Gyvenamojo namo ir pagrindinių jo dalių liaudies terminijos sinonimija

Synonymy in the folk terminology of the residential house and its main parts ROBERTAS STUNŽINAS Institute of the Lithuanian Language This article examines the synonymy of folk terms denoting a residential house and its main parts. It continues the author’s series of articles on folk construction terminology (for more, see Stunžinas 2008: 111–131, 2009: 68–92). The synonymous terms are analyzed in terms of the things they name, their origins, and the length of the synonym sets they form. The material was collected from sources presenting data from living speech: Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (abbreviated LKŽe), Atlas of the Lithuanian Language, volume one (LKA I), and dialect dictionaries: Dictionary of the Druskininkai Dialect (DruskŽ), Dictionary of the Kaltanėnai Speech (KaltŽ), Dictionary of the Kazlų Rūda Speech, volume one (KazlRŽ I), Dictionary of the Kupiškėnai, volume one (KupŽ I), Dictionary of the Lazūnai Dialect (LazŽ), Dictionary of the Northeastern Dzūkian Subdialects (DūnŽ), and Dictionary of the Zanavykai Speech (ZanavŽ1–3). Nearly 225 terms denoting 27 concepts are examined in total. Synonymy in folk and scientific terminology differs. In scientific terminology, synonyms are avoided and considered a flaw in the terminology. It is argued that synonymy among scientific terms makes information harder to convey, causes confusion in the system of terms, and leads to non-isomorphism between concepts and terms, that is, a mutual lack of correspondence. In a perfectly ordered terminology, each concept should have a separate term, and each term should denote only one concept (Keinys 1980: 30). The most general causes of terminological synonymy may include inconsistency in terminology, disregard for established usage, uneven use of a language’s resources (Keinys 1980: 98–99), a desire to name a concept more rationally, the effects of linguistic interference (Kaulakienė 2009: 178), variation in term forms, emphasis on different aspects, the borrowing of two different terms or the borrowing of a term alongside the emergence of a native-language doublet, the use of an official and a colloquial term or a modern and an obsolete term, and the use of a long and a short term 130 R. Stunžinas | Gyvenamojo namo ir pagrindinių jo dalių liaudies terminijos... termino varianto vartojimas (Гринев 1993: 29). Terminologijoje sinonimija gali būti leidžiama keliais atvejais. Visų pirma sinonimai pateisinami tais atvejais, kai norima skirtingose terminų sistemose iškelti ne tuos pačius vienos sąvokos požymius, kai vartojami trumpesni variantai, taip pat gali būti pateisinama tarptautinių ir savos kilmės terminų sinonimija (Keinys 1980: 103). In living speech and folk terminology, synonymy is a common phenomenon that reflects the semantic flexibility of language and the diversity of its means of expression. The synonymy of folk terms may be linked to the indeterminacy and instability of their meanings. G. Klepikova argues that folk terminology differs from scientific terminology in having less precision in meaning and usage (Клепикова 1974: 30). The naming of concepts by synonyms is also characteristic of folk terminology because there is no deliberate pursuit of precision and systematicity in naming. According to J. Klimavičius, scientific terminology differs from folk terminology in its univocality and in the accuracy and systematicity with which scientific concepts are named (Klimavičius 2005: 135). The abundance of synonyms in folk terminology is also due to the polysemy of terms; consequently, a considerable number of polysemous terms in folk construction terminology are linked by synonymic relations. For example, synonymous terms for a building used to store hay—šieninė, daržinė, klaimas, klojimas, kluonas, skūnia—also mean a building used to store grain, while terms denoting the entrance hall of a residential house—butukas, kalidorius, nameliokas, namelis—also mean the first room of a bathhouse (for more, see Stunžinas 2009: 68–92). The residential house is denoted by more than a quarter (27%) of the terms examined in the article. The group of general names for the residential house consists of nearly thirty synonymous terms of different origins. More than half (15) of this group consists of Lithuanian terms: apseigos Šts LKŽe, butas Dkš, Grg, Rmš, Vvr, LKŽe, LKA I 34, duba Sr LKŽe, gyvenamoji LKA I 34, gyvenimas Sld, Rg, Rm LKŽe, gūžta Ut, Gs, Pln, Grž LKŽe, namas Grž, Pb, Mrk, Skr LKŽe, LKA I 34, pastatas Krm LKŽe, pašalys Žg, Škn LKŽe, pirkia Mšg, Grv, Trak, Imb, Krd, Rš, Švnč, Ad, Prl, Rud, Nmč, Dv, Bdč, Rdš, Dsn, Lz, Švd, Trgn, Vrn LKŽe, DruskŽ 265, LKA I 34, pirktaitė Smn, Krok, Srj LKŽe, LKA I 34, pirktukė Smn, Brb, Krsn, Mrs LKA I 34, priešinė Pl, Gdl, Ūd, Klm LKŽe, DruskŽ 283, troba Lk, Klt, Mlk, Žlb, Slnt, Rsn, Kv, Krš, Žg, Lš, Trk, Krp, Drsk, Ms, Krž, Sk, Kb, Yl, Šts, Dv, Plt, Varn, Krtn, Pln, Vvr, Pžrl, Vdk, Lž, Alv, Terminologija | 2010 | 17 1 3 1 Vs LKŽe, DruskŽ 419, LKA I 34, trobinė DS112(Rs) LKŽe. About a third of the synonym set consists of terms of foreign origin—five Slavicisms and five Germanisms: grinyčia (Belarusian грыднија LKA I 341) Up LKŽe, gryčia (Belarusian грыднија) LKA I 34, Lnkv, Šln, Sml LKŽe, KupŽ I 733, rūmas (Germanic. Sabaliauskas 1990: 265) Skrb, Sml, Mžš, Krs, Rm, Ps, Sdk, Dbk, Sv, Skp, Slm LKŽe, xbakūžė (German dialectal backhus) Skr, Gs LKŽe, ZanavŽ1 100, xbudavonė (Polish budowanie) Klp LKŽe, xbudinkas (Polish budynek, Belarusian будынак) Žg, Mžk, Škn LKŽe, KazlRŽ I 89, KupŽ I 244, LazŽ 41, xgaspada (Polish gospoda) Ldvn, Lkš, Gs, Brš LKŽe, xistuba (German Stube, Latvian istaba, istuba) Klp LKŽe, LKA I 34, xstuba (German dialectal stuba) Dkš, Lkš, Krg, Klvr, Jnk LKŽe, ZanavŽ3 198, xūta (German Hütte) Vlkv LKŽe. From the point of view of the standard language, most of these borrowings should be treated as foreignisms. The residential house is also named by two hybrids: gryčiotė KupŽ I 735, xšeimynstubė LKA I 34. This diversity of forms for the residential house can be explained by historical development and regional differences. Historically, three types of residential house are distinguished: 1) in Samogitia—troba; 2) in Aukštaitija—pirkia (eastern Aukštaitians), gryčia (western Aukštaitians); and 3) in Suvalkija—grinčia, pirkčia ir stuba (Butkevičius 1958: 157, LEB 1964: 216, Kačinskaitė et al. 2008: 12). According to ethnographers, traditional Lithuanian houses shared certain features (horizontal log walls, interlocking corner joints, thatched roofs with half-hipped, hipped, or gabled forms, and porches built by the main entrance); however, in their external form and room layout, they were markedly different buildings (Butkevičius 1971: 145). It can therefore be argued that synonymous terms naming houses in different regions of Lithuania are not entirely identical in meaning: they designate buildings with many distinguishing features. Furthermore, the examples given show that most other synonyms are used in different locations. In such cases, the terms are considered synonyms across dialects rather than within a single dialect. Such an approach to synonymy in folk terminology is possible: folk terminology can be studied within a single dialect or across the language as a whole (Клепикова 1974: 31). The diversity of names for the residential house was also shaped by the development of the building. For example, the prototype of the Samogitian residential house was a building called namu. For interest, it is worth mentioning that S. Daukantas described the house: “The first of them 1Origins are indicated in parentheses. A source is indicated when a source other than the term’s first source is used. 2Foreignisms are marked with an asterisk. The annotations in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language are used. 132 R. Stunžinas | Gyvenamojo namo ir pagrindinių jo dalių liaudies terminijos... In those forests, the building was called namas, or namas, namaitis <...>. The building that many people may still see in places today was an elongated quadrilateral, without a ceiling, with gables facing south, in which, not far from the ridge, there were three small windows cut into the timberwork, one higher and two lower, arranged in two rows, wide enough for a pigeon to fly in, fleeing a hawk, and for smoke to escape <...>” (Daukantas 1976: 429–430). Ethnographers’ works state that the Žemaitian namas was one of the first above-ground buildings with an open hearth. Until the 16th century, the namas was used as a dwelling and a building for keeping livestock. Later, its purpose changed, and it remained a summer dwelling, kitchen, storage shed, or stable (Butkevičius 1958: 157). It should also be noted that some synonyms share the same naming basis—they are derived from the same root, e.g.: gyvenamoji, gyvenimas; pirkia, pirkaitė, pirtukė; trobesys, troba, trobinė. Some terms are characterized by metaphorical nomination: on the basis of functional or other similarity, a dwelling is named using terms for an animal-world object or a space adjacent to the building’s structure, e.g.: gūžta LKŽe, duba “threshing barn, fire chamber” LKŽe, kampas “room, attic, place to live” DruskŽ 135, pašalys “corner, nook” LKŽe. The terms kampas and pašalys may have arisen metonymically, with a house named after a structural feature; cf. kampas “the place where two planes meet, a corner” LKŽe. In this case, the terms denoting the dwelling and its structure are connected by a metonymic whole-part relationship. Most terms denoting a dwelling are used with more than one meaning. The synonyms butas, pirkia and troba are also used to mean a part of a dwelling and denote a room. In such cases, the terms exhibit hyponymic variation, that is, they are used to refer both to an object and to its part. In hyponymic variation, a generic term is also used as a specific term, or is used to name both the whole object and one of its parts. Such variation is undesirable in scientific terminology because it disrupts the hierarchical ordering of relations among terms (Татаринов 2006: 142–143). In folk terminology, hyponymic variation should be associated with spontaneous, unsystematic, and associative naming. Synonymy is also characteristic of terms denoting types of dwellings. A clay house is called by four synonymous terms—three Lithuanian and one Slavic: krėstinė Ob LKŽe, molinalė Šts LKŽe, plūktinis Slm LKŽe, ˣlepenka (1. lepianka) Žmt LKŽe. The group of terms for a brick house Terminologija | 2010 | 17 133 A group of names consists of two Slavic and two hybrid terms: xchimney house (1. kamienica) Šln, Ar, Pkr, Krš, Dgl, Pc, Ds, Skp, Trgn, Sdb LKŽe, DruskŽ 135, masonry (1. mur, German dialect mūr) Šk, Jsv, Vlkv, An LKŽe, DruskŽ 217, KazlRŽ I 523, LazŽ 169, ZanavŽ2 221, brick-built house (hybrid) DruskŽ 218, xstone house (hybrid) Btr LKŽe. A smoke-blackened house is designated by two synonymous Lithuanian terms: smokehouse Skdv LKŽe, smoky house Krk LKŽe. A small house is called by two3 terms of different origins—one Lithuanian and one Slavic: cottage LKA I 34, gryčia (Belarusian грыдница) LKA I 34, Lnkv, Šln, Sml LKŽe. There is a large group of names for a poor, old house. Half of this group consists of Lithuanian synonymous terms (10): ruin LzP, Krsn, Lš, Arm, Vž LKŽe, ruinous house LazŽ 141, hovel KazlRŽ I 468, makeshift dwellings DūnŽ 224, shed Alvt, Ktk LKŽe, bathhouse Drsk, Pns, Rdm LKŽe, old house Skdv, Lk LKŽe, dilapidated hut DūnŽ 406, little house ZanavŽ3 481, small hut Krš, Krž LKŽe, ZanavŽ3 481. Seven terms are of foreign origin—four Slavic, one Latvian, one Germanic, and one of uncertain (non-Lithuanian) origin: gryčia (Belarusian грыдница) LKA I 34, balaganas (Russian балаган) KupŽ I 138, xkalupka (1. chalupa) Šmk LKŽe, xkamurka (1. komórka, Russian каморка) LKŽe, xkūtė (Latvian. Urbutis 2009: 320) Skdv, Vdk LKŽe, xbakužė (German dialect backhus) Skr, Gs LKŽe, xmakūza Pln LKŽe. The group of names for a poor house includes five hybrids: dilapidated gryčia KupŽ I 735, little gryčia KupŽ I 745, xkaniūklė4 LKŽe, xdilapidated house ZanavŽ1 673, xshed Plv, Alv LKŽe. Some Lithuanian and foreign-origin terms feature metaphorical naming—a poor dwelling is called by the names of an annex to a house, a bathing building, a building for keeping animals, and a small room, e.g.: shed, bathhouse, kaniūklė, kamurka. More than one third (37.8%) of the terms examined denote rooms in a dwelling. The terms denoting a living room form a synonym series of 12 members. Half of the synonyms are Lithuanian (5): buta LzP LKŽe, kampas Tvr, Lp, Lnkv, Al, Dv LKŽe, KazlRŽ I 315, LazŽ 105, patalpa Plv LKŽe, pirkia Mrp, Pb, Tvr, Kb, Zt, Dkšt, Lz, Mšg, Jz, Trgn, Šš, Nmc, Dg, Ml, Mlt, Eiš, Btrm, Aps, Vln, Trgn, Vrn, Dglš LKŽe, LKA I 34, tro- 3Only the headwords of the terms in the listed sources are included here. Illustrative examples in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language contain many diminutive forms, e.g.: namas “dwelling or some other kind of building”: I had a little house, quite small Pn, stuba “dwelling”: Once the soldiers occupied the whole little house Jnk. 4 Kaniūklė laikytina hibridu (žr. Sabaliauskas 1970: 54). 134 R. Stunžinas | Gyvenamojo namo ir pagrindinių jo dalių liaudies terminijos… ba Štk, Yl, Žlb, Krš, Kv, Lkv, Varn, Trk, Lk, Ms, Klk, Dr LKŽe, DūnŽ 406, LKA I 34. Kitą pusę sudaro svetimos kilmės terminai – trys slaviški ir trys germaniški: bakava (l. bokówka Fraenkel 1962: 30) Kv, Jnš, Rs LKŽe, xstancija (l. stancija) Btr, Krns, Grž LKŽe, kamara (l. komora < vok. Kammer) Žg, Klm, Krž, Al LKŽe, LazŽ 104, kambarys (germ. Sabaliauskas 1990: 264) Pnd LKŽe, DruskŽ 134, KazlRŽ I 314, ZanavŽ1 605, ruimas (vok. dial. ruim) Lp, Mrj LKŽe, xstuba (vok. dial. stuba) Plv, Sdr, Pgg LKŽe, LKA I 34. Į sinonimų eilutę įeina ir vienas hibridinis terminas xšeimynstubė ZanavŽ3 258. The abundance of names for living rooms was caused by regional usage. For example, among the Žemaitians, a living room was called bakavaja, užpečine, while among the Aukštaitians it was called pirkia and gryčia (Butkevičius 1958: 159). Terms denoting a guest room form a synonym series of nine members. Four terms are Lithuanian: didžėinė Pgr LKŽe, menė Mrc LKŽe, pirkaitė Vžns LKŽe, priešinė Lš, Srj LKŽe. A guest room is also called by four Slavicisms and one hybrid: alkierius (Polish alkierz) Krtn, Al, Mrj, Tv, Šlvn LKŽe, xpakajus (Polish pokój) Sd, Grš, Vkš LKŽe, KaltŽ 197, LazŽ 181, xseklyčia (Belarusian святлиця, Polish świetlica) Mrj, Zp, Smn, Btg, Sk, Šln, Vdk, Lnkv, Pn, Rz, Šmn, Vb, Grž, Šil, Krok, Lkč, Mšk, Mrc LKŽe, xkamara (Polish komora < German Kammer) Brs, Dglš, Lkm, Ds, Krkn, Kp, Rk, Ant, Lzd, Ppl LKŽe, xstubelė (hybrid) Snt Rg LKŽe, ZanavŽ3 199. A bedroom is denoted by four synonyms of different origins—one Lithuanian and three Slavic: pirkia Mrp, Pb, Tvr, Kb, Zt, Dkšt, Lz LKŽe, alkierius (Polish alkierz) Tv, Šlvn LKŽe, gryčia (Belarusian грыдніца LKA I 34) Tj, Paį LKŽe, xkamara (Polish komora < German Kammer) Vvr, Plt, Grž LKŽe. The group of names for an attic room contains four synonyms—two Lithuanian, one Slavic, and one hybrid: kampas DruskŽ 135, pašelmenė Pn LKŽe, xsalka (Polish salka) Ds, Skrb, Lc, Ps, Mžš LKŽe, prieg­rytis (hybrid) Slč LKŽe. Some synonyms are characterized by regional usage. Alkierius has the meanings ‘guest room’ and ‘bedroom’ in Žemaitija. In Aukštaitija, the terms seklyčia, kamara mean ‘guest room’, while pirkia and gryčia mean ‘bedroom’ (Butkevičius 1958: 161). In Suvalkija, the guest room had its own name—stubelė (Butkevičius 1958: 163; Kačinskaitė 2008: 12). Groups of names for other rooms are also quite large. The room at the entrance to the living rooms is denoted by three Lithuanian synonyms: butukas Terminologija | 2010 | 17 135 Prk, Vdk LKŽe, front Všk LKŽe, opposite Ig, Krok, Mrj, Brt, Šn LKŽe. The group of terms denoting the space behind the stove comprises seven synonymous terms of different origins—three Lithuanian and four hybrid terms: back nook Mrk, Rdm, Vdžg, Vl, Skr, Stl, Jnš, Al LKŽe, ZanavŽ3 537, behind-the-stove space Plng LKŽe, zemba Užv, Všv LKŽe, xpečkaklė (hybrid) Dr, Plng LKŽe, xužžakalė (hybrid) Tlž LKŽe, užkaminė (hybrid) Bgt, VšR LKŽe, ZanavŽ3 537, xužpečkis (hybrid) Šlvn, Akm, Pai, Vdžg, Ps, Pg, Trk, Pš, Yl, Sln, Gs, Up LKŽe, ZanavŽ3 539. The group of terms denoting the rooms of a dwelling house beneath the roof comprises 17 synonymous terms of different origins. Most are Lithuanian terms (13): attic Pgr LKŽe, upper floor Brš, Vdn, Šln, Klp, Vv, Ssk, Pg, Pn LKŽe, KupŽ I 99, upper level Dglš LKŽe, DūnŽ 37, krautė Klp LKŽe, ceiling Als LKŽe, pakreklys Dbk LKŽe, papalepė Dkšt LKŽe, parestinis Vkš, Trk, Mžk, Lž LKŽe, loft Dkš, Plv, Ašb, Jnš, Skr LKŽe, attic room Lk, Blv LKŽe, pažiobė LKŽ IX 723, upper loft Šmk, An LKŽe, upper part Mrj, Skp, Pnd, Smal, Pl, Gršl, Slm, Ut, Klt, Sl, Kp, Trš, Erž, Brs, Klp LKŽe, DūnŽ 443. The synonym set also includes two Slavic and two hybrid terms: xstorey (Slavic) LazŽ 73, xviškos (Belarusian вышки) Pln, Skdv LKŽe, antgry tis (hybrid) Pc LKŽe, viršugrytis (hybrid) Pbr, Vb, Brž, Kp, Krs LKŽe. The room above the vestibule is named by two synonymous terms of different origins—one Lithuanian and one Slavic: upper loft Užv, Škn, Kp, Kltn LKŽe, xviškos (Belarusian вышки) Dsm LKŽe. The group of terms denoting passageways leading to other rooms comprises 25 synonyms of different origins. Sixteen of the terms are Lithuanian: apartment LKA I 39, small apartment Jrb, Prk, Vdk LKŽe, LKA I 39, small house LKA I 39, little house Sdk, Vžns, Dbk, Ds, Dgč LKŽe, LKA I 39, small bathhouse Sl, Rk LKŽe, entrance hall Mrs, Šv LKŽe, LKA I 38, small entrance hall LKA I 38, vestibule Trg, Šlu LKŽe, LKA I 39, doorway Sk LKŽe, entrance room Ktk, Mšg, Grg, Skp, Btr, Šš, Pls, Prl, Klt, Lš Dglš LKŽe, KaltŽ 228, ZanavŽ2 471, entrance room Prng LKŽe, little entrance room LKA I 38, front room Ig, Krok, Mrj, Brt, Šn LKŽe, small front room Šv, Slnt LKŽe, anteroom LKA I 39, prynumis LKA I 39. The terms nameliokas, namelis, pirtikė are characterized by metonymic nomination: the room is named after a part of the dwelling house—the vestibule. In this case, the terms denoting the vestibule and its room are related as whole and part. The group of non-Lithuanian terms comprises two Slavic terms and one term of French origin, probably borrowed through Slavic languages: xbūda (Belarusian буда, 1. buda) Kp LKŽe, xsienis (Polish sień) Brs, Pp LKŽe, LazŽ 233, 136 R. Stunžinas | Gyvenamojo namo ir pagrindinių jo dalių liaudies terminijos... LKA I 39, corridor (French corridor TŽŽ 2005) LKA I 39. This part of the house is also denoted by five hybrid terms: prygonkis Irb, Skr LKŽe, LKA I 39, xprieseklyčė LKA I 39, xpriesienis Pt LKŽe, LKA I 38, xpriestubis LKA I 39, xsienelis LKA I 39, LKŽe. The room beneath the house is called by three synonyms—two Lithuanian and one Slavic: undercroft Slv, Ar LKŽe, cellar Ms, Slnt, Trk, Kln, Vrb LKŽe, xsklepas (Polish sklep) KzR, Vs, Všv, Lel, Krš, Nv LKŽe, DruskŽ 331, KaltŽ 277, LazŽ237, ZanavŽ3 85. One seventh (13.7%) of the names examined are terms denoting parts of the house. This group of names includes six synonyms denoting the side of a house. By origin, these are mostly Lithuanian terms (5): end Trgn, Ėr, Inšk, Vkš, Kt, Šts LKŽe, DruskŽ 91, KaltŽ 67, KazlRŽ I 205, KupŽ I 583, LazŽ 74–75, ZanavŽ1 397–398, front side Šll, Grg, Skd, Dr, Šv, Rdn, Brs, Slnt LKŽe, gable end Erž LKŽe, front side Mnm, Grd LKŽe, pirkia LKA I 34. The synonym set includes one Slavic loanword—gryčia (Belarusian грыдніца) LKA I 34, Tj, Paį LKŽe. The largest group in this category of names is the group of synonyms denoting an extension (26 terms). Almost half of the synonyms are Lithuanian (12): apartment LKA I 39, small apartment LKA I 39, ZanavŽ1 201, small apartment LKA I 39, vestibule LKA I 39, front vestibule LKA I 39, entrance hall Mrs, Šv LKŽe, LKA I 39, small entrance hall LKA I 39, projecting section LKA I 40, doorway Sk LKŽe, small entrance room LKA I 40, front room Ig, Krok, Mrj, Brt, Šn LKŽe. One synonym is a compound term—front vestibule LKA I 40. The group of synonyms of foreign origin comprises three Slavic terms, one Latvian term, and one term of English origin: porch (Polish ganek, German Gang) An, Ut, Ds, Sml LKŽe, KupŽ I 703, LazŽ 83, LKA I 39, xbudarka (Polish budovac) LKA I 40, xsienius (Polish sienė) Mžk LKŽe, LKA I 40, porūzis (Latvian puōruzis) LKA I 40, veranda Sd, Dv LKŽe, LKA I 40, ZanavŽ3 627. The extension is also referred to by eight hybrid terms: gonkelė LKA I 39, gonkeliai LKA I 39, gonkikės LKA I 39, gonkiukai LKA I 39, priegonkis Nj LKŽe, LKA I 39, xpriesienis LKA I 40, prygonkiukas LKA I 40, xprysieniukas LKA I 40. Residential building structures are designated by one fifth (21.4%) of the terms under consideration. It is noteworthy that synonyms occur less frequently in this group. This can be explained by the fact that traditional Lithuanian buildings share many structural features. As already mentioned, traditional houses had horizontal-log walls, corner joints, half-hipped, Terminologija | 2010 | 17 137 a hipped or gabled straw roof, and a porch is built by the main entrance (Butkevičius 1971: 145). Among the groups of names for building components, the group of synonyms denoting the foundation should be mentioned first. It comprises three synonyms of different origins—a Lithuanian, a Slavic, and a hybrid term: pamatas Kv, Ds LKŽe, LKA I 35, fundamentas (Belarusian хундамент Fraenkel 1962: 305) KazlRŽ I 200, LKA I 35, pamūra (hybrid) LKA I 35. A more specific concept is also designated synonymically—the pair of terms for a masonry foundation consists of one Slavic and one hybrid synonym: xpodmūrauka (Polish podmurówka LKŽe) LKA I 36, pamurė (hybrid) LKA I 35. Groups of terms denoting floors are large. The rammed-earth floor of a residential building is called by 12 synonymous terms of different origins and composition. The one-word synonym group comprises 8 Lithuanian terms: asla Mrk, Grš, Kv LKŽe, DruskŽ 20, KazlRŽ I 29, LKA I 36, grendymas DruskŽ 111, KazlRŽ I 251, LazŽ 86, LKA I 37, ZanavŽ1 496, grinda Vs LKŽe, kl zonas LKA I 37, laitas Šmn, Ps, Jnš, Alz, Kpr LKŽe, LKA I 37; the floor is also designated metaphorically by the name of a human body part, padas Žsl, Bgs, Skdt, Lkm, Nmč, Ldk, Vžns LKŽe, KaltŽ 195, LKA I 37. It is also named metonymically after the material from which it is made: molis LKA I 37, žemė LKA I 37, LKŽe. The synonym group includes one Latvian term—plonas (Latvian plāns) LKA I 37, Žml, Kri LKŽe. The compound synonym group comprises one term with two Lithuanian components and two terms with a Slavic head and a Lithuanian modifier: molio grindys LKA I 37, xmolinė padlaga (Polish podłoga, Belarusian надлога) LKA I 37, xmolinis pamastas (Polish pomost LKŽe) LKA I 37. There are half as many terms denoting a plank floor. Three synonyms are Lithuanian: asla KupŽ I 73, LKA I 36, grindys KazlRŽ 1 255, KupŽ I 742, LKA I 37, ZanavŽ1 507, paklotė LKA I 38; three synonyms are Slavic: xpadlaga (Polish podłoga, Belarusian надлога) Kls, Ūd, Jž, Erž LKŽe, LKA I 37, ZanavŽ2 302, xpamastas (Polish pomost) Dkšt, Aps, Slk, Prgn LKŽe, LKA I 38, xparlagas (Latvian pārlags, cf. Russian перелог LKŽe) LKA I 38. The vertical part of a building is designated by two Lithuanian synonyms: siena Nmč, Als, Vdk, Kn, Lk, Žeml, Kpč, Dlgš, Sv, Ml, Žd LKŽe, DruskŽ 324, LazŽ 233, ZanavŽ3 47, sienojus Kpč, Lš LKŽe. The group of names for the place where walls meet comprises eight synonymous terms of different origins. The Lithuanian synonyms are kampas Ašb, Tvr, 138 R. Stunžinas | Gyvenamojo namo ir pagrindinių jo dalių liaudies terminijos… Smn, Slk LKŽe, KazlRŽ I 314, LazŽ 105, ZanavŽ1 609, kerčia Vv, Nm LKŽe, ZanavŽ1 665, pašalys Pgr, Šk, Skr, Ds LKŽe, sąspara Aps, Vlk, Lp, Vlkš, Kkl, Gdž, Rmš, Šlu LKŽe, DruskŽ 317, ZanavŽ3 20, užheniaužis Jnš, Škn, LKŽe. This place is also named metaphorically by the name of an animal body part: ragas Lel, Ukm LKŽe, LazŽ 212. The pair of synonyms of foreign origin consists of one Latvian and one Slavic term: stūrys (Latvian stūris) Ob, Žb, Pnd LKŽe, xkantas (Polish kant, kąṭ) Trg LKŽe. The group of synonyms denoting the covering of a room is fairly large. It comprises two Lithuanian, two Slavic, one Germanic, one Latvian, and one hybrid term: lubos Lzd, Šv, Dkš, Lkm, Pn, Vb LKŽe, DūnŽ 181, KazlRŽ 467, KaltŽ 154, LazŽ 151, LKA I 36, ZanavŽ2 99, užlos Šmk, Stak, An LKŽe, xstalevonía (Slavic) LKA I 36, xpacesas (Belarusian nauėč) LKA I 36, xdekis (German Decke) LKA I 36, grindys (Latvian dialect grīda) LKA I 36, xlubavonia (hybrid) LKA I 36. The roof of a residential house is called by 5 synonymous terms: three Lithuanian and two Slavic: dangtis Kp, Rk LKŽe, LKA I 35, palepė Rš, Dlgš, Aps LKŽe, stogas Mžš, Mrk, Kt, Lt, Eiš, Lpl, Sk LKŽe, LKA I 34, ZanavŽ3 182, xdokas (Polish dach) Kpč, Švnč, Kč LKŽe, DruskŽ 70, LazŽ 61, xstriekas (Polish strzecha) Lš, Švn, Lp, Kpč LKŽe, DruskŽ 352, LKA I 35. Most of these general terms for roofs also serve as terms for specific types of roofs—they are also used to designate a straw roof, for example: dangtis Ds LKŽe, LKA I 35, stogas Pb, Plng, Žml, Plšk, Všv, Rod LKŽe, LKA I 34, ZanavŽ3 182, xstriekas (Polish strzecha) Kpč LKŽe, LKA I 35, DruskŽ 352. It should be noted that a considerable number of synonymous terms are polysemous. Some terms denote objects belonging to the same categories but referring to constructions of different composition, for example: asla, dangtis, dokas, striekas, or rooms serving different purposes, for example: alkierius, pirkia, priėšinė. There are also terms that designate an object and its part, or a construction and the space adjacent to it, for example: kampas, lubos, užlos, priešienis. CONCLUSIONS 1. In colloquial speech, the dwelling house and its principal parts are designated by large groups of synonyms. Only one third of the concepts are named by rows of two, three, or four synonyms. The largest groups are the names for a dwelling house, a poor dwelling house, a transitional room, and an annex—each comprising more than two dozen synonyms. Synonym Terminologija | 2010 | 17 1 3 9 ic designation is characteristic of generic concepts, and only a few specific concepts are named by synonymous terms. 2. The abundance and diversity of synonyms for the dwelling house and its principal parts are attributable to the variety of expressive means in folk terminology, regional patterns of usage, and the development of the things being named. 3. The synonymy of the dwelling house and its principal parts is of mixed origin. Rows containing synonyms of different origins make up the absolute majority of all rows. 4. Lithuanian terms predominate in the synonym rows, accounting for more than half (56%) of all synonymous terms. Terms of foreign origin account for more than a quarter (28%), while hybrid terms make up about one sixth (16%) of all terms. Among synonyms of foreign origin, Slavicisms occur most frequently: the things discussed are named with them four times more often than with Germanisms. From the perspective of the standard language, most terms of foreign and mixed origin are foreignisms. 5. The synonyms examined are also related through polysemy. Most refer to similar objects—terms denoting rooms with different functions or different structures. Somewhat fewer are terms linked by metonymic relations, naming a dwelling building and one of its constituent parts or rooms. SOURCES AND LITERATURE DruskŽ – G. Naktinienė, A. Paulauskienė, V. Vitkauskas. Dictionary of the Druskininkai Dialect, Vilnius, 1988. DūnŽ – V. Vitkauskas. Šiaurės rytų dünininkų šnektų žodynas, Vilnius, 1976. KaltŽ – A. Vilutytė. Kaltanėnų šnektos žodynas, Vilnius, 2008. KazlRŽ I – Kazlų Rūdos šnektos žodynas I. Red. A. Pupkis, Vilnius, 2008. KupŽ I – K. Vosylytė. Kupiškėnų žodynas I. Vilnius, 2007. LazŽ – J. Petrauskas, A. Vidugiris. Lazūnų tarmės žodynas, Vilnius, 1985. LKA I – Lietuvių kalbos atlasas I. Red. K. Morkūnas, Vilnius, 1977. LKŽe – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (electronic edition). Editor-in-chief G. Naktinienė, Vilnius, 2005. TŽŽ – Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas. Ats. redaktorius A. Kinderys, Vilnius, 2005. ZanavŽ1–3 – Dictionary of the Zanavykai Dialect I–III, Vilnius, 2003–2006. Butkevičius I. 1971: Lietuvos valstiečių gyvenvietės ir sodybos, Vilnius. Butkevičius I. 1958: Tradiciniai lietuvių valstiečių gyvenamieji namai. – Iš lietuvių kultūros istorijos, 157–173. Daukantas S. 1976: Raštai 1. – Simonas Daukantas, Vilnius. Kačinskaitė I., Baltrušaitis V., Žumbakienė G. 2008: Suvalkijos (Sūduvos) tradicinė kaimo architektūra, Vilnius. Kaulakienė A. 2009: Lietuvių fizik os terminijos raida, Vilnius. Keinys St. 1980: Terminologijos abėcėlė, Vilnius. Klimavičius J. 2005: Leksikologijos ir terminologijos darbai: norma ir istorija, Vilnius. LEB 1964: Lietuvių etnografijos bruožai. Red. A. Vyšniauskaitė, Vilnius. Fraenkel 1955–1962: Litauisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch von Ernst Fraenkel, I–II, E. Carl Winter, Universitätsverlag, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Heidelberg, Göttingen. 140 R. Stunžinas | Gyvenamojo namo ir pagrindinių jo dalių liaudies terminijos... Sabaliauskas A. 1970: Iš baltų kalbų gyvulininkystės terminologijos istorijos. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 12, 7–81. Sabaliauskas A. 1990: Lietuvių kalbos leksika, Vilnius. Stunžinas R. 2008: Variantiniai statybos liaudies terminai Lietuvių kalbos žodyne. – Terminologija 15, 111–131. Stunžinas R. 2009: Daugiareikšmiai ir homoniminiai statybos liaudies terminai. – Terminologija 16, 68–92. Urbutis V. 2009: Baltų etimologijos etiudai 2, Vilnius. Гринев С. 1993: Введение в терминоведение, Москва. Клепикова Г. П. 1974: Славянская пастушеская терминология, Москва. Татаринов В. 2006: Общее терминоведение: энциклопедический словарь, Москва. SYNONYMY OF FOLK NAMES FOR HOUSES AND THEIR MAIN PARTS This article deals with the synonymy of folk terminology of houses, their parts, rooms and constructions. In total 225 terms are analyzed. In scientific terminology synonymy is treated as an imperfection whereas in folk terminology it is considered a usual phenomenon, which shows the semantic flexibility of ordinary language. A quarter (27%) of the terms are names for houses. The group of general names for a house consists of almost thirty heterogeneous terms. Most of them are Lithuanian words: apseigos LKŽe, butas LKŽe, LKA I 34, duba LKŽe, gyvenamoji LKA I 34, gyvenimas LKŽe, gūžta LKŽe, namas. Some synonyms are Slavic or Germanic loans and hybrids: grinyčiaLKŽe, gryčia LKA I 34, LKŽe, KupŽ I 733, rūmas LKŽe, xbakūžė LKŽe, ZanavŽ1 100, xbudavonė LKŽe, gryčiotė KupŽ I 735, xšeimynstubė LKA I 34. The variety of synonyms can be explained by the development of houses and the regional use of terms. Types of houses are also denoted by various heterogeneous synonyms; for example, a clay house is named by three Lithuanian terms and one Slavic loan: krėstinė LKŽe, molinalė LKŽe, plūktinis LKŽe, xlepenka (l. lepianka) LKŽe. xlubavonia LKA I 36. The roof is named by five synonyms, three of them are Lithuanian words and two are Slavic loans: dangtis LKŽe, LKA I 35, palėpė LKŽe, stogas LKŽe, LKA I 34, ZanavŽ 3 182, xdokas LKŽe, DruskŽ 70, LazŽ 61, xstriekas LKŽe, DruskŽ 352, LKA I 35. The majority of general names for roofs are also used as specific names, for instance they also denote thatched roofs. Received 2010-12-06 Robertas Stunžinas Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius Email [email protected]