„Varpo“ medicinos straipsnių terminai

Medical Article Terminology in Varpas For the 120th anniversary of Varpas PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language In January 2009, 120 years had passed since the monthly newspaper of literature, politics, and science Lietuva began publication through the efforts of members of a secret student society founded in Warsaw—Vincas Kudirka, Jonas Gaidys-Gaidamavičius, Juozas Adomaitis-Šernas, Juozas Kaukas, Justinas Staugaitis, and others. The newspaper, Varpas, was published from January 1889 to March 1906 in Tilsit and Ragnit. The first editor of Varpas and author of most of its articles, Dr. V. Kudirka, initiated the publication of medical articles in the newspaper. During its seventeen years of publication, fifteen medical articles appeared, most of them (ten articles) in the first two years. Seven articles were substantial in length and published across several issues of the newspaper (serially). Three articles were translations; the others were original. As was customary in the press of the time, all the articles were signed with pseudonyms: Atgaivys (J. Aleksa), Draugaitis (S. Matulaitis), Hygijėjos tarnas, Hygijėjos tarnas, Hygijėjos tarnas, Hygienos tarnas (V. Kudirka), Paulius (P. Matulaitis), M. Sk-ra (M. Kuprevičius), J. Szidaras (J. Bagdonas)—or by pseudonymous initials: J., J. J. (J. Jasiulaitis), R.1 (LS II 2004: 92, 215, 299, 316, 335, 594, 720, 887). Varpe sveikatos ir gydymo klausimais daugiausia rašė gydytojai – Julius Aleksa (1855–1891), Juozas Bagdonas (1866–1956), Vincas Kudirka (1858–1899), Mikalojus Kuprevičius (1864–1932), Petras Matulaitis (1865–1900), Stasys Matulaitis (1866–1956). J. Bagdonas, V. Kudirka ir S. Matulaitis buvo Varpo bendradarbiai. Jie ir P. Matulaitis buvo vieni svarbiausių Varpo autorių. 1The author could not be identified because, according to the information in Lithuanian Pseudonyms, many authors used this pseudonymous initial (LS I 2004: 88). 154 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Varpo medicinos straipsnių terminai First of all, V. Kudirka published a series of articles on hygiene: in 1889, “Tea,” “Coffee,” and “Tobacco,” and in 1895, “Alk ביר? 1. MEANING OF MEDICAL TERMS In Varpo, the terms in medical articles are divided into seven semantic groups according to the concepts they designate (listed in order of frequency). 1.1. Names of diseases, their signs, and morbid conditions. This group includes clinical terms4 denoting human diseases, for example, diseases of the eyes, ears, nose and throat, teeth and oral cavity, gynecological and obstetric diseases, infectious diseases, diseases of the blood-forming organs, respiratory organs, sexual organs, nervous system, skin, mental disorders, cardiovascular system, digestive organs, and others, as well as signs of these diseases, various morbid conditions, and so on, e.g.: inflammation of the eyes5 VrpKdr 1889 3 40, strabismus VrpKdr 1889 4 61, blindness VrpKdr 1889 4 61, contusions VrpJsl 1891 10 152, VrpJsl 1891 11 168, VrpJsl 1891 12 182 (contusion diseases7 VrpJsl 1891 11 167, contusions in a pathological state of the nervous system VrpJsl 1891 10 152), ringing in the ears VrpPMat 1890 1 5, white disease VrpKpr 1897 3 41, cholera VrpPMat 1890 7 106, VrpPMat 1890 8 123, VrpPMat 1890 9 137, VrpPMat 1891 4 54, chronic inflammation VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, diphtheria VrpPMat 1890 7 106, VrpPMat 1890 8 123, VrpPMat 1890 9 137, nervous palpitation of the heart VrpKdr 1889 2 25, mental derangement VrpJsl 1891 9 136, VrpJsl 1891 10 152, trembling VrpKdr 1889 3 41, fever VrpR. 1889 12 184, VrpPMat 1890 2 21, VrpPMat 1890 7 106, VrpPMat 1890 8 123, VrpPMat 1890 10 154, dizziness VrpKdr 1889 3 41, vertigo VrpPMat 1890 1 5, cattle pox VrpPMat 1890 9 138, childbed fever VrpPMat 1890 8 123, cowpox VrpPMat 1890 9 138, VrpPMat 1891 4 55, stomach catarrh VrpKdr 1889 1 9, intestinal catarrh VrpKdr 1889 1 9, delusion of grandeur VrpJsl 1891 11 167, persecution delusion VrpJsl 1891 11 167, delusion about oneself VrpJsl 1891 11 167, bloody diarrhea VrpPMat 1890 1 5, VrpPMat 1890 2 21, foolishness VrpJsl 1891 11 167 (mental foolishness VrpJsl 1891 12 182, reasoning foolishness VrpJsl 1891 10 153), lip cancer 4 In the language of medical science, the term clinic has two meanings. The first meaning of clinic is “institution”; the second is “the totality of symptoms from which the diagnosis, course, and prognosis of a disease are determined” (VLE X 2006). Clinical terms are “names of diseases, syndromes, symptoms, pathological conditions, processes, disorders, examination methods, treatments, medical devices, and instruments” (Nečiūnas, Nečiūnienė 1987: 5). 5 Terms are presented in the original spelling and in the singular nominative form. If a term is found only in one author's article, where it is used in the plural, it is also given in that form in this article. However, there are many cases in which the same terms are found in articles by several authors. In some, they are used in the singular, and in others, in the plural. Therefore, for the sake of consistency, all such terms are presented here in the singular. They are set in italics and arranged alphabetically. 6 Plačiau apie lietuviškus V. Kudirkos medicinos terminus žr. Zemlevičiūtė 2008: 142–155. 7 Specific terms are given in parentheses alongside the generic term. 156 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Varpo medicinos straipsnių terminai VrpKdr 1889 9 139, melancholia with suicidal thoughts VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, melancholia with persecutory thoughts VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, insomnia VrpPMat 1890 1 5, smallpox VrpPMat 1890 7 106, ordinary diarrhea VrpPMat 1890 2 21, progressive paralysis VrpJsl 1891 12 184. boils VrpPMat 1891 4 55, suppurative inflammation VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, scarlet fever VrpKpr 1897 3 42, rheumatism VrpPMat 1890 10 154, joint stiffness VrpKdr 1889 3 41, rabies (ė? – P. Z.) VrpPMat 1890 10 153, VrpPMat 1891 4 55 (human rabies (ė? – P. Z.) VrpPMat 1890 10 153), menstruation8 VrpKpr 1897 3 42, bone scrofula VrpPMat 1891 4 55, scrofula of the lymph nodes VrpPMat 1891 4 55, joint scrofula VrpPMat 1891 4 55, severe sneezing VrpKdr 1889 4 61, softening of the brain VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, tobacco intoxication VrpKdr 1889 11 168, true pox VrpPMat 1890 9 138. VrpPMat 1891 4 55, swelling9 VrpKpr 1897 3 42, skin lupus VrpPMat 1891 4 55, inflammation of the gums VrpKdr 1889 3 41, inflammation of the throat VrpKdr 1889 3 41, inflammation of the brain VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, constipation VrpPr. 1889 12 184, rings10 VrpKpr 1897 3 42, etc. 1.2. Names of actions, processes, states, and properties. This group includes abstract terms related to medicine, e.g.: altruistic feelings VrpJsl 1891 11 167, cheek retraction VrpJsl 1890 3 38, tissue activity VrpBgd 1889 2 22, higher sensations VrpJsl 1891 10 151, blindness VrpSMat 1891 1 10, marked widening of the cervical angle VrpJsl 1890 4 54, maturity VrpJsl 1891 9 135, moral feelings VrpJsl 1891 9 134, morality VrpJsl 1891 9 134, VrpJsl 1891 10 151, VrpJsl 1891 11 166, VrpJsl 1891 12 183 (morality of the mentally ill VrpJsl 1891 11 166, VrpJsl 1891 12 182, patient's morality VrpJsl 1891 12 183), physical health VrpJsl 1891 12 184, functions VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156 (stomach functions VrpKpr 1897 1 9), depth of sleep VrpBgd 1889 2 22, treatment by “homeopathy” VrpAlk 1890 7 97, vitality VrpBgd 1889 2 20, VrpJsl 1891 12 183, VrpJsl 1891 9 135, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 9 139, VrpPMat 1890 10 154, life VrpJsl 1891 11 167, hypothesis VrpJsl 1890 4 54, VrpJsl 1890 5 68, breathing VrpPMat 1891 4 57, exhalation VrpKdr 1889 9 139, mineralization VrpPMat 1890 6 92, death VrpBgd 1889 2 20 (fetal death VrpPMat 1890 2 21, sudden death VrpKdr 1889 4 61), mummification VrpPMat 1890 8 123, normal sleep 8 See menstruation “monthly period, menstruation” LKŽ. 9 See swelling “a swelling on the sole of the foot, heel, or toe” LKŽ. 10 See rings “menstruation” LKŽ. Terminologija | 2009 | 16 157 VrpBgd 1889 2 22, discernment VrpJsl 1890 4 54, suicide VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, sensations VrpBgd 1889 2 20, width of the nostrils VrpJsl 1890 4 53, innate nature11 VrpBgd 1889 2 20, moral nature VrpJsl 1890 4 54, middle nature VrpJsl 1890 5 68, nature of the mind VrpJsl 1890 4 54, psychic condition VrpJsl 1891 1 11 166, psychic activity VrpJsl 1891 1 11 166, VrpJsl 1891 9 134, psychological analysis of mental illness VrpJsl 1891 10 153, radical treatment VrpPMat 1891 4 57, reflex sensitivity VrpKdr 1889 1 9, sympathy12 VrpJsl 1891 10 151, VrpJsl 1891 11 166, VrpJsl 1891 9 134, pain VrpKdr 1889 3 40, VrpPMat 1890 6 91, VrpPMat 1891 4 54, VrpPMat 1890 2 21, VrpPMat 1890 8 123, consciousness13 VrpJsl 1891 10 152, VrpJsl 1891 11 166, VrpJsl 1891 12 183, understanding14 VrpJsl 1891 9 135, dislocation15 nervous system VrpJsl 1891 12 183, contraction of the bones VrpJsl 1890 3 38, VrpJsl 1890 4 54, palpitations VrpKdr 1889 2 25, bladder VrpKdr 1889 4 60, sensations in the lower regions VrpJsl 1891 10 151, lower sensations VrpJsl 1891 10 151, gurgling16 VrpKdr 1889 9 139, VrpKdr 1889 8 120 et al. 1.3. Names of body parts and organs, and of the fluids they produce. These names designate concepts in human anatomy and physiology, e.g.: whites of the eyes VrpKdr 1889 3 41, eyelid VrpKdr 1889 10 152, tear ducts VrpKdr 1889 460, nervous tissue VrpJsl 1890 5 69, tooth pulp VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 9 139, tooth enamel VrpKdr 1889 9 139, brain VrpBgd 1889 2 21, VrpKdr 1889 10 153, VrpKdr 1889 1 9, left ventricle VrpBgd 1889 2 21, pancreas VrpKdr 1889 8 120, legs VrpKdr 1889 1 9, VrpKdr 1889 2 25, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpPr. 1889 12 184, VrpPMat 1890 2 20, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, blood VrpKdr 1889 9 139, VrpKdr 1889 1 9, VrpKdr 1889 10 152, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 4 60, VrpKdr 1889 11 168, VrpBgd 1889 2 21, VrpJsl 1890 5 69, VrpKpr 1897 3 42, VrpPMat 1890 9 138, VrpPMat 1890 7 106, VrpPMat 1890 5 69, respiratory tract VrpKdr 1889 10 152, sexual organs VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, manure VrpPMat 1890 6 91, VrpPMat 1890 7 106, muscles VrpJsl 1890 3 38 (temporal bone muscles VrpJsl 1890 4 11 See innate nature “nature” LKŽ. 12 See sympathy “kindness, mutual compassion” LKŽ. 13 See consciousness 1. “consciousness,” 2. “discernment, understanding” LKŽ. 14 See understanding “comprehension, knowledge” LKŽ. 15 See to construct “to build, to erect” LKŽ. 16 See gurgling “digestion” LKŽ. 158 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Varpo medicinos straipsnių terminai 53, temporal muscles VrPₚₛₗ 1890 4 53), sensory organs VrPₚₛₗ 1891 10 151, panages VrPₚₛₗ 1890 5 68, VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 8 123, pulmonary pleura VrPₖdᵣ 1895 9/10 156, lung pleura VrPₖdᵣ 1895 9/10 156, hair VrPₚₛₗ 1890 5 68, toes VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 2 20, sweat VrPᵣ. 1889 12 184, VrPₖdᵣ 1889 3 41, tendons VrPₖdᵣ 1889 3 41, VrPₖdᵣ 1889 8 120, VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 5 72, male semen VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 10 154, lumbar spinal cord VrPₖdᵣ 1889 10 153, trunk VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 2 20, tendons VrPᵦgᵈ 1889 2 21, VrPₖdᵣ 1889 9 139, accessory nasal turbinates VrPₚₛₗ 1890 4 54, facial bones VrPₚₛₗ 1890 4 54, middle organs VrPₚₘₐₜ 1891 4 57, urinary passages VrPᵣ. 1889 12 184, etc. 1.4. Names of treatments and other remedies. Some terms in this semantic group (names of medicines, medicinal plants and their parts, and chemical and other substances) are pharmaceutical terms, e.g.: arnica leaves VrPₖₚᵣ 1897 3 42, arnica flowers VrPₖₚᵣ 1897 3 42, oak bark VrPₖₚᵣ 1897 3 41, china VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 10 154, chloral hydrate VrPᵦgᵈ 1889 2 20, chlorophyll VrPₖdᵣ 1889 1 8, VrPₖdᵣ 1889 3 40, dextran VrPₖdᵣ 1889 2 25, VrPₖdᵣ 1889 8 120, disinfectant liquids VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 8 123, tuberous plants VrPₖₚᵣ 1897 1 9, knotgrass VrPₖₚᵣ 1897 3 42, mints VrPₖₚᵣ 1897 3 42, sedatives VrPᵦgᵈ 1889 2 21, morphine VrPᵦgᵈ 1889 2 20, VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 1 4, marigolds VrPₖₚᵣ 1897 3 41, marsh marigolds VrPₖₚᵣ 1897 3 42, oxalic acid VrPₖdᵣ 1889 3 40, external medicines VrPₖdᵣ 1889 3 41, oxalic acid VrPₖdᵣ 1889 3 40, resins VrPₖdᵣ 1889 1 8, lime VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 1 4, VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 2 20, alder bark VrPₖₚᵣ 1897 3 42, wine spirit VrPₖdᵣ 1895 9/10 155. This group also includes some clinical terms (names of treatment methods and medical instruments), e.g.: syringe VrPₚₘₐₜ 1891 4 57, quarantine VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 8 123, microscope VrPₖdᵣ 1889 1 9, VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 4 59. In addition, some names belonging to this group denote folk remedies (foodstuffs, household objects, etc.), e.g.: beer VrPₛₘₐₜ 1891 1 10, beet juice VrPₖₚᵣ 1897 3 41, beef tallow VrPₖₚᵣ 1897 3 41, pork lard VrPₖₚᵣ 1897 3 41, honey VrPₖₚᵣ 1897 3 41, soap VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 8 123, milk VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 2 21, onions VrPₖₚᵣ 1897 3 41. 1.5. Names of persons. These names designate people associated with medical science and practice, e.g.: alcoholic VrPₚₛₗ 1891 12 183, old woman doctor VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 2 21, mentally deficient VrPₚₛₗ 1891 11 166, mentally feeble-minded VrPₚₛₗ 1891 11 166, people with mental illness VrPₖdᵣ 1895 9/10 157, mentally ill VrPₚₛₗ 1891 9 134, VrPₚₛₗ 1891 10 150, VrPₚₛₗ 1891 11 166, VrPₚₛₗ 1891 12 182, woman in labor VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 8 123, drunkard Terminologija | 2009 | 16 159 VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, VrpKdr 1895 11 173, hysterics VrpJsl 1891 11 167, morphine addict VrpJsl 1891 9 134, mummies VrpPMat 1890 8 123, psychopath VrpJsl 1891 11 167, immature fetus VrpPMat 1890 2 21, fetus of two organisms of different constitutions VrpJsl 1890 5 69, etc. 1.6. Names of scientific disciplines. This group includes the names of branches of medical science and sciences related to medicine, e.g.: bacteriology VrpPMat 1891 4 55, surgery VrpPMat 1890 8 123, physiology VrpBgd 1889 2 22, homeopathy VrpAlk 1890 7 97, pathology VrpKdr 1889 9 139, psychiatry VrpJsl 1891 9 136. VrpJsl 1891 10 152, therapy VrpKdr 1889 11 168, etc. 1.7. Names of institutions. This group includes the names of medical institutions, e.g.: clinic VrpPMat 1891 4 56, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, hospital VrpPMat 1890 7 105, VrpPMat 1890 8 123, VrpPMat 1891 4 55, VrpJsl 1891 12 183, houses for the mentally ill VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, etc. 2. ORIGIN OF MEDICAL TERMS In this article, medical terms are classified by origin in relation to the Lithuanian language as terms of Lithuanian origin, loanwords, and hybrids17. Three fifths (60%) of the terms under consideration are of Lithuanian origin. Loanwords make up only one fifth (20%) of all terms, and the same proportion comprises terms of mixed origin18. 2.1. Terms of Lithuanian origin. In Varpo, the authors who wrote about medical issues used in their articles mainly terms of Lithuanian origin denoting body parts and organs and the fluids they produce, diseases and their symptoms and pathological conditions, persons, and actions, processes, states, and characteristics associated with medicine; these account for more than half of all terms. Some of these names have become terms in the language of contemporary medical science, while others are no longer used in it. 2.1.1. Terms of Lithuanian origin used in the language of contemporary medical science. It should be said that a considerable number of the medical terms in Varpo have become established in contemporary medical language. Many body-part terms adopted from spoken language and old writings, which form the core of contemporary Lithuanian anatomical terminology 17 Only words containing components from both Lithuanian and foreign languages are considered hybrids (see (Gaivenis, Keinys 1990: 78)), e.g., grybelis. 18 Terms of mixed origin include one-word hybrids, e.g. guzelis, and compound terms containing elements of different origins, e.g., chronic disease, medical science. 160 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Varpo medicinos straipsnių terminai ir organų pavadinimų (tai liudija LKŽ duomenys) rasta Varpo medicinos straipsniuose, pvz.: akįs VrpKdr 1895 9/10 155, VrpKdr 1889 1 8, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 4 60, VrpKdr 1889 10 152, Vrpr. 1889 12 184, VrpJsl 1890 5 68, VrpKdr 1895 11 174, VrpKpr 1897 3 42, ausis VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpPMat 1890 2 20, burna VrpKdr 1889 3 40, VrpKdr 1889 8 120, VrpKdr 1889 9 139, VrpJsl 1890 3 38, VrpJsl 1890 4 53, VrpJsl 1890 5 68, VrpPMat 1890 7 106, dantis VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 9 139, VrpKdr 1889 11 168, VrpJsl 1890 3 39, galva VrpKdr 1889 1 9, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 10 153, VrpKdr 1889 11 168, VrpPMat 1890 1 5, VrpPMat 1890 2 21, VrpPMat 1891 4 54, VrpKdr 1895 11 175, VrpKpr 1897 3 42, gomurys VrpKdr 1889 9 139, inkštas VrpBgd 1889 2 21, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, kakta VrpJsl 1890 4 54, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, kaulas VrpJsl 1890 3 38, VrpPMat 1891 4 55, VrpKpr 1897 3 42, kepenyys VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, koja VrpKdr 1889 1 9, VrpKdr 1889 2 25, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, Vrpr. 1889 12 184, VrpPMat 1890 2 20, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, nosis VrpKdr 1889 3 40, VrpKdr 1889 4 60, VrpPMat 1890 2 20, VrpJsl 1890 5 68, pilvas VrpKdr 1889 1 9, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 8 120, VrpPMat 1890 7 105, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, VrpKpr 1897 3 41, pirštas VrpPMat 1890 2 21, VrpPMat 1890 7 106, VrpKpr 1897 3 41, ranka VrpKdr 1889 1 9, VrpKdr 1889 2 25, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, Vrpr. 1889 12 184, VrpPMat 1890 2 20, VrpJsl 1890 3 39, VrpJsl 1890 4 54, VrpJsl 1890 5 54, VrpPMat 1890 8 123, VrpKdr 1895 11 174, veidas VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpJsl 1890 3 38, VrpJsl 1890 4 53, VrpJsl 1890 5 68, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, žarna VrpKdr 1889 2 25, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpPMat 1890 5 72, VrpPMat 1890 8 123 ir kt. Dalies anatomijos ir fiziologijos terminų rašyba dabar yra kitokia, pvz.: ašara VrpKdr 1889 4 60, Vrpr. 1889 12 184 – dabar ašara, krūtinė VrpBgd 1889 2 21, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 10 152 – dabar krūtinė, kūnas VrpBgd 1889 2 20, VrpKdr 1889 3 40, VrpJsl 1890 3 37, VrpJsl 1890 4 53, VrpJsl 1890 5 69, VrpPMat 1890 7 106, VrpPMat 1890 9 138, VrpPMat 1890 10 154, VrpSMat 1891 1 11, VrpPMat 1891 4 55, VrpJsl 1891 10 151, VrpKpr 1897 3 42 – dabar kūnas, lupa VrpKdr 1889 8 120, VrpKdr 1889 9 139 – dabar lūpa. Kai kurie anatomijos terminai varijavo (daugiausia tai rašybos ir fonetiniai variantai), pvz.: liežūvis VrpKdr 1889 8 120, VrpKdr 1889 9 139, Vrpr. 1889 12 184 / liežūvis VrpKdr 1889 3 41, oda VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157 / ūda VrpBgd 1889 2 21 / uoda VrpJsl 1890 4 54, VrpJsl 1890 3 38, VrpPMat 1890 2 20, VrpPMat 1890 7 105, plaučiai VrpPMat 1890 7 106, VrpPMat 1890 10 153, VrpPMat 1891 4 55, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156 / plauczei VrpKdr 1889 1 8, VrpBgd 1889 2 21, VrpKdr 1889 9 139, VrpKdr 1889 10 152 / plaucziai VrpKdr Terminologija | 2009 | 16 161 1889 10 152, joints VrpPMat 1891 4 55 / joints VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, brain VrpBgd 1889 2 22 / brain VrpBgd 1889 2 21 / brain VrpKdr 1889 2 25, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpPMat 1890 2 21, VrpPJs 1890 3 39, VrpPMat 1890 8 123, VrpPMat 1891 4 55, VrpPJs 1891 12 183, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156 / brain VrpBgd 1889 2 21, VrpKdr 1889 4 61, VrpKdr 1889 11 168, VrpPJs 1891 11 167, heart VrpKdr 1889 1 9, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpBgd 1889 2 21, VrpKdr 1889 10 152 / heart VrpPMat 1890 2 20, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, intestines VrpKdr 1889 1 9. VrpKdr 1889 9 139 / intestines VrpBgd 1889 2 21, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 9 139, VrpPMat 1890 2 21, VrpAlk 1890 7 98, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, VrpKpr 1897 1 9, jaw VrpPJs 1890 3 38, VrpPJs 1890 4 53 / jaw VrpKdr 1889 3 41. The same applies to some names of actions and processes, e.g.: treatment VrpAlk 1890 7 97, VrpPMat 1890 8 123 / treatment VrpKdr 1895 9/10 155, VrpPMat 1891 4 55, VrpPMat 1890 2 21, VrpPMat 1890 10 153, VrpPMat 1891 4 55, breathing VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpKdr 1889 9 139 / breathing VrpBgd 1889 2 21, vaccination VrpPMat 1890 9 138, VrpPMat 1890 10 153 / vaccination VrpPMat 1891 4 56. Current clinical terminology includes many established names for diseases, their symptoms, and pathological conditions used by the authors of Varpo medical articles (only the spelling of some differs from that of the terms used today), e.g.: sneezing VrpKdr 1889 4 60, hepatic colic VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, shivering VrpKdr 1889 3 41, consumption VrpKdr 1889 10 152, VrpKdr 1889 11 168, VrpPMat 1891 4 54 / consumption VrpPMat 1890 10 153, VrpKpr 1897 3 41, jaundice VrpKpr 1897 1 10, scurvy VrpKpr 1897 3 42, fever VrpKdr 1889 3 41 / fever VrpKpr 1891 4 55, VrpKpr 1897 3 42, fever VrpPMat 1890 8 123, VrpPMat 1890 9 137, VrpPMat 1891 4 54 / fever VrpPMat 1890 7 106 / fevers nom. pl. VrpPMat 1890 8 123, VrpPMat 1890 9 138, VrpPMat 1890 10 153 / fevers VrpPMat 1890 7 106, VrpPMat 1890 8 123, VrpPMat 1890 10 154, VrpPMat 1891 4 54, cough VrpKdr 1889 3 40, VrpKdr 1889 4 60, VrpKdr 1889 10 152, VrpR. 1889 12 184, delirium VrpKpr 1897 3 42, spleen VrpKpr 1897 3 42, measles VrpKpr 1890 7 105, seizure VrpPJs 1891 11 167 / consumption VrpKdr 1889 4 61, smallpox VrpPMat 1890 7 106, VrpPMat 1890 8 12, VrpPMat 1890 9 138, VrpPMat 1891 4 54, VrpKpr 1897 3 42, insomnia VrpPJs 1891 12 184 / insomnia VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, pneumonia VrpPMat 1890 7 106, vomiting VrpKdr 1889 3 41, VrpR. 1889 12 184, VrpPMat 1890 1 5, cancer VrpKdr 1889 9 139 / cancer VrpKpr 1897 3 42, diarrhea VrpPMat 1890 2 20, wolf VrpKdr 1889 4 60, VrpPMat 1891 4 56, wound VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157, hiccups VrpKdr 1889 3 41, etc. 162 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Varpo medicinos straipsnių terminai Dabartinėje vartosenoje yra išlikusių Varpo medicinos straipsniuose rastų asmenų pavadinimų, pvz.: beprotis VrPJsl 1891 10 151, kudikis VrPKdr 1895 11 174, lavonas VrPPbgd 1889 2 21, VrPPMat 1890 7 106, vaisius VrPPMat 1890 10 154, ir įvairias abstrakčias su medicina susijusias sąvokas įvardijančių pavadinimų, pvz.: atmintis VrPKdr 1889 4 61, badas VrPKdr 1889 11 168, gimdymas VrPPMat 1890 7 106, jautimas VrPJsl 1891 10 152, VrPJsl 1891 9 135, kvapas VrPPr. 1889 12 184, miegas VrPPbgd 1889 2 20, VrPKdr 1889 2 25, VrPKdr 1889 3 41, prigimtis VrPJsl 1890 5 68, protus VrPJsl 1890 4 54, VrPJsl 1890 5 69, VrPJsl 1890 4 54, VrPJsl 1890 5 69, VrPJsl 1891 11 168, VrPJsl 1891 12 182, VrPJsl 1891 11 168, VrPJsl 1891 12 182, VrPSMat 1891 1 9, sapnas VrPJsl 1891 12 183, sveikata VrPKdr 1889 1 8, VrPKdr 1889 3 40, VrPKdr 1889 11 168, VrPPMat 1890 1 4, VrPPMat 1890 2 21, VrPPMat 1891 4 54, VrPPMat 1890 7 105, VrPPMat 1890 8 123, VrPPMat 1890 10 154, VrPSMat 1891 1 11, VrPSMat 1891 3 41, VrPJsl 1891 10 152, VrPJsl 1891 12 183 ir kt. Tebevartojamas P. Matulaičio straipsnyje rastas įstaigos pavadinimas gimdymo namai VrPPMat 1890 8 123. Some terms in M. Kuprevičius’s article “Lithuanian Names of Diseases,” for example: dederinė, dieglys, drugys, dusulys, gumbas, pleiskanos, prietvaras, are now used with different meanings. Dederinė (dėdiruenės19 – lichen scrophulosorum VrPKpr 1897 3 41) was recorded by this physician as “kerpligė” (now lichen is kerpligė MedŽ 302, while dederinė is pityriasis MedŽ 439), dieglys (dieglys – neuralgia VrPKpr 1897 3 41) – “neuralgia” (now diegliai (abdominal pains) is colica MedŽ 112, while neuralgia – neuralgia, nerve pains MedŽ 373), drugys (drugys – febris intermittens VrPKpr 1897 3 41) in the sense of “intermittent fever” (now febris intermittens is intermittent fever MedŽ 200, while drugys – malaria MedŽ 324). The term gumbas, used in everyday speech, sparked discussion in the press of the time. In 1896, in the newspaper Ūkininkas, S. Matulaitis tried to clarify “What is the disease called gumbas?”: “Our people call many diseases g u m b u20. A woman who has contracted a women’s disease says that g u m b a s is tormenting her; someone suffering from some kind of intestinal disease likewise says that she is ill with g u m b u. Men who fall ill, whether with a disease of the stomach, intestines, or some other abdominal ailment, complain of g u m b o. One man even complained to me that he had a g u m b a in his head. Many believe that this g u m b a s is some kind of living thing that rises upward in the abdo- 19In M. Kuprevičius’s article “Lithuanian Disease Names,” Lithuanian terms and their Latin equivalents are printed in capital letters. 20In this and other illustrative sentences, terms set in spaced type are provided by the author of this article. Terminologija | 2009 | 16 163 men and then descends again. <...> Therefore, if someone tells us that he is ill with g u m b u, we still do not know his actual illness; we know only that he has pain in his stomach, intestines, liver, or female organs (if the patient is a woman)” (Matulaitis 1896: 4 28). In 1897, M. Kuprevičius’s article “What Disease Is Called Gumbu?” appeared in Varpas, in which the author “wanted to add a few words of explanation concerning the term ‘gumbas,’ used by our people in medicine” (Kuprevičius 1897: 1 9). In the physician’s view, “g u m b u should be used to name only that pathological condition which is called Catarrhus ventriculi in Latin, or Gastritis in Greek” (Kuprevičius 1897: 1 9). In his list of Lithuanian disease names, alongside gumbas we find another Latin equivalent, gastritis chronica. The first medical meaning of gumbas in LKŽ is “growth, swelling, lump (on the human body), sore, ulcer” Tv, Varn, Vkš, Šts; the second is “abdominal catarrh or some other intestinal ache; severe abdominal pain” Vžns, Ck, Vv, Sg, Ašb. The word gumbas is used in everyday speech with these two meanings. In the aforementioned article by M. Kuprevičius, the term dusulys – astma bronchiale VrpKpr 1897 3 41 means “bronchial asthma” (today asthma bronchiale is bronchial asthma MedŽ 61, whereas dusulys – dyspnoea MedŽ 160); pleiskanos is seborrhoea sicca VrpKpr 1897 3 42 (today seborrhoea sicca is dry seborrhea MedŽ 495, while pleiskanos – furfur MedŽ 215); prietvaras is miserere VrpKpr 1897 1 10, VrpKpr 1897 3 42 (today miserere corresponds to the term fecal vomiting MedŽ 343, while prietvaras is a synonym for constipation (Latin obstipatio MedŽ 384). In the articles by V. Kudirka and M. Kuprevičius, the term sloga was used in a broader sense. Sloga in the language of contemporary medical science means only “inflammation of the nasal mucosa” (Latin rhinitis MedŽ 485). In the articles of the aforementioned physicians, sloga was also used to denote inflammation of the mucous membranes of other organs (the mouth, throat, palate, abdomen, lungs, stomach), for example: simple stomach catarrh VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, abdominal catarrh VrpKdr 1889 9 139, throat catarrh – laryngitis VrpKpr 1897 3 42 (today laryngitis, inflammation of the larynx MedŽ 295), palatal catarrh – pharyngitis VrpKpr 1897 3 42 (today pharyngitis, inflammation of the pharynx MedŽ 432), pulmonary catarrh – bronchitis VrpKpr 1897 3 42 (today bronchitis, inflammation of the bronchi MedŽ 80). It is noteworthy that Varpo medical articles contained terms that have survived in present-day medical language but once had synonyms. For example, typhus was also called fever by M. Kuprevičius, e.g., fever (typhus) – typhus VrpKpr 1897 3 42; jaundice – gėltlige VrpKpr 1897 3 41. Tuberculosis was called by P. Ma- 164 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Varpo medicinos straipsnių terminai. Matulaitis called them by the terms džiova and sausligė, e.g.: džiova Vrₚₚₘₐₜ 1890 10 153, sausligė Vrₚₚₘₐₜ 1891 4 54 / Vrₚₚₘₐₜ 1890 6 91, Vrₚₚₘₐₜ 1890 7 106, Vrₚₚₘₐₜ 1891 4 54, whereas J. Jasiulaitis used only the term sausligė Vrₚⱼₛₗ 1890 5 68. In addition to the terms ligonis Vrₚⱼₛₗ 1891 9 135, Vrₚⱼₛₗ 1891 10 150, Vrₚⱼₛₗ 1891 11 166, Vrₚⱼₛₗ 1891 12 183, gydytojas Vrₚⱼₛₗ 1891 10 152, J. Jasiulaitis also used the terms apsirgusis, liginamas is, pacientas, sergantis, sergantysis, vaistytojas (for more on these terms, see 2.1.2.3). 2.1.2. Terms of Lithuanian origin not used in the current language of medical science, and their established equivalents. Perhaps the most interesting part of the Lithuanian-origin terminology in Varpo medical articles consists of names with specific and abstract meanings that have not entered current medical terminology. There are especially many now-obsolete terms from anatomy (names of body parts and organs) and clinical medicine (names of diseases); there are also some terms of other meanings that did not take hold (names of persons, medical institutions, etc.). Some of these will be discussed in greater detail here². 2.1.2.1. Names of body parts and organs. In a 1890 article, J. Jasiulaitis called the eyebrow (Latin supercilium MedŽ 522) bruviiu: “Does the habit of wrinkling the bruviiu not gradually press into them an indelible furrow?” Vrₚⱼₛₗ 1890 3 38. This is an old Lithuanian word from spoken language (Adutiškis, Bartninkai), used by K. Sirvydas. In an article from the same year, P. Matulaitis called this appendage of the eye by the term antakis Vrₚₚₘₐₜ 1890 9 138, which continues to be used in present-day medical language. Three terms were used in the sense of “tissue” (Latin tela MedŽ 532): auda, audeklas and audimas. J. Bagdonas and V. Kudirka used the term auda (audos) in their 1889 articles, e.g.: audos Vrₚᵦg 1889 2 21, Vrₚₖdᵣ 1889 9 139, Vrₚₖdᵣ 1889 8 120 (kūno audos Vrₚₖdᵣ 1889 1 9, Vrₚᵦg 1889 2 21, maitinimo audos Vrₚᵦg 1889 2 21, organizmo audos Vrₚₖdᵣ 1889 9 139, Vrₚₖdᵣ 1889 2 25, Vrₚₖdᵣ 1889 1 9 / audos organizmo Vrₚₖdᵣ 1889 1 9, smagenų audos Vrₚᵦg 1889 2 21), plaučių auda Vrₚₖdᵣ 1889 9 139. According to LKŽ, auda meaning “tissue” is not used in spoken language. J. Jasiulaitis used the term audimas in this sense Vrₚⱼₛₗ 1890 3 38, while P. Matulaitis used audeklas Vrₚₚₘₐₜ 1890 7 106, Vrₚₚₘₐₜ 1890 9 138, Vrₚₚₘₐₜ 1891 4 57. LKŽ shows that neither audimas nor audeklas has a medical meaning, although 2) Often, several terms—either all of Lithuanian origin or of Lithuanian origin alongside a loanword—were used synonymously by the same or different authors to name one concept. This subsection presents all the synonyms denoting the same concept. Terminologija | 2009 | 16 165 the latter is used in the present-day language of medical science as a synonym for tissue. In the article “Microorganisms,” P. Matulaitis used the terms baltieji kraujo skrduliai, baltieji skrduliai for a cell that engulfs and digests other cells or particles (Latin phagocytus MedŽ 431): “The third group, however, thinks that the white blood corpuscles become so emboldened in their fight against bacteria that they then easily overcome the bacteria that have entered the body. The most learned theory is the last one: it was advanced by Professor Mecznikov; Mecznikov showed that the white corpuscles, both in lower and higher animals and in humans, perform a very important task: they catch and devour every unnecessary thing that has entered the tissues. <...> the spilled blood is no longer needed; this blood, so to speak, is eaten by the white corpuscles, and the bruising disappears. Mecznikov therefore called the white corpuscles fagocitais (that is, “eaters”)” VrpPmat 1890 9 138. In the same article, this physician also used the current term fagocitas. The bundle of fibers along which an impulse travels to the brain (Latin nervus MedŽ 369) was called by J. Bagdonas and V. Kudirka by the Lithuanian term dirksnė, e.g.: dirksnės VrpBgd 1889 2 21, VrpKdr 1889 2 25, VrpKdr 1889 10 153 (gardumo dirksnės VrpKdr 1889 3 41, ploniu dirksės (dirksnės? – P. Z.) VrpKdr 1889 4 60): “The work of the tissues and the whole apparatus is under the supervision of the nerves²², of which the most important for the preservation of life are located in the brain” VrpBgd 1889 2 21. LKŽ lists dirgsnė as a word used by V. Kudirka, but, based on evidence from Varpas, it may also be a coinage by J. Bagdonas. V. Kudirka, P. Matulaitis, and S. Matulaitis also called the bundle of fibers by the loanword nervas, e.g.: nervai VrpPmat 1890 1 4, VrpSmat 1891 1 9, nervų sistema VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157. The funnel-shaped tube (Latin pharynx MedŽ 433) was called gerklė by V. Kudirka and P. Matulaitis VrpKdr 1889 9 139 / gerklė VrpKdr 1889 10 152, VrpPmat 1890 7 105: “<...> if microorganisms get onto our skin and into the stomach and the throat, what happens to them there? Do they not reproduce there and harm a person?” VrpPmat 1890 7 105, “It is true, at first the animal’s fur expels almost all the impurities (then the phlegm is clear), but later it ‘fails,’ and then the impurities line the throat like a chimney” VrpKdr 1889 10 152. In another article from the same year, P. Matulaitis also called this organ of the digestive system by the term kosere: “if a person still does not 22 The terms in this and other illustrative sentences are italicized in the original. 166 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Varpo medicinos straipsnių terminai began vomiting, to put a finger into the throat to make oneself vomit” VrPMat 1890 2 21. According to LKŽ, this word in the sense “pharynx” is still used in everyday speech, while in contemporary medical language the term ryklė has become established. In the sense “vessels (blood vessels, lymph vessels, etc.)” (Latin vas MedŽ 577), J. Bagdonas and V. Kudirka used the term indai VrPBgd 1889 2 21 (plaučių indai VrPKdr 1889 9 139). In articles from 1889, these physicians also used the term gysla in the narrower sense “vein”: “Pure blood stays in certain vessels – arterijose (the large ones) and therefore is called arterijiniu, whereas impure blood [stays] in the v e i n s and is called gysliniu” VrPBgd 1889 2 21, “<...> impure blood enters other blood vessels, into v e i n s <...> VrPKdr 1889 9 139. V. Kudirka called blood vessels (Latin sanguineum MedŽ 577) by the terms indai and indeliai, for example: kraujo indai VrPKdr 1889 9 139, VrPKdr 1895 9/10 156, kraujo indelei VrPKdr 1889 4 61. The word indas “channel, vein” is not attested in everyday speech according to LKŽ, whereas gysla “a vessel through which blood or lymph flows” is an everyday word (Smilgiai, Naujamestis, Geistarai [Didvyžiai], Liškiava, Meteliai, Varanavas). The blood vessel through which blood flows from the heart (Latin arteria MedŽ 50) was called by two terms—the native Lithuanian term sunkė and the borrowing arterija. J. Bagdonas used the latter, but added its Lithuanian equivalent in parentheses alongside it, for example, arterijos (sunkės): “Pure blood remains in certain vessels—arteries (l a r g e v e s s e l s)” VrPBgd 1889 2 21. V. Kudirka used only the native Lithuanian term: “The tissues of the human body are nourished by blood: as it flows from the left side of the heart through the l a r g e v e s s e l s, it gives the tissues the degį they need, <...>” VrPKdr 1889 9 139. V. Kudirka used sunkė in the ninth issue, and J. Bagdonas in the second. Thus J. Bagdonas used sunkę earlier than V. Kudirka. On the other hand, V. Kudirka was editor of Varpo, so it is possible that the Lithuanian term sunkė was added in parentheses alongside the borrowing arterija in J. Bagdonas’s article by V. Kudirka himself. Thus this term could be a neologism coined by V. Kudirka. This is also confirmed by LKŽ, which lists this neologism as a word from V. Kudirka’s writings. The term kaullavoniai (not recorded in LKŽ), used in J. Jasiulaitis’s 1890 article, could mean “ribs”: “These are things so remarkably arranged in physiology, and so resembling all the r i b s (the chest), that bones grow at the same rate as muscles growing, or rather forming, on them” VrPJs 1890 3 38. The term grobai given alongside it in parentheses suggests these words were used synonymously; see grobas 1., “rib” Gdl, Al, Slm, Vad, Lš LKŽe. Attached to the spine and sternum Terminologija | 2009 | 16 167 a bone of the thoracic cage (Latin costa MedŽ 125) was called by J. Bagdonas szonkaulis VrpBgd 1889 2 21, which is now the standard anatomical term. In the sense “bones covering the brain,” J. Jasiulaitis used the term kiaušė VrpJsl 1890 4 53: “The muscles, however, lie between the s k u l l and the so-called areas placed on the outer side of the facial bones.” According to LKŽ, this is a word found in written sources (K, K. Donel, Blv, RB), but unattested in everyday speech. The term now used is kaukolė (Latin cranium MedŽ 125). In P. Matulaitis’s 1890 article, a term for the reproductive system was found that did not become established in contemporary medical language. In the sense “ovum” (Latin ovulum MedŽ 405), he used the term kiaušinukas: “the disease is transmitted to the fetus both through the man’s seed and through the woman’s o v u m” VrpPMat 1890 10 154. The unpaired hollow organ in which the fetus is carried and delivered (Anusevičienė, Cibas, Lilienė 2002: 142) was called motė: “Women sometimes fall seriously ill with fever after childbirth; the cause of such illnesses is midwives who, with unclean hands, attend to women in childbirth; bacteria thereby enter the w o m b, <...>” VrpPMat 1890 7 106. In LKŽ, the word motė in the sense “uterus” is recorded only from written sources. In contemporary medical language, the term gimda has become established (Latin uterus MedŽ 571). V. Kudirka called arterial blood by the term sunkinis kraujas: “<...> blood <...> gives the tissues the degį they need, which is why the blood is red (a r t e r i a l b l o o d), <...>” VrpKdr 1889 9 139. According to LKŽ, this may be a term coined by V. Kudirka. J. Bagdonas called this blood by two terms—artėrijinis kraujas VrpBgd 1889 2 21 and tyras kraujas VrpBgd 1889 2 21. To name venous blood, J. Bagdonas and V. Kudirka used the term gyslinis kraujas VrpBgd 1889 2 21, VrpKdr 1889 9 139, kraujas gyslinis VrpBgd 1889 2 21: “<...> impure blood enters other blood vessels, into veins (v e n o u s b l o o d) <...>” VrpKdr 1889 9 139, “V e n o u s b l o o d gathers in the right heart, which drives it into the lungs, and from there, having received degtuvį, it flows into the left heart, which pushes it to all parts of the body to nourish the tissues” VrpBgd 1889 2 21. In LKŽ, the word gyslinis is listed with other, nonmedical meanings. Thus gyslinis kraujas may be a term coined by J. Bagdonas or V. Kudirka. J. Bagdonas also referred to venous blood by the term netyras kraujas VrpBgd 1889 2 21. The term limfatiški žirniai, used in P. Matulaitis’s 1891 article “On quinine—a medicine for consumption,” could mean “lymph node” (Latin nodi lymphatici axillares MedŽ 378): “the bacilli of consumption are not only in the lungs 168 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Varpo medicinos straipsnių terminai to settle, but also in other parts of the body: in the bones, joints (joint and bone disease), lymph nodes, brain, and even in the udder” VrPPMat 1891 4 55. In LKŽ, the word žirnis is included with a different medical meaning—“one of the carpal bones (os pisiforme).” An organ composed of contractile tissue (Latin musculus MedŽ 350) was termed raumuo by physicians J. Bagdonas and P. Matulaitis (the plural form raumenys was used in the articles VrPBgd 1889 2 21, VrPPMat 1890 7 105). Other variants also used were raumens nom. pl. VrPJsl 1890 3 38, VrPJsl 1890 4 53 (raumens smilkininiai VrPJsl 1890 3 39), and raumenės VrPBgd 1889 2 21. In the same article, J. Bagdonas also referred to muscles by the term mėsos: “The tissues of our body, such as muscles, brain, etc., are worn down by work and require nourishment to recover, which they take from the blood” VrPBgd 1889 2 21. In LKŽ, the word mėsa in the sense of “muscles” is cited from Eriskiai, Dusetos, Tauragnai, Utena, Skirsnemunė, and Marcinkonys. J. Jasiulaitis’s article also contains the Latinism muskulai VrPJsl 1890 3 38. In the language of contemporary medical science, the Lithuanian term raumuo has become established. J. Jasiulaitis used the term šniurkšlės for the nostrils (Latin naris MedŽ 364): “Among such distinguishing features, one must also count the upturned nose that makes the nostrils open and visible from the front, <...>” VrPJsl 1890 4 53. Most of the examples of the word šniurkšlė in LKŽ are drawn from written sources (J, Sch, Ch), and one from spoken language (Sintautai); however, this word denotes the nasal passage of an animal, not a person (šniurkšlė 1. “an animal’s nostril”). The fluid excreted from the body by the kidneys (Latin urina MedŽ 568) was called by J. Bagdonas and V. Kudirka by the same term, szlapumas VrPBgd 1889 2 22, VrPKdr 1889 3 41, VrPKdr 1889 2 25, while P. Matulaitis used the term myžalai VrPPMat 1890 6 92, VrPPMat 1890 7 106. According to LKŽ, the words šlapumas (Pv, Bgt, Įrb, Jsv, Yl, DūnŽ) and myžalai (Pc), meaning “urine,” continue to be used in spoken language, whereas the term šlapimas has become established in contemporary medical language. P. Matulaitis named the final part of the digestive tract, which begins at the small intestine and extends to the anus (Latin intestinum crassum MedŽ 276), using the term kamaronė žarna: “When drinking and eating, we swallow millions of microorganisms; one must not think that they all perish in the belly; no, most of them remain alive even in a healthy person; there are many of them, especially in the kamaronė žarna, where undigested food remains the longest; <...>” VrPPMat 1890 7 106. The term now used is storoj žarna. Terminologija | 2009 | 16 169 2.1.2.2. Disease names. Infectious disease was called in the articles by the terms contagious disease, contagious illness, e.g.: contagious disease VrpKdr 1889 10 153, contagious diseases VrpKdr 1889 10 153, Vrpr. 1889 12 184, contagious illnesses Vrpr. 1889 12 184: “It is a remarkable thing that epidemics of influenza often coincide with epidemics of other contagious diseases,” <...>“ Vrpr. 1889 12 184. According to the data in LKŽ, contagious (< to catch “to cling, to be infectious [of a disease]”) diseases are known from Priekulė and Biržai; contagious disease comes from J. Brodovskis’s dictionary Lexicon Germano-Lithuanicum et Lituanico-Germanicum. Acute purulent inflammation of a finger (Latin panaritium MedŽ 408) was termed aptakys by M. Kuprevičius, VrpKpr 1897 3 41. In LKŽ, this word in the stated meaning is attested only from the aforementioned article, although the author recorded aptakį from spoken language. Today this infectious disease is called by the Lithuanianized Latin term panaricijus and the Lithuanian term landuonis. An acute infectious disease (Latin typhus MedŽ 562) was called by M. Kuprevičius and P. Matulaitis by three terms: the Lithuanian-derived karštine, šiltine and the Greek-derived tifas. For example: karštinės (šiltinės) – typhus VrpKpr 1897 3 42, šiltinė VrpPMat 1890 7 106, tifas VrpPMat 1890 8 124, VrpPMat 1890 9 137, VrpPMat 1891 4 54. In LKŽ, the word karštinė, meaning “fever, typhus, ague,” is cited from Kupiškis, Dusetos, Tauragnai, Kuktiškės, Alovė, Utena, Druskininkai, Nočia, and Paringys, while šiltinė, meaning “a certain acute infectious disease (typhus),” is cited from Telšiai, Salamiestis, Pivašiūnai, and Stirniai. In contemporary medical scientific language, the term šiltinės has become established. One form of neurosis—hysteria (Latin hysteria MedŽ 262)—was termed priemetė (priepuola) – hysteria by M. Kuprevičius, and priepuola by J. Aleksa: “<...> I know the lump, it seems to me that it is priepuola” VrpAlk 1890 7 97. In the articles of both physicians, the terms priemetis, priepuola are presented as words used by country people (spoken language). In LKŽ, the words priemetė (only the variant priemetė [Šmn] is recorded) and priepuola (Jnk, Kml, Nm, Zp, Vv, Bgt, Gs, Gl, Skr) are attested in spoken language, but not in the sense of “hysteria”; see priepuola “a nervous illness occurring intermittently, an abnormal mental state, an occurrence of such a state,” priemetė “nervous disease, convulsions.” In an 1897 article entitled “What Is Priepuola,” S. Matulaitis wrote that country people use this name (also pamėtis, priepuolis) for many illnesses: “A headache, they say it is priepuola. The bones ache, rheumatism, priepuola, they say, has settled in the bones. Someone falls ill with a disease, that is priepuola. Someone’s eye hurts, again priepuola, they say it has gathered in the eyes, and thus a hundred illnesses are called by one name, priepuola” (Matulaitis 1897: 12 184). This physician 170 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Varpo medicinos straipsnių terminai in my opinion, “only one disease should be called a seizure, one that results from weakness of the nerves and is usually called by doctors St. Vitus’s dance (in Latin, cholera minor)” (Matulaitis 1897: 12 184). Today this nervous disorder is called by the international term of Greek origin isterija. The chronic mental illness epilepsy (Latin epilepsia MedŽ 180) was referred to by V. Kudirka, M. Kuprevičius, and P. Matulaitis using the terms nuomirulis VrpₚₚMat 1890 2 21, nuomarius Vrpₖdr 1895 9/10 157, nuomara Vrpₖpr 1897 3 42. All these terms are words from the living language; see nuomara “nuomaras” Srv, Ėr, Rm, Sm1, Grž, nuomarius “nuomaras” Plv, nuomirulis “nuomaras” VIkv, Erž, Tlž LKŽ. The chronic contagious sexually transmitted disease (Latin syphilis MedŽ 528) was called by M. Kuprevičius using the terms prasta liga (piktoji) Vrpₖpr 1897 3 42. In LKŽ, piktoji means only “snake.” P. Matulaitis consistently used the term of Latin origin sifilis, which has become established in contemporary medical language 23 VrpₚₚMat 1890 8 123, VrpₚₚMat 1891 4 57, VrpₚₚMat 1890 9 137, VrpₚₚMat 1890 10 153. P. Matulaitis’s term sausgela (sausgėla) may have referred to rheumatism (Latin rheumatismus MedŽ 485): “This is how they prepare fly agaric: a) for s a u s - g e l a – they put half a bottle of dried, broken fly agaric mushrooms in, pour in water, boil it, and then put it in manure or earth for 9 days; afterwards they rub the aching place with the liquid; <...>” VrpₚₚMat 1890 2 21. This doctor also used the borrowing from Greek reumatismas to name the aforementioned disease VrpₚₚMat 1890 10 154. M. Kuprevičius recorded the term sausgela – rheumatismus muscularis Vrpₖpr 1897 3 42 in the sense of “muscular rheumatism” (Latin rheumatismus musculorum MedŽ 485). In the living language, sausgėla means “aching in the bones and joints, rheumatism” VIkv, Dkš, Gs, Grdž LKŽ. The chronic infectious disease of the respiratory organs (Latin tuberculosis MedŽ 559) was called sausligės by J. Jasulaitis and P. Matulaitis, for example: sausligė VrpₚₚMat 1891 4 54, sausligė VrpₚIsl 1890 5 68, VrpₚₚMat 1890 6 91, VrpₚₚMat 1890 7 106, VrpₚₚMat 1891 4 54. In his article “On kochina—a medicine for sausligė,” P. Matulaitis coined numerous specific terms, for example: sausligė kaulų VrpₚₚMat 1891 4 57, sausligė sunarių VrpₚₚMat 1891 4 57, sausligė uodos VrpₚₚMat 1891 4 57, plaučių sausligė VrpₚₚMat 1891 4 57 (pradinė plaučių sausligė VrpₚₚMat 1891 4 56), sausligė kaulų VrpₚₚMat 1891 4 55, sausligė limfatiškų žirnių VrpₚₚMat 1891 4 56, sausligė plaučių VrpₚₚMat 1891 4 57, sausligė sąnarių VrpₚₚMat 1891 4 57, sausligė sunarių VrpₚₚMat 1891 4 55, sausligė uodos VrpₚₚMat 1891 4 57, 23In M. Fasmer’s view, the word sifilis derives from Italian and is based on the name of a character in Ovid’s Metamorfozių who suffered from the disease (Фасмер III 1971: 629). Terminologija | 2009 | 16 171 sausligė vidurių VrpPMat 1891 4 57, tikroji sausligė VrpPMat 1891 4 57, vietinė kaulų sausligė VrpPMat 1891 4 57. According to LKŽ, the word sausligė, meaning “consumption, tuberculosis,” is attested only in written sources (J, Tat, VŽ, LC). In the medical articles of Varpo, the term džiova was also used; it has become established in current clinical terminology VrpKdr 1889 10 152, VrpKdr 1889 11 168, VrpPMat 1891 4 54 / džiova VrpPMat 1890 10 153, VrpKpr 1897 3 41. The term saldžioji votis in M. Kuprevičius’s article “Lithuanian Names of Diseases” could mean either “vesicular eczema” (Latin eczema vesiculosum MedŽ 164) or “pustular eczema” (Latin eczema pustulosum MedŽ 163); compare the Latin equivalent given alongside it, eczema vesiculosum et pustulosum VrpKpr 1897 3 42. According to LKŽ, saldžioji votis, meaning “a very itchy rash, eczema,” is a disease name used in the living language (Ss, Pc, Aln, Kpč, Slm, Klt, Kp, LTR[An]). A decrease in the number of red blood cells and the amount of hemoglobin (Latin anaemia MedŽ 30) was designated by M. Kuprevičius with the popular term nikulys – anaemia VrpKpr 1897 3 42. The variant nykulys recorded in LKŽ does not have this meaning; one of the meanings of this word, known from Bartninkai, Ėriškiai, Plokščiai, and Alanta, is “a wasting, withering disease.” Contemporary medical language uses the term anemija, which comes from Greek, and its Lithuanian synonym mažakraujystė. It should be noted that the latter term is more firmly established in usage. The list of disease names in M. Kuprevičius’s 1897 article contains many vivid popular terms, in place of which contemporary medical language uses either Lithuanian-adapted Latin terms or compound terms of Lithuanian or mixed origin, for example: grįžas – dyspepsia VrpKpr 1897 3 41 (now dispepsija, virškinimo sutrikimas MedŽ 158), rietenos – soor VrpKpr 1897 3 42 (now kandidamikozė MedŽ 88), sunkenybė – emphysema pulmonum VrpKpr 1897 3 42 (now plaučių emfizema MedŽ 169), trukys – euteropfosís VrpKpr 1897 3 42 (now enteroptozė, vidurių nusileidimas MedŽ 176), and so on. 2.1.2.3. Names for persons. In contemporary medical-scientific language, the term gimdytoja did not take hold; P. Matulaitis used it to mean “a woman who has given birth to a child”: “For this reason, every woman giving birth in the village should not allow the old woman to approach her without first making her wash her hands well with soap and clean beneath her fingernails” VrpPMat 1890 8 123. In the medical articles of Varpas, the terms gydytojas and vaistytojas were used synonymously to mean “medical practitioner,” as was a term derived from Latin— 172 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Varpo medicinos straipsnių terminai the term daktaras. The spelling of gydytojas still varied considerably, e.g.: gydytojas VrPalk 1890 7 97 / gydytojas VrPalk 1890 7 98 / gydytojas VrPPMat 1891 4 55, VrPjsl 1891 10 152, VrPKdr 1895 9/10 155, VrPKpr 1897 1 9, VrPKpr 1897 3 41. J. Jasiulaitis used the term vaistytojas and gave gydytoją alongside it in parentheses, e.g., vaistytojas (gydytojas) VrPjsl 1891 12 182. According to the LKŽ, vaistytojas, meaning “doctor,” is known from the writings of K. Sirvydas, M. Daukša, and J. Bretkūnas. A sick person was most often called by the term ligonis, which has taken hold in contemporary medical-scientific language: VrPKdr 1889 2 25, VrPKdr 1889 3 41, VrPKdr 1889 10 153, VrPr. 1889 12 184, VrPPMat 1890 2 20, VrPalk 1890 7 97, VrPPMat 1890 8 123, VrPSMat 1891 1 13, VrPPMat 1891 4 55, VrPjsl 1891 9 135, VrPjsl 1891 10 150, VrPjsl 1891 11 166, VrPjsl 1891 12 183, VrPKdr 1895 9/10 155, VrPKpr 1897 1 9, VrPKpr 1897 3 42; the LKŽ records it in Sauga, Ėriškiai, Taujėnai, Rokiškis, and Vištytis. In this sense, J. Jasiulaitis also used terms expressed by substantivized participles: apsirgusis: “<...> when the mental faculties have weakened, which happens as a result of poisoning or a mental illness, the will can no longer control the flow of mental processes, and therefore the s i c k p e r s o n becomes a plaything of the passions” VrPjsl 1891 10 151; sergantis: “This inability to live the life of humanity is especially clearly apparent in those attacks when the s i c k p e r s o n is entirely overcome by a mental state, when all his faculties are devoted to mental activity” VrPjsl 1891 10 150 / sergantysis VrPjsl 1891 10 152. The synonymy of these terms is demonstrated by the term ligoniai, which J. Jasiulaitis placed in parentheses alongside sergantieji, e.g., sergantiejie (ligoniai) VrPjsl 1891 9 134. J. Jasiulaitis also called the sick person by the term pacientas, derived from Latin, VrPjsl 1891 10 152. Alongside this term he added the Lithuanian-origin term liginamasis in parentheses, e.g., pacientas (liginamasis): “If the p a t i e n t (t h e o n e b e i n g t r e a t e d) begins to direct his attention to the state of those around him, to show sympathy, and all the more to do anything for others under the influence of these motives (impulses), then that, in my eyes, is the surest sign that his condition is improving” VrPjsl 1891 9 134. The word liginamasis24 is not recorded in the LKŽ—it may have been a neologism of the time. 2.1.2.4. Names of institutions. A hospital (Latin hospitalium MedŽ 249) was called ligonbutis25 in articles by J. Jasiulaitis and P. Matulaitis: “In earlier times people died from operations in h o s p i t a l s, one might say.” 24 See liginti 1. “to care for someone who has fallen ill, nurse, tend”; 2. “to treat” LKŽ. 25 J. Palionis ligonbutį laikė J. Šliūpo naujadaru (Palionis 1952: 239). Terminologija | 2009 | 16 173 like flies; <...>” VrPPMat 1890 8 123. J. Aleksa designated this institution using the borrowing špitolė (for more details, see 2. 2. 2.). “Psychiatric hospital” (Latin maniconium MedŽ 325) could refer to the term used by V. Kudirka, namai sumušėlių. “The children of drunkards are a true sacrifice to the homes of the insane and to prisoners” VrPKdr 1895 9/10 157. The meaning of the latter term could also correspond to that of the term bepročių namai (Latin morocomium MedŽ 347), listed in the Medical Terms Dictionary with the label obs. (obsolete). 2. 2. Borrowings. In the medical articles of Varpas, borrowings make up one fifth of all terms. Most borrowings are from Greek—they account for 30% of all borrowed medical terms. Next in frequency are borrowings from Latin (20%) and Slavic languages (20%). A few borrowings were also found from other languages (French, Arabic, German, etc.), as well as borrowings of unclear origin and borrowings with elements of different origins26. Borrowings were used predominantly to name treatments and other remedies. These include names of medicines, chemicals, disinfectants and other substances, beverages and other liquids, and plant ingredients, e.g.: alunas VrPKpr 1897 3 41, amniakas VrPPMat 1890 6 91, antipyrinas VrPr. 1889 12 184, arbata VrPKdr 1889 1 8, VrPKdr 1889 2 25, VrPPMat 1890 1 4, VrPPMat 1890 2 2, VrPKdr 1895 11 173, atropinas VrPPMat 1890 1 4, chininąs VrPr. 1889 12 184, VrPPMat 1890 1 4, chloroformas VrPPMat 1890 6 92, ergotinas VrPPMat 1890 1 5, etheris VrPBgd 1889 2 20, eteriškas aliejus VrPKdr 1889 1 8, kefiras VrPPMat 1890 6 91, kochinas VrPPMat 1891 4 56, kumysas VrPPMat 1890 6 91, morfijus VrPΨ 1891 9 134, ricinos aliejus VrPPMat 1890 2 21, salolis VrPr. 1889 12 184, skleromucinas VrPPMat 1890 1 5, strichninas VrPKdr 1889 1 9, taninas VrPKdr 1889 1 8, teinas VrPKdr 1889 1 9, vynas VrPSMat 1891 1 9, VrPKdr 1895 11 173, etc. In addition, in their articles the physicians used terms that had not been Lithuanianized, mostly clinical terms, e.g.: anaemia VrPBgd 1889 2 21, antidotum VrPKdr 1889 2 25, arytmia VrPKdr 1889 1 9, catarrhus ventriculi VrPKpr 1897 1 9, contagium VrPPMat 1890 7 106, delirium tremens VrPKdr 1895 9/10 156, depressio VrPKdr 1889 1 9, dyspepsia VrPKpr 1897 3 41, eclampsia VrPKpr 1897 3 42, “endometritis” VrPKpr 1897 1 9, gastritis VrPKpr 1897 1 9, miasma-contagium 26 When classifying international terms by the language from which they originate, one encounters terms whose components come from more than one language, for example, chloroformas—from Greek chlóros and Latin (acidum)form(icicum)). In the general linguistic sense, such words are hybrids, but from the perspective of Lithuanian they are borrowings. Therefore, this article refers to such terms as borrowings with components of different origins. 174 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Varpo medicinos straipsnių terminai Vrpₚₘₐₜ 1890 7 106, “retroflexio uteri” Vrpₖₚᵣ 1897 1 9. A considerable number of non-Lithuanianized bacteriological terms were found in P. Matulaitis’s 1890 article on microorganisms, e.g.: bacillus ahthr…acis Vrpₚₘₐₜ 1890 7 106, bacterium lacticum Vrpₚₘₐₜ 1890 5 73, bacterium termo Vrpₚₘₐₜ 1890 6 91, Clostridium butyricum Vrpₚₘₐₜ 1890 6 91, mycoderma aceti Vrpₚₘₐₜ 1890 6 91. As is customary in medical literature, alongside some terms physicians gave their Latin equivalents in parentheses or after a dash, e.g.: bakterija sausligės – bacillus Kochi Vrpₚₘₐₜ 1890 7 106, bakterija šiltinės – spirillum Obermeyeri Vrpₚₘₐₜ 1890 7 106, dūsnė (dosis) Vrpₖդᵣ 1889 1 9, džiova (phthisis) Vrpₖդᵣ 1889 10 152, gurklys – struma Vrpₖₚᵣ 1897 3 42, kolera -- cholera asiatica Vrpₖₚᵣ 1897 3 42, musmiris (Amanita muscaria) Vrpₚₘₐₜ 1890 2 20, prus rukszte (acidum borussicum) Vrpₖդᵣ 1889 8 120, skalsa (Secale cornutum) Vrpₚₘₐₜ 1890 1 4, tabakinis spangumas (amblyopia nicotiana) Vrpₖդᵣ 1889 10 152, etc. 2.2.1. Loanwords used in contemporary medical scientific language. Although Varpo’s medical articles were published at the end of the nineteenth century, some of the borrowed terms used in them to designate various medical concepts have remained unchanged in contemporary medical language; for example, borrowed anatomical terms include arterija Vrpᵦᵍ𝒹 1889 2 21, fagocitai Vrpₚₘₐₜ 1890 9 138, nervai Vrpₚₘₐₜ 1890 1 4, Vrpₛₘₐₜ 1891 1 9, organai Vrpⱼₛₗ 1890 3 38. It is important to note that these borrowed terms also had Lithuanian competitors. For instance, the blood vessel through which blood flows from the heart was called by J. Bagdonas and V. Kudirka by two different names: the Lithuanian-derived term sunkė (see 2. 1. 2. 1. for further discussion) and the loanword arterija. A body part of a distinctive form that performs a specific function (Latin organum MedŽ 397) is now called organu. This term was also used by J. Jasiulaitis, V. Kudirka, and P. Matulaitis, but, for example, J. Bagdonas tried to name this concept in Lithuanian—as įtaisas: “The chest, with its ribs, embraces the most important and indispensable devices of our body—the heart and lungs” Vrpᵦᵍ𝒹 1889 2 21. The word įtaisas has no medical meaning in LKŽ; thus, it can be said that J. Bagdonas terminologized this word from everyday speech. In contemporary medical scientific language, the borrowed names for diseases, their symptoms, and pathological conditions used in Varpo medical articles have been retained: ergotizmas Vrpₚₘₐₜ 1890 2 20, gangrena Vrpₚₘₐₜ 1890 2 20, hipochondrija Vrpⱼₛₗ 1891 12 184, idiotizmas Vrpⱼₛₗ 1891 12 184 (V. Kudirka used the variant idijotizmas Vrpₖₚᵣ 1895 9/10 157), karbunkulas Vrpₚₘₐₜ 1890 7 106, Vrpₚₘₐₜ 1890 9 138, Vrpₚₘₐₜ 1891 4 57, kokliušas Vrpₚₘₐₜ 1890 7 Terminologija | 2009 | 16 175 106, VrppMat 1890 8 123, VrpKpr 1897 3 42, konvulsijos VrpKdr 1889 3 41, sifilis VrpPMat 1890 8 123, VrpPMat 1891 4 57, VrpPMat 1890 9 137, VrpPMat 1890 10 153, simptomai VrpPMat 1891 4 57, skarlatina VrpPMat 1890 7 106, VrpPMat 1890 8 123, VrpPMat 1891 4 54 (P. Matulaitis also used the variants škarлатina VrpPMat 1890 8 123, VrpPMat 1890 9 137 / škarletina VrpPMat 1890 9 138), skorbutas VrpKdr 1889 3 41, tymai VrpPr. 1889 12 184, VrpPMat 1890 7 106. The spelling of some terms has changed since then, for example: alkoholizmas VrpKdr 1895 11 173, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 155, galucinacijos VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157 / haljucinacijos VrpJsl 1891 11 167, influenza VrpPr. 1889 12 184, VrpPMat 1890 8 123, katars VrpKpr 1897 3 41, melancholija VrpJsl 1891 11 167, VrpJsl 1891 12 184, paralyžas VrpKpr 1897 3 42, psichozė nom. sg. VrpJsl 1891 11 167, reumatismas VrpPMat 1890 10 154. P. Matulaitis’s articles contain many specific terms whose head elements are loanwords still in use today, bakterija and epidemija, for example: bakterijos VrpPMat 1890 4 59, VrpPMat 1890 5 73, VrpPMat 1890 7 106, VrpPMat 1890 8 123, VrpPMat 1890 9 137, VrpPMat 1890 10 154, VrpPMat 1891 4 55 (bakterijos choleros VrpPMat 1890 8 123, bakterijos džiovos VrpPMat 1890 10 154, bakterijos pilvinio tifo VrpPMat 1890 8 123, drugio bakterijos VrpPMat 1890 8 123, VrpPMat 1890 10 154, karštligių bakterijos VrpPMat 1890 7 106, VrpPMat 1891 4 56, patogeniškos bakterijos VrpPMat 1890 7 106, VrpPMat 1890 8 123, reumatizmo bakterijos VrpPMat 1890 10 154), epidemija VrpPMat 1890 8 123 (epidemija choleros VrpPMat 1890 8 123, epidemija tifo VrpPMat 1890 8 124), epidemijos VrpPMat 1891 4 54 (epidemijos karštligių VrpPMat 1890 9 138, epidemijos raupų VrpPMat 1890 9 138, epidemijos tikrųjų raupų VrpPMat 1890 9 138), epidemijos čumos VrpPMat 1890 8 123, epidemijos jedros VrpPMat 1890 8 123, epidemijos pilvinio tifo VrpPMat 1890 8 123, epidemijos skarlatinos VrpPMat 1890 8 123, and so on. Syntactic variants of terms also occur, for example: bakterijos sifilio VrpPMat 1890 10 154 and sifilio bakterijos VrpPMat 1890 10 154, puvimo bakterijos VrpPMat 1890 7 106 and bakterijos puvimo VrpPMat 1890 7 106. Varpo medical articles contain some loanwords denoting actions, processes, states, and properties that are still used today, for example: affektas VrpJsl 1891 10 151, anomālija VrpJsl 1890 4 54, atavizmas VrpJsl 1891 12 183, eksperimentas VrpPMat 1890 5 72, VrpPMat 1890 6 91, epidemijos VrpPr. 1889 12 184 (ligų epidemijos VrpPr. 1889 12 184), funkcija VrpKdr 1895 9/10 156, operacija VrpBgd 1889 2 21, VrpPMat 1890 8 123, pulsas VrpKdr 1889 1 9, VrpKdr 1889 3 41, temperatura VrpPMat 1890 7 105. 176 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Varpo medicinos straipsnių terminai Most of the loanwords used by the authors of Varpo to denote people are still in use today, for example: chirurgas VrpₚMat 1890 8 123, VrpₚMat 1891 4 57, felčeris VrpₚAlk 1890 7 97, homeopatas VrpₚAlk 1890 7 97, mumijos VrpₚMat 1890 8 123, psicho- patas VrpₚJsl 1891 10 151, and so on; only some names for people varied (the most common variants were spelling and phonetic ones), for example: alkoholikas VrpₚJsl 1891 12 183 / alkogolikas VrpₚKdr 1895 9/10 156, fiziologai VrpₚBgd 1889 2 21, VrpₚJsl 1890 5 69 / fiziol’ogai VrpₚJsl 1890 3 38, melancholikas VrpₚJsl 1891 11 166 / mel’ancholikas VrpₚJsl 1891 11 167, pacientas VrpₚJsl 1891 9 134. VrpₚJsl 1891 10 152, psichijtras VrpₚKdr 1889 10 153 / psichiatras VrpₚJsl 1891 10 151, VrpₚJsl 1891 11 166, sifilitikas VrpₚMat 1890 10 153. The term of Greek origin klinika (Latin clinica MedŽ 109) has been retained in contemporary medical scientific language. In the articles by V. Kudirka and P. Matulaitis, it denoted a medical institution where scientific and educational work was carried out: “After this announcement, Koch began distributing his medicine to clinics, hospitals, and even individual doctors for further research” VrpₚMat 1891 4 56. The term of Latin origin daktaras was frequently used in the sense of “medical specialist” VrpₚKdr 1889 1 9, VrpₚR. 1889 12 184, VrpₚMat 1890 1 4, VrpₚMat 1890 2 20, VrpₚMat 1890 5 72, VrpₚAlk 1890 7 97, VrpₚMat 1890 8 123, VrpₚSMat 1891 1 11, VrpₚMat 1891 4 56. VrpₚJsl 1891 9 135. The specific term tikras daktaras was also common in J. Aleksa’s 1890 article “Where Do Our Countryfolk Get Medical Treatment?” VrpₚAlk 1890 7 97. The author used it to refer to medical specialists “who had completed long and difficult studies at universities of medicine” (Aleksa 1890: 7 99). The term commonly used in contemporary medical scientific language is gydytojas (Latin medicus MedŽ 328), although daktaras is also used in this sense in colloquial speech. All the names of medical branches and related sciences used in the aforementioned Varpas articles are still in use today; however, the spelling of some names had not yet become standardized at that time, so each author may have written the same term as they saw fit. These are mostly terms of Greek origin, e.g.: surgery VrpₚMat 1890 8 123, homeopathy VrpₚAlk 1890 7 97, therapy VrpₚKdr 1889 11 168. The spelling of some terms is different today, e.g.: bacteriology VrpₚMat 1891 4 55, pathology VrpₚKdr 1889 9 139. The terms physiology, hygiene, and psychiatry varied—mostly these were spelling and phonetic variants of the terms, e.g.: physiology VrpₚBgd 1889 2 22 / physiology VrpₚKdr 1889 9 139 / physiol’ogiia VrpₚJsl 1890 3 38, hygiene VrpₚKdr 1889 1 8, VrpₚKdr 1889 2 25, VrpₚKdr 1889 3 40, VrpₚKdr 1889 Terminologija | 2009 | 16 177 9 139, VrpKdr 1889 10 152, VrpKdr 1889 11 168 / hygiena VrpKdr 1889 4 60, VrpKdr 1889 8 120 / higiena VrpPak 1890 7 97 / higijena VrpJsl 1891 12 184 / higijena VrpKdr 1895 9/10 155, psichiatrija VrpJsl 1891 9 136, VrpJsl 1891 10 152 / psychijatrīja VrpKdr 1895 9/10 155 / psychijatría VrpKdr 1895 9/10 157. It is understandable that authors writing on medical subjects in their articles did not do without the Latin-derived term medicina, which names this branch of science and is still used today: VrpJsl 1891 12 184, VrpKdr 1895 9/10 155, VrpKpr 1897 1 9, VrpPMat 1890 10 154, VrpPMat 1890 1 4, VrpPMat 1890 2 21. Only P. Matulaitis’s article contains the variant medecina VrpPMat 1891 4 55, although, on the other hand, this could also be a printing error, especially since this doctor also used the term medicina. Incidentally, M. Kuprevičius and P. Matulaitis also formed specific terms with it, for example: Lithuanian medicine VrpKpr 1897 3 41, Russian medicine VrpPMat 1890 2 21, scientific medicine VrpPMat 1890 2 21, medicine of science VrpKpr 1897 1 10, VrpKpr 1897 3 41, practical medicine VrpPMat 1890 1 4 / praktiszka medicina VrpPMat 1890 1 4, human medicine VrpKpr 1897 1 9, VrpKpr 1897 3 41. 2.2.2. Borrowings not used in contemporary medical scientific language and their established equivalents. In Varpe, the articles by authors writing on medical matters also made extensive use of loanwords (mostly borrowed from Slavic languages) that are now considered foreignisms, but at the time were part of medical terminology and were also known from spoken language. In an 1897 article on Lithuanian names of diseases, M. Kuprevičius provided not only names of Lithuanian origin but also borrowed names. He wrote: “From this list it can be seen that not all the names are purely Lithuanian, such as kokliušas, rona, paralyžas and others, but I included them too, because that is how our people use them” (Kuprevičius 1897: 3 41). Thus, this article contains many loanwords naming diseases (mostly from Slavic languages), recorded from spoken language²⁷, for example: jedra28 – morbilli VrpKpr 1897 3 42 – now morbilli is measles MedŽ 346, karbonka29 – pustule maligna VrpKpr 1897 3 42 – now pustula maligna is anthrax carbuncle (carbuncle) MedŽ 27At the end of the article, M. Kuprevičius noted that the words were collected in Kaunas County (district? – P. Z.). 28 P. Matulaitis used the terms jedra VrpPMat 1890 8 123, VrpPMat 1890 9 137, VrpPMat 1891 4 54, jedra VrpPMat 1890 7 105 in his articles. According to LKŽ: jedra (= adra, Polish odra) “a contagious skin disease, measles, drognė” is used in everyday speech (Skapiškis, Pociūnėliai, Šimonys, Salamantestis). 29 According to LKŽ, the word karbonka (Polish karbonka) means only “collection box.” 178 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Varpo medicinos straipsnių terminai 466, kruopos30 – diphtheritis VrpKpr 1897 3 42 – now diphtheritis is 1. diphtheria, 2. diphtheritis MedŽ 150, kyla31 – hernia VrpKpr 1897 3 42 – now hernia is hernia MedŽ 245, lisnikai32 – helminthiagis VrpKpr 1897 3 42 – now helminthosis is helminthiasis, a worm disease MedŽ 242, rona33– vulnus VrpKpr 1897 3 42 – now vulnus is a wound MedŽ 596, škruplus34 – scrophulosis VrpKpr 1897 3 42 – now scrophulosis is scrofulosis MedŽ 495, sukata35 – vertigo VrpKpr 1897 3 42 – now vertigo is dizziness MedŽ 588, valasnykas36 – ulcus chronicum (also called panaritium) VrpKpr 1897 3 42 – now panaritium is panaritium, a whitlow MedŽ 408, žyvatas37 – enteritis catarrhalis VrpKpr 1897 3 42 – now enteritis is enteritis, inflammation of the small intestine MedŽ 175, and catarrhalis is catarrhal MedŽ 94. P. Matulaitis used the term čuma to mean “plague” (Latin pestis MedŽ 430), VrpPMat 1890 7 106, VrpPMat 1890 8 123 (cf. Russian чuma RLKŽ IV 1985): “In the 14th century, čuma laid 77 million people low; <...>” VrpPMat 1890 8 123. It would be difficult to say exactly which skin disease—favus, susna (Latin favus MedŽ 200), or favus of the scalp (Latin favus capilliti MedŽ 200)—M. Kuprevičius and P. Matulaitis named with the terms parkai VrpPMat 1890 7 106, parkos VrpKpr 1897 3 41: “I will mention some other diseases caused by microorganisms: ringworm, parkus, and so on. The first two diseases are caused by mould fungi—they grow in moisture; <...>” VrpPMat 1890 7 106. According to LKŽ, the Slavism parkai (Belarusian пархи, Polish parchy) meaning “a skin disease of this kind, scabies, scabs” is used in Lazdijai, Vilkaviškis, Bartninkai, 30 See 2 kruopos ‘diphtheria’ in LKŽ. 31 The LKŽ word kyla (Polish kita, Belarusian кила), “hernia, rupture, protrusion (hernia),” is recorded from Vieksniai, Užventis, Tauragnai, Nemakščiai. 32 LKŽ *lisnikas (Belarusian zničik) “intestinal worm, roundworm” is recorded from Saločiai, Ramygala, Gružiai, but with the meaning “a parasite that causes a worm disease,” not “worm disease.” 33 According to LKŽ, rona (Belarusian рана) “wound” is widely used in everyday speech (Šubaičius, Malkava, Laukuva, Daugėliškis, Alytus, Leipalingis, Marijampolė). 34 See 2 *škruplas “scrofulosis.” J. Jabl(Plk) LKŽ. 35 The LKŽ word 3 *sukata is recorded with another meaning, “rickets.” 36 According to the LKŽ, *valasnykas (cf. Polish włosienica, Russian волосяница) ‘a kind of land snail’ is known from Dusetos and Serijos. 37 One of the meanings of the Slavic loanword žyvatas given in the LKŽ is ‘diarrhea’; it is used in Nemakščiai, Kelmė, and Upytė. Incidentally, alongside this term M. Kuprevičius gave the Lithuanian-origin synonym tryda. Terminologija | 2009 | 16 179 In Veiveriai, ˣparkos (Belarusian napxi, Polish parchy) has the same meaning in Pušalotas, Upytė, and Mosėdis. In the article “Two Poisonous Plants,” P. Matulaitis used the term pavietrė in the sense of “epidemic” (Latin epidemia MedŽ 179): “Such diseases caused by ergot rarely occur nowadays in Western Europe; people there are wealthier, they separate the weeds from the grain better and eat cleaner bread. In Russia this happens quite often. And so this year, too, an ergot epidemic broke out in the Vietka district” VrpPMat 1890 2 20. According to the LKŽ, pavietre (Polish powietrze) ‘plague, epidemic, infectious disease’ is used in Keturvalakiai, Želva, and Barstyčiai. On the other hand, such disease names of Slavic origin as erysipelas38 – erysipelas VrpKPr 1897 3 42 and plica polonica39 – plica polonica VrpKPr 1897 3 42 have survived in current medical terminology with the same meanings; cf. erysipelas (Lat. erysipelas) MedŽ 184, plica polonica (Lat. plica polonica) MedŽ 444. Also belonging to this group is the name of an infectious disease of Greek origin, typhus, although the Lithuanian term typhoid fever is more common in current usage. However, the specific terms formed by P. Matulaitis with typhus as the head element—abdominal typhus VrpPMat 1890 9 137, VrpPMat 1890 7 106, VrpPMat 1890 8 124, spotted typhus VrpPMat 1890 8 123, VrpPMat 1890 7 106—now have other, Lithuanian equivalents in the language of modern medical science. Abdominal typhus is now typhoid fever (Lat. typhus abdominalis MedŽ 562), while spotted typhus is epidemic typhus (Lat. typhus exanthematicus MedŽ 563). Hospital (Latin hospitalium MedŽ 249)], which Aleksa called by the Slavic loanword špitolė (Polish szpital LKŽ): “<...> one must observe and investigate various diseases in hospitals, so that later one can recognize them and know what help to provide” VrpALk 1890 7 98. Other authors used the term ligonbučio to name this institution (see 2.1.2.4 for more detail). An institution where medicines are made and sold is a pharmacy (Latin officina, Russian анмека MedŽ 387); J. Aleksa, V. Kudirka, and S. Matulaitis called it by the Slavic term aptieka: “If the medicines bought at the pharmacy do not cure her, then the women have nothing else to do, so they take the sick person to some healer, who knows how to perform an incantation (cast a spell), or to some feldsher, of whom there are now as many in the villages as mushrooms after rain” VrpALk 1890 7 97. In the LKŽ, the word ˣaptieka (Polish apteka) means ‘pharmacy’. 38 As can be seen from the LKŽ, the word rožė (Belarusian poža, Polish róża) meaning ‘a disease marked by a sharply defined red patch on the skin and a rise in temperature’ is fairly widespread throughout the region (Rod. Alks. Krs. Grsl, LKT86[Kl], Pt, Šts, Antr. Grv, Aps. Pls, Ggr, LTR[Ant], Kp, Str, LTR[Imb], Grd, Všk). 39 According to the LKŽ, the word kaltūnas (Russian колтун, Polish kołtun) meaning ‘a disease of this kind (plica polonica)’ is known from Daugelškis, Marijampolė, Vaisiškis, Rokiškis, the Vilnius region, Leipalingis, Sasnava, Upytė, and Armoniškiai. 180 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Varpo medicinos straipsnių terminai attested from Panevėžys, Krosna, and Adutiškis. J. Aleksa called the pharmacist (Latin pharmaceutus MedŽ 432) by the Slavism aptiekorius VrPₐₗₖ 1890 7 97. LKŽ also attests aptiekorius (1. aptekarz), “pharmacist,” in living speech (Geistarai [Didvyžiai], Dusetos). In the sense of “medicine,” J. Aleksa used the Slavism lie-karsta40 in an 1890 article; in one instance, however, he gave it alongside a Lithuanian term, e.g., vaistas (liekarstos) VrPₐₗₖ 1890 7 98, and in another instance the reverse, e.g., liekarstos (vaistai) VrPₐₗₖ 1890 7 97. Other physicians (J. Bagdonas, V. Kudirka, M. Kuprėvičius, P. Matulaitis, S. Matulaitis) consistently used the term vaistas VrPᵦɢᴅ 1889 2 22, VrPₖᴅʀ 1889 2 25, VrPₖᴅʀ 1889 3 40, VrPₖᴅʀ 1889 11 168, VrPʀ. 1889 12 184, VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 1 4, VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 2 21, VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 6 91, VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 10 154, VrPₛₘₐₜ 1891 1 10 VrPₚₘₐₜ 1891 4 54, VrPₖᴅʀ 1895 9/10 155, VrPₖₚʀ 1897 3 41, which is still used today (Latin medicamentum MedŽ 328). J. Aleksa named a liquid form of medicine with the Germanic loanword dropai41, but also gave its Lithuanian equivalent alongside it: dropai (lašai) VrPₐₗₖ 1890 7 97. V. Kudirka also used the latter: lašai VrPₖᴅʀ 1895 9/10 157. 2.3. Hybrids. Only a few hybrid terms were found in Varpas medical articles (some of them were used to form specific terms), e.g.: durnavojimas VrPᵢₛₗ 1890 5 68 (rezonavojantis durnavojimas VrPᵢₛₗ 1891 10 153), grybelis VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 4 59, VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 5 72, VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 6 91 (mielinis grybelis VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 4 59, VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 5 72, VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 6 91, pelesinis grybelis VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 4 59, VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 7 106), guzeliai VrPₚₘₐₜ 1891 4 56, lengvaliejus VrPₖᴅʀ 1889 2 25, tėmytlyumas42 VrPᵢₛₗ 1891 10 152. In present-day medical language, only the term grybelis has survived (Latin fungus MedŽ 214). A few hybrids occur only as the main constituents of compound terms, e.g.: kairėji kamaraite VrPₖᴅʀ 1895 9/10 156, psichiškas ap-sijojimas43 VrPᵢₛₗ 1891 11 167, vidurių išliausavimas VrPₚₘₐₜ 1890 2 21. V. Kudirka may have used the hybrid kamaraite to refer to a heart ventricle (Latin ventriculus MedŽ 586): “The heart itself enlarges, especially the left chamber and the septum.” In one of J. Aleksa’s articles, the medical profession was called a hybrid 40 Examples of the usage of the LKŽ word liekarsta (1. liekarstwo), “medicine,” are given from Veiviržėnai, Eržvilkai, Krosna, Gžiai, and Ylakiai. 41 See dropai from Prussian German drop(e), “drop” Alm 46; cf. Middle Low German drope, “drop” MndW I 583. 42 See tėmyti 1. “to look carefully, follow (e.g. with the eyes), observe,” 2. “to commit to memory, take note of, remember” LKŽ. 43 See 2 jovyti (Russian азать) 2. “to appear, present oneself,” 3. “to seem” LKŽ. Terminologija | 2009 | 16 181 the term daktarystė (“medical profession”): “<...> only genuine doctors, who have completed long and arduous studies at universities of medicine, may truly engage in treatment, <...>” VrpAlk 1890 7 99. In LKŽ, the word daktarystė, in the sense of “the profession of a doctor or physician,” is attested only in written sources (Š, M. Valanč, V. Kud and Vaižg). CONCLUSIONS 1. At the end of the nineteenth century, fifteen articles of varying length on anthropology, bacteriology, pharmacology, hygiene, clinical medicine, and other medical fields were published in the newspaper Varpo. Physicians were the most active contributors. Most were prominent Lithuanian public figures of the time, leaders of the national revival, and distributors of the banned Lithuanian press (J. Bagdonas, V. Kudirka, M. Kuprevičius, P. Matulaitis, S. Matulaitis). Their articles are important to the history and terminology of Lithuanian medicine, first and foremost as educational and popular-science texts, and also as sources of Lithuanian medical terms. 2. In Varpe, the physician M. Kuprevičius was the first to raise theoretical questions of terminology. He urged physicians to use Lithuanian words rather than loanwords, to pay more attention to folk-medicine terms, and, in developing Lithuanian medical terminology, to draw on words from the living language. 3. The terms in the medical articles designate seven groups of concepts: diseases, their symptoms, and pathological conditions; actions, processes, states, and properties; body parts and organs, and the fluids they produce; treatments and other means; persons; sciences; and institutions. 4. Three-fifths of the medical-article terms in Varpo are words and word combinations of Lithuanian origin. Loanwords and terms of mixed origin (single-word hybrids and compound terms with elements of different origins) each account for only one-fifth of all the terms. 5. The authors mostly used terms of Lithuanian origin. Some have become terms in the language of contemporary medical science. These are old words from this field (akis, džiova, ligonis, sveikata, etc.), first and foremost known from the living language. Some clinical terms that entered the language of medical science (drugys, dusulys, gumbas, etc.) are now used to designate different concepts. A considerable proportion of terms of Lithuanian origin (mostly names of body parts and organs, and of diseases) did not take root in the language of contemporary medical science. Some are dialect words (most often) or words found in written sources (as shown by LKŽ data); others may be neologisms coined by the article authors themselves (dirgsnė “nerve”; liginamasis “patient”; sunkė “artery,” etc.). 182 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Varpo medicinos straipsnių terminai 6. Loanwords make up one-fifth of all the terms in Varpo’s medical articles. Most are borrowed from Greek, many from Latin and Slavic languages, and a few from other languages (French, Arabic, German, etc.). Some loanwords designating anatomical, clinical, and other concepts have remained unchanged in both meaning and form in the language of contemporary medical science. Some loanwords were adapted into Lithuanian to varying degrees. Unable to find (or unaware of) suitable Lithuanian equivalents, physicians also used terms that had not been Lithuanianized (mostly clinical terms). Loanwords originating in Slavic languages were used extensively; they did not become medical terms and are now considered foreignisms. According to LKŽ, most of them are known in the living language. 7. There are very few hybrid terms in Varpo’s medical articles. Most did not take root in the language of contemporary medical science because one of their components is of Slavic origin (durnavojimas, kamaraitė, etc.). 8. Some terms in the medical articles had variants and synonyms. In the time of Varpo, spelling had not yet become standardized, so different authors (and sometimes the same authors) spelled some terms differently (orthographic and phonetic variants). Several terms were often used to designate the same concept. There are instances in which Lithuanian equivalents are given in parentheses alongside loanwords, or vice versa. 9. As is customary in medical literature, the authors of Varpo’s articles gave Latin equivalents alongside the terms. This may indicate that they intended their articles not only for ordinary people, but also for specialists. 10. In writing medical articles, physicians were concerned not only with people’s health but also with their education. The terminology in the articles shows that their authors were undoubtedly well versed in and devoted cultivators of the living language, and contributed greatly to the creation of Lithuanian medical terminology. PRIMARY SOURCES Atgaivys. Kur musu žmoneles gydosi? – Varpas, 1890, Nr. 7, 97–99. Draugaitis. Keli žodžiai apie girtuoklystę. – Varpas, 1891, Nr. 1, 9–14; Nr. 3, 40–41. Hygiejos tarnas. Hygiena. I. Arbata. – Varpas, 1889, Nr. 1, 8–9. Hygiejos tarnas. Hygiena. II. Kava. – Varpas, 1889, Nr. 2, 25. Servant of Hygieia. Hygiene. III. Tobacco. – Varpas, 1889, No. 3, 40–41; No. 4, 60–61; No. 8, 120; No. 9, 139–140; No. 10, 152–153; No. 11, 168–169. Hygienos tarnas. Alkoholgis ir alkoholizmas. – Varpas, 1895, Nr. 9/10, 155–157; Nr. 11, 173–175. J. Beauty in the human body. – Varpas, 1890, No. 3, 37–39; No. 4, 53–55; No. 5, 68–70. J. J. Strength of the mentally ill. – Varpas, 1891, No. 9, 134–136; No. 10, 150–153; No. 11, 166–168; No. 12, 182–184. J. Szidaras. Dėl ko mes miegame? – Varpas, 1889, Nr. 2, 20–22. M. Sk-ra. Kokia liga gumbu vadinasi? – Varpas, 1897, Nr. 1, 9–10. M. Sk-ra. Lietuviški ligų vardai. – Varpas, 1897, Nr. 3, 41–42. Terminologija | 2009 | 16 183 Paulius. Apie kochIną – vaistą nuo sausligės. – Varpas, 1891, Nr. 4, 54–57. Paulius. Du nuodingu augalu. – Varpas, 1890, Nr. 1, 4–5; Nr. 2, 20–21. Paulius. Microorganisms. – Varpas, 1890, No. 4, 59–60; No. 5, 72–73; No. 6, 91–92; No. 7, 105–107; No. 8, 122–124; No. 9, 137–138; No. 10, 153–154. R. Influenza. – Varpas, 1889, No. 12, 184. ADDITIONAL SOURCES Alm 1931: Alminauskis K. Die Germanismen des Litauischen 1. Die deutschen Lehnwörter im Litauischen, Kaunas. LKŽ: Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. – www.lkz.lt MedŽ 1980: Astrauskas V., Biziulevičius S., Pavilonis S., Vaitilavičius A., Vileišis A. Medicinos terminų žodynas, Vilnius. MndW I 1931: Dr. Karl Schiller und Dr. August Lübben. Mittelniederdeutsches Wörterbuch. Bd. 1–6. Photomechanischer Neudruck, Münster in Westf. VLE X 2006: Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 10, Vilnius. Matulaitis S. 1896: [B.] Kas tai yra liga gumbas? – Ukininkas 4, 28. Matulaitis S. 1897: [Dr.] Kas tai yra priepuola. – Ukininkas 12, 184–185. RIKŽ IV 1985: Rusų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas 4. Sudarė J. Kardelytė, Ch. Lemchenas, J. Macaitis, A. Mankevičienė, Vilnius. LITERATŪRA Anusevičienė O. A., Cibas P., Lilienė L. 2002: Žmogaus anatomija ir fiziologija, Kaunas. Gaivenis K., Keinys St. 1990: Kalbotyros terminų žodynas, Kaunas. LPLP 2006: Lietuvos bibliografija. Serija C. Lietuviškų periodinių leidinių publikacijos 1897, Vilnius. LS I 2004: Lietuviškieji slapyvardžiai: lietuviškos spaudos iki 1990 m. slapyvardžių sąvadas 1: Autoriai. Sudarė ir parengė J. Mačiulis. Vilnius. LS II 2004: Lietuviškieji slapyvardžiai: lietuviškos spaudos iki 1990 m. slapyvardžių sąvadas 2: Slapyvardžių žodynas. Sudarė ir parengė J. Mačiulis. Vilnius. Nečiūnas V., Nečiūnienė V. 1987: Metodinės rekomendacijos savarankiškam kompleksiniam klinikos terminijos mokymuisi: mokymo – metodinė priemonė. Kaunas. Palionis J. 1952: Lietuvių literatūrinės kalbos normalizacija XIX a. pabaigoje (1880–1901) [filologijos mokslų kandidato laipsnio disertacija], Vilnius, VUB RS, F 76–DS 58. Staugaitis J. 1932: A. a. d-rą Mikalojų Kuprevičių atsiminus. – Medicina 11, 702–708. Žemlevičiūtė P. 2008: Lietuviški Vinco Kudirkos medicinos terminai. – Terminologija 15, 142–155. Фасмер М. III 1971: Этимологический словарь русского языка 3, Москва. TERMS USED IN ARTICLES ON MEDICINE IN VARPAS This article deals with the meaning and origin of terms in articles on medicine published in monthly newspaper Varpas (1889–1906) as well as with the fate of these terms in modern medical terminology. The newspaper, which dealt with various issues of literature, politics and science published fifteen articles on anthropology, bacteriology, pharmacology, hygiene, clinical medicine and other fields of medicine. The most active authors of these articles were doctors Julius Aleksa, Juozas Bagdonas, Vincas Kudirka, Mikalojus Kuprevičius, Petras Matulaitis and Stasys Matulaitis. Doctor Kuprevičius was the first to raise theoretical issues of terminology. He was encouraging doctors to use not borrowed, but Lithuanian words, to consider more seriously folk terms of medicine when creating Lithuanian medical terminology and to use words of the living language. 184 Palmira Žemlevičiūtė | Varpo medicinos straipsnių terminai Terms from the articles on medicine fall into seven groups of concepts: medical conditions; actions, processes, conditions and features; parts of the body, organs and their fluids; healing measures and other measures; persons; sciences and institutions. Sixty percent of medical terms are words and word-combinations of Lithuanian origin. Borrowings and terms of mixed origin (one-word hybrids and complex terms with elements of different origin) make up twenty percent each. The authors of these articles most frequently used terms of Lithuanian origin. Some of them have become terms of modern medical science. Usually they are old words known from the living language, such as akis (eye), džiova (tuberculosis), ligonis (patient), sveikata (health). Some terms now name other concepts. Quite a lot of terms of Lithuanian origin (mostly names of parts of the body and organs and names of diseases) did not take root in the modern language of medical science. Some of these terms were words from dialects or old written sources (this can be seen from the Dictionary of the Lithuanian language), other terms could have been created by the authors of articles (dirgsnė (nerve), ligìnamasis (patient), sunkė (artery)). The majority of borrowings came from Greek as well as Latin and Slavic languages, only a few – from French, German, Arabic and other languages. The meaning and form of some terms of anatomy, symptoms and progression of an illness and other fields have remained unchanged until today. Some of the borrowings were Lithuanianized. Being short of appropriate Lithuanian terms doctors also used terms which were not Lithuanianized. Borrowings from Slavic languages were used frequently, but most of them did not become established in Lithuanian medical terminology and now are treated as barbarisms. As can be seen from the Dictionary of the Lithuanian language the majority of them were known in the vernacular. One-word hybrid terms are rare. The majority of them are not used in the modern language of medicine. Usually one part of them is of Slavic origin, for instance kamaraitė (now anga or ertmė (cavity)). Some terms in the articles on medicine had variants and synonyms. Lithuanian orthography at the time of Varpas was not fully settled, therefore some terms were spelt differently by different authors (sometimes even by the same author). Frequently the same concept had a few names. In some cases borrowings had their Lithuanian equivalents presented in brackets and on the contrary. It was common in articles on medicine for doctors to present Latin names next to Lithuanian terms, for instance kolera – cholera asiatica. These articles were aimed at common people as well as specialists. Writing popular articles on medicine doctors cared not only about healing, but also about education. The terminology of these articles shows that their authors knew language rather well, cared about it and had their input in the creation of Lithuanian medical terminology. Gauta 2009-11-24 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT – 10308 Vilnius E. paštas: [email protected] Terminologija | 2009 | 16 185