Vaida Buivydienė, Regina Žukienė. Aiškinamasis svarbiausių literatūros ir kalbotyros terminų žodynėlis

DIANA ŠILOBRITAITĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language Vaida Buivydienė, Regina Žukienė. EXPLANATORY GLOSSARY OF THE MOST IMPORTANT LITERARY AND LINGUISTIC TERMS: A TEACHING METHODOLOGICAL BOOK Vilnius: Vilniaus kolegija, 2008, 128 p. This alphabetical explanatory glossary of literary and linguistic terms by V. Buivydienė and R. Žukienė, as stated in the preface, “is intended for full-time and part-time students of the Faculty of Pedagogy at Vilnius College who study various subjects in Lithuanian language and literature, for classroom and independent study” (3). The glossary presents alphabetically the most important and most common literary and linguistic terms, which are “illustrated with various examples of usage from fiction, scholarly literature, and spoken language” (3). The glossary was compiled using various literary sources (19 entries are listed). It is stated that “other literature, listed in the bibliography appended at the end of the publication for further use, was also consulted in compiling the glossary” (3). However, no such bibliography appears in the glossary. Although the glossary explains abbreviations, shortened forms, and symbols, it lacks a comprehensive description of its structure. The criteria for selecting terms are also unclear. The glossary has not been approved by the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language. It is questionable that terms from two different fields of scholarship are presented in a single publication. Readers may wonder why the meanings of both linguistic and literary terms are given in one entry without any references, for example: anagram – a rhetorical figure obtained by rearranging the letters of a selected word or phrase (called the program) <...>; verse compositions are often called anagrams <...> (9). Archetipas (12, 14) is defined only as a literary term, but in linguistics it is used with a different meaning: Da- Terminologija | 2009 | 16 273 bartinėje istorinėje kalbotyroje šiuo terminu dažnai vadinama prolytė (KlbŽ 1990: 24). Prolytė – kalbos mokslo metodais atkurta gyvojoje kalboje ir raštijos paminkluose nepaliudyta senovinė žodžio forma ar kuri nors jo dalis (KlbŽ 1990: 162). Headwords and subtypes presented in the entry for the main term are accent-marked, with stress indicated in parentheses, but errors in stress marking have not been avoided, e.g.: descriptive (=descriptive) grammar (39), comparative (=comparative) degree (59), adjective (=adjective) (20), contrastive (=contrastive) grammar (39), comparative (=comparative) grammar (39), non-comparative (=non-comparative) degree (59), test question (=test question) (55), rōtininkai (=rōtininkai) (95), hydronym= (hydronym) (118), demonstratives (=demonstratives) (47), etc. The term moralité was found without a stress mark, and the dependent constituent of the term instrumental of cause was left unstressed. The glossary provides the etymology of terms of foreign origin. For compound terms, the etymology of the subordinate constituent is explained after that constituent, e.g., analytic [Greek analytikos – relating to analysis] language (9). However, this is done inconsistently (the etymology of some terms is not given), e.g.: aphæmia (5), acroteleuton (7), alphabetician (7), Anacreontic lyric poetry (9), dactylic rhyme (22), syncopation (99), skaldas (101), etc. The etymology given for the term addresser is inaccurate, e.g., German Adrese (=Adressant) (5). Almost all headwords are correct, although a few terms should be corrected, e.g.: alofarazė (=alofrazė) (8), definition (=defined term) (12), Aesopian (=Aesop’s) fable (33) (LLE 2001: 136), incunabulus (=incunabula) (44), methods of image creation (=method) (117). Although most of the terms used within the entries themselves are also correct, there are some unacceptable and questionable terms, e.g., rolė (nonstandard = role (TT 1992: 91)) in the entry for the term replica (92). The term <...> found in the entry for hyphen (20) should be corrected: it is used to separate direct speech from the author’s speech (=author’s⟧)⟧. The question arises why the headword archetype, listed twice (in one instance, not alphabetically), is defined in two different ways, e.g.: archetype – the transmission from generation to generation of an image from the collective unconscious that has universal meaning (12) and archetype – a poetic sign. An image from mythology, folklore, rites, or customs in poetry or prose is called an archetype (14). Synonyms in the glossary are given in parentheses, joined by the conjunction “or,” and are usually not listed as headwords. However, this presentation convention is not always followed consistently, e.g.: PUN – <...>. See also Wordplay (cf. Wordplay (or pun) <...>) (50, 126). 274 Diana Šilobritaitė The synonyms rhetorical apostrophe and apostrophe are not joined by the conjunction “or” (93), while the synonyms memories, recollections (15) are separated by a cable [sic]. It should be noted that Lithuanian terminography conventionally separates synonyms of terms with a cable [sic]—this method of presenting synonyms is also stipulated in the General Requirements for the Preparation of Terminological Dictionaries approved by the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language (VLKK) (TŽRBR 2007). There is an instance in which only one synonym is given in parentheses, while the definition contains two, e.g.: Alphabet (or alphabet) – all the letters of a writing system, arranged in a particular order, alphabet. letter system (5). Refrain is given as a synonym of chorus (86), but the latter is not indicated alongside the separately listed refrain (92). The terms amphiboly (8) and ambiguity (27) are distinguished and not presented as synonyms, but in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms they are considered synonyms. On the other hand, the reverse is also noteworthy—the questionable synonymy of terms (in the Encyclopedia of Lithuanian Literature they are not considered synonyms), e.g., idyll (or pastorale, bucolic poem) (43). In addition, the terms pastorale (79) and bucolic poem (20) are also listed as headwords in the glossary, but neither includes a cross-reference to the term idyll. Regarding the synonyms included in the glossary, it should also be noted that they often lack systematic treatment, e.g.: allofrazė (or a variant of a phraseological unit) (8), allograph (or grapheme variant) (8), allomorph (morpheme variant) (8), but it is not stated that the term allophone (8) also has a synonym—phoneme variant. It is unclear which terms are provided with the cross-reference also called and what their relationship to synonyms is, e.g.: Philosophical lyric poetry – a type of lyric poetry based on worldview issues and so-called “eternal” problems. It is also called by other terms: poetry of ideas, reflective lyric poetry, intellectual lyric poetry, poetry of thought, metaphysical lyric poetry (34). Heraldic poem – <...> (also called a poem at or about a coat of arms) (40). The TŽRBR states that each meaning of a term is numbered and defined as an independent unit (it is not recommended to present submeanings separated by a semicolon or otherwise). However, in the glossary under review, meanings are in some cases presented after a semicolon, a cable [sic], or a period, e.g.: archive – an institution that collects, preserves, organizes, and studies old documents and manuscripts; its premises; a collection of those documents (14); anagram – a rhetorical figure formed by rearranging the letters of a chosen word or phrase (called the source) <...>; verse lines are often called anagrams Terminologija | 2009 | 16 275 works <...> (9): allusion—a hint at a familiar subject, a stylistic device—an expression that recalls some familiar fact <...> (8); archetype—a poetic symbol. An image from mythology, folklore, rituals, or customs in poetry or prose is called an archetype (12), and so on. Inadequate and unclear definitions of some terms, for example: Apo-gėjus—greatest achievement, flourishing (13). Interpretation—explanation of meaning; performing a work of art in one’s own way (45). Historical novel—a specific type of novel that emerged in the Romantic era (46). Colorfulness—vividness, distinctiveness (56). Culture—everything created through society’s physical and intellectual labor; good upbringing, education (58). Situation—position, circumstances, the totality of circumstances (100). Image—a picture of life painted, described, or depicted (117). The glossary contains a great many proofreading errors. On some pages, terms are not presented in alphabetical order (12, 92). Although every dictionary is an important step in a particular field of science, it is doubtful that this educational glossary of literary and linguistic terms will enrich Lithuanian terminography. It has been noted that almost all the terms and their definitions are taken from Kalbotyros terminų žodyno and Lietuvių literatūros enciklopedijos. No new original terms or definitions are provided, so the issues requiring correction and various errors mentioned in this review should not appear in an educational methodological publication. LITERATŪRA KlŽ. 1990: Kalbotyros terminų žodynas. Vilnius. LLE 2001: Lietuvių literatūros enciklopedija. Vilnius. TT 1992: Terminologijos taisymai. Vilnius. TŽBRB 2007: Terminų žodynų rengimo bendrieji reikalavimai. Patvirtinta Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos 2007 m. gruodžio 20 d. posėdžio protokoliniu nutarimu (rekomendacija R-4, Inf. pran., 2007-12-29, Nr. 100). Interneto prieiga: <http://www.vlkk.lt/lit/programos/zodynu-reikalavimai.html>. Gauta 2009-12-01 Diana Šilobritaitė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5. LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas: [email protected] 276 Diana Šilobritaitė