk (hebr.) ‘transverse main beam’ (1) Btg, Sml – trambalk (1) Skr, Šlv, Vdk, Erž; virulnė (hebr.) “separate kitchen building” (1) Trs – virulė (2) Šd. Phonetic variants. There are three times fewer phonetic variants than pronunciation variants. The group of phonetic variants consists of terms with phonetic quantitative and qualitative differences of roots or affixes or other phonetic characteristics (insertion or omission of vowels or consonants). Variants with quantitative vowel differences. This group consists of variants with differences between long and short vowels and these vowels forming diphthongs and mixed diphthongs. In this group, the strings of variants usually consist of terms that comply with the norms of general language and variants with vowel elongation characteristics, e.g.: kljajus (2) Ut – kljajus (2) J (Ds); (2) Ndz, Mrk – cake Uzg; paužlųs ‘boiling chimney deck’ (3b) Ms, Slnt, Trš, Ggr – paužl (1) Škn, KlvrŽ; sawdust (1) Plk, Grd – sawdust (1) Mrj; tcelius ‘watertight resin-coated roofing cardboard’ (2) Prn = tcelius (2) Č; triùšis „paprastasis kandras” (2) Prk, Pgg, Smln, LKT 165 (Ktč), Rsn – triùšis (2) Prk; užlaidinųs „užlaidinta shelter“ naappusė (1) Žg, Sk – nampus (3b) Škn; pémetē „cross-beam connecting
Terminology | 2008 | 15 119 (34b) Brb, Vlkj – squealing (34a) Š (Vrn); „launched shelter” (2) – wired (1). A large part of the poem consists of lines with foreign words, e.g.: balās (l. balas, br. баляс) "static" (2) Psl, Pbr – balèsas (2) Grž; brùsas (l. brus, brus. брус) ‘log log, square log’ (2) Lkm – brùsas (2) Jž; dėlė (German pronunciation: dil, dille) ‘thick board, covered’ (2) Škn, Rs – dėlė (2) Rd; kachel ‘stove’ (1) Br, kakalis (1) Prn; murɫat (1) Pln, Up, Tl, Tv – brick (1) Brs, Kv, Mžk, Lž; mūerlototas (l. murɫat) ‘a crown of sills attached to the beams of a brick building’ (1) Jnšk, Sn, Grž, Pns, (3a) Žal – mūrlotas (1) Nm, Kp, Pjv, mulotas (1) Kč; stienia (brus. стайня) ‘arklijų tvartas’ (1) LKA I 266 – stóinia (1) LKA I 266, Alv, Vp; tęblis (l. tebel) ‘drilled’ (2) Šln – tèblis (2) Rd, Grz, Sml; tublius (l. tebel) (2) Rs, Šlv, Lkm, Krž – tèblius (2) Čk, Lp, Gdr, Krd, Sl, Kp, Kb; tėnas (l. tyn, br. тын) ‘building, castle, basle, foothold’ (4) LKA I 62 (JnšM), Dbč, (2) LKA I 62 (Eiš) – tėnas (4) LKA I 62 (Dv), LKA I 63 (Pls); zrūbbas „namo rentinys“ (2) LzŽ – zrùbas (2) Drsk, Pls. Variants with qualitative vowel differences. This group consists of variants with differences in the order and elevation of the vowels and these vowels, forming diphthongs and mixed diphthongs. Half of this group consists of terms corresponding to general language norms and variants with qualitative vowel differences, e.g.: bambläls “edge, end of a thatched roof” (4) Pg, Skrb, Slm, Klov, Kp, Rm, Vl – bembläls (4) Skp; bambläs ‘small straw bunch placed on the ridge or at the back of a roof, zimblys’ (4) Tt, Slm, Mrj, Ldnv – bembläs (4) Km; gnntas (2) Als, Škn – guottas (2) Ukm, Trgn, Dgl; kraaggas (4) Vlkv, Skdv – kraaggas (4) Al, Vlk, Jz, Grl, Alv, Trak, Pkn, Mrj, Šn, Vs, Srj; nãmas (4) Grž, Pb, Mrk, Pn, Skr – nùmas (4) Slnt, Šv, Pvn, Pj, Kv, Krtn, Pln; palpė (1) Mrj, Grš, Vv, Ldvn, Švn, Vrb, Dkš, Rz – palpė (1) Aps, Dglš, Ign, Ml; pasterblųs “roof section up to the contact with the building wall” (3b) Šmn, Erž, Pg, Lel – pasterblųs (3b) Šd, Kp, Anč; rmai (1) Žln, rmai (2) LKT 81 (Bdr) – rmai (2) Vkš, Sml, Krns, Ktk, LzP, Rmš, Srv, Žlb, Krš; rãplės (2) Prk, Als, Jnšk, Dov, Sg, Grš, Dv, Grv, Yl – rãplės (2) LD 165 (Pmp, Krs), Mžš, Rdn; intervowel (1) Kp, Slm – intervowel (1) Pn, Ds, Trgn, Krs; Prk, Užv – ùžkerpa (1) Grg. A large part consists of strains and non-usable hybrid variants, pvz.: advrija (sl.) „durų stakta“ (1) Pšl, Rz, Ob, Mrs, Pg, Lš, Švn, Ėr – edvurrija (1) Čb, Krč; bllkis (German: Balken) ‘beam, thick log’ (1) Krč, Gs, baak (2) Pp, Kv, Grg – bllkis (2) Rm, Krč, Pšl; Clostridium botulinum (voc.
126 Robertas Stunžinas | Variant construction folk terms... Ps – (1) Jrb, Vlkv, Grz – Säge (1) Sk; žiogspiraen (German: Sägespäne) ‘sawdust, chips’ (3a) Lk, Pln, End, žiógspirai (1) Ggr, Ms – sawdust (1) Vkš. In the group of variants of the endings -(i)us and -is, several lines of variants are with basic normative terms, e.g.: daagtis „roof“ (2) Gdr, Trgn, Lkm, Rz, Arm, Ds, LTR (Pnd), Ob, Kp, Rk, Švd – daagčius (2) Skp, Km, Užp; ąblius (2) Krd, Dkš – ąblis (2) Grk, Pn; prikltis (2) Plv, Šn, Jrb – priklčius (2) Vlkv, Skr, Vdžg. There are a little more lines with aliens and unusable hybrids, e.g. : dil (German dialect dil) ‘thick board, grounded’ (4) Žg, Sk – dalius (2) Vlk, Prng; cardiellius (l. kardel) ‘fir strip’ (2) Dkš, Mrj, Ldnv – cardiel (2) Ud, Hook; „bench built at the shoulder“ (1) Vvs, Vdš, Uzp, Dkšt, Bgs – „bench“ (1) Ad, Pbs; sseenpečis "furnace heated wall" (1) Skdv, Pvn, Vdk – sseenpečius (1) DūnŽ, Krž, Uzv. The group of variants of the endings -as and -(i)us consists of strings with the basic terms of the ending -as. These are mainly terms that correspond to the norms of the current language, e.g.: jjuujas (1) Pln, Kl, Krt, Als, Trgn, Tvr, Grg, Ds – jjuujus (1) Rk, Dkk, Ds, Jž; stogas (1, 3) Dt, SD 38, Sut, LKA I 266 – stogùs (3) LD 253 (Brž), LKA I 266, Krs, Slm, Ps; turklas (2) Grš, Skr – turklius (2) Ms, Yl. One row consists of unusable hybrids: pečiavųstas „wooden log foundation of a flat shoulder“ (1) Ssk, Ldk, Sv, Žl – pečiavųsčius (1) Ant, Ktk, Klt, Krd. Rows of variants of the endings -is and -ė, -(i)us and -ys, -as and -ys are single, e.g.: krosnis (1) Skp, Brž, Km, Rm, Brsl, Trgn, Pnd, Paį, Vžns – krosnė (1) An, Yl, Trak; svarlāls (4) Š (Skp), Ln, Sml – swalas (4) J.Jabl. (P.P.) One line consists of foreign words: dallius (German dialect dille) "thick board" (2) Vlk, Prng – dilåts (4) Sv, Ob. A distinct group of morphological variants are constructive variants. In Lithuanian linguistics, it is common to talk about variants of prepositions. According to V. Urbutis, the variants of prepositions are variations of the same prepositional form that do not depend on inflection (Urbutis 1978: 214). For the purposes of this article, the terms formed with variant adjectives (prefixes, suffixes) and the terms with variant adjectives are considered to be operative variants. In this case, the variation of adjectives in the common language and dialects are considered as variant adjectives. Also considered as derivative variants are those cases where the derivatives prreepečkas (1) Ldk, Jz, Auk, Žln, Btr, Užg; Säge (German) ‘one-handed saw’
Terminology | 2008 | 15 127 are similar in their construction and meaning. There are also different types of bridges that have different types of bridges. I'm sorry. There are fewer cases of derivative variation of Pagal darybos tipą darybinių variantų grupelėje vyrauja priešdėlių vediprepositions, a small part consists of variant puns. Variations on the same theme. In the investigated source, only cases of variation of dialectal prefixes were identified. This group consists mainly of cases of variation of the prepositions pre-, preand za and their dialectal variants. Other variations of the prefix are relatively rare. Vedic with prefixes pre-, contra and their variants. In this group the majority consists of variant prefixes pre-, pry- (cf. LKG 1965: 428) and pre-, pryšderivatives, e.g.: preegonkis (1) MPs, Nj – pregonkis (1) Mžk, Ms, Trš, Klm, Rs, Erž; preepirtis (1) Lnkv, Pš, Žg, Jnš – preepirtis (1) Vkš, Šts, Ms; preemptive (1) Rm – preemptive (1) Lk. One row consists of hybrids: prjelota "straw press" (1) Vl – prjelota (1) Sts. Several other cases of variation of the prefix prie and its variants have been found, e.g.: prėeklėtis (1) Grv, Vj, Bsg – prikltis (2) M, Vlkv, Skr, Vdžg, Žal, Grš, Gl, Čk; 3a) Rmš, Št – pryžedj (3a) Grš, Plv, Jnš, Dkš, Kt, Ldvn, Šn, prižedj (3b) Ar, Bsg, Srv Vedic with the prefix zaand its variants. This group consists of cases of variation of dialect prefixes uzu-, ažu-, ūžvariacija, e.g.: užùgardė (1) LKA I 55 (Žb), Brž, Slm, Vb – ažùgardė (1) Pnd, Kp; (1) Pl – ažùjaujis (1) Grv, Ds, Uzp; 1) Slm, LTR (Pmp) – 1) Kp, Ds; 3b) DūnŽ, Jz, Gs – ūžžlaidas (1) Prn, Skr, Slv, Mrj, Jrb, Alk, Erž. Vedic with other prefixes and their variants, e.g.: pãpavietis (1) Mrs, papaviättis (2) Dv – pópavietis (1) Pv; atpjovën (3b) Rm – atpjovëva (1) Ds; sspara (1) Ktk, Km, Vrn, KzR, Dbč, Vs, sąsparu (3a) Klt, KzR “the corner of the hut where the logs are cut down” (1) Ign, Ob, Ant, Br, Vlk – sspara (1) Dkš. Variations on the same theme. The group of verb suffix variants consists of terms composed with dialects or suffixes having the same meaning. This group of variants is dominated by the suffixes -ininkas, -(i)nyčia, -yčia, -uolis and the derivatives of these suffixes. Vedic with suffix -nik and its variants. The largest is the group with derivatives of the multifunctional suffix -ininkas and its variants -inykas, -(n)ykas (see LKG 1965: 403), -ninkas (see LKG 1965: 342), e.g.: mūrininkas (1) Skr, Vkš – mason Kp – mason LTR (Pkr) – mason Dbk, Ds, Mps; (1) LKA I 52, Pjv, Rdm, Pv, Žvr, Smln, Brs – a book of spells Nmč, LKT 381 (Vs), Alv, KzR.
128 Robertas Stunžinas | Variant construction folk terms... A large part kaladniakkas „pašiūrė, pastogė, stoginė“ (2) Vdk, Up – kaladnukkas (2) Žmt, Stk, Pv, Jz, Vdšk, Ldk, St, Ssk, Glv, Brb; kaladnijak ‘branch for fence weight, static’ (2) Grk, Šlv – kaladnijak (2) Krk, Bsg, Šln, Klov, Sml; 2000) 2002 – The Shadow of the Vampire (TV) (feat. Vedic with other suffixes and their variations. Vedic with variant suffixes -idė, -ymas, -imas, -esys, -ėsys, -ūlis, -ulis, -ra, -ara, -elė, -alė, -yčia, -(i)nyčia are single, e.g.: dailūdė (2) Grž – dailūdė (2) Vlkv; hen (2) LKA I 52, Lš, Brš – hen (2) LKA I 52, Wlk; gréndymas (1, 3a) Smn, Skrd, Vrn, Kt, Mrs, Pns, Dkš – gréndymas (1) Dg; trobesas (3a) DrskŽ, Kv, Slnt, Rsn – trobesas (3a) Užg, DrskŽ, Dg; “curved carts for steering, fitted to the rear axle of bicycles or sleds (for transporting long logs, logs); rear-wheeled bicycles or sleds for carrying walls; transport of long logs (walls)’ (2) Lp – curves (2) Kp, Kb, Vs, Dbč, Mrc; skiedrr (3), (4) Lp, LKT 179 (Jrb), LTR (Plv) – skiedrr (3a) Prl, Dbč, Vlk. A considerable part of the group consists of unusable hybrids, e.g.: pečel „bench-high or higher heated masonry or board attached to a plywood shoulder to sit, lie down” (3b) Brž, Šd, Všk, Pšl – pečal (3b) Šln, LMD (Šlv); pltnyčia (nlt.) ‘brick building’ (1) Slm, Dov, Plv, Dj – pltninčė Als; žardinňčia ‘building without walls for drying flax’ (1) Ms, Tv, Brs – žar di nnnčia (1) Kl, Pln. A group of dual variants consists of compound terms with and without connective vowels. There are mostly lines with basic compound terms with connective vowels. The main variants are usually normative terms, e.g.: bandõdaržis (1) Kv, Als, Uzv, Štk, Kl, Vkš – bandãdaržis (1) Lž; pig gate (1) Vrn, Drsk, Lzd, Švnč, Dkš – pig gate (1) Ilg, Erž, LMD (Rs); trobãvietė (1) Smn, Všt, Grdž, Vv – trobvietė (1) DūnŽ, Žlp, Vn, Užv; dianndaržis (1) Pš, Grk, Rd, Tt, Bsg, Rm – daycare (1) Sdk; halfcap (3a) Švnč – halfcap (34a) JnšM, Kkl, Slk, Ds; lentgals (3b) Ds, Brs, Dkš – lentgals (34b) Skdt, Vlk, Ds; tile tip (3b) Mrj – tile tip (34b) Ds, Lkm, Dgl. The hybrid suffix -yčia derived from the base words with consonant differences should also be included in the punch variants, e.g.: langeveryčiaj (2) Slk, Ut, Ktk, Dgl, Mlt – langverąčia (1) Slk. Mixed variants. In the group of morphological variants, there are also mixed cases of terminology variation. These are morphological variants of the number, consists of lines of foreign words and non-presentable hybrid variants, e.g.:
Terminology | 2008 | 15 129 with phonetic differences, e.g. zùzeliai „gargažė“ (1) Erž, Skr – žiùželis (1) Prng. CONCLUSIONS Variant terms are terms that have formal differences in linguistic means that do not affect the integrity of the content and do not cause semantic changes. After analyzing the cases of variation of construction folk terms found in the Lithuanian language dictionary with respect to varying linguistic means and current language, it was noted that there are many and various variants. Most of them consist of pronunciation and phonetic variants. The group of pronunciation variants consists mainly of variants of different pronunciation places, much rarer variants of the same pronunciation places. A large part of the pronunciation variants consists of strings of variants with basic normative terms. Variant strings with non-normative terms consist of variants of words in the current language or terms that are not used in the current language. A significant part of the lines of the variants consists of foreign and unusable hybrids. The group of phonetic variants consists mainly of terms that correspond to the norms of the current language and dialectal variants with quantitative and qualitative vowel differences. There are also some variants that have a more distinct flavor. In the group of morphological variants, which consists of co-rooted terms with identical meaning, differences in endings and adjective affixes, and variants of morphological categories, the terms with variants of the genus category predominate, cases of variation of the number category are rare. The group of ending variants is dominated by terms with endings -ė and -(i)a, -as and -ys. In the group of operative variants, the majority consists of derivatives of pre-, pre-, postprepositions and their dialectal variants, the suffix -nik and its derivatives. Not all of the construction folk terminology has been standardized. Some of the variations of the construction folk terms have entered into the current language. LITTERACY AND SOURCES DŽ6 2006: Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language (3rd electronic edition), Vilnius. Klimavičius J. 1996: From Folk Terminology to Scientific. – Terminology 3, 4-25. LKG 1965: Lithuanian Grammar 1, Vilnius. LKŽe 2005: Dictionary of Lithuanian Language (electronic edition, www.lkz.lt), Vilnius. Urbutis V. 1978: Theory of word formation, Vilnius. Župerka K. 1983: Lithuanian language stylistics, Vilnius. Ахманова О. 2005: Словарьлингвистическихтерминов, Москва.
130 Robertas Stunžinas | Variant Гринев С. 1993: Введениевтерминоведение, Москва. КРусР 2003: Культурарусскойречи.Энциклопедическийсловарь-справочник, Москва. Сложеникина Ю. 2005: Термин:семантическое,формальное,функциональноеварьирование, Москва. Татаринов В. 2006: Общеетерминоведение.Энциклопедическийсловарь, Москва. This article deals with variant folk terms of construction in the electronic version of Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of Lithuanian) (Vilnius, 2005). It was observed that the majority of variants are variants of pronunciation – accentuation variants and phonetics variants. The group of variants of accentuation mainly consists of variants where the accent is placed differently, for instance, donkepis– duonkeps(breadstove). Variants with the same place of accent, but with a different intonation are noticeably rarer, for instance, atpamatis – ntpamatis(risearoundfoundations). A large part of accentuation variants are variants with normative terms, for instance, grvilka – garvilk(steamduct). Variants of non-normative terms are variants of modern language words or terms not used in modern language, for example, ėušė – apuš (asp). A significant proportion of variants are barbarisms and hybrids, for instance, ãkselis – aksels(choppedstraw). The group of phonetic variants mainly consists of terms concordant to norms of modern Lithuanian and variants with quantitative and qualitative differences of vowels, for instance, kljus – kljus(glue). The group of morphological variants consists of terms with the same root and meaning, but with differences in inflectional and derivational affixes and a variety of morphological categories. In this group terms with differences in gender (palubs – palub) (placeunderaceiling)prevail, terms with differences in number (drobnos – drobyn) (ladder) are rather rare. In the group of variant terms with different inflectional affixes the majority of terms have inflexional endings -ė and -(i)a (priemen – priemenie) (entrance hall) as well as -as and -is (sienójas – sienójis) (log). In the group of derivational variants the majority of terms are derivates with prefixes prie-, priešand užand their dialectal variants, for example, (prėegonkis – prėgonkis (porch), prėeškaktis – prųškaktis (stove front), užùgardė – ažùgardė (mow)) and derivates with the suffix -ininkas and its variants (mūaarininkas – mūrinykas) (bricklayer). Retrieved 2008-12-11. Robertas Stunžinas Institute of Lithuanian Language P. Vileišio g. 5, LT–10308 Email: [email protected] construction folk terms...