Daugiareikšmiai ir homoniminiai statybos liaudies terminai

Polysemous and Homonymous Folk Building Terms ROBERTAS STUNŽINAS Lietuvių kalbos institutas One of the main aims and requirements of terminology is the unambiguity of terms. In a perfectly organized terminology, each concept should have a separate term, and each term should denote only one concept (Keinys 1980: 30). However, in the terminology of many fields, there are cases in which different concepts are designated by the same term. This mismatch between concepts and terms, which gives rise to polysemy and homonymy among terms, is characteristic of the less organized terminologies of scientific fields. Polysemy and homonymy among terms are especially characteristic of folk building terminology, which is marked by a low degree of precision of meaning and metaphorical usage. This article surveys the polysemous building terminology in the Lietuvių kalbos žodyno (vols. I–XX) and the Lietuvių kalbos atlaso (vol. I) (see the list of sources at the end of the article). The sources analyzed—the Lietuvių kalbos atlasas and the Lietuvių kalbos žodynas—are among the largest sources of folk terms. The Lietuvių kalbos atlasas is “the most important work of areal linguistics, showing the variation and distribution of several thousand Lithuanian linguistic phenomena—words, names, and terms used in rural everyday life” (LKE 1999: 369). The Lietuvių kalbos žodynas is “the most important work of 20th-century Lithuanian lexicography and Lithuanian philology <...>, covering the Lithuanian lexicon from the earliest written sources to contemporary spoken and written language” (LKE 1999: 374–376). In gathering the material, volumes I–XX of the Lietuvių kalbos žodyno were read. For convenience, the examples in the article are presented on the basis of data from the electronic Lietuvių kalbos žodyno. The aim of the article is to determine the characteristics of polysemous and homonymous folk building terminology, and to identify the common and distinguishing features of certain groups of polysemous and homonymous terms. In total, more than 350 polysemous and homonymous term series are discussed, comprising 789 distinct terms. In lexicological theory, polysemy is the phenomenon whereby a word (or some other 68 Robertas Stunžinas | Daugiareikšmiai ir homoniminiai statybos... reikšminio kalbos vieneto) dviejų ar daugiau susijusių reikšmių turėjimas (LKE 1999: 460). Homonimija – reiškinys, kai tą pačią raišką turintys žodžiai turi visiškai skirtingas reikšmes (Jakaitienė 2009: 101). Terminologijos teorijoje daugiareikšmiškumas ir homonimija traktuojami nevienodai. According to S. Griniov, for a time the naming of several concepts by the same lexical unit was considered polysemy (Гринев 1990: 99). Later, according to the terminologist, the discussion concerned only homonymy among terms. It was held that identical lexical units designating several concepts should be considered homonyms: scientific concepts have clear and precisely defined boundaries, and the meanings of the terms reflecting these concepts must likewise be precisely distinguished and separated (Гринев 1990: 100). In fact, terminology can involve both homonymy and polysemy among terms. In both cases, several concepts are designated by the same lexical unit; however, in cases of homonymy, the connections between the concepts are not clearly discernible or are altogether absent (Гринев 1990: 101). This article follows the conventional approach in lexical semantics and terminology, treating terms with interconnected meanings as polysemous. According to N. Golovin, polysemy in terminology may arise from ordinary-language words as their primary meaning changes or develops (Головин 1987: 48). According to the terminologist, polysemous terms may arise through the transfer of a name based on particular associative relationships between concepts (Головин 1987: 51). Terms with coincidental similarities in sound structure are considered homonymous1. The meanings of homonyms must be so distant that they cannot be understood as related meanings of the same element (LKE 1999: 248). In this article, homonymous terms are primarily considered to be words with different meanings that happen to be phonetically similar and are usually listed in separate dictionary entries. POLYSEMOUS TERMS In the material examined, polysemous terms constitute an absolute majority. The 769 polysemous terms account for 97.5% of all the terms analyzed. These are terms with related meanings presented in the same articles. First and foremost, polysemous terms denoting closely related concepts should be noted here. They share the same core meaning, but differ in various aspects of meaning 1 According to V. Urbutis, the distinction between the meanings of homonyms is not, in itself, a differentiating feature—all two-sided elements differ in meaning (LKE, 1999: 101). Terminologija | 2009 | 16 69 in terms of their periphery. From the perspective of lexical meaning structure, these are terms that share common basic semes2 but differ in certain secondary semes. This group comprises 311 terms (40.4% of all polysemous terms). In terms of the things they denote, these are terms denoting buildings (29 terms), parts of buildings, rooms and annexes (109), structures (67), fences and enclosures (68), interior fittings and fixtures of buildings (25), construction tools and equipment (9), and craftspeople (4). According to their most general and important3 distinctive semes4, these polysemous terms can be divided into smaller groups. Terms denoting buildings mostly have distinguishing semes of purpose (8 entries), e.g.: namas ‘dwelling house’ LKA I 34, LKŽₑ –5 ‘a small detached building with a stove, used in summer’ LKŽₑ; kaniūklė ‘horse shed, stable’ LKŽₑ – ‘pigsty’ LKŽₑ. A considerable proportion of polysemous terms are linked to one another by synonymic relations. For example, the terms šieninė LKA I 57, daržinė LKA I 56, klaimas LKA I 57, klojimas LKA I 57, kluonas LKA I 57, and skūnia LKA I 57 have the meanings ‘building for storing hay’ and ‘building for storing grain’: daržinė ‘building for storing hay’ LKA I 56 – ‘building where grain is only piled up’ LKA I 53, LKŽₑ; klaimas ‘building for storing hay’ LKA I 57 – ‘building where grain is piled up and dried’ LKA I 53; klojimas ‘building for storing hay’ LKA I 57 – ‘building where grain is piled up and dried’ LKA I 53; kluonas ‘large building for storing grain’ LKA I 53, LKŽₑ – ‘building for storing hay’ LKA I 57 – ‘building where grain is piled up and dried’ LKA I 53; skūnia ‘barn, granary’ LKŽₑ – (skūnė)6 ‘building for storing hay’ LKA I 57 – ‘building for storing grain with one threshing floor’ LKA I 53 – (skūnė) ‘building where grain is only piled up’ LKA I 53 (skūnė) – ‘cart shed’ LKŽₑ; šieninė ‘building for storing hay’ LKA I 57, LKŽₑ – ‘barn’ LKŽₑ. 2 The most commonly used term in the article is seme. Semantic elements are also called semantic features, semantic distinctive features, semes, semantic multipliers, and features of meaning (see Gudavičius 2007: 25). 3 The terms analyzed have more than one distinctive feature. However, in each case, the most important distinctive feature (or group of features) can be identified. 4 Lexical semantics discusses the relation of shared semes, that is, when several meanings are related through one or more semantic components (see Jakaitienė 2010: 96). The article addresses the opposite phenomenon and uses the antonymic term distinctive seme. 5 The meanings of polysemous terms are given after the dash. 6 Variant terms are given in parentheses (for more on variant folk construction terms, see Stunžinas 2008: 111–131). 70 Robertas Stunžinas | Daugiareikšmiai ir homoniminiai statybos... Several polysemous terms have quality distinguishing semes (3 rows), e.g.: abarės ‘barn’ LKA I 50 – ‘large cowsheds’ LKA I 50; riūmas ‘large, beautiful, magnificent dwelling house’ LKA I 34 – ‘homestead’ LKŽₑ; svirnas ‘building for storing grain’ LKA I 47, LKŽₑ – ‘larger granary’ LKŽₑ – ‘large estate building for storing grain’ LKA I 47. One row consists of terms with belonging distinguishing semes, e.g.: trisienis ‘a hay barn next to a cowshed’ LKA I 57 – ‘a small barn at the end of a threshing barn for loading hay’ LKA I 57. Polysemous terms denoting parts of buildings, rooms, and annexes mostly have belonging distinguishing semes (23 rows), e.g.: aukštas ‘space above the ceiling, attic’ LKŽₑ – ‘space above the granary ceiling, attic’ LKA I 49; galas ‘part of a dwelling house, one side’ LKŽₑ – ‘place in a threshing barn where grain is stored, nampusė, priešlas’ LKŽₑ – ‘middle part of a building for storing grain or hay’ LKA I 55 – ‘place for storing grain or hay at the end of a particular building with a side door and a lengthwise threshing floor’ LKA I 55; kamara ‘room in a peasant house or granary for storing various produce and belongings, cupboard, storeroom’ LKŽₑ – ‘first room of a bathhouse’ LKA I 58; pakura ‘part of a drying barn or sauna where the stove is fired to dry flax or grain before threshing’ LKŽₑ – ‘grain-drying room’ LKA I 64; pirtis ‘room where flax is dried and beaten’ LKŽₑ – ‘drying barn in a threshing barn for flax or grain before beating or threshing, duba, pakura’ LKA I 64, LKŽₑ; užpeludis ‘lower annex of a building used for storing grain’ LKA I 54, LKŽₑ – ‘annex to a threshing barn for storing chaff, peludė’ LKŽₑ; viršus ‘space above the ceiling, attic’ LKŽₑ – ‘space above the granary ceiling, attic’ LKA I 49; viškos ‘room above the hay-barn ceiling’ LKŽₑ – ‘room above the granary ceiling’ LKŽₑ – ‘room above the granary annex ceiling’ LKŽₑ – ‘room above the storage-barn ceiling’ LKŽₑ – ‘room above the house ceiling, attic’ LKŽₑ – ‘room above the entrance hall ceiling’ LKŽₑ. This group contains mostly polysemous terms denoting annexes or the first rooms of various buildings, or, more precisely, having the meanings ‘entrance hall’ and ‘first room of a bathhouse’, e.g.: butukas ‘entrance hall’ LKA I 39, LKŽₑ – ‘first room of a bathhouse’ LKA I 58; gonkas (gonkos) ‘porch, entrance porch of a dwelling house, built by the outside door’ LKA I 39 – (gonkos) ‘granary annex’ LKA I 48; gonkelis ‘open porch without windows’ LKA I 39 – ‘granary annex’ LKA I 48; kalidorius ‘first room of a bathhouse’ LKA I 58 – ‘entrance hall’ LKA I 39; nameliokas ‘first room of a bathhouse’ LKA I 58 – ‘entrance hall’ Terminologija | 2009 | 16 71 LKA I 39; namelis ‘entrance hall’ LKA I 39, LKŽₑ – ‘first room of a bathhouse’ LKA I 58; prieangis ‘entrance porch of a dwelling house, built by the outside door’ LKA I 39, LKŽₑ – ‘part of a drying barn’ LKŽₑ – ‘first room of a bathhouse’ LKA I 58 – ‘granary annex’ LKA I 48 – ‘entrance hall’ LKA I 38, LKŽₑ; prieangiukas ‘entrance hall’ LKA I 38 – ‘first room of a bathhouse’ LKA I 58; prieduris ‘part of a threshing barn by the door’ LKŽₑ – ‘porch, entrance annex’ LKŽₑ; priegonkis ‘porch’ LKA I 39, LKŽₑ – ‘granary annex’ LKA I 48; priemenė ‘part of a dwelling house by the outside door’ LKŽₑ – ‘drying-barn doorway, porch’ LKŽₑ – ‘first room of a bathhouse’ LKA I 58, LKŽₑ; priesienis ‘first room of a bathhouse’ LKA I 58, LKŽₑ – ‘porch’ LKA I 40 – ‘entrance hall’ LKA I 38, LKŽₑ; prieškambaris ‘entrance hall’ LKA I 39 – ‘first room of a bathhouse’ LKA I 58; sienis ‘entrance hall’ LKA I 39, LKŽₑ – ‘first room of a bathhouse’ LKA I 58, LKŽₑ; varanda ‘porch’ LKA I 40 – ‘granary annex’ LKA I 48. A considerable number of terms have purpose distinguishing semes (17 rows), e.g.: grinčia ‘lesser end of a dwelling house’ LKŽₑ – ‘end of a dwelling house where potatoes are poured’ LKA I 34; kamara ‘room in a peasant house or granary for storing various produce and belongings, cupboard, storeroom’ LKŽₑ – ‘guest room in a village house’ LKŽₑ – ‘room’ LKŽₑ – ‘bedroom (usually next to a granary)’ LKŽₑ; katukas ‘place for storing chaff’ LKA I 54 – ‘partition, storeroom in a cowshed for storing fodder or harnesses’ LKŽₑ; menė ‘living room, best room’ LKŽₑ – ‘storeroom, small store by the entrance hall’ LKŽₑ; pažastinė ‘chaff store’ LKŽₑ – ‘side shed’ LKŽₑ; pirkaitė ‘guest room, best room’ LKŽₑ – ‘room at the other end of a farmhouse for storing food products and potatoes’ LKŽₑ; pirtikė ‘porch’ LKŽₑ – ‘room for storing various food products and belongings, storeroom, small store, mill room’ LKŽₑ; priešakinė ‘well-furnished, ornate room in a peasant house’ LKŽₑ – ‘front room, small storeroom in a peasant house’ LKŽₑ; šiopa ‘shed, shelter’ LKŽₑ – ‘shed for housing a threshing-machine horse drive, machine shed’ LKŽₑ; šopa ‘shelter, canopy’ LKŽₑ – ‘shelter for storing straw, hay, flax; hay barn’ LKŽₑ; užlaidas ‘end of a threshing barn, side shed’ LKA I 55, LKŽₑ – ‘chaff store’ LKŽₑ; vazaunė ‘room for storing carts, sledges, farm implements, harnesses, etc., cart shed’ LKŽₑ – ‘room for storing hay, hay barn’ LKŽₑ. This group consists mostly of polysemous terms with the meanings ‘place for storing grain’ and ‘place for storing hay’, e.g.: jaugalis ‘end of a drying barn, end of a threshing barn where grain is stored, priešlas’ LKŽₑ – ‘part of a building where grain or hay is stored’ LKA I 55; pakrava ‘place in a threshing barn above the beams 72 Robertas Stunžinas | Daugiareikšmiai ir homoniminiai statybos... for storing grain’ LKŽe – ‘place, room for storing hay and straw’ LKŽe; stulpas ‘grain side-shed’ LKŽe – ‘hay side-shed’ LKŽe; šaldė ‘chaff store’ LKŽe – ‘place for storing grain or hay’ LKA I 55, LKŽe – ‘place in a threshing barn where straw and hay are stored’ LKŽe; užukartė ‘chaff store’ LKŽe – ‘place in a threshing barn where grain, straw, and hay are stored’ LKŽe. Several polysemous terms have structural features distinguishing semes (3 rows), e.g.: butukas ‘entrance hall’ LKA I 39, LKŽe – ‘simple porch clad with boards’ LKA I 39; gonkas ‘porch, entrance porch of a dwelling house, built by the outside door’ LKA I 39 – ‘simple, windowless porch’ LKA I 39; gonkos ‘porch, entrance porch of a dwelling house, built by the outside door’ LKA I 39 – ‘open porch without windows’ LKA I 40 – ‘porch with glazed walls’ LKA I 39 – ‘more ornate porch’ LKA I 40 – ‘enclosed porch with windows’ LKA I 39. Other terms have different distinguishing semes. The term stubelė ‘best room, living room’ LKŽe – ‘smaller room’ LKŽe has quality distinguishing semes. The terms nampusė and prėslas, with the meanings ‘place for storing grain and hay’ and ‘place filled with grain and hay’, have fullness distinguishing semes, e.g.: nampusė ‘side-shed filled with grain or hay’ LKA I 55 – ‘end of a threshing barn or hay barn for storing grain, hay, etc.’ LKŽe; prėslas ‘side-shed filled with grain or hay’ LKŽe – ‘place for storing grain or hay’ LKA I 55. The largest share of terms denoting building structures have belonging distinguishing semes (14 rows), e.g.: aslė ‘earthen (rammed-earth) floor of a dwelling house’ LKA I 36 – ‘place in a building used for storing grain where grain is threshed’ LKA I 53; grendymas ‘threshing floor’ LKA I 37 – ‘place in a building used for storing grain where grain is threshed’ LKA I 53; kluonas ‘threshing floor’ LKA I 37 – ‘earthen floor of a threshing barn’ LKŽe; laitas ‘threshing floor’ LKA I 37, LKŽe – ‘place in a building used for storing grain where grain is threshed’ LKA I 53; lubavonia ‘ceiling of a dwelling house’ LKA I 36 – ‘granary ceiling’ LKA I 48; padas ‘threshing floor’ LKA I 37 – ‘place in a building used for storing grain where grain is threshed’ LKA I 53, LKŽe; pamastas ‘floor’ LKA I 38, LKŽe – ‘place in a building used for storing grain where grain is threshed’ LKA I 54; plonas ‘threshing floor’ LKA I 37 – ‘place in a building used for storing grain where grain is threshed’ LKA I 54; šlengė ‘door frame’ LKŽe – ‘window frame’ LKŽe; užlelės ‘granary ceiling’ LKA I 48 – ‘ceiling above the granary annex’ LKA I 48; užlos ‘ceiling of a dwelling-house entrance hall’ LKA I 36, LKŽe – ‘ceiling above the granary annex’ LKA I 48 – ‘farmhouse ceiling’ LKŽe – ‘granary ceiling’ LKA I 48; verėja ‘threshing-barn doorpost’ LKŽe – ‘side post of a hay rack’ LKŽe; viškos ‘hay-barn ceiling’ LKŽe – ‘entrance-hall ceiling’ Terminologija | 2009 | 16 73 LKŽe; earth floor “threshing floor” LKA I 37 – “the place in a building where grain is stored and threshed” LKA I 54. A small group of terms has distinctive function semes (9 rows), e.g.: driblentė “a board nailed along the edge of a thatched roof to prevent the wind from scattering the straw, a wind board” LKŽe – “a board nailed to the house wall along the foundation, beneath a window or the lower part of a gable (çyto), to drain water, a rain board” LKŽe; juosta “a wooden reinforcing component of doors, tables, etc., a crosspiece, joint, or tenon” LKŽe – “a crosspiece joining the boards of a table, door, etc.” LKŽe – “a crosspiece joining rafters” LKŽe; pedžia “a vertical support in an old-style threshing barn to hold the roof” LKŽe – “a hayrack post or some other support” LKŽe; permetis “a pole running along the ridge, to which the rafters are attached” LKŽe – “a crosswise pole joining the trusses” LKŽe; varža “a crossbeam reinforcing the walls of a barn or drying barn” LKŽe – “a small log joining rafters, a crosspiece, a brace” LKŽe – “a strip used to hold down straw when roofing, a roof lath” LKŽe; kanė “a notch at the end of a log for interlocking the corners” LKŽe – “a recess in a wall for inserting a beam” LKŽe; grendymėlis “the place in a building where grain is stored and threshed” LKA I 53 – “a longitudinal threshing floor running through the middle of the barn and joining two transverse threshing floors” LKA I 53; čerpe “a clay tile for roofing” LKŽe – “a tile used to build a stove, a stove tile” LKŽe; koklis “a roof tile” LKŽe – “a thin glazed tile used to face the exterior of stoves, walls, and floors” LKŽe. There are somewhat fewer polysemous terms with distinctive compositional semes (8 rows), e.g.: asla “rammed-earth threshing floor” LKA I 36 – “wooden floor” LKA I 36; dokas “roof” LKŽe – “a roof covered with sheet metal or wooden shingles” LKA I 35 – “a thatched roof” LKA I 35; grendymas “threshing floor” LKA I 37 – “a rammed-earth threshing floor in a barn, a floor, a beaten-earth floor” LKŽe; grinda “a wooden threshing floor made of boards, a floor” LKŽe – “a rammed-earth threshing floor, a beaten-earth floor” LKŽe; klojimas “a threshing floor laid with boards” LKA I 54 – “a rammed-earth or poured floor (in a threshing barn), a threshing floor, a beaten-earth floor” LKŽe; padamentas “a masonry foundation, stones laid beneath a wall” LKA I 36 – “foundation” LKŽe; pamatai “the lower part of a house on which the walls are built” LKA I 35, LKŽe – “the masonry (stone or brick) lower part of a house” LKA I 35; pamūra “foundation (poured from cement or built of masonry)” LKŽe – “foundation” LKA I 35. The majority of terms denoting fences and enclosures have distinguishing semantic features of composition (11 rows), e.g.: rikis “a fence of thin laths” LKA I 62 – “a stake fence, pinčiai” LKŽe; stačiakuoliai “a fence of upright poles driven into the ground, whose upper ends are secured with willow withes” LKA I 63 – “a fence of narrow boards driven in at equal intervals” LKA I 60; stačiokai “driven into the ground” 74 Robertas Stunžinas | Daugiareikšmiai ir homoniminiai statybos... upright stakes, with their upper ends fastened together with withies, a fence” LKA I 63 – “a fence of narrow boards nailed at regular intervals” LKA I 60; statiniai “a vertical fence of spruce branches” LKA I 61 – “a fence of upright stakes driven into the ground, with their upper ends fastened together with withies” LKA I 63 – “a fence of narrow boards nailed at regular intervals” LKA I 60 – “a vertical fence of stripped spruce branches, a stake fence, a wattle fence” LKA I 61, LKŽė – “a brushwood fence” LKA I 64; statiniukai “a vertical fence of spruce branches” LKA I 61 – “a fence of upright stakes driven into the ground, with their upper ends fastened together with withies” LKA I 63 – “a fence of narrow boards nailed at regular intervals” LKA I 60; strikoliai “a fence of upright stakes driven into the ground, with their upper ends fastened together with withies” LKA I 63 – “a fence of narrow boards nailed at regular intervals” LKA I 60; strikuoliai “a vertical fence of spruce branches” LKA I 61, LKŽė – “a fence of narrow boards nailed at regular intervals” LKA I 60, LKŽė; tuinai “a vertical fence of spruce branches” LKA I 62 – “a fence of upright stakes driven into the ground, with their upper ends fastened together with withies” LKA I 63; žardis “a fence of poles nailed together” LKA I 63 – “a fence of poles tied with withies or nailed together” LKA I 62; žiograi “a vertical fence of spruce branches” LKA I 61 – “a woven fence” LKŽė; žiogrius “a vertical fence of spruce branches” LKA I 61 – “a wattle fence, woven from tree branches inserted between crosspieces, a stake fence” LKŽė. The polysemy of compound terms has also arisen from the polysemy of these terms, since many one-word terms denoting fences occur as components of compound terms (11 rows), e.g.: rikinė tvora “a fence of thin rails” LKA I 62 – “a brushwood fence” LKA I 64; rikių tvora “a vertical fence of spruce branches” LKA I 62 – “a fence of thin rails” LKA I 62; stačiakuolių tvora “a fence of upright stakes driven into the ground, with their upper ends fastened together with withies” LKA I 63 – “a fence of narrow boards nailed at regular intervals” LKA I 60; stačiokė tvora “a vertical fence of spruce branches” LKA I 61 – “a fence of narrow boards nailed at regular intervals” LKA I 60; statinė tvora “a vertical fence of spruce branches” LKA I 61 – “a fence of narrow boards nailed at regular intervals” LKA I 60 – “a fence of upright stakes driven into the ground, with their upper ends fastened together with withies” LKA I 63 – “a fence of upright boards” LKŽė – “a fence made of wattle hurdles, a wattle fence” LKŽė – “a fence of obliquely arranged branches or rails” LKŽė – “a brushwood fence” LKA I 64; statinių tvora “a vertical fence of spruce branches” LKA I 61 – “a fence of upright stakes driven into the ground, with their upper ends fastened together with withies” LKA I 63 – “a fence of narrow boards nailed at regular intervals” LKA I 60 – “a brushwood fence” LKA I 64; statinykų tvora “a fence of upright stakes driven into the ground, with their upper ends fastened together with withies” LKA I 63 – “a brushwood fence” LKA I 64; strikolinė tvora “a fence of upright stakes driven into the ground, with their upper ends fastened together Terminologija | 2009 | 16 75 with poles, a fence” LKA I 63 – “a fence made of narrow boards nailed together at regular intervals” LKA I 60; strikolių tvora (strikolių tvora) “a fence of upright stakes driven into the ground, with their upper ends secured by poles” LKA I 63 – (strikolių tvora) “a fence made of narrow boards nailed together at regular intervals” LKA I 60; tuinų tvora “a fence of upright stakes driven into the ground, with their upper ends secured by poles” LKA I 63 – “an upright spruce-branch fence” LKA I 62 – “a brushwood fence” LKA I 64; žardinė tvora “a pole fence nailed together” LKA I 63 – “a pole fence tied with poles or nailed together” LKA I 62 – “a brushwood fence” LKA I 64. Terms denoting enclosures mostly have differentiating semes of location (3 rows), e.g.: bandodaržis7 “livestock enclosure in the fields” LKA I 46 – “livestock enclosure by the house” LKA I 46 – “an enclosure by the house for gathering livestock in summer, an open yard” LKŽₑ; diendaržis “a pen or enclosure fenced off outdoors for livestock” LKŽₑ – “a livestock enclosure by or between barns, usually roofed” LKA I 46; dienykas “livestock enclosure by a barn” LKA I 47 – “a roofed place between barns for keeping livestock” LKA I 47. Several polysemous terms have differentiating semes of purpose or composition (2 rows), e.g.: pryt(u)urtis “enclosure beside a barn for pigs” LKA I 47 – “a pen by the barns, a livestock enclosure, an open yard” LKŽₑ; laidinys “a fence made only of felled trees” LKŽₑ – “a brushwood fence” LKA I 64. Polysemous terms denoting devices and installations mostly have differentiating semes of association and purpose (8 rows). Most such terms denote a stove in a living room and a stove in a room used for drying flax or in a bathhouse, e.g.: kakalys “bread-baking oven and room-heating stove” LKA I 42, LKŽₑ – “a new-style stove” LKA I 65; krosnelė “a heated bathhouse hearth built of stones” LKA I 59 – “a small masonry stove for heating a house” LKŽₑ; krosnis “bread-baking oven and room-heating stove” LKA I 42 – “a heated bathhouse hearth built of stones” LKA I 59, LKŽₑ – “a new-style stove” LKA I 65, LKŽₑ; pečelis “bread-baking oven and room-heating stove” LKA I 42 – “a heated bathhouse hearth built of stones” LKA I 59; pečiukas “bread-baking oven and room-heating stove” LKA I 42 – “a heated bathhouse hearth built of stones” LKA I 59; pečius “a stove for heating a room and boiling or baking food, a bread oven” LKA I 42, LKŽₑ – “a new-style stove” LKA I 65, LKŽₑ. One pair of polysemous terms has only differentiating semes of purpose, 7Terms denoting enclosures are also considered construction terms. In this case, a construction object is understood as a fence or other means of enclosing. 76 Robertas Stunžinas | Daugiareikšmiai ir homoniminiai statybos... e.g.: mūrelis “a stove for heating a living space” LKŽe – “a stove for cooking food, a cooker” LKŽe. Several terms denote closing devices and have differentiating semes of association, e.g.: šova “sliding bolt” LKA I 41, LKŽe – “barn-door bolt” LKA I 41; šovynė “sliding bolt” LKA I 41, LKŽe – “barn-door bolt” LKA I 41. Several terms denoting closing devices have differentiating semes of mode of operation (3 rows), e.g.: spendykle “rotating bolt” LKA I 41, LKŽe – “sliding bolt” LKA I 41, LKŽe; velkė “sliding bolt” LKA I 40, LKŽe – “rotating bolt” LKA I 41, LKŽe; klingė “sliding bolt” LKA I 41, LKŽe – “rotating bolt” LKA I 41, LKŽe. Terms denoting construction tools and implements mostly have differentiating semes of purpose (3 rows), e.g.: bikis “hammer” LKŽe – “a carving axe” LKA I 87, LKŽe; bindokas “splitting axe” LKA I 87 – “a carpenter’s axe for hewing logs, a broad axe” LKŽe – “a carving axe” LKA I 87, LKŽe; kalūnas “a kind of flail (for threshing)” LKŽe – “splitting axe” LKA I 88. One row comprises polysemous terms with differentiating semes of composition, e.g.: kukis “mallet” LKŽe – “a wooden tool for pounding or compacting, a flail” LKŽe. Terms denoting artisans have differentiating semes of occupation (2 rows), e.g.: dailidė “furniture maker, carpenter” LKŽe – “house builder” LKŽe; langius “someone who makes windows” LKŽe – “glazier” LKŽe. In summary, polysemous terms denoting closely related concepts most often have differentiating semes of association (46 rows), purpose (40 rows), and composition (31 rows). The 272 polysemous terms exhibiting these differentiating features account for 87.4% of all polysemous terms denoting closely related concepts. More than a third of cases of polysemy consist of terms linked by various associative relations. The 297 terms connected by such relations account for 38.6% of all cases of polysemy. The meanings of some terms in this group are motivated by the meanings of other terms through similarity or logical association. This group of polysemous terms comprises terms linked by metaphorical or metonymic relations. Most of the polysemous terms in this group (243 terms) are connected by metonymic⁸, that is, logical relations between the things named. 8 Metonymy is the transfer of a word’s meaning on the basis of the interrelationship and internal proximity of the concepts denoted (LKE 1999: 410). The basis for the transfer of metonymic meaning is the logical relationship between the things named (Jakaitienė 2010: 90). Terminologija | 2009 | 16 77 In this group, terms with the general semes of purpose, related by whole–part relations, should be mentioned first. They constitute almost two thirds of all terms connected by metonymic relations. According to the objects they designate, these terms can be subdivided into the following groups: a) terms designating a whole building and its part—an annex or room (27 entries), e.g.: buta “room” LKŽₑ—“building, house” LKŽₑ; duba “room for drying grain” LKA I 64, LKŽₑ—“cottage, hut” LKŽₑ; grinyčia “cottage, hut” LKŽₑ—“front room” LKŽₑ; gryčia “one end of a dwelling house” LKA I 34, LKŽₑ—“entire dwelling house” LKA I 34; jauja “separate hut where flax is dried and beaten” LKŽₑ—“room for drying grain” LKA I 64, LKŽₑ; jaujas “heated part of a threshing barn where grain is dried” LKŽₑ—“building for threshing and storing grain” LKŽₑ; kaladnykas “building used to store hay” LKA I 57—“end of a threshing barn, front room” LKŽₑ; kamurka “small dark room” LKŽₑ—“poor little hut” LKŽₑ; katukas “part of a barn where chickens are kept” LKA I 52—“chicken coop” LKŽₑ; kiauliatvartis “part of a common barn where pigs are kept” LKA I 51—“pigsty” LKŽₑ; kiaulinčius “part of a common barn where pigs are kept” LKA I 51—“pigsty” LKŽₑ; kiaulinyčia “part of a common barn where pigs are kept” LKA I 51—“pigsty” LKŽₑ; kiaulinys “part of a common barn where pigs are kept” LKA I 52—“pigsty” LKŽₑ; kiaultvartis “part of a common barn where pigs are kept” LKA I 51—“pigsty” LKŽₑ; namas “dwelling house” LKA I 34, LKŽₑ—“barn under the same roof as a dwelling house” LKA I 49, LKŽₑ—“porch” LKŽₑ; namelis “part of a common barn where pigs are kept” LKA I 52—“small building for keeping animals” LKA I 49; padanginė “building used to store hay” LKA I 57—“place for storing chaff” LKA I 54; pašarinė “place for storing chaff” LKA I 54—“building used to store hay” LKA I 57; pirkia “enclosed, fitted-out room in a house for people to live in” LKA I 34, LKŽₑ—“dwelling house, cottage, hut” LKA I 34, LKŽₑ—“one end of a dwelling house” LKA I 34; pirtis “bathhouse” LKA I 58, LKŽₑ—“room where flax is dried and beaten” LKŽₑ; priešinė “house, hut” LKŽₑ—“room for storing things, storeroom” LKŽₑ—“porch” LKŽₑ—“entryway” LKŽₑ—“hall” LKŽₑ—“end of a hut where elderly people live or a small room is fitted out” LKŽₑ—“better room fitted out at one end of a cottage, parlor” LKŽₑ; reja “building where grain or flax is dried” LKŽₑ—“room for drying grain” LKA I 64; stuba “dwelling house consisting of one room and a kitchen” LKA I 78 Robertas Stunžinas | Daugiareikšmiai ir homoniminiai statybos... 34—“one room of a dwelling house” LKA I 34; trioba “dwelling house, cottage” LKA I 34, LKŽₑ—“room” LKŽₑ—“one room of a dwelling house” LKA I 34, LKŽₑ; tvartas “enclosed part of a barn, stall” LKŽₑ—“farm building or a separate part of it for keeping one or various kinds of livestock and poultry” LKA I 49, LKŽₑ; vištinė “part of a barn where chickens are kept” LKA I 52—“chicken coop” LKŽₑ; vištinykas “part of a barn where chickens are kept” LKA I 52—“chicken coop” LKŽₑ; b) terms designating a part of a building and a room or space within it (5 entries), e.g.: peludė “lower annex of a building used for storing grain” LKA I 54—“place for storing chaff” LKA I 54; seklyčia “guest room, living room” LKŽₑ—“the better end of a peasant’s hut” LKŽₑ; stancija “the better side of a dwelling hut, parlor” LKŽₑ—“room” LKŽₑ; vazaunė “small threshing barn at the end of a threshing barn for storing hay” LKA I 57—“room for storing hay, hayloft” LKŽₑ; vidutė “middle granary” LKŽₑ—“small narrow room between granaries” LKŽₑ; c) terms designating a building and a particular building structure (3 entries), e.g.: dangt is “roof” LKA I 35, LKŽₑ—“barn” LKA I 49, LKŽₑ; klojimas “rammed or poured floor (in a threshing barn), floor” LKŽₑ—“building for storing grain, threshing barn” LKŽₑ; rūmas “large, beautiful, luxurious dwelling house” LKA I 34—“dwelling house while still under construction, without a roof or interior fittings” LKA I 34. A substantial group of polysemous terms designates a structure and a part of a structure. This group consists mainly of terms designating fences, stoves, and their parts (19 entries), e.g.: kaladnykas “upright fence made of spruce branches” LKA I 62, LKŽₑ—“branch used to make a fence, upright stake” LKŽₑ; parkanas “board used to make an upright fence, fence slat” LKŽₑ—“fence made of narrow boards nailed at even intervals” LKA I 61; stačiauka “upright wattle-fence stake” LKŽₑ—“wattle fence” LKŽₑ; statinis “pole used to make a fence” LKŽₑ—“fence of upright poles driven into the ground, with their upper ends fastened together with willow withes” LKA I 63, LKŽₑ; statinys “board used to make a fence” LKŽₑ—“fence made of narrow boards nailed at even intervals” LKA I 60 LKŽₑ; statinys “pruned branch used to make an upright fence, wattle” LKŽₑ—“upright fence of pruned spruce branches, woven fence, wattle” LKŽₑ; statinys “fence post, stake” LKŽₑ—“fence of upright trees, posts” LKŽₑ; statinys “branch used to make a slanting fence” LKŽₑ—“slanting branch fence” LKŽₑ; stodainis “board or stake used to make an upright fence” LKŽₑ—“fence made of narrow boards nailed at even intervals” LKA I 60; zomatas “pole, stick used to make a fence” LKŽₑ—“fence of upright or horizontal boards and stakes” LKŽₑ; žėgliai “poles for a fence” LKŽₑ—“fence of poles tied with willow withes Terminologija | 2009 | 16 79 or nailed together” LKA I 63; krosnis, “heated bathhouse hearth built of stones” LKA I 59, LKŽₑ—“upper part of a hearth, built of stones” LKA I 60—“interior of the ‘stove’ in a flax-drying hut, lined with stones” LKŽₑ—“stove in a flax-drying hut” LKA I 65, LKŽₑ; pakura “stove” LKŽₑ—“inside of a stove where the fire is lit” LKŽₑ; pečiukas “bread-baking oven and room-heating stove” LKA I 42—“niche with a door in a stove for keeping food warm, warming compartment” LKŽₑ; pečius “heated bathhouse hearth built of stones” LKA I 59—“lower part of a hearth” LKA I 60; rikis “fence of thin poles” LKA I 62—“fence stake” LKŽₑ; sienelė “the heating stove itself, with a heated wall” LKŽₑ—“heated wall built onto a stove, small masonry wall” LKŽₑ; velvė “opening of a bread oven” LKŽₑ—“front of a bread oven” LKŽₑ; stakta “upper part of a door frame” LKŽₑ—“frame fitted into a wall for a door or window” LKŽₑ. A distinct small group consists of terms with general purpose semes that designate a structure and one of its constituent parts (15 entries), e.g.: bamblys “small sheaf of straw placed on the ridge or at the end of a roof, zimbl ys” LKŽₑ—“edge, end of a thatched roof” LKŽₑ—“pole bound with small sheaves of straw, placed along the edge of a roof (by the gables)” LKŽₑ; bemblys “small sheaf of straw tied on top of a roof” LKŽₑ—“roof ridge” LKŽₑ—“beginning, edge of a thatched roof” LKŽₑ; demblys “board nailed to the end of a roof to protect it from the wind, bargeboard” LKŽₑ—“first row of a thatched roof” LKŽₑ; grąžas “house without a roof” LKŽₑ—“uppermost wall log when building a house” LKŽₑ; grebėstas “pole nailed horizontally onto rafters” LKŽₑ—“roof framework” LKŽₑ; kaminas “chimney” LKŽₑ—“widened lower part of a chimney with an opening, used for smoking and cooking meat” LKŽₑ; labokas “threshing-barn plate to which rafters are attached” LKŽₑ—“end of a house beneath the roof, usually boarded up” LKŽₑ—“sloping triangular roof section at the end of a building” LKŽₑ; palėpė “interior corner of the roof space in a dwelling house or other building” LKŽₑ—“roof” LKŽₑ; pasterbly s “small sheaf of straw tied onto the lowest lath (when thatching a roof)” LKŽₑ—“lowest part of a roof up to where it meets the building wall” LKŽₑ; ragavikas “sloping section at the end of a roof” LKŽₑ—“edge of a roof” LKŽₑ; riūmas “large, beautiful, luxurious dwelling house” LKA I 34—“house walls, corner joint” LKŽₑ; sienojus “wall log” LKŽₑ—“log structure, wall of a building” LKŽₑ; striekas “roof” LKŽₑ—“projecting edge of a roof, eaves” LKŽₑ—“thatched section of a roof by the gables” LKŽₑ—“thatched roof” LKA I 35; trepas “crosspiece of a ladder, step” LKŽₑ—“ladder made of small boards fitted into upright side poles or boards” LKŽₑ; 80 Robertas Stunžinas | Daugiareikšmiai ir homoniminiai statybos... zimblys “the edge, end of a thatched roof” LKŽₑ – “a small sheaf of straw attached to the roof ridge or at the end” LKŽₑ. Several polysemous terms denote a fixture and the room in which the fixture is located (2 entries), e.g.: kuknia “kitchen” LKŽₑ – “kitchen stove, cooker, stove” LKŽₑ; pakura (pakuras) “part of a drying barn or bathhouse where a stove is built to dry flax or grain before threshing” LKA I 64, LKŽₑ – (pakuras) “drying-barn stove” LKA I 65. A sizeable group consists of polysemous terms denoting a particular structure, its part, and a place or space located on or beside the structure denoted (23 entries), e.g.: aruodas “a partition in a granary for storing grain” LKA I 47 – “place for chaff in a building where grain is stored” LKA I 54; aukštinis “a small window in the ceiling of a smoke-filled house or bathhouse for smoke to escape” LKŽₑ – “a hole in the bathhouse ceiling with a wooden chimney passing through the roof” LKŽₑ – “an opening from the side of the house into the chimney, usually closed by a metal door” LKŽₑ – “place above the granary ceiling, loft” LKA I 49, LKŽₑ; čiubčius “the upper corner of a thatched roof with a sloping end” LKŽₑ – “the meeting point of the converging layers of long straw” LKŽₑ; dekeis “ceiling” LKA I 36 – “granary loft” LKA I 49; grėdai “boards laid haphazardly on beams” LKA I 49 – “granary loft” LKA I 49 – “a barn or threshing-floor ceiling made of poles” LKŽₑ; grindys “ceiling” LKA I 36 – “granary loft” LKA I 49; kampas “the place where two lines, planes, walls or objects meet, a corner” LKŽₑ – “a room, shelter, place to take refuge or live” LKŽₑ; katukas “part of a barn where chickens are kept” LKA I 52 – “a pen in a barn for separating animals” LKŽₑ; kerčia “the interlocking of logs at the corners (in the construction of wooden houses)” LKŽₑ – “corner” LKŽₑ; krautė “a place in a chimney or above the hearth for smoking meat” LKŽₑ – “the upper floor of a dwelling house, the space between ceiling and roof” LKŽₑ; lubos “the covering of a room or other interior space” LKA I 36, LKŽₑ – “space above the ceiling, loft” LKŽₑ – “granary ceiling” LKA I 48; pacesas “ceiling” LKA I 36 – “granary loft” LKA I 49; palubys “upper ceiling” LKŽₑ – “space near the ceiling” LKŽₑ; pašalys “building” LKŽₑ – “area along the outside of a building’s wall” LKŽₑ – “corner, nook” LKŽₑ; pečkalė “space behind a stove” LKŽₑ – “place on a stove for lying or sitting” LKŽₑ; sąspara “the place where the logs of a building’s top course are joined” LKŽₑ – “the corner of a building where logs are interlocked” LKŽₑ – “a corner inside a building” LKŽₑ; staliauonė “ceiling” LKA I 36 – “the second floor of a granary” LKA I 49; stul pas “fence stake, pole” LKŽₑ – “a side compartment in a barn” LKŽₑ; šalinė “place for storing grain or hay” LKA I 55 – “the beams, boards in a threshing barn that separate the grain-storage area from the threshing floor” LKŽₑ; tarpsienis “passage between two walls, corridor” Terminologija | 2009 | 16 81 LKŽₑ – “a place between two buildings, a shed, carriage house” LKŽₑ – “an interior wall, partition, divider” LKŽₑ – “space between the logs” LKŽₑ, užlos “ceiling of a dwelling” LKŽₑ – “ceiling of the entrance hall in a dwelling house” LKA I 36, LKŽₑ – “granary ceiling” LKA I 48 – “ceiling above the front porch” LKA I 48 – “loft of a dwelling” LKŽₑ – “loft of an entrance hall” LKŽₑ – “granary loft” LKA I 48 – “space above the ceiling of a granary or porch, loft” LKŽₑ; viškos “ceiling of an entrance hall” LKŽₑ – “ceiling of a barn” LKŽₑ – “space, room above the entrance-hall ceiling” LKŽₑ – “room above the barn ceiling” LKŽₑ; zemba “drying-barn stove” LKA I 65 – “place behind a stove where something is dried” LKŽₑ. One pair of polysemous terms denotes a building material and a mixture made from that material, e.g.: vapna “lime” LKŽ꜀ – “mortar made of lime, cement or clay” LKŽₑ. A small group of terms linked by metonymic relations comprises terms related through the material–product relationship. Most commonly, these terms denote a material or a particular building implement and an object made from that material or implement (5 entries), e.g.: blėka “sheet metal” LKŽₑ – “stove door” LKA I 45, LKŽₑ; buomas “log” LKŽₑ – “pole for lifting heavy objects” LKŽₑ; kaladė “thick log, wall log, tree trunk” LKŽₑ – “an elongated, four-sided log placed across a sleigh for transporting wall logs” LKŽₑ; molis LKŽₑ – “threshing floor” LKA I 37 – “base” LKA I 43; šulas “a felled or trimmed thick tree, log” LKŽₑ – “an upright log, post or prop in a building, gate, fence, bridge, etc.” LKŽₑ. Several polysemous terms denote a tool, its part, and the result of an action (4 entries), e.g.: kaiša “plane” LKŽₑ – “a shaving from a plug or a curved piece of wood” LKŽₑ; kukis “hammer” LKŽₑ – “a hook driven into a doorpost” LKA I 56; pjūvenos “blade” LKŽₑ – “small particles produced when a material is worked with a saw or file, sawdust” LKŽₑ; plūktas “a tool for tamping a floor” LKŽₑ – “sole, last” LKŽₑ. A pair of polysemous terms denotes a particular implement and the distance measured by that implement, e.g.: buomas “pole for a roofer to stand on” LKŽₑ – “the section of a thatched roof covering one pole’s width” LKŽₑ. A small proportion of polysemous terms related through associations are linked by metaphorical relations. The 54 terms constitute 18.2% of all terms related through associations. In this case, one member of each polysemous term pair in this group is motivated by the other member’s name on the basis of a certain similarity. The members of metaphorical polysemous term pairs are characterized by a transfer of the name according to certain similarities in external form, function, composition 82 Robertas Stunžinas | Daugiareikšmiai ir homoniminiai statybos... and various associative features of similarity. Depending on which identical semes are shared by related pairs of polysemous terms, the following groups can be distinguished: a) terms with identical semes of external form (11 rows), e.g.: čerpė “tile for building a stove, stove tile” LKŽₑ – “niche in a stove wall, stove recess” LKŽₑ; čiukuras “top of a roof, roof ridge” LKŽₑ – “vault of a bread oven” LKŽₑ; grinyčia “cottage, house” LKŽₑ – “smokehouse” LKŽₑ; kastuvas “digging tool” LKŽₑ – “adze” LKA I 87; koklis “stove tile” LKŽₑ – “stove opening for smoke to escape” LKŽₑ; pirtis “bathhouse” LKA I 58, LKŽₑ – “poor, modest dwelling, hut” LKŽₑ; prieangis “porch of a dwelling, built by the exterior door” LKA I 39 – “small wall beside a stove opening” LKŽₑ; skliautas “tapering end wall of a house in the attic” LKŽₑ – “stove ceiling” LKA I 43, LKŽₑ; stulpas “fence post, driven into the ground” LKŽₑ – “vertical part of a chimney (from the horizontal part to the top)” LKŽₑ; šarpas “surface irregularity, roughness” LKŽₑ – “sharpness of saw teeth” LKŽₑ; vinĸelis “set square” LKŽₑ – “stove fitting” LKŽₑ – “annex added at right angles, a structure laid out at a right angle” LKŽₑ – “perpendicular intersection of roof slopes” LKŽₑ; b) terms with identical semes of function (5 rows), e.g.: durelės “back, inferior door of a dwelling” LKŽₑ – “stove closure” LKŽₑ; garvilkis “smoke flap” LKŽₑ – “small chimney made of boards for ventilating a vegetable clamp” LKŽₑ; kaišena “tool for wedging under tree bark, a drawknife, ‘striūgas’” LKŽₑ – “adze” LKA I 87, LKŽₑ; koptai “ladder” LKŽₑ – “scaffolding around a house under construction” LKŽₑ; lopeta “digging tool, spade” LKŽₑ – “notched board for levelling a roof while thatching it” LKŽₑ; c) terms with identical semes of composition (5 rows), e.g.: grendymas “earthen floor” LKA I 37 – “stove base” LKA I 43; grindė “floor” LKA I 37 – “stove base” LKA I 43; kluonas “earthen floor” LKA I 37 – “stove base” LKŽₑ; kudamentas “lower part of a structure, on which the whole structure rests, foundation” LKŽₑ – “old-fashioned, table-shaped stove in a smoke cottage, fashioned from clay or built of bricks, with wooden legs” LKŽₑ; laitas “earthen floor” LKA I 37, LKŽₑ – “stove base” LKA I 42, LKŽₑ; d) terms with identical semes of emotional associations (5 rows), e.g.: kariūklė “horse stable” LKŽₑ – “poor hut” LKŽₑ; kutė “barn” LKA I 49, LKŽₑ – “old, poor hut; little cottage” LKŽₑ; pašiūrė “hay-storage building” LKA I 57 – “poor little hut” LKŽₑ; šopa “shelter, canopy” LKŽₑ – “some small, inferior structure of various purposes— Terminologija | 2009 | 16 83 “building” LKŽₑ; užžaboris “cramped, secluded room, space behind the stove” LKŽₑ – “privy, outhouse” LKŽₑ. A considerable part of the material under study consists of polysemous terms with elusive connections. 161 terms constitute 20.9% of all cases of polysemy. These are most often terms with different semantic cores but shared features in the periphery of meaning. From the perspective of lexical meaning structure, these are terms with certain secondary semes. One group of polysemous terms has identical semes of function (33 rows), e.g.: abarai “barn” LKA I 50 – “livestock enclosure beside or between barns” LKA I 47; ažudarinys “part of a communal barn where pigs are kept” LKA I 52 – “fenced place near a house or farther out in the field where livestock are driven” LKA I 46; bėgūnas “hook driven into a doorpost” LKA I 56 – “wooden door hinge” LKŽₑ; čiukuras “roof vent, smoke vent” LKŽₑ – “chimney outlet through which smoke passes” LKŽₑ – “opening in the end wall of a house (in the gable), smoke vent” LKŽₑ; diendaržis “livestock building, barn” LKŽₑ – “outdoor pen or enclosure fenced for livestock” LKŽₑ; gardinys “part of a communal barn where pigs are kept” LKA I 52 – “livestock enclosure close to the house” LKA I 46; gegnė “roof rafter” LKŽₑ – “wooden hinge of a threshing-barn door” LKŽₑ; kašė “old-style wooden fastenings for fitting doors” LKŽₑ – “old-fashioned wooden door frame” LKA I 56; koklis “flue” LKŽₑ – “stove opening at the front for smoke to escape (after the bread is baked, it is blocked with bricks)” LKŽₑ; lanksta “log placed on the ground with a cut slot, used to brace a support when straightening a crooked wall” LKŽₑ – “support for a crooked wall, prop” LKŽₑ; liūdė “small level” LKŽₑ – “a carpenter’s tool—a small plumb bob on a string for determining an object’s verticality” LKŽₑ; liūka “small window (usually for ventilation)” LKŽₑ – “passage for smoke through a stove, flue” LKŽₑ; pabragys “shed” LKŽₑ – “chaff-storage place” LKA I 54; padanga “chaff-storage place” LKA I 54 – “lean-to beside a building, canopy” LKŽₑ; padanginė “lean-to beside a building, canopy” LKŽₑ – “chaff-storage place” LKA I 54; pamatas “first (laid on the ground or stones) foundation log” LKA I 35 – “stones laid beneath the wall plate or wall” LKA I 35; pašalys “shelter” LKŽₑ – “chaff-storage place” LKA I 54; permetis “pole running under the ridge, to which the rafters are attached” LKŽₑ – “beam” LKŽₑ; pirtis “bathhouse” LKA I 58 – “grain-drying room” LKA I 65; priekłuonis “chaff-storage place” LKA I 54 – “annex to a threshing barn, threshing-barn extension” LKŽₑ – “hay-storage building” LKA I 57; prieraišas “strip or board for pressing down and securing roof thatch” LKŽₑ – “twig for tying thatch to a lath” LKŽₑ; pūsteris “stove 84 Robertas Stunžinas | Daugiareikšmiai ir homoniminiai statybos... opening in the stove door for air to enter” LKŽₑ – “stove grate through which ash falls and air reaches the fire” LKŽₑ – “niche in a stove into which ash falls” LKŽₑ; ragavikas “crosspiece securing the roof ridge” LKŽₑ – “one of the boards nailed to the end of a roof, usually crossed at the top, to hold the thatch in place” LKŽₑ; sparas “rafter” LKŽₑ – “prop, brace” LKŽₑ; stoginė “shed for storing tools or firewood” LKŽₑ – “hay barn (building for storing hay or straw) beside a livestock barn” LKA I 57, LKŽₑ; stūma “board for closing the roof vent in a smoke cottage or bathhouse” LKŽₑ – “sliding bolt” LKA I 40, LKŽₑ; šalidė “chaff store” LKŽₑ – “shed beside a threshing barn for storing small items” LKŽₑ; šiaudinė “building for storing grain” LKŽₑ – “straw shed” LKŽₑ; šiopa “shed, canopy” LKŽₑ – “shelter above a barn for storing hay” LKA I 57; švelys “bottom wall log of a building’s lowest course” LKŽₑ – “building post, upright, to which boards are nailed or into which the ends of wall logs are fitted” LKŽₑ; teblius “large auger” LKŽₑ – “wooden peg for joining and fastening logs” LKŽₑ; užušalė “shed” LKŽₑ – “granary” LKŽₑ; vartai “fence or pen section that can be lifted and lowered, a gate” LKŽₑ – “large double doors” LKŽₑ – “door” LKŽₑ. Considerably fewer polysemous terms have identical semes of location (9 rows), e.g.: čerenas “top of a stove” LKŽₑ – “stove base, hearth” LKA I 42, LKŽₑ; gobtūras “front of a bread oven” LKŽₑ – “small wall above the front of a stove” LKŽₑ – “small roof over the hearth” LKŽₑ; kop-tūris “front of a bread oven” LKŽₑ – “opening above a stove for steam to escape” LKŽₑ; pečiopa “recess, hole in the side or front of a stove for putting small items, drying things, or keeping food warm” LKŽₑ – “place beside the hearth where ash and embers are swept from a bread oven” LKŽₑ; pečiūra “recess, hole in the side or front of a stove for putting small items, drying things, or keeping food warm” LKŽₑ – “firebox of a bread oven” LKA I 44; pečka “small niche in a stove wall” LKŽₑ – “firebox of a bread oven” LKA I 44; prie­t vartis “shelter beside a barn” LKŽₑ – “livestock enclosure beside barns” LKA I 47; užlangė “small shelf above a window” LKŽₑ – “outside window sill” LKŽₑ; vidupadė “middle of the stove base” LKŽₑ – “middle of the top of a stove” LKŽₑ. A few terms have identical semes of form (4 rows), e.g.: binkis “log with legs, used instead of a workbench” LKŽₑ – “bench built beside a stove, on which one can sit or lie down, a warm bench” LKŽₑ; gėvelis “the vertical end of a roof, gable” LKŽₑ – “two crossed poles placed on the ridge to prevent the wind from tearing at it, ridge crosspiece, ridge ornament” LKŽₑ; kaparas “device Terminologija | 2009 | 16 85 ‘for lifting heavy objects, a lever’ LKŽₑ – ‘an axe-like tool for cutting and chopping tree roots’ LKŽₑ; lota ‘a slat for pressing down straw when covering a roof, a layer’ LKŽₑ – ‘a board’ LKŽₑ. One row consists of polysemous terms with identical component semes, e.g.: kaminyčia ‘a brick house’ LKŽₑ – ‘the part of a chimney projecting above the roof’ LKŽₑ. A third of the polysemous terms with unclear links between meanings are metaphorical terms (62 terms). These are terms that share secondary semes denoting: a) similarity of outward appearance (8 rows), e.g.: kepurė ‘the upper crown of a cottage’ LKŽₑ – ‘a small wall or hood above the cooking stove’ LKŽₑ; kumelys ‘a toothed wooden tool about 2 m long, used when roofing to tie the laths more firmly to the roof battens’ LKŽₑ – ‘a toothed board for levelling a thatched roof’ LKŽₑ; liemuo ‘the trunk or stem of a tree’ LKŽₑ – ‘the main part of a tool or implement’ LKŽₑ; ožiukai ‘cross-shaped pegs used to secure the ridge, ridge pieces’ LKŽₑ – ‘a device for sawing firewood’ LKŽₑ – ‘a device for holding shingles while roofing’ LKŽₑ – ‘a carpenter’s bow saw’ LKŽₑ – ‘a certain device placed on a bicycle for transporting logs’ LKŽₑ; ožys ‘rafter’ LKŽₑ – ‘a support or prop for a rafter or beam’ LKŽₑ – ‘a wooden bench for setting and securing objects being carved’ LKŽₑ – ‘a stretcher for carrying bricks’ LKŽₑ – ‘a two-person plane’ LKŽₑ – ‘stands on which a log is placed when sawing boards by hand’ LKŽₑ – ‘a certain device placed on a bicycle for transporting logs’ LKŽₑ – ‘stands on which a log is placed when sawing boards by hand’ LKŽₑ – ‘a legged stand on which timber is placed for hewing’ LKŽₑ; ožka ‘a stretcher for carrying bricks’ LKŽₑ – ‘poles placed on a sleigh’s runners for hauling logs in a pile’ LKŽₑ – ‘scaffolding’ LKŽₑ – ‘a sled for hauling logs’ LKŽₑ; šarkiukai ‘poles nailed crosswise to reinforce the ridge of a thatched roof’ LKŽₑ – ‘twisted bundles of straw used when beginning to roof’ LKŽₑ; žiogas ‘a wooden stand, trestle’ LKŽₑ – ‘a post supporting a shed’ LKŽₑ; b) similarity in occupied position (5 rows), e.g.: ažužandės ‘the hearth of a bread oven’ LKA I 44 – ‘the sides of the stove opening behind the projecting ledge’ LKA I 44; kakta ‘the upper front part of an oven’ LKŽₑ – ‘the upper part of the oven opening, the oven opening’ LKŽₑ; papažastis ‘the hearth of a bread oven’ LKA I 44 – ‘the part of the oven where ashes are deposited’ LKŽₑ; užužandė ‘the inner edge of a baking oven beside its front’ LKŽₑ – ‘the edge or side of a threshing barn or barn’ LKŽₑ; žandas ‘the side, or one face, of an axe’ LKŽₑ – ‘the opening beside the front of an oven’ LKŽₑ; 86 Robertas Stunžinas | Daugiareikšmiai ir homoniminiai statybos... c) similarity of function (2 rows), e.g.: padas ‘earthen floor’ LKA I 37 – ‘the clay-rammed or brick bottom of an oven’ LKA I 42; pamatas ‘the lower part of a structure, on which the entire structure rests’ LKŽₑ – ‘the base of an oven’ LKA I 43; d) emotional-associative similarity (18 rows), e.g.: boba ‘a foundation for an oven base daubed with clay’ LKŽₑ – ‘a vertical post of a lean-to (shed) that projects through the roof and into which the ends of the rafters are inserted’ LKŽₑ – ‘a device with a pulley for lifting heavy objects’ LKŽₑ; dugnas ‘the sky’ LKA I 43 – ‘the base’ LKA I 42; gūžta ‘a home, cottage, house’ LKŽₑ – ‘a notch cut into a log where a notched rafter rests’ LKŽₑ; kiaulė ‘a horizontal flue from the oven to the chimney’ LKŽₑ – ‘a wooden frame inside a bread oven or malt-kiln oven, used to form an opening’ LKŽₑ; lapė ‘a piece of wood with a notch for holding an object being hewn’ LKŽₑ – ‘a revolving ventilator’ LKA I 41, LKŽₑ; meška ‘a large, heavy-headed implement for driving stakes or ramming clay’ LKŽₑ – ‘a peg driven into a workbench (carpenter’s bench) to support an object being planed’ LKŽₑ – ‘a device for lifting logs onto a wagon’ LKŽₑ – ‘a device for caulking’ LKŽₑ – ‘a bundle of brushwood used for ramming an oven’ LKŽₑ; paišūrė ‘a building for storing hay’ LKA I 57 – ‘a poor little cottage’ LKŽₑ; žirgas ‘a pole for roofing’ LKŽₑ – ‘a pole for supporting a hayrack, raising posts during construction, etc.’ LKŽₑ. Regarding the polysemy of folk building terms, it should be stressed that some terms exhibit more than one of the aforementioned types of polysemy, e.g.: buomas ‘a pole for a roofer to stand on’ LKŽₑ – ‘a section of the roof area covered with thatch, one pole wide’ LKŽₑ – ‘a log’ LKŽₑ – ‘a pole for lifting heavy objects’ LKŽₑ; butukas ‘a means, device’ LKA I 39, LKŽₑ – ‘the first room of a bathhouse’ LKA I 58 – ‘a simple porch clad in boards’ LKA I 39; čerpė ‘a clay tile for roofing’ LKŽₑ – ‘a tile for building a stove, a stove tile’ LKŽₑ – ‘a niche in the wall of an oven or stove’ LKŽₑ; čiukuras ‘a roof vent, smoke outlet’ LKŽₑ – ‘the end of a chimney through which smoke passes’ LKŽₑ – ‘an opening in the gable end of a house (under the vault), a smoke hole’ LKŽₑ – ‘the top of a roof, the ridge’ LKŽₑ – ‘the vault of a bread oven’ LKŽₑ; diendaržis ‘a livestock building, a barn’ LKŽₑ – ‘an enclosure fenced off outdoors for livestock, a pen’ LKŽₑ – ‘an enclosure for livestock, usually covered, next to or between barns’ LKA I 46; kluonas ‘earthen floor’ LKA I 37 – ‘the base of an oven’ LKA I 43 – ‘a rammed-earth barn floor, base, threshing floor’ LKŽₑ; grinyčia ‘a house, cottage’ LKŽₑ – ‘a smokehouse’ LKŽₑ – ‘a small house, a small dwelling’ LKŽₑ; kamara ‘a room in a peasant’s house or granary for storing various products and objects, a cupboard, a storeroom’ LKŽₑ – ‘the first room of a bathhouse’ LKA I 58 – ‘a guest room in a village house’ LKŽₑ – ‘a room’ LKŽₑ – ‘a bedroom’ Terminologija | 2009 | 16 87 (usually beside the granary)” LKŽė; kaniūklėlė “horse barn, stable” LKŽė – “pigsty” LKŽė – “poor hut” LKŽė; kuheis “hammer” LKŽė – “hook driven into a doorpost” LKA I 56 – “wooden tool for hammering, pounding, a flail” LKŽė; namas “dwelling house” LKA I 34, LKŽė – “small detached building with a stove for summer use” LKŽė – “entrance porch” LKŽė – “barn under the same roof as a dwelling house” LKA I 49, LKŽė; padanginė “shed, canopy beside a building” LKŽė – “place for storing chaff” LKA I 54 – “building used for storing hay” LKA I 57; padas “earthen floor” LKA I 37 – “threshing floor in a building where grain is stored” LKA I 53, LKŽė – “clay-rammed or brick bottom of an oven” LKA I 42; pamatas “bottom part of a structure on which the entire structure rests” LKŽė – “base of an oven” LKA I 43 – “first (laid on the ground or on stones), foundation wall log” LKA I 35 – “stones placed beneath a tie beam or wall” LKA I 35; pašalys “space beneath the roof” LKŽė – “place for storing chaff” LKA I 54 – “building” LKŽė – “place alongside the outside of a building wall” LKŽė – “corner, nook” LKŽė; pečiukas “bread-baking oven and room-heating stove” LKA I 42 – “heated sauna firebox built of stones” LKA I 59 – “niche with a door in an oven for keeping food warm, warming compartment, warming drawer” LKŽė; permetis “pole running along the ridge, to which the rafters are attached” LKŽė – “cross pole joining the roof supports” LKŽė – “beam” LKŽė; ragavuikas “sloping part at the end of a roof” LKŽė – “roof edge” LKŽė – “crosspiece fastening the roof ridge” LKŽė – “one of the boards nailed to the end of a roof, usually crossed at the top, to hold the thatch in place” LKŽė; riūmas “large, beautiful, luxurious dwelling house” LKA I 34 – “homestead” LKŽė – “house walls, corner joint” LKŽė – “dwelling house while still under construction, without a roof and interior fittings” LKA I 34; stulpas “grain storage bay” LKŽė – “hayloft” LKŽė – “fence post, stake” LKŽė – “vertical part of a chimney (from the horizontal part to the top)” LKŽė – “hayloft” LKŽė; šalidė “chaff store” LKŽė – “shed beside a threshing barn for storing small items” LKŽė – “place for storing grain or hay” LKA I 55, LKŽė – “place in a threshing barn where straw and hay are stored” LKŽė; šiopa “shed, canopy” LKŽė – “space under the roof above a barn for storing hay” LKA I 57 – “shed for housing the threshing machine’s horse-powered drive, machine shed” LKŽė – “some small, inferior building serving various purposes” LKŽė – “shelter for storing straw, hay, and flax, a barn” LKŽė; užlos “ceiling of the entrance hall in a dwelling house” LKA I 36, LKŽė – “ceiling of the entrance hall in a dwelling house” LKA I 36, LKŽė – “granary loft” LKA I 48 – “granary ceiling” LKA I 48 – “ceiling above the granary porch” LKA I 48 – “loft of a peasant house” LKŽė – “ceiling of a peasant house” LKŽė – “loft of an entrance hall— 88 Robertas Stunžinas | Daugiareikšmiai ir homoniminiai statybos... —” LKŽė – “space above the ceiling of a granary or granary porch, loft” LKŽė; vazaunė “small shed at the end wall of a threshing barn for storing grain” LKA I 57 – “room for storing hay, barn” LKŽė – “room for storing carts, sleighs, farm implements, harnesses, etc., carriage house” LKŽė; viškos “barn loft” LKŽė – “room above the barn ceiling” LKŽė – “room above the granary ceiling” LKŽė – “room above the granary porch ceiling” LKŽė – “room above the entrance hall ceiling” LKŽė – “room above the storehouse ceiling” LKŽė – “room above the ceiling of a building, loft” LKŽė – “entrance hall ceiling” LKŽė. H O M O N Y M O U S T E R M S A small group of terms should be distinguished that have accidental external similarities or whose semantic connections are difficult to determine precisely. Such terms are considered homonymous. Homonymous terms make up a small proportion of all the terms discussed—2.5%. First of all, semantic homonyms should be distinguished in this group. According to E. Jakaitienė, “the emergence of semantic homonyms is determined by various semantic changes in words, as a result of which the relationship between the meanings of a polysemous word is completely severed. This happens either when changes in a word’s meanings completely separate meanings that were once closely related, or when a meaning that served as a link in a chain of several meanings of a polysemous word disappears” (Jakaitienė 2010: 108). In the material under study, only terms with no tangible semantic connections should be regarded as semantic homonyms, e.g., klėtka “windowpane” LKŽė – klėtka “a unit of measurement for shingles (10 bundles of shingles)” LKŽė. Another group of homonymous terms consists of derivational homonyms. These are “words whose forms become similar as a result of word-formation processes occurring in a language” (Jakaitienė 2010: 106). According to Jakaitienė, “derivational homonyms arise through three possible types of word formation: 1) when words are formed with the same affixes from entirely non-homonymous base words whose roots happen to coincide; 2) when the word-formation process requires certain phonetic changes in the root; 3) when words belonging to entirely different word-formation types are formed (Jakaitienė 2010: 106). First, terms with identical phonetic roots or stems should be mentioned (3 rows), e.g.: lipinė (< lipti “to stick, adhere to something” LKŽė) “a little house built by sticking things together” LKŽė – lipinė (< lipti “to step, climb” LKŽė) “a board or little steps for climbing over a fence” LKŽė; sąvarstė (< verti “to do (open or close)” LKŽė) “an old wooden door fastening” LKA I 56 – sąvarstė (< verti “to pierce, stab” LKŽė) “one of the reinforcing poles placed on Terminologija | 2009 | 16 89 both sides of a threshing barn wall” LKŽₑ; varas (< verti “to pierce, stab” LKŽₑ) “pole for making a fence, wattle, paling” LKŽₑ – varas (< verti “to do (open or close)” LKŽₑ) “an old wooden door fastening” LKA I 56. Two rows of homonyms consist of terms with roots that have become identical, e.g.: kaistis (< kaisti 1. “to scrape, shave,” 4. “to dig” LKŽₑ) “shovel” LKŽₑ – kaistis (< keisti 1. “to pound and crush,” 7. “to spread” LKŽₑ) “pushing spreader” LKA I 41, LKŽₑ; laužas (< lūžti “to break into pieces under bending or pressure” LKŽₑ) “an old, crooked cottage, a shack” LKŽₑ – laužas (< laužti “to divide into pieces by breaking”) “a crowbar, a bar, a club” LKŽₑ. As can be seen, some of these homonymous terms are listed under the same entries. However, given the different meanings of their base words, these terms should be regarded as derivational homonyms. Among the homonym groups discussed, there are etymological, that is, homonyms of different origins. The terms in this group also resemble one another in form because of various phonetic changes (4 rows), e.g.: ėvelis (< gėvelis) “the upright end of a roof, vaults” LKŽₑ, “two laths nailed together and fastened to the ridge so that the wind would not tear it apart; a gable, little gable, small gable” LKŽₑ – ėvelis (German Hebel) “a crowbar, a lever” LKŽₑ; lušokas “doorframe” LKŽₑ – lušokas (< lušėkas) “an opening for smoke to escape” LKŽₑ; pantas (< Latvian pants) “a hayloft, a hay store, a haystack” LKŽₑ – pantas (< pinti 1. “to make an object by interweaving something”) “a crosspiece joining the rafters of a building” LKŽₑ; skliautas “sky” LKA I 43, LKŽₑ – skliautas (< skliutas) “an axe with a broad blade for carving or smoothing patterns” LKA I 88. CONCLUSIONS 1. Polysemous folk construction terminology consists of terms connected by diverse relationships. The group of polysemous terms naming closely related concepts consists mainly of terms with distinctive semes of dependence, purpose, and composition. 2. A considerable proportion of polysemous terms are connected by associative relationships. The members of such polysemous term pairs are motivated by the names of the other members. The group of metonymic terms consists mainly of polysemous terms connected by whole–part relationships. The fewest are terms connected by material–product relationships or by tool–effect-of-action relationships. 3. The group of polysemous terms connected by metaphorical relationships consists of ordinary terms naming construction concepts and metaphorical terms linked by semes of external form, purpose, composition, and associative similarity. 90 Robertas Stunžinas | Daugiareikšmiai ir homoniminiai statybos... 4. A large proportion of polysemous terms have unclear relationships between their meanings. Polysemous terms with different cores of meaning mostly share features in the periphery of meaning, denoting purpose, location, form, and composition. Metaphorical polysemous terms share secondary semes denoting external resemblance, similarity of occupied space, similarity of purpose, and associative similarity. 5. In the group of homonymous terms, derivational homonyms predominate; these comprise terms whose roots or stems coincide phonetically. Etymological homonyms are considerably less common. SOURCES AND LITERATURE LKŽ: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Kaunas. 1947, T.1. Vilnius, 1969, T.2. Vilnius, 1956, T.3. Vilnius, 1957, T.4. Vilnius, 1959, T.5. Vilnius, 1962, T.6. Vilnius, 1966, T.7. Vilnius, 1970, T.8. Vilnius, 1973, T.9. Vilnius, 1976, T.10. Vilnius, 1978, T.11. Vilnius, 1981, T.12. Vilnius, 1984, T.13. Vilnius, 1986, T.14. Vilnius, 1991, T.15. Vilnius, 1995, T.16. Vilnius, 1996, T.17. Vilnius, 1997, T.18. Vilnius, 1999, T.19. Vilnius, 2002, T.20. LKŽ, 2005: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (I–XX, 1941–2002). Vilnius. Interneto prieiga: <http:// www.lkz.lt>. LKA I 1977: Lietuvių kalbos atlasas 1. Lek­sika, Vilnius. Gudavičius A. 2007: Gretinamoji semantika, Šiauliai. Jakaitienė E. 2010: Leksikologija. Vilnius. Jakaitienė E. 1988: Leksinė semantika, Vilnius. Keinys St. 1980: Terminologijos abėcėlė. Vilnius. LKE 1999: Lietuvių kalbos enciklopedija. Vilnius. Stunžinas R. 2008: Variantiniai statybos liaudies terminai Lietuvių kalbos žodyne – Terminologija 15, 111–131. Urbutis V. 2009: Žodžių darybos teorija. Vilnius. Головин Н. 1987: Лингвистические основы учения о терминах, Москва. Гринев С. 1990: Введение в терминоведение, Москва. POLYSEMOUS AND HOMONYMOUS FOLK TERMS OF BUILDING This article deals with 350 cases of polysemy and homonymy in folk terminology of construction presented in Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of Lithuanian) (LKŽ) and Lietuvių kalbos atlasas (Atlas of the Lithuanian Language) (LKA). Terms with correlation of meanings are treated as polysemous and terms having coincidental phonetic similarity are viewed as homonymous. The absolute majority of terms researched are polysemous. Homonymous terms make up less than 3 percent of terms researched. Polysemous folk terminology of construction consists of terms connected by various relations. The major group of polysemous terms that name similar concepts consists of terms with distinctive semes of purpose (namas ‘dwelling house’ LKA I 34, LKŽe – ‘a separate small building with a cooker, used in summer’ LKŽe), quality (abarės ‘animal shed’ LKA I 50 – ‘a large cowshed’ LKA I 50), composition (grinda ‘wooden floor’ LKŽe – ‘clay floor’ LKŽe), and dependence (krosnis ‘stove for heating a house and baking bread’ LKA I 42 – ‘stove in a barn for drying grain’ LKA I 65). Terms with various associative relations make up a big group of polysemous terms. Terminologija | 2009 | 16 91 Meanings of terms in this group are motivated by meanings of other terms according to their similarity or logical relation. This group comprises terms having metaphorical or metonymical relations. The subgroup of metonymical terms consists mostly of polysemous terms with whole-part relations (gryčia ‘one end of a dwelling house’ LKA I 34, LKŽe – ‘a whole dwelling house’ LKA I 34). The subgroup of polysemous terms with metaphorical relations consists of ordinary terms and metaphorical terms of building which have similarity of form (čerpe ‘tile for stove building’ LKŽe – ‘niche in the wall of a stove’ LKŽe), purpose (durelės ‘the back door of a dwelling house’ LKŽe – ‘stove door’ LKŽe) or composition (grendymas ‘clay floor’ LKA I 37 – ‘stove floor’ LKA I 43). Polysemous terms with unclear relations of meaning make up another big group. Such terms have a different nucleus of the meaning with similar features of peripheral meaning, which indicate the usage (pamatas ‘foundation log’ LKA I 35 – ‘stones under a wall’ LKA I 35), place (užlangė ‘shelf above a window’ LKŽe – ‘windowsill on the outside’ LKŽe), form (lota ‘bar to press straw when thatching a roof’ LKŽe – ‘board’ LKŽe). Polysemous metaphorical terms have common secondary semes marking exterior similarity (kepurė ‘the last row of logs on all four walls of a house’ LKŽe – ‘hood above cooking stove’ LKŽe), similarity of location (žandas ‘side of a tool’ LKŽe – ‘opening next to a hob of the stove’ LKŽe), similarity of usage (pamatas ‘bottom part of a building’ LKŽe – ‘stove bottom’ LKA I 43) or associative similarity (žirgas ‘pole for roofing’ LKŽe – ‘pole for propping up a drying frame’ LKŽe). Derived homonyms with phonetic congruence of the root or stem predominate among homonymous terms: lipinė (< lipti ‘to stick to something’ LKŽe) ‘a small cottage assembled from various pieces’ LKŽe – lipinė (< lipti ‘to step over, to climb’ LKŽe) ‘a plank or steps for climbing over a fence’ LKŽe. Etymological homonyms are much rarer: pantas (< Latvian pants) ‘hay storage’ LKŽe – pantas (< pinti 1. ‘to pleach, to weave’) ‘a spar connecting the rafters of a building’ LKŽe). Received 2009-11-20 Robertas Stunžinas Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT–10308 Vilnius E. paštas: [email protected] 92 Robertas Stunžinas | Daugiareikšmiai ir homoniminiai statybos...