Daugiareikšmiai ir homoniminiai statybos liaudies terminai

Polysemic and homonymous construction folk terms ROBERTAS STUNŽINAS The Lithuanian Language Institute one of the main goals and requirements of terminology is the unambiguity of terms. In a perfectly organized terminology, each concept should have a separate term and each term should denote only one concept (Keinys 1980: 30). However, in many fields of terminology, there are cases where the same term refers to different concepts. Such a mismatch of concepts and terms, leading to ambiguity and homonymy of terms, is typical of less organized terminology of scientific fields. Polysemy and homonymy of terms are particularly characteristic of construction folk terminology, which is characterized by low significance and metaphorism. This article reviews the polysemantic folk terminology of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary (vols. 1-- XX) and the Lithuanian Language Atlas (vols. I) (see the list of sources at the end of the article). Sources analyzed —The Lithuanian Language Atlas and the Lithuanian Language Dictionary are among the largest sources of folk terms. The Lithuanian Language Atlas is “the most important work of area linguistics, which shows several thousand phenomena of the Lithuanian language – the diversity and spread of words, names, terms used in rural life” (LKE 1999: 369). The Lithuanian Language Dictionary —“the most important work of Lithuanian lexicography and Lithuanian philology of the 20th century <...>, covering the vocabulary of the Lithuanian language from the first written sources to the present spoken and written language” (LKE 1999:374-376- ). When selecting material, read the Lithuanian language dictionary 1-XX volumes. For convenience, the examples in the article are based on the data of the electronic Lithuanian language dictionary. The aim of the article is to determine the characteristics of polysemantic and homonymous construction folk terminology, as well as to find out what common features and differences have certain groups of polysemantic and homonymous terms. In total, more than 350 strings of polysemantic and homonymous terms are discussed, which consist of 789 different terms. In the theory of lexicology, polysemanticism — a word (or any other 68 Robertas Stunžinas | Polysemantic and homonymous constructions... of two or more related meanings (LKE 1999: 460). Homonymy is the phenomenon when words having the same meaning have completely different meanings (Jakaitienė 2009: 101). In terminology theory, polysemy and homonymy are treated differently. According to S. Griniov, for some time the naming of several concepts with the same lexical unit was considered polysemantic (IT 'puxes 1990: 99). Later, according to the terminologist. only referred to the homonymy of terms. It has been argued that homonyms—science concepts have clear and precisely defined boundaries, and the meanings of terms reflecting these concepts must also be precisely distinguished and kad kelias sąvokas įvardijantys vienodi leksiniai vienetai turi būti laikomi distinguished (I 'puxes 1990: 100). In fact, in terminology, we can speak both about homonymy of terms and about polysemy. In both cases, several concepts are referred to by the same lexical unit, but in the case of homonymy, the relationships between the concepts are not clearly apparent or are absent at all (I'punes This article follows the usual approach of lexical semantics and terminology and considers polysemantic terms that have meaning connections. According to N. Golovin, in terminology, ambiguity can arise from words of common language and this occurs through the change or development of the main meaning (Tonosuxn 1987: 48). According to the terminologist, terms with 1990: 101). multiple meanings can arise by transferring the name according to certain associative relationships of the concepts (T onosun 1987: 51). The term is used to refer to a "consistent sound". The meanings of homonyms must be so distant that they cannot be perceived as related meanings of the same element (LKE 1999: 248). In the article, homonymous terms are primarily words of different meanings with random phonetic similarity, usually presented in separate dictionary articles. The absolute majority of the research material consists of terms with multiple meanings. 769 ambiguous terms comprise 97.5% of all analyzed terms. These are terms of similar meaning in the same articles. This is particularly true of the terms used to describe the different types of relationships. They have the same core of meaning, but differ in different meanings || According to V. Urbutis, the difference in the meaning of homonyms in general is not a differential feature — all two-sided elements differ in meaning (LKE 1999: 101). Terminology | 2009 | 16 69 peripheral aspects. In terms of lexical meaning composition, these are terms that have common primary sems, but differ in certain secondary sems. This fiber consists of 311 terms (40.4% of all multi-valued terms). According to the subject matter, these are terms referring to buildings (29 terms), parts of buildings, rooms and outbuildings (109), structures (67), fences and enclosures (68), building interiors and fixtures (25), construction tools and equipment (9) and craftsmen (4). According to the most general and most important distinctive sets*, these multi-meaning terms can be divided into smaller groups. The ambiguous terms designating buildings mostly have the purpose distinguishing sets (8 lines), e.g.: namas „gyvenamasis namas“ LKA I 34, LKŽ4—? “a separately built small cabin with a stove for the summer” LKZ; ‘horse stable, stables’ KZ. —„pig shed“ in LKZ.. A considerable part of the polysemy terms are related to each other by synonymic relations. For example, the terms hayhouse LKA I 57, garden house LKA I 56, shed LKA I 57, shed LKA I 57, barn LKA I 57, shed LKA I 57 have the meanings of "hay shed" and "grain shed": daržinė "hay shed" LKA I 56 —"shed, in which grain is only piled" LKA I 53, LKZ. : error „hay-stored hut“ LKA I 57 — „hut where grain is piled and dried“ LKA 153; placement „hay-stored hut“ LKA I 57 — „hut where grain is piled and dried“ LKA I 53; krovňa „large grain-stored hut“ LKA I 53, LKŽ, — „hay-stored hut“ LKA I 57 — „hut where grain is piled and dried“ LKA I 53; skūnia „garžinė, kluonas“ LKZ.. —(skuné)® „hay-stored hut“ LKA I 57 — „grain-stored hut with one drying“ LKA I 53 —(skūnė) „hut where grain is only piled“ LKA KZ. —‘garden’ LKŽ,. This article uses the most common term, semas. Semantic elements are also called semantic signs, semantic differential signs, noems, semantic multipliers, meaning signs (see Gudavičius 2007: 25). The analyzed terms have more than one distinctive feature. However, in each case, it is possible to distinguish the most important distinctive feature (their group). In lexical semantics, we talk about the connection of identical semas, i.e., when several meanings are connected by one or more semantic components (see Jakaitienė 2010: 96). The article talks about the opposite phenomenon and uses the antonym term distinctive semantics. In the quotation marks are given alternative terms (for more I 53 (skané) — „ratinė“ LKZ.: šieninė „šieno laikomas trobesys“ LKA I 57, information about alternative construction folk terms see Stunžinas 2008: 111-131). 70 Robertas Stunžinas | Polysemantic and homonymous construction... Several polysemantic terms have quality distinctive sems (3 lines), e.g.: abarés "yard" LKA I 50—"large cowsheds" LKA I 50; riūmas "large, beautiful, sumptuous dwelling house" LKA I 34—"farm" LKZ. : barn “shed for grain” LKA I 47, LKZ. —„didesnė barnėtis“ LKŽ, —„manor large building for storing grain“ LKA I 47. e.g.: trisienis „daržinė prie tvarto hay laikyti“ LKA I 57 —„kūnelis prie kluono galo hay krauti“ Vieną eilutę sudaro terminai, turintys priklausymo skiriamųjų semų, LKA I 57. Polysemic terms designating parts of buildings, premises and outbuildings mostly have a possessive designator (23 lines), e.g. aukštas „place on the ceiling, rooftop“ LKZ.—„place on the ceiling of the barn, rooftop“ LKA I 49; galas „part of the dwelling house, one side“ LKZ, —„in the shed, place where grain is loaded, nampusė, prėslas“ LKZ, —„middle part of the hut for loading grain or hay“ LKA 155 —„place for loading grain or hay in a certain hut with a door on the side, and a shed along the rear“ LKA 1 55; kamara „room of a peasant- ’s hut or barn for storing various products and items, dishes, storeroom“ LKZ, —„first room of the bath hut“ LKA I 58; pakura „part of a log or sauna where a furnace is built for drying linen or grain before burning“ LKZ, —„grain drying room“ LKA I 64; pirtis „room where linen is dried and mined“ LKZ,. —‘a granary for drying flax or grain before milling or milling, duba, pakura’, LKA I 64, LKŽ; the ‘lower extension of the grain loading shed’ in LKA I 54, LKZ. —„priestatas prie barnų pelenų pilti, pelenė“ in LKZ. ; top “place on the ceiling, top, high” LKZ. —‘place on the barn ceiling, overhead’ in LCA I 49; hens ‘place on the barn ceiling’ in LCZ, —‘place on the barn ceiling’ in LCZ. —‘loft’ in the LCZ. —‘barn ceiling’ in the LCZ. —„room on the ceiling of the house, high“ in LKZ, —„room on the ceiling of the basement“ in LKZ.. In this group there are mainly terms with multiple meanings, naming the outbuildings or first rooms of various buildings, or, more precisely —having the meanings of “front” and “first room of the bath cabin”, e.g.: butukas “priemenė” LKA I 39, LKZ, —“first room of the bath cabin” LKA I 58: gonkas (gonkos) “an entrance, an annex to a dwelling house, built at the front door” LKA I 39—(gonkos) “front” LKA I 48; gonkelis “without windows, open annex” LKA I 39 —“front” LKA I 48; kalidorius “first room of the bath cabin” LKA I 58 —“front” LKA I 39; nameliokas “first room of the bath cabin” LKA I 58 —“front” LKA I 39; cottage „priemenė“ LKA I 39, LKZ.—„first room of the bath cabin“ LKA I 58; porch „annex of a residential house, built at the front door“ LKA I 39, LKZ, —„part of a log“ LKZ. —‘bathing cabin first room’ LKA I 58—‘front’ LKA 148 —‘front’ LKA I 38, LKŽ. ; LKZ I 38 —“first room of the bath cabin” LKZ I 58; entrance door LKZ “paving part of the door”. —‘annex, entrance’ ILKZ. : front end "priebutis" LKA I 39, KZ. „prieklėtis“ LKA 1 48; „part of a residential house at the front door“ LKZ. —"the door. LKZ, —„pirmā vannas istabas telpa” LKA I 58, LKZ. ; the “first room of the bath cabin” LKA I 58, LKZ, —the “annex” LKA 140 —the “annex” LKA I 38, LKZ. ; hallway “front” LKA I 39 —“first room of the bath cabin” LKA I 58; walls “front” LKA I 39, LKZ. —‘bathing cabin first room’, LCA I 58, LKZ, varanda ‘adjoining’ LKA I 40 —‘ahead’ LKA I 48. There are many different types of 17-bit embedded processors, such as the 17-bit Intel Core i7 processor. —„the end of the dwelling house where potatoes are poured“ LKA I 34; kamara „the room of a peasant- ’s cottage or barn for storing various products and objects, dishwashing. sandėlis’ LKZ. — “country house guest room” in LKZ, —“room” in LKZ. —‘bedroom (e.g. at the barn)’ in LCZ. : cauldron ‘mouse storage area’ LCA I 54 —‘barrier. storehouse in the barn for storing feed or packaging” LKZ. : month „svetainė, seklyčia“ LKZ. —‘chamber, storage room in front’ LCZ. : past the LCZ of „peludė“. —‘partner’ in LK Ze; pirkaité „room for guests, secluded room“ in LKŽ, —„room at the other end of the shop for storing food products, potatoes“ in LKZ. : bathhouse "entrance" LKZ, daiktams pasidėti, kamara, priešininkė, maltuvė“ LKZ.: priesakiné „gerai —"room for various food products and furnished, beautiful room of the peasant- 's house" LKZ, —"peasant's house nearSine. „kamarėlė“ LKZ,; shopa „pašiūrė, stoginė“ LKŽ,—„pašiūrė kuliamosios mašinos manežui laikyti, maniežinė, mašinbūdė“ LKŽei šopa „stabtė, padangtė“ LKŽ, —„stabtė straudams, hay, lins krauti, daržinė“ LKŽ,; costs "laying end, side" LKA I 55, LKZ.-"dust" 1.KZ. : vasaunė „room for storing carts, sledges, farm tools, packs, etc., wheeled“ LKZ. This subgroup consists mainly of terms with multiple meanings, having the meanings of “place where grain is stored” and “place where hay is stored”, e.g. jaugalis “the end of a heap, the end of a barn where grain is stored, a shed” in LKZ. —„part of the cottage where grain or hay is loaded“ LKA I 55; pakrava „place in the laying above the beams 72 Robertas Stunzinas | Plurals and homonyms of construction... LKZ — „place, room for loading hay, straw“ LKŽ; column ‘grain side’ LCZ, —‘hay side’ LCZ. : shelter, ‘pelde’ in LKZ, —‘place for loading grain or hay’ in LKA I 55, LKZ. —‘place in the shed where straw, hay is stacked’ in LKŽ,. ; zaukartė “sided” LKZ. —„place in the shed where grain, straw, hay are loaded“ LKZ.. Several multi-meaning terms have distinctive sets of constructional features (3 lines), e.g.: butukas „priemenė“ LKA I 39, LKZ, —„simple, planked outbuilding“ LKA I 39; gonkas „entrance, outbuilding of a residential house, built at the front door“ LKA I 39 —„simple, windowless entrance“ LKA I 39; gonkos „entrance, outbuilding of a residential house, built at the front door“ LKA I 39 —„without windows, open outbuilding“ LKA I 40—„outbuilding with glass walls“ LKA I 39 —„more ornate outbuilding“ LKA I 40 —„closed outbuilding with windows“ LKA I 39. Other terms have different distinctive terms. "The Good Room, The Bad Room". —‘smaller room’ in LCZ. have quality distinguishing sems. The terms nampusė and prėslas, having the meanings of "place for storing grains and hay" and "place for loading grains and hay", have full distinguishing sems, e.g.: nampusė "grain or hay-loaded sidewalk" LKA 1 55— "end of the laying, barn for loading grains, hay, etc." LKZ. : LCZ “sidecar loaded with grain, hay”. —‘place for loading grain or hay’ in LCA I 55. Most of the terms referring to building structures have a distinctive set of attributes (14 lines), e.g.: aslė „a residential house clay (floor) flooring“ LKA I 36—„place of a grain-loading hut where grain is laid“ LKA I 53; grendymas „asla“ LKA I 37 —„place of a grain-loading hut where grain is laid“ LKA I 53; kluonas „asla“ LKA I 37 —„clay flooring“ LKZ. : laitas ‘asla’ LKA I 37, LKZ. — „grain shed, place where grain is stored“ LKA I 53; lubavonia „the ceiling of a dwelling house“ LKA I 36 —„the ceiling of a loft“ LKA I 48; pados „asla“ LKA I 37 —„grain shed, place where grain is stored“ LKA I 53, LKZ. : paštas „flodys“ LKA I 38, LKŽ, —„grain-loading shed, where grain is laid“ LKA I 54; plonas „asla“ LKA I 37 — „grain-loading shed, where grain is laid“ LKA I 54; slengė „durų stakta“ LKZ, —„lango stakta“ LKZ. ; LKZ I 36, LKZ I 36, LKZ I 36, LKZ I 36, LKZ I 36, LKZ I 36, LKZ I 36, LKZ I 36, LKZ I 36, LKZ I 36, LKZ I 36, LKZ I 36, LKZ I 36, LKZ I 36, LKZ I 36, LKZ I 36, LKZ I 36, LKZ I 36, LKZ I 36, LKZ I 36, LKZ I 36, LKZ I 36, LKZ I 36, LKZ I 36, LKZ I 36. —‘ceiling above the eaves’ in LCA 148 —‘open ceiling’ in LKŽ,. —„klėties lubos“ LKA I 48; verėja „klono durų šulas“ LKZ.—„žardo šoninis šulas“ LKZ. : hens’ “house ceiling” LCZ. Terminology | 2009 | 16 73 There are somewhat fewer terms with multiple meanings. compositional distinguishing sets (rows 8), e.g. asla ‘flooring’ LKA I 36—‘wooden floors’ LKA I 36; dock ‘roof’ LKZ. —‘sheet or slatted roof’ in LKZ I 35 —‘straw roof’ in LKZ I 35; ‘asla’ roofing in LKZ I 37 —‘timbered roofing slab, slab, slat’ in LKZ. : floor „wooden plank floor, floor“ LKZ.—„plywood floor, slate“ LKZ. : laying “planked flooring” LKA I 54 —“floored or cast-iron flooring (paving), flooring, slab, flooring” LKZ. ; padamentas „brick foundation, under the wall laid stones“ LKA I 36 —„fundament, foundation” LKZ. : foundations “the lower part of the house, on which the walls are built” LKA I 35, LKZ, —“the brick (stone, brick) lower part of the house” LKA I 35; foundation “the foundation LKŽę; land ‘asla’ in LCA I 37—‘the location of a grain shed where grain is stored’ in LCA I 54. A group of terms have a purpose distinguishing set (9 lines), e.g.: dritrinė“ LKZ, —board, forged at the wall of the house blentė „Jenta, kalama iš galo šiaudinio stogo, kad vėjas šiaudų netaršytų, vėaccording to the foundation, according to the window or at the bottom of the vaults (¢yto) for water to run, palašinė" LKZ. : tape "wooden reinforcement of doors, tables, etc. detail, crossbar, saddle, tangle" LKŽ. — ‘cross-beam connecting the boards of a table, door, etc.’ in LCZ. —‘transverse connecting beams’ LCZ. ; pėdžia „vertical columns in ancient laying to hold the roof“ in LKZ, —„a fence column or some other kind of column“ in LKŽę: permėtis „under the ridge going card, on which beams are attached“ in LKZ.—„cross card, connecting the shirts“ in LKZ. : varža,(darzinés, jaujos) sienojus stiprinantis skersinis“ LKZ. —‘joining lattice, cross-section, abutment’ in LKZ.-‘straw pressing tool for roofing, fold’ in LKZ, kanė „incision at the end of the ledge to cut the beams“ LKŽ—„cut in the wall to insert the beam“ LKZ,; „grain shed, a place where grain is stored“ LKA I 53 — „longitudinal shed in the middle of the slabs connecting two transverse shed“ LKA I 53; tile „clay tile for roofing“ LKZ. —“tile furnace building, coking” LKZ. : cokel „Čerpė“ LKZ.—„a thin brick glazed from the top, used to cover the outside of the furnace, walls and floor“ LKZ.. (cement, brick)” LKZ. —‘base’ in LCA I 35. Most of the terms referring to fences and enclosures have compositional distinctive sets (11 lines), e.g.: rikis „thin card fence“ LKA 1 62 — „static fence, wicker“ LKŽ. : stačiakoliai „fence of upright boards dug into the ground, the upper ends of which are reinforced with wires“ LKA I 63 —„fence of narrow, evenly spaced boards dug into the ground“ LKA I 60; stačiokai „fence of upright boards dug into the ground, the upper ends of which are reinforced with wires“ LKA I 61 —„fence of narrow, evenly spaced boards dug into the ground“ LKA I 62 1 63-— „narrow, evenly spaced boards fence“ LKA I 60; static „spruce-- branch fence“ LKA 161 —„in the ground cut upright basls, whose upper ends are reinforced with wicker, fence“ LKA I 63 —„narrow, evenly spaced boards fence“ LKA I 60—„upright cut eglisakiy fence, wicker, ziogris“ LKA I 61, LKZ. —‘zagaru fence’ LKA I 64; housings ‘sklēšaka stati žoga’ LKA 161 —i žoga no zemes izcirstiem taisniem basļiem, kuru augšējie gali ir nostiprināti ar vītnēm’ LKA I 63 —‘žoga no šauriem, vienmērīgi izcirstiem dēļiem’ LKA I 60; strikoli ‘žoga no zemes izcirstiem taisniem basļiem, kuru augšējie gali ir nostiprināti ar vītnēm’ LKA 1 63 —‘žoga no šauriem, vienmērīgi izcirstiem dēļiem’ LKA I 60; strikuļi ‘sklēšaka stati žoga’ LKA I 61, LKZ. —‘fence of narrow, evenly spaced planks’, LCA I 60, LKZ. : tuinai,eglésakiy stati tvora“ LKA I 62 —fence of upright basliy dug into the ground, the upper ends of which are reinforced with wicker, LKA I 63; žardis „vinimis kalta karčių tvora“ LKA I 63 —„witimis rišta ar nailais kalta karčių tvora“ LKA I 62; žiograi „eglėšakių stati tvora“ LKA 161 —„vyta tvora“ LKZ. ; žiogrius „eglėšakių stati tvora“ LKA I 61 —„statinė tvora, nupjauta iš medžių šakų, tarpuskirstytų tarp skersinių, pinčiai“ LKZ.. From the ambiguity of these terms has emerged the ambiguity of compound terms, because a number of single-word terms naming fences are included in the composition of compound terms (11 lines), e.g.: rikinė tvora „švelnų kartelių tvora“ LKA 162 —„žagarų tvora“ LKA I 64; rikių tvora „eglėšakių stati tvora“ LKA I 62 —„švelnų kartelių tvora“ LKA I 62; stačiakolių tvora tvora“ LKA I 63 —„narrow, evenly spaced planks fence“ LKA I 64 „į žemę sukaltų stačių baslių, kurių viršutiniai galai sutvirtinami vytimis, 60; upright fence "fir-branch upright fence" LKA I 61 —"fence of narrow, evenly spaced planks" LKA I 60; static fence "fir-branch upright fence" LKA I 61 —„fencing of narrow, evenly spaced planks“ LKA 1 60 —„fence of upright boards dug into the ground, the upper ends of which are reinforced with wires“ LKA I 63 —„fence of upright planks“ LKŽ, —„fence of wicker, ziggrinė“ LKZ. —‘fence made of broken branches, cartels’ in LKZ. —‘fence of spruce branches’ LKA I 64; fence of structures ‘fir-shaped fence’ LKA 161 —‘fence made of upright bas-tiles dug into the ground and reinforced at the top with wicker’ LKA 163- ‘fence made of narrow, evenly spaced planks’ LCA I 60 – ‘fence made of boards’ LKA I 64; statinių tvora „į žemę sukaltų stačių baslių, kurių viršutiniai galai stiprinami vytimis, tvora“ LKA I 63—„žagarų tvora“ LKA I 64; strikolinė tvora „į žemę sukaltų stačių baslių, kurių viršutiniai galai stiprinami vytimis, tvora“ Terminologija | 2009 | 16 75 LKA I 63 —„našlių, lygiais intervalais sukaltų lentų tvora“ LKA I 60; strikuolių tvora (strikolių tvora) „į žemę sukaltų stačių baslių, kurių viršutiniai galai stiprinami vytimis, tvora“ LKA I 63 —(strikolių tvora) „našlių, lygiais intervalais sukaltų lentų tvora“ LKA I 60; tuinų tvora tvora“ LKA I 63 —„aglėšakių stati tvora“ LKA I 62—„žagarų tvora“ LKA 1 64; žardinė tvora „vinimis kalta karčių tvora“ LKA I 63 —„vytimis rišta arba nagų kalta „į žemę sukaltų stačių baslių, kurių viršutiniai galai sutvirtinami vytimis, karčių tvora“ LKA I 62 —„žagarų tvora“ LKA I 64. Terms referring to enclosures have mostly local distinguishing sets (3 rows), e.g.: bandodaržis“ „animal enclosure in the fields“ LKA 146 —„animal enclosure at home“ LKA I 46 —„enclosure at home for cattle in the summer, diendaržis“ LKZ. ; diendaržis „outdoor enclosed yard, enclosure for livestock” LKŽ, —„close to or between stables, usually covered enclosure for livestock” LKA I 46; dienykas „livestock enclosure at the barn” LKA I 47 —„place for keeping livestock between stables, located under a roof” LKA I 47. Several ambiguous terms have purpose or composition distinguishing sets (row 2), e.g. :prirytvartis „aptvaras prie tvarto kiaulėms“ LKA I 47 — „gards prie tvartų, laidaras, diendaržis“ LKZ. : wire „fence, sudéliota only from felled trees“ LKZ. —‘fence’ in LCA I 64. The ambiguous terms designating devices and devices mostly have. The majority of such terms refer to the furnace of a living room and the furnace of a linen drying room or a sauna, e.g. kakalys „bread baking ovens and furnaces for heating rooms“ LKA I 42. LKZ,. —“wood stove” LKA I 65; stove “sauna stove made of stones” LKA I 59 —“brick for heating the sauna” LKZ. : furnace “bread baking oven and room heating oven” LKA I 42 —“sauna stove made of stones” LKA I 59, LKZ, —“wood stove” LKA I 65, LKZ. ; stove „bread baking ovens and room heating ovens“ LKA I 42 —„stone-- built sauna fireplace“ LKA I 59; stove „bread baking ovens and room heating ovens“ LKA I 42 —„stone-- built sauna fireplace“ LKA I 59; stove „room heating oven. cooking, baking. duonkepis’ LKA I 42, LKZ. —‘baking furnace’ LKA I 65, LKZ.. One pair of polynomial terms has only a purpose-- specific set, and construction terms are also considered to be fencing terms. The construction object in this case is considered to be a fence or other opening means, 76 Robertas Stunžinas | Polysemantic and homonymous construction... and various associative similarities. According to the identical semes of the related pairs of multivalued terms, the following groups can be distinguished: a) terms with identical external form semes (11 lines), e.g. :čepė „tile for building a furnace, slab“ in LKŽ, —„niche in the wall of the furnace, shoulder“ in LKZ. : choukuras „top of the roof, ridge, ridge“ LKŽ—„duonkepės krosnies skliautas“ LKŽ,; Grinyčia "purkia, troba" LKŽ, —"rūkykla" LKZ. : shovel "tool to dig" LKZ. —‘shovel axe’ LKA I 87; ‘cherpa’ drill LKZ. —‘furnace smoke outlet’ in LCZ. : sauna „bathing cabins* LKA I 58, LKZ, —„poor, meager dwelling house, cabin“ in LKŽe; “annex of a residential house, built at the front door” LKA I 39 —“wall at the stove opening” LKŽ,; vault "tapered end wall of the house in the shed" LKZ. —‘furnace roof’ in LCA I 43, LC, column ‘fence post, mited’ in LCZ, —‘vertical part of the chimney (from the horizontal part to the top)’ in LCZ. : sharpness “surface roughness, sharpness” in LCZ, —“saw teeth sharpness” in LCZ. ; vinkelis „kampainis“ LKŽ, —„krūnies apforstas“ LKZ. —‘perpendicularly added extension, perpendicularly arranged structure’ in LKZ. —‘roof perpendicular intersection’ LCZ. : b) terms having the same meaning (row 5), e.g. door "residential house back door, bad door" in the LKZ. —‘furnace closure’ LCZ. : garvilkis „garvilkas“ LKZ. —„stove made of boards to ventilate vegetable garden“ LKŽ. : kaišena "a tool for picking up bark of trees", lankena, "striūgas" LKZ, —"Skobiamasis ašvis" LKA I 87, LKZ. : copt "ladder" LKZ. —‘scaffolding around a building’ LCI; lopeta „instrument to dig, shovel“ LKZ, —„rumbēta dēļs jumta izlīdzināšanai, ar straumēm segt“ (c) terms with identical composition (row 5), e.g.: „asla“ in LKA I 37 — „furnace floor“ in LKA 143; „grindys“ in LKA137 — „furnace floor“ in LKZ.: LKA I 43; „asla“ in LKA I 37 — „furnace floor“ in LKZ. ; kudamentas „the lower part of the building, on which rests the foundation of the whole building“ in LKŽ, —„an ancient stove in the form of a smoke shop table, made of clay or brick, with wooden legs“ in LKZ. ; laitas ‘asla’ LKA I 37, LKZ, —‘furnace base’ LKA I 42, LKZ. : d) terms with emotional associations identical semy (5 lines), e.g.: kaniūkšlė „horse stable, stables“ in LKŽ, —„poor troba“ in LKŽ,. ; barn ‘vartas’ LKA I 49, LKZ. —"an old, poor hut; pirkelė“ LKŽe; paširė „hay-held huts“ LKA I 57 —„small hut“ LKZ. : Sopa,,pastogé, padangtė“ LKZ, —„what a small, inferior various purposes sopa“ Terminology | 2009 | 16 83 tatas’ LKZ,; zakaporis "close, secluded room. A considerable part of the researched material consists of ambiguous terms with difficult to grasp interfaces. 161 term accounts for 20.9% of all cases of ambiguity. These are usually terms with a different meaning core and common peripheral features. In terms of the composition of lexical meaning, these are terms with certain secondary sems, a group of polysemic terms have identical purpose sems (33 lines). e.g.: abarai „vartas“ LKA I 50 — „animal enclosure at or between barns“ LKA I 47; ažudarinys „part of a common barn where pigs are kept“ LKA I 52 — „enclosed place near the house or further out in the field for holding animals“ LKA I 46; béginas „a hook stuck into a frame“ LKA I 56 — „wooden door hinge“ LKZ. : horn "high, steamer" LKŽ. —‘the end of a chimney through which smoke passes’ in LKZ, —‘the hole, the pit at the end of a house (vault)’ in LKZ. ; diendaržis “animal huts, barns” LKZ. —„outdoor animal enclosure, enclosure” in LKŽ. ; “part of a common barn where pigs are kept” in LKA I 52 —“livestock enclosure near the home” in LKA I 46; “roofing” in LKZ. —‘wooden laying door hinge’ in LCZ. ; LKZ, —„antique wooden door frame“ LKA I 56; cockle „„chimney“ LKZ. —„furnace opening at the front for smoke to escape (after baking bread, filled with bricks)“ LKŽ. : lanksta „on the ground placed log with a cut-out crack, used as a support, when building a crooked wall“ LKŽ, —„iškrypusios sienos atrama, spyrys“ LKZ. ; liūdė „gulsčiukas“ LKŽ, —„such carpenters device —svambaliukas on the string to determine the verticality of the object“ LKŽ,; hatch ‘small window (e.g. for ventilation)’ LKZ. —‘smoke pipe, chimney’ in LKZ. : pabragys "paširė" LKZ. —‘moss storage place’ LKA I 54: tyre ‘moss storage place’ LKA I 54 —‘close to the building, rooftop’ LKZ. : canopy "at the building pashiūrė, roof" LKZ. —„place for storing moss“ LKA I 54; pamats „first (placed on the ground or stones), foundation wall“ LKA I 35 —„stones placed under the parapet or wall“ LKA I 35: pašalys „shelter“ LKZ, —„place for storing moss“ LKA I 54; permėtis „under the ridge going card, on which beams are attached“ LKZ. —the LCJ’s ‘side’. ; sauna „bathing cabins“ LKA I 58 —„grain drying room“ LKA I 65: porch „mouse storage place“ LKA I 54 — „attached to the barn, with front doors“ LKZ,. —‘wall-mounted huts’, LCA I 57; tie-down ‘a bar or plank for clamping roof straw. attach® LKZ, —„the straw to tie to the lotus" LKZ. : pūsteris „krosnies 84 Robertas Stunzinas | Polysemantic and homonymous construction... durelése angai įeiti“ LKŽ, —„furnace grate for ashes and air access to the fire“ LKZ. —‘niche in the furnace into which ash collapses’ in LCZ. : ratchet "roof Selmenj fixing crossTM KZ. —„one of the boards, LKZ. : wing "wing" LKZ. —‘pillar, support’ prikaltų prie stogo galo, viršuje ppr. sukryžiuojamų, šiaudams prilaikyti“ in LCZ. ; „pašiūrė inventoriui ar medienai laikyti“ LKZ, —„garžinė (huts for stowing hay or straw) near the barn“ LKA I 57, LKZ. : pushes "table high in a smoke bath or sauna closed" LKZ. —‘Push-lock’, LCA I 40, LCZ, LCZ. —„pašiūrė to the laying small things to put" LKŽ,. ; straw ‘grain storage building’ LKŽ,. —‘paširė straudams’ in LKZ. : Siopa,,pasiure, stoginė“ LKZ. —„on the barn shelter to store hay“ LKA I 57; soft „the crown wall of the lower building, log“ LKZ, —„a building column, column, to which the boards are forged or into which the ends of the walls are inserted“ LKZ. : teblius „big drill“ in LKŽ, —„wooden post for joining, strengthening logs“ in LKŽ,: užužalė „pašiūrė“ in LKZ.~-„side“ in LKZ. : gates "lifting and lifting part of a fence or fence, fence" in LKZ, —"large folding door" in LKZ. There are much fewer terms with multiple meanings and identical semis (9 lines), e.g.: čerėnas „top of the oven“ in LKZ. —‘furnace base, front’ LKA I 42, LKZ,: hood ‘baker’s oven front’ LKZ. — „masonry above the forehead of the furnace“ LKZ. —‘roof over the head’ LCZ; koptūris „duonkepės krosnies priešakys“ LKŽ, —„hole above the stove for steam to escape“ LKZ. ; pečiora „dent, hole in the side or forehead of the oven for storing small items, drying, keeping food warm“ LKZ. —„place on the side of the shed where ash and charcoal are swept out of the baker’s oven“ LKZ. ; pečiūra „hole in the side or forehead of the oven for storing small items, drying, keeping food warm“ LKŽ, —„duonkepės krosnies židinys“ LKA I 44; pečka „small niche in the wall of the oven“ LKZ. —,,duonkepés krosnies zidinys“ LKA I 44; prievartis „pastogė prie tvarto“ LKZ, —,,gyvulių aptvaras prie tvartų“ LKA I 47; užlangė „sheltynėlė aukščiau lango“ LKZ.—,,palangė lauke“ LKŽ,; Some terms have identical forms (4 lines), e.g.: binkis „log with legs instead of a beam“ LKZ, —..prie krosnies išmūrytas benkas, ant kurio galima atsisėsti ar atsigulti, maigūnas“ LKZ. ; gėvelis „statusis stogo galas, skliautai“ LKZ. —„two cut sticks, which are placed on the litter, so that the wind does not scratch, žirglys, Žirgelis, žirglelis“ in LKŽ. ; kaparas „prietaisas Terminologija | 2009 | 16 85 sunkiems daiktams kelti, lertas“ in LKZ, —„axe-like tool for cutting, chopping tree roots“ in LKZ,; lota „straw press for roofing, folding“ LKZ. —„planta“ in LKZ.. One line consists of ambiguous terms with identical compositional terms, e.g.: kaminyčia „muriniai namai“ in LKZ,—„išsiplėtusi ant stogo kamino dalis“ in LKZ.. A third of the polysemantic terms with unclear meaning links are metaphorical terms (62 terms). These are terms with common sub-sems, denoting: a) external similarity (row 8), e.g.: hat „top of the house crown“ in LKŽ, — „brick or hood above the hot brick“ in LKŽ,; kumelys „a wooden toothed tool about 2 m long, used when covering the roof to tighten the lots to the rails“ in LKŽ, —„toothed table for comparison with a thatched roof“ in LKZ. : trunk „trunk of a tree, stem“ in LKŽ, —„main part of a tool, utensil“ in LKŽ. : goats "cross-haired ridge-pressing horseshoes" in LKZ, —"firewood-cutting device" in LKZ. —‘device for laying wood chips for roofing’ in LCZ. —‘carpenter’s saw (with frame)’ in LCZ. —„a certain device, placed on bicycles, for carrying walls“ in LKZ.. goat „ged“ in LKZ. —‘beam or beam support, spyrys’ in LCZ. —‘wooden bench for placing and fixing carving objects’ in LKZ. —„carriers for carrying bricks“ in LKZ, —„poreous planer“ in LKZ.—„racks on which logs are placed by manually sawing boards“ in 1LKZ.—„a certain device, placed on bicycles, for carrying walls“ in LKZ. —‘stand, on legs, on which trees are placed for harvesting’ in LCZ, gožka „barges for carrying bricks“ in LKZ, —„at last put on the sleds to carry logs“ in LKŽ, —„scaffolding“ in LKŽ, —„barges for carrying logs“ in LKŽ. ; kurių dedamas rąstas rankiniu būdu pjaunant lentas“ LKZ. — „stovas su forks „cross-twisted to strengthen the final thatched roof bulge“ in LKZ, —„twisted straw bundles used to begin roofing“ in LKZ. ; moog "wooden rack, goat" LKZ. —‘column supported by a ledge’ in LCZ. ; (b) similarity of the occupied position (row 5), e.g. :ažužandės „duonkepės krosnies židinys“ LKA I 44 —„šočio angos šonai už pripečko“ LKA I 44; kakta „krūties viršutinė dalis priekio“ LKZ. —‘top of furnace opening, furnace opening’ in LCZ. ; papažastis "baking oven stove" LKA 1 44 —"part of the oven where ash is poured" LKZ. ; LKZ "Internal edges of the oven at the forehead- ". —‘pillar, laying edges, side’ in LCZ. ; jaw ‘side part of the axe, half’ LKZ. "angle at the furnace edge" LKZ,; 86 synonyms and homonyms of construction... (c) similarity of purpose (row 2), e.g., the ‘asla’ base in LCA 137—‘the supporting mode liu plūkta ar plytomis krosnies apačia“ LKA I 42; pamatas „apatinė statinio of the whole structure’ in LCA. —‘furnace base’ in LCA I 43; d) emotional associative similarity (18 lines), e.g.: b0ba „clay-covered foundation of the furnace- ’s base” in LKZ, —„perpendicular column of the shed. which goes through the roof and into which the sharp ends are twisted“ in LKŽ,—„such a device with a flying for lifting heavy objects“ in LKŽ,; dugnas „dangus“ LKA I 43— „padas“ LKA I 42; gūžta „namai, trova, pirkia“ LKŽ, —„log cut out, where crocheted krėklas (gegnė) falls“ LKŽ,; pig "flat chimney from the oven to the chimney" in LKZ, —"wooden frames for making a hole inside the oven" in LKZ. : fox "tree with a cut for inserting a drawing object" LKZ. — ‘rotary latch’ in LCA I 41, LKZ. ; meška "big device with a heavy blade for hitting basses, ploughing clay" LKŽ,ų —"in the worktable (varstotą) is stuck a stick to support the planned object" LKZ, —"device for lifting founds into the carriage" LKZ, —"device for stitching" LKZ. —‘a frog hammer used to plough a furnace’ in LCZ. ; pašiēju „hay-held huts” in LKA I 57 —„small hut” in LKZ,; "Königstuhl" (in German). —„to support a fence, to raise posts, etc.“ LKZ.. Regarding the polysemy of construction folk terms, it should be emphasized that some terms are characterized by more than one of the mentioned cases of polysemy, e.g.: boom „time for the roof to stand up“ LKZ.—„part of the thatched roof covering area per time“ ILKZ. —‘log’ in LKŽ. —‘heavy lifting carts’ in the LCZ. : apartment "priemenė" LKA I 39, LKZ. — „first room of the bathhouse“ LKA I 58 —„simple, planked outbuilding“ LKA I 39; tile „clay tile for roofing“ LKŽ, — „tile for stove building, coking“ LKZ. —“niche in the wall of the furnace, shoulder” in LKZ. : Ciukuras- ,,aukstinis, garalaidė“ LKZ. —„the end of the chimney through which the smoke passes“ in LKŽ, —„the hole at the end of the house (the vault)“ in LKŽ, —„the top of the roof, the ridge“ in LKZ. —‘bakery oven vault’ in LCZ. : diendarzis „animal huts, barns“ LKZ. —‘outdoor enclosure for livestock’ in LCZ. —‘close to or between barns, usually covered enclosure for livestock’ in LCA I 46; ‘asla’ in LCA I 37—‘furnace floor’ in LCA I 43—‘laying slab, slab, slab’ in LCA; grinyčia "buy, find" LKZ. —„rūkykla“ in LKŽ, —„trobikė, priešininkė“ in LKZ.. kamara „room in a peasant- ’s cottage or barn for storing various products and objects, dishwashing, storage“ in LKŽ, —„first room of a bath cottage“ in LKA I 58 —„kaimo trobos svečių kambarys“ in LKŽ —„kambarys“ in LKZ. —„bedroom Terminology | 2009 | 16 87 (e.g. at the cradle)’ LKZ. ; "Horse Stable, Horse Stable" LKZ. —‘swine barn’ in the LCZ. —‘poor trout’ LCZ. : kukis „hammer“ LKZ.—„a hook forged into a stake“ LKA I 56 —„wooden tool for forging, beating, hammering“ LKZ. : house "gYVvenamasis namas" LKA I 34, LKZ. —„separately built small cabin with stove for summer“ in LKŽ, —„entrance“ in LKZ. —‘a shed under the same roof as a residential building’, LKA I 49, LKZ. ; „pašiūrė prie pastato, stoginė“ KZ. —‘moss storage area’, LKA I 54 —‘hay shed’, LKA I 57; ‘asla’ floor, LKA I 37 —‘grain shed where grain is stored’, LKA I 53, LKZ. —‘clay-covered or brick-covered furnace bottom’ in LCA I 42; foundation ‘the lower part of a structure on which the whole structure rests’ in LKZ. —‘furnace base’ in LKZ I 43 —‘first (placed on the ground or stones), foundation wall’ in LKZ I 35 —‘stones placed under the bulkhead or wall’ in LKZ I 35; ‘shelter’ in LKZ. —‘foam storage area’ in LCA I 54 —‘shelter’ in LCZ. —„place along the hut wall from the outside side“ in LKZ, —„angle, corner“ in LKZ. : peciukas „bread baking ovens and room heating ovens“ LKA I 42 —„sauna stove made of stones“ LKA I 59 —„niche with a door in the oven to keep food warm, shoulder, tray“ LKZ. : permetis "under the ridge running ridge on which beams are attached" LKZ. —‘cross bar connecting the shirts’ of the LCZ, —‘side’ of the LCZ. ; LKZ, —‘roof edge’ LKZ. —‘Cross fixing roof rail’ in LCZ. —“one of the boards, LKŽę; riūmas „liels, prikaltų prie stogo galo, viršuje ppr. sukryžiuojamų, šiaudams prilaikyti“ skaists, grezns dzīvojamais nams” LKA I 34 — „sodyba” LKZ. —„house walls, cross-section“ LKŽ, —„residential house, while it is still under construction, without roof and interior fittings“ LKA I 34; column „grain Saline“ LKZ. —‘hay side’ in LKZ, —‘fence post, fence post’ in LKZ. —‘vertical part of the chimney (from the horizontal part to the top)’ in LCZ. —‘sieno Saline’ LCZ. : šalidė „peludė“ LKZ.—„pašiūrė prie klojimo mažiem daiktams sudėti“ LKZ. —‘place for loading grain or hay’ in LKA I 55, LKZ —‘place in the shed for loading straw, hay’ in LKZ. : Siopa,,pasitiré, stoginė“ LKZ—“shelter on the barn for storing hay“ LKA I 57—“pašiūrė kuliamosios mašinos manežui laikyti, manežinė, mašinbūdė“ LKZ. —„a small, inferior building for various purposes“ in LKŽė —„a shelter for straw, hay, flax, a garden“ in LKZ. : uzlos „gyvenamojo namo priemenés lubos“ LKA I 36, LKZ.—„gyvenamojo namo priemenės lubos“ LKA I 36, LKŽ, —„klėties aukštas“ LKA I 48 —„klėties lubos“ LKA 148 —„plafonas virš prieklėčio“ LKA I 48 —„pirkios aukštas“ LKŽ, —„pirkios lubos“ LKŽ, —„priemenės auks88 Robertas Stunzinas | Multisemantics and homonyms of construction... tas’ LKZ. —‘place on the loft or wing ceiling, high’ LCI; vasaunė „kūnelis prie kluono galo hay loading" LKA I 57—„patalpa hay storage, garden" LKZ, —„patalpa carts, sledges, farm tools, packed and so on storage, wheeled" LKZ,; chicken coop ceilings in the LCZ. —‘a room on the roof of a shed’ in LCZ. —‘loft’ in the LCZ, —‘loft’ in the LCZ. —„patalpa uz priemenes griestiem“ LKŽ, —„patalpa uz šķūņa griestiem“ LKZ.-„patalpa uz mājiņas griestiem, augsts“ LKZ.—„priemenes griesti“ LKZ.. It is necessary to distinguish a group of terms that have random external similarities or whose meaning connections are difficult to precisely determine. Such terms are considered homonyms. Homonymous terms make up a small proportion of all the terms discussed — 2.5%. In particular, semantic homonyms are distinguished in this group. According to E. Jakaitienė, “the appearance of semantic homonyms is caused by various semantic changes of words, which completely break the connection of the meanings of a polysemantic word. This happens either when the change in the meaning of a word completely distances the previously close meanings, or when the meaning that was the connecting link between several meanings of a polysemantic word disappears” (Jakaitienė 2010: 108). In the study material, semantic homonyms should be considered only terms that do not have tangible meaning connections, e.g. klėtka „window glass“ in LKZ. —klėtka „malksnų matas (10 kapų malksnų)“ LKŽ,. Another group of homonymous terms —operative homonyms. These are “words whose expression becomes similar due to the word-making processes taking place in language” (Jakaitienė 2010: 106). According to Jakaitienė, “conjugative homonyms arise due to the following possible three ways of conjugation: 1) when words are made with the same affixes from completely non-homonymous base words whose roots coincide by chance; 2) when the production process requires certain phonetic changes of the root; 3) when words belonging to completely different types of verbs are formed (Jakaitienė 2010: 106). First, it should be mentioned terms with phonetic root or stem coincidence (3 lines), e.g. :lipinė (< lipti „klipti, klijuotis prie ko“ LKŽę) „Sulipdyta iš ko pirkelė“ LKŽ, —lipinė (< lipti „žengti, kopti“ LKZ.) „lentelė ar laipteliai per rąstą perlipti“ LKŽ,; bracket (< verti „do (open or close)“ in LCZ.) „antikinis medinis durų įtvaras“ LKA I 56 —sąvarstė (< verti „spieigti, besti“ LKZ,) „one of the reinforcement bars placed from Terminologija | 2009 | 16 89 both sides of the laying wall“ LKZ. ; 1999. (in Polish) "Warszawa: "Szczecin" zdobywa Puchar Polski". szczecin.pl- .. LKZ, —varas (< verti „daryti (atidaryti arba uždaryti)“ LKŽę) „antikinis medinis durų įtvaras“ LKA I 56. Two lines of homonyms are made up of terms with unified rootsLKŽ, —kaištis (< kišti 1. „murdyti grūsti“, 7. „sklėsti“ LKZ.) „stumiamasis skląstis“ LKA I 41, LKZ. : scrap (< break „from bending, pressing break into pieces“ LKZ.) „old, crooked troba, ruin“ LKZ. — scrap metal (< breaking “by cutting into pieces” in LCZ.) As you can see, some of these homonymous terms are presented in the same slots. However, based on the different meanings of the reference nis, pvz.: kaištis (< kaišti 1. „skusti, gremžti“, 4. „kasti“ LKZ.) „kastuvas“ words, these terms should be considered as adjective homonyms. In the group of homonyms under discussion, there are etymological homonyms, i.e., homonyms of different origin. The terms of this group also have external similarity due to various phonetic changes (4 lines), e.g.: évelis (< gėvelis) “the status of the end of the roof, vaults” in LKZ., “two carved bars, which are placed on the litter, so that the wind does not scratch, žirglys, žirgelis, žirglelis” in LKZ. —évelis (German: Hebel) “part, lever” in LKZ. : lusok ‘stakta’ LKZ. —lusokas (< luSekas) “smoke outlet” in LKZ. ; pantas (< la. pants) "hay side, press. nampusė“ LKŽ, —pantas (< pinti 1. „to make a thing by overheating with“) „cross-sectional, connecting the shed’s spans, beams“ LKŽ; vault ‘sky’ LKA I 43, LKZ. —skliautas (< skliutas) ‘wide-bladed axe for cutting or carving logs’ in LCA I 88. CONCLUSIONS 1. Polysemantic construction folk terminology consists of terms connected by various connections. The group of polynomial terms designating closely related concepts consists mainly of polynomial terms with distinctive sets of belonging, purpose and composition. 2. A considerable part of the ambiguous terms are associative terms. Members of such polynomial pairs are motivated by the names of other members. The group of metonimic terms consists mainly of ambiguous terms related to the relationship of whole and part. At the very least there are terms relating to the relationship between material and object or between a tool and the effect of an action. 3.The group of terms with multiple meanings connected by metaphoric connections consists of terms and metaphoric terms that designate common construction concepts related by external form, purpose, composition and associative similarity. 90 Robertas Stunžinas | Polysemantic and homonymous construction... 4. A large proportion of polysemantic terms consists of terms with unclear meaning interfaces. Polysemic terms of the nucleus of different meanings mostly have common features of the periphery of meaning, denoting the purpose, location, form and composition. Metaphorical terms with multiple meanings have common subordinate sems denoting external similarity, similarity of occupied place, similarity of purpose and associative similarity. 5. The group of homonymous terms is dominated by adjective homonyms, which consist of terms with phonetic root or stem coincidence. It is less commonly used in etymological homonyms. LKŽ: Dictionary of Lithuanian Language. Kaunas. 1947, pp. 1. Vilnius, 1969, T.2. Vilnius, 1956. T.3. Vilnius. 1957, T4. Vilnius, 1959, T.5. Vilnius, 1962. T.6. Vilnius. 1966, pp. 7. Vilnius. 1970, pp. 8. Vilnius, 1973, T.9. Vilnius, 1976. T.10. Vilnius, 1978. T.11. Vilnius, 1981. 1.12. Vilnius, 1984, T.13. Vilnius, 1986, t.14. Vilnius, 1991. T. 15. Vilnius, 1995, T.16. Vilnius. 1996, T.17. Vilnius, 1997, T.18, Vilnius, 1999, T.19. Vilnius, 2002, T.20. LKZ. 2005: Dictionary of Lithuanian Language (I-XX, 1941-2002). Vilnius. Internet access: <http://www.lkz.lt>. LKA 11977: Lithuanian atlas 1. Leksika, Vilnius. Gudavičius A. 2007: Accelerating semantics, Šiauliai. Jakaitienė E. 2010: Lexicology. Vilnius. Jakaiticné E. 1988: Lexical semantics, Vilnius, Keinys St. 1980: Terminology alphabet. Vilnius. LKE 1999: Encyclopedia of Lithuanian Language, Vilnius. Stunžinas R. 2008: Variantiniai statybos liaudies terminai lietuvių kalbos žodyne —Terminologija 15, 111-131. Urbutis V. 2009: Theory of word formation, Vilnius. purer C. 1990: Beedenue Kojnosan H. 1987: /Tuneeucmuusdeckue 0cno8bi yuenus o mepmunax, NMocksa. s mepmiunosederue, Mocksa. POLYSEMOUS AND HOMONYMOUS FOLK TERMS OF BUILDING This article deals with 350 cases of polysemy and homonymy in folk terminology of construction presented in Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of Lithuanian) (LKZ) and Lietuvių kalbos atlasas (Atlas of the Lithuanian Language) (LKA), Terms with correlation of meanings are treated as polysemous and terms having coincidental phonetic similarity are viewed as homonymous. The absolute majority of terms researched are polysemous. Homonymous terms make up less than 3 percent of terms researched. Polysemous folk terminology of construction consists of terms connected by various relations. The major group of polysemous terms which name similar concepts consists of terms with distinctive semes of purpose (namas ‘dwelling house’ LKA I 34, LKZe —‘a separate small building with a cooker to be used in summer’ LKZe), quality (abarés “animal shed’ LKA 150 —‘a large cowshed LKA 1 50), composition (grinda ‘wooden floor’ LKZe — ‘clay floor" LKZe). dependence (krosnis ‘stove for house heating and bread baking’ LKA I 42 = stove in a barn for grain drying’ LKA I 65). Terms with various associative relations make up a big group of polvsemous terms. Terminologija | 2009 | 16 91 to their similarity or logical relation. Meanings of terms in this group are motivated by meanings oi other terms according This group comprises terms having metaphorical or metonymical relations. The subgroup of metonymical terms consists mostly of polysemous terms with whole-part relations (grčia "one end of a dwelling house' LKA I 34, LK Že —'a whole dwelling house' LKA I 34). The subgroup of polysemous terms with metaphorical relations consists of ordinary terms and metaphorical terms of building which have similarity of form (¢erpé ‘tile for stove building’ LK Ze —“niche in the wall of a stove’ LKZe), purpose (durelės ‘the back door of a dwelling house’ LKZe —‘stove door’ LK Ze) or composition (grendymas ‘clay floor’ LKA I 37 —‘stove floor’ LKA 1 43). Polysemous terms with unclear relations of meaning make up another big group. Such terms have a different nucleus of the meaning with similar features of peripheral meaning, which indicate the usage (pamatas ‘foundation log’ LKA I 35 —‘stones under a wall LKA I 35), place (uZlungé ‘shelf above a window’ LKZe —windowsill on the outside’ LKZe), form (Iota ‘bar to press straw when thatching a root’ LKZe —‘board’ LKZe). Polysemous metaphorical terms have common secondary semes marking exterior similarity (kepurė ‘the last row of logs on all four walls of a house’ LKŽe — ‘hood above cooking stove’ LK Ze), similarity of location (žandas ‘side of a tool’ LKŽe — ‘hood above cooking stove’ LK Ze), and similarity of meaning (šakutė ‘a knife’ LKŽe — ‘a knife’ LKŽe). ‘opening next to a hob of the stove’ LKŽe), similarity of usage (pamatas “bottom part of a building” LKZe —“stove bottom” LKA I 43) or associative similarity (žirgas “pole for roofing” LKZe —“pole for propping up a drying frame” LKZe). Derived homonyms with phonetic congruence of root or stem prevail in the group of homonymous terms: lipiné (< lipti ‘to stick to something’ LKZe) ‘a small cottage stuck together from various bits’ LKZe —lipiné (< lipti ‘to step over, to climb’ LKZe) ‘a plank or steps for climbing over the fence’ LKZe. Etymological homonyms are much rarer: pantas (< Latvian pants) „hay storage” LKZe —pantas (< pinti 1. to pleach, to weave") ‘spar connecting rafters of a building’ LKZe). Received 2009-11-20 Robertas Stunzinas Lithuanian Language Institute P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. mail: [email protected] 92 Robertas Stunzinas | Multi-terms and homonyms in constructions...