Gyvenamojo namo ir pagrindinių jo dalių liaudies terminijos sinonimija

130 R. Stunžinas | Synonymy of the folk terminology of the residential house and its main parts... Synonymy of the folk terminology of the residential house and its main parts ROBERtaS STUNŽINaS This article examines the synonymy of folk terms, which denote the residential house and its main parts. This article continues the author’s series of articles examining the construction folk terminology (see Stunžinas 2008: 111–131, 2009: 68–92). Synonymous terms are analyzed in terms of the subject, origin and length of the strings. The material was collected from sources providing live language data – the Lithuanian Language Dictionary (abbreviation – LKŽe), the first volume of the Lithuanian Language Atlas (LKA I) and dialect dictionaries: Druskininkai dialect dictionary (DruskŽ), Kaltanėnai dialect dictionary (KaltŽ), Kazlų Rūda dialect dictionary first volume (KazlRŽ I), Kupiškėnai dialect dictionary first volume (KupŽ I), Lazūnai dialect dictionary (LazŽ), North-Eastern Dūnininkai dialect dictionary (DūnŽ) and Zanavykai dialect dictionary (ZanavŽ1–3). In total, nearly 225 terms representing 27 concepts are examined. The synonymy of folk and scientific terminology differs. In science terminology, synonyms are avoided and are considered a terminological defect. It is stated that synonymy of scientific terms complicates the transmission of information, causes confusion of the terminology system and non-isomorphism of concepts and terms, i.e. mutual inconsistency. In a perfectly organized terminology, there should be a separate term for each concept and each term should denote only one concept (Keinys 1980: 30). The most common reasons for synonymy of terms may be terminology inconsistency, disregard for established usage, uneven use of language powers (Keinys 1980: 98–99), the desire to name a concept more rationally, the consequences of linguistic interference (Kaulakienė 2009: 178), variation of term forms, emphasis on different aspects, borrowing of two different terms or borrowing of a term and the appearance of a doublet of the own language, use of an official and colloquial term or a modern and obsolete term, long and short forms of the same term. Terminology | 2010 | 17 131 use of the term variant (Гринев 1993: 29). In terminology, synonymy can be allowed in several cases. In particular, synonyms are justified in cases where it is desired to highlight different characteristics of a single concept in different terminology systems, when shorter variants are used, and also the synonymy of international and native terms can be justified (Keinys 1980: 103). Synonymy is a common phenomenon in living language and popular terminology, indicating the semantic flexibility of language and the variety of means of expression. The synonymy of folk terms can be linked to the uncertainty and instability of their meanings. G. Klepikova claims that folk terminology differs from scientific terminology in the lack of strictness of meanings and use (Клепикова 1974: 30). Synonymous designation of concepts is characteristic of popular terminology because of the fact that the precision and systematicity of the nomination is not consciously pursued. According to J. Klimavičius, scientific terminology differs from popular terminology in its unambiguity, accuracy and systematism of scientific concepts (Klimavičius 2005: 135). The abundance of synonyms in folk terminology is also determined by the multi-meaning of terms, therefore, in the construction folk terminology, a significant part of the multi-meaning terms are related by synonymic relationships. For example, the synonymous terms heine, darzinė, klaimas, klojimas, kluonas, skūnia denoting a hay-stored hut also have the meaning of a grain-stored hut, while the terms butukas, kalidorius, nameliokas, namelis denoting the front of a residential house also have the meaning of the first room of a sauna (see Stunžinas 2009: 68–92 for more details). More than a quarter (27%) of the terms in the article refer to a residential building. The group of common names of residential houses consists of almost three dozen synonymous terms of different origin. More than half (15) of these groups consist of Lithuanian terms: apseigos Šts LKŽe, butas Dkš, Grg, Rmš, Vvr, LKŽe, LKA I 34, duba Sr LKŽe, gyvenamoji LKA I 34, gyvenimas Sld, Rg, Rm LKŽe, gūžta ut, Gs, Pln, Grž LKŽe, namas Grž, Pb, Mrk, Skr LKŽe, LKA I 34, pastatas Krm LKŽe, pašalys Žg, Škn LKŽe, perka Mšg, Grv, Trak, Imb, Krd, Rš, Švnč, Ad, Prl, Rud, Nmč, Dv, Bdč, Rdš, Dsn, Lz, Švd, Trgn, Vrn LKŽe, DruskŽ 265, LKA I 34, pirktaitė Smn, Krok, Srj LKŽe, LKA I 34, pirktukė Smn, Brb, Krsn, Mrs LKA I 34, priešinė Pl, Gdl, Ūd, Klm LKŽe, DruskŽ 283, troba Lk, Klt, Mlk, Žlb, Slnt, Kv, Krš, Žg, Lš, Trk, Krp, Drsk, Ms, Krž, Sk, Kb, yl, Šts, Dv, Plt, Varn, Krtn, Pln, Vvr, Pžrl, Vdk, Lž, Alv, 132 R. Stunžinas | Folk termology of residential house and its main parts... Vs LKŽe, DruskŽ 419, LKA I 34, trobinė DS112(Rs) LKŽe. About a third of the synonyms line consists of terms of foreign origin – five Slavisms and five Germanisms: grinyčia (Brus. грыднiца LKA I 341) up LKŽe, gryčia (Brus. грыднiца) LKA I 34, Lnkv, Šln, Sml LKŽe, KupŽ I 733, rūmas (German: Sabaliauskas 1990: 265) Skrb, Sml, Mžš, Krs, Rm, Ps, Sdk, Dbk, Sv, Skp, Slm LKŽe, ad2bakūžė (German: backhus) Skr, Gs LKŽe, ZanavŽ1 100, ąbudavonė (German: budowanie) Klp LKŽe, ąbudinkas (German: budynek, brus. бyдынaк) Žg, Mžk, Škn LKŽe, KazlRŽ I 89, KupŽ I 244, LazŽ 41, ėgaspada (German: gospoda) Ldvn, Lkš, Gs, Brš LKŽe, ūistuba (German: Stube, la. istaba, istuba) Klp LKŽe, LKA I 34, ųstuba (German: stuba) Dkš, Lkš, Krg, Klvr, Jnk LKŽe, ZanavŽ3 198, ūūta (German: Hütte) Vlkv LKŽe. In general language, most of these loanwords are treated as foreign words. The residential house is also named after two hybrids: 735 and 736, and the 34th and 35th. Such diversity in the expression of the residential house can be explained by development and regional differences. Historically, three types of residential houses are distinguished: 1) in Žemaitija – troba, 2) in Aukštaitija – pirkia (Eastern Highlanders), gryčia (Western Highlanders) and 3) in Suvalkija – grinčia, pirkčia and stuba (Butkevičius 1958: 157, LEB 1964: 216, Kačinskaitė et al. 2008: 12). According to ethnographers, traditional Lithuanian houses had common features (walls made of logs, corner buttresses, half-timbered, four-legged or two-legged thatched roofs, gondeliers built at the main entrance), but according to the external form and layout of the rooms they were distinctly different buildings (Butkevičius 1971: 145). Therefore, it can be said that the synonymous terms designating houses in different Lithuanian regions are not completely identical in meaning – they denote buildings with many distinctive features. Furthermore, the examples given show that most of the other synonyms are used in different places. In such cases, the terms of more than one dialect are considered synonyms. This approach to the synonymy of folk terms is possible – folk terminology can be studied both within one dialect and within the whole language (Клепикова 1974: 31). The variety of residential house names was also determined by the development of the building. For example, the prototype of a Žemaičių residential house was a building called a house. For the sake of curiosity, it should be said that the house has been described by S. Daukantas: "The first of them 1 In parentheses is indicated the origin. The source is given in cases where the reference is not to the first source of the term. 2 Crossed out foreign languages. Based on the notes of the Lithuanian language dictionary. Terminology | 2010 | 17 133 huts in those forests are called houses, or namas, namaitis <...>. The hut, which can still be seen in many places today, was elongated, four-sided, without ceilings, with vaults to the south, in which near the roof there were three windows, cut out of a log, one higher and two lower over two logs, as wide as a dove could jump in, fed by a bird, and smoke out <...>“ (Daukantas 1976: 429–430). The ethnographers’ works state that the Žemaičių house was one of the first above-ground buildings with an open fireplace. Until the 16th century, the house was used as a residential and livestock building. Later, the purpose of the house changed and it remained a summer living room, kitchen, storage room or barn (Butkevičius 1958: 157). It should also be noted that some synonyms have the same name base – they are common roots, e.g.: gyvenamoji, gyvenimas; buys, buys, buys; trobesys, troba, trobinė. Some terms are characterized by metaphorical nomination – according to function or other similarity, the residential house is named by the names of the animal world object and the space next to the building construction, e.g.: gūžta in LKŽ, duba „jauja, pakura“ in LKŽ, kampas „room, shelter, place to live“ DruskŽ 135, pašalys „corner, corner“ in LKŽ. The terms angle and corner may have arisen by metonymy naming a house according to its construction, e.g., angle "the place where two planes intersect, the corner" in LKŽ. In this case, the terms designating the residential building and the construction are related by a metonymy of the whole and the part. Most of the terms referring to residential buildings are used in more than one sense. The synonyms butas, pirkia and trova are still used in the meaning of part of a residential house and are called a room. In such cases, the terms are characterized by hyponymous variation, i.e. they are used in the meaning of both the object and its part. in the case of hyponymous variation, the genus term is used as a generic term or used to designate the whole thing and its part. Such variation in the terminology of science is an undesirable phenomenon, because in such a case there is no hierarchical order of terms (Татаринов 2006: 142-143). In popular terminology, hyponymous variation should be associated with the spontaneity, non-systematics and associativeness of the nomination. Synonymy is also characteristic of terms that refer to types of residential buildings. The mill house is referred to by four synonymous terms – three Lithuanian and one Slavic: krėstinė Ob LKŽe, molinalė Šts LKŽe, plūktinis Slm LKŽe, olepenka (l. lepianka) Žmt LKŽe. The brick house 134 R. Stunžinas | Folk terminology of the residential house and its main parts... The group of names consists of two Slavic and two hybrid terms: akkaminyčia (l. kamienica) Šln, Ar, Pkr, Krš, Dgl, Pc, Ds, Skp, Trgn, Sdb LKŽe, DruskŽ 135, mūras (l. mur, german dial. mûr) Šk, Jsv, Vlkv, An LKŽe, DruskŽ 217, KazlRŽ I 523, LazŽ 169, ZanavŽ2 221, mūrinė (hibr.) DruskŽ 218, ąakmenyčia (hibr.) Btr LKŽe. Smoky house is named by two synonymous Lithuanian terms: pakurtrobė Skdv LKŽe, rūkynė Krk LKŽe. A small house is called by two3 terms of different origin – one Lithuanian and one Slavic: trobelė LKA I 34, gryčia (Brus. грыднiца) LKA I 34, Lnkv, Šln, Sml LKŽe. A large group of names of poor, old houses. Half of this group consists of Lithuanian synonymous terms (10): laužas LzP, Krsn, Lš, Arm, Vž LKŽe, laužynas LazŽ 141, lūšna KazlRŽ I 468, numpalaikiai DūnŽ 224, pašiūrė Alvt, Ktk LKŽe, pirtis Drsk, Pns, Rdm LKŽe, centrobė Skdv, Lk LKŽe, trobapalaikė DūnŽ 406, trobesikė ZanavŽ3 481, trobukas Krš, Krž LKŽe, ZanavŽ3 481. Seven terms are of foreign origin – four Slavic, one Latvian, one Germanic and one of unclear origin: gryčia (Brus. грыднiца) LKA I 34, balaganas (Russian: балаган) KupŽ I 138, ėkalupka (Lt. chałupa) Šmk LKŽe, ėkamurka (Lt. komórka, Russian: кaмopкa) LKŽe, ėkūtė (Lat. urbutis 2009: 320) Skdv, Vdk LKŽe, ėbakūžė (German dialect backhus) Skr, Gs LKŽe, ųmakūza Full of L.A. The group of poor house names includes five hybrids: gryčpalaikė KupŽ I 735, grytelė KupŽ I 745, ėkaniūkšlė4 LKŽe, ėkiaurinyčia ZanavŽ1 673, eststubelka Plv, Alv LKŽe. Some Lithuanian and foreign-origin terms have a metaphorical nomination – poor residential house is called by the names of an annex to a residential house, a bathing building, a building for keeping animals and a small room, e.g. pašiūrė, pirtis, kaniūkšlė, kamurka. More than a third (37.8%) of the terms examined refer to residential premises. Terms denoting the living room form a synonym string of 12 members. Half of the synonyms are Lithuanian (5): buta LzP LKŽe, kampas Tvr, Lp, Lnkv, Al, Dv LKŽe, KazlRŽ I 315, LazŽ 105, patalpa Plv LKŽe, pirkia Mrp, Pb, Tvr, Kb, Zt, Dkšt, Lz, Mšg, Jz, Trgn, Šš, Nmč, Dg, Ml, Mlt, Eiš, Btrm, Aps, Vln, Trgn, Vrn, Dglš LKŽe, LKA I 34, tro3 Only the title terms of the listed sources are taken here. The illustrations of the Lithuanian dictionary contain a number of minor words, e.g. namas "residential or some kind of hut": Turėjau nameliuką tokį mažą Pn, stuba "residential house": Vieną kartą kareiviai užėmė visą stubeliuką Jnk. 4 Kaniūkšlė is considered a hybrid (see Sabaliauskas 1970: 54). Terminology | 2010 | 17 135 ba Štk, yl, Žlb, Krš, Kv, Lkv, Varn, Trk, Lk, Ms, Klk, Dr LKŽe, DūnŽ 406, LKA I 34. The other half consists of terms of foreign origin – three Slavic and three Germanic: bakava (l. bokówka Fraenkel 1962: 30) Kv, Jnš, Rs LKŽe, eststancija (l. stancja) Btr, Krns, Grž LKŽe, kamara (l. komora < German Kammer) Žg, Klm, Krž, Al LKŽe, LazŽ 104, kambarys (German Sabaliauskas 1990: 264) Pnd LKŽe, DruskŽ 134, KazlRŽ I 314, ZanavŽ1 605, ruimas (German dial. ruim) Lp, Mrj LKŽe, ūsstuba (German dial. stuba) Plv, Sdr, Pgg LKŽe, LKA I 34. The synonym string includes one hybrid term ėšeimynstubė 3258. The number of residential names is determined by regional usage. For example, in Žemaitija, the living room was called bakavinė, užpečine, in Altaja – pirkia and gryčia (Butkevičius 1958: 159). Terms denoting a guest room form a string of synonyms of nine members. Four terms are Lithuanian: didžeinė Pgr LKŽe, menė Mrc LKŽe, pirkaitė Vžns LKŽe, priešinė Lš, Srj LKŽe. The guest room is also referred to in four Slavisms and one hybrid: alkierius (l. alkierz) Krtn, Al, Mrj, Tv, Šlvn LKŽe, ąpakajus (l. pokój) Sd, Grš, Vkš LKŽe, KaltŽ 197, LazŽ 181, ąseklyčia (brus. cвятлiцa, l. świetlica) Mrj, Zp, Smn, Btg, Sk, Šln, Vdk, Lnkv, Pn, Rz, Šmn, Vb, Grž, Šil, Krok, Lkč, Mšk, Mrc LKŽe, ąkamara (l. komora < German Kammer) Brs, Dglš, Lkm, Ds, Krkn, Kp, Rk, Ant, Lzd, Ppl LKŽe, ųstubelė (hebr.) Snt Rg LKŽe, ZanavŽ3 199. The bedroom is marked by four synonyms of different origin – one Lithuanian and three Slavic: pirkia Mrp, Pb, Tvr, Kb, Zt, Dkšt, Lz LKŽe, alkierius (l. alkierz) Tv, Šlvn LKŽe, gryčia (brus. грыднiца LKA I 34) Tj, Paį LKŽe, ėkamara (l. komora < german Kammer) Vvr, Plt, Grž LKŽe. In the group of shelter room names there are four synonyms – two Lithuanian, one Slavic and one hybrid: kampas DruskŽ 135, pašelmenė Pn LKŽe, ųsalka (l. salka) Ds, Skrb, Lc, Ps, Mžš LKŽe, priegrytis (hibr.) Slč LKŽe. Some synonyms have regional uses. alkierius guests and bedroom meanings have in Žemaitija. In Aukštaitija, the terms seklyčia, kamara, pirkia and gryčia have the same meaning as guest rooms (Butkevičius 1958: 161). In Suvalkija, the guest room had a separate name – stubelė (Butkevičius 1958: 163; Kačinskaitė 2008: 12). There are many other names for the area. The room at the entrance to the living rooms is named by three Lithuanian synonyms: butukas 136 R. Stunžinas | Folk termology of residential house and its main parts... Prk, Vdk LKŽe, front Všk LKŽe, front Ig, Krok, Mrj, Brt, Šn LKŽe. The group of names behind the furnace consists of seven synonymous terms of different origin – three Lithuanian and four hybrid terms: užkaboris Mrk, Rdm, Vdžg, Vl, Skr, Stl, Jnš, Al LKŽe, ZanavŽ3 537, užkrosnis Plng LKŽe, zemba užv, Všv LKŽe, ėpečkaklė (hibr.) Dr, Plng LKŽe, uužkakalė (hibr.) Tlž LKŽe, užkaminė (hibr.) Bgt, VšR LKŽe, ZanavŽ3 537, žužpečkis (hibr.) Šlvn, Akm, Paį, Vdžg, Ps, Pg, Trk, Pš, yl, Sln, Gs, up LKŽe, ZanavŽ3 539. The group of names of residential house rooms under the roof consists of 17 synonymous terms of different origin. Most Lithuanian terms (13): antlubis Pgr LKŽe, aukštas Brš, Vdn, Šln, Klp, Vv, Ssk, Pg, Pn LKŽe, KupŽ I 99, aukštis Dglš LKŽe, DūnŽ 37, krautė Klp LKŽe, lubos Als LKŽe, pakreklys Dbk LKŽe, papalėpė Dkšt LKŽe, pariestinis Vkš, Trk, Mžk, Lž LKŽe, pastogė Dkš, Plv, Ašb, Jnš, Skr LKŽe, pastoginė Lk, Blv LKŽe, pažiobė LKŽ IX 723, užlos Šmk, An LKŽe, viršus Mrj, Skp, Pnd, Smal, Pl, Gršl, Slm, ut, Klt, Sl, Kp, Trš, Erž, Brs, Klp LKŽe, DūnŽ 443. Synonyms include two Slavic and two hybrid terms: eetaža (sl.) LazŽ 73, ąviškos (brus. вышкi) Pln, Skdv LKŽe, antgrytis (hibr.) Pc LKŽe, viršugrytis (hibr.) Pbr, Vb, Brž, Kp, Krs LKŽe. The room above the hostel is named by two synonymous terms of different origin – one Lithuanian and one Slavic: užlos užv, Škn, Kp, Kltn LKŽe, ėviškos (brus. вышкi) Dsm LKŽe. The group of names of transition rooms to other rooms consists of 25 synonyms of different origin. 16 terms are Lithuanian: butas LKA I 39, butukas Jrb, Prk, Vdk LKŽe, LKA I 39, nameliokas LKA I 39, namelis Sdk, Vžns, Dbk, Ds, Dgč LKŽe, LKA I 39, pirtikė Sl, Rk LKŽe, prieangis Mrs, Šv LKŽe, LKA I 38, prieangiukas LKA I 38, priebutis Trg, Šlu LKŽe, LKA I 39, priedas Sk LKŽe, priemenė Ktk, Mšg, Gg, Skp, Btr, Šš, Pls, Prl, Klt, Lš Dglš LKŽe, KaltŽ 228, ZanavŽ2 471, priemenyna Prng LKŽe, priemnelė LKA I 38, priešinė Ig, Krok, Mrj, Brt, Šn LKŽe, priešininkas Šv, Slnt LKŽe, prieškambaris LKA I 39, prynumis LKA I 39. The terms nameliokas, namelis, pirtikė are characterized by metonymy – the room is called by the name of the part of the residential house – the inn. In this case, the terms referring to the hostel and its premises are connected by the relationship of whole and part. The group of non-Lithuanian terms consists of two Slavic terms and one term of French origin, which probably entered into the Slavic languages: achtbūda (Brus. бyдa, L. buda) Kp LKŽe, achtsienis (L. sieė) Brs, Pp LKŽe, LazŽ 233, Terminology | 2010 | 17 137 2005. pp. 39. "Corridor TŽŽ 2005" (in French). This part of the house is also referred to by five hybrid terms: prygonkis Jrb, Skr LKŽe, LKA I 39, ėprieseklyčė LKA I 39, ėpriesienis Pt LKŽe, LKA I 38, ėpriestubis LKA I 39, ėssienelis LKA I 39, LKŽe. The room under the house is called by three synonyms – two Lithuanian and one Slavic: pogrindis Slv, Ar LKŽe, basement Ms, Slnt, Trk, Kln, Vrb LKŽe, ųsklepas (l. sklep) KzR, Vs, Všv, Lel, Krš, Nv LKŽe, DruskŽ 331, KaltŽ 277, LazŽ237, ZanavŽ3 85. One-seventh (13.7%) of the examined names consists of terms designating parts of residential houses. In this group of names, six synonyms for the sides of the house are mentioned. According to their origin, these are mainly Lithuanian terms (5): end Trgn, Ėr, Jnšk, Vkš, Kt, Šts LKŽe, DruskŽ 91, KaltŽ 67, KazlRŽ I 205, KupŽ I 583, LazŽ 74–75, ZanavŽ1 397–398, pryšininkė Šll, Grg, Skd, Dr, Šv, Rdn, Brs, Slnt LKŽe, triple end Erž LKŽe, opposite Mnm, Grd LKŽe, pirkia LKA I 34. In the line of synonyms there is one Slavism - grycia (Brus. грыднiца) LKA I 34, Tj, Paį LKŽe. The largest group of synonyms in this name group is the group of synonyms denoting a suffix (26 terms). Almost half of the synonyms are Lithuanian (12): butas LKA I 39, butelis LKA I 39, ZanavŽ1 201, butukas LKA I 39, priebutis LKA I 39, priešbutis LKA I 39, priešangis Mrs, Šv LKŽe, LKA I 39, priešangėlis LKA I 39, iškištinis LKA I 40, prieduris Sk LKŽe, priemenukė LKA I 40, priešinė Ig, Krok, Mrj, Brt, Šn LKŽe. One synonym is compound – good primary LKA I 40. The group of synonyms of foreign origin consists of three Slavic, one Latvian and one English term: gonkas (l. ganek, German Gang) An, ut, Ds, Sml LKŽe, KupŽ I 703, LazŽ 83, LKA I 39, ąbudarka (l. budovac) LKA I 40, ėssienius (l. sieė) Mžk LKŽe, LKA I 40, porūzis (la. puōrūzis) LKA I 40, veranda Sd, Dv LKŽe, LKA I 40, ZanavŽ3 627. There are also eight hybrids of this plant: gonkelė LKA I 39, gonkeliai LKA I 39, gonkikės LKA I 39, gonkiukai LKA I 39, priegonkis Nj LKŽe, LKA I 39, ėpriesienis LKA I 40, prygonkiukas LKA I 40, ėprisieniukas LKA I 40. One fifth (21.4%) of the terms examined refer to residential building constructions. It should be noted that synonyms are less common in this group. This can be explained by the fact that traditional Lithuanian buildings have a number of common structural characteristics. As already mentioned, traditional houses had log walls, corner buttresses, half-walls, 138 R. Stunžinas | Folk terms of the residential house and its main parts... four-sided or two-sided thatched roof, at the main entrance of the building (Butkevičius 1971: 145). In the group of names of building structures, a group of synonyms for foundations is first mentioned. It consists of three synonyms of different origin – Lithuanian, Slavic and hybrid: pamatas Kv, Ds LKŽe, LKA I 35, fundamentas (Brus. хундамент Fraenkel 1962: 305) KazlRŽ I 200, LKA I 35, pamūra (hibr.) LKA I 35. Synonymically, the species term is also used – the pair of names of the masonry foundation consists of one Slavic and one hybrid synonym: ępodmūrauka (l. podmurówka LKŽe) LKA I 36, pamūrė (hibr.) LKA I 35. There are large groups of terms for flooring. The flooring of a residential building is called 12 synonymous terms of different origin and composition. The group of single-word synonyms consists of 8 Lithuanian terms: asla Mrk, Grš, Kv LKŽe, DruskŽ 20, KazlRŽ I 29, LKA I 36, grendymas DruskŽ 111, KazlRŽ I 251, LazŽ 86, LKA I 37, ZanavŽ1 496, grinda Vs LKŽe, kluonas LKA I 37, laitas Šmn, Ps, Jnš, Alz, Kpr LKŽe, LKA I 37, grindinys is also named metaphorically – by the name of a part of the human body padas Žsl, Bgs, Skdt, Lkm, Nmč, Ldk, Vžns LKŽe, KaltŽ 195, LKA I 37. It is also called metonymy according to the constituent material: clay LKA I 37, earth LKA I 37, LKŽe. The group of synonyms includes one Latvian term – thin (latin. plāns) LKA I 37, Žml, Kri LKŽe. The group of compound synonyms consists of one term with both Lithuanian elements and two terms with Slavic main and Lithuanian dependent elements: molio grindys LKA I 37, ėmmolinė padlaga (l. podłoga, brus. пaдлогa) LKA I 37, ėmmolinis pamastas (l. pomost LKŽe) LKA I 37. Half less are the terms denoting the flooring of boards. Three synonyms are Lithuanian: asla KupŽ I 73, LKA I 36, grindys KazlRŽ 1 255, KupŽ I 742, LKA I 37, ZanavŽ1 507, paklotė LKA I 38, three synonyms are Slavic: ąpadlaga (l. podłoga, brus. пaдлoгa) Kls, Ūd, Jž, Erž LKŽe, LKA I 37, ZanavŽ2 302, ąpamastas (l. pomost) Dkšt, Aps, Slk, Prgn LKŽe, LKA I 38, ąparlagas (la. pārlags, plg. rus. пepeлoг LKŽe) LKA I 38. The vertical part of the building is named by two Lithuanian synonyms: siena Nmč, Als, Vdk, Kn, Lk, Žeml, Kpč, Dlgš, Sv, Ml, Žd LKŽe, DruskŽ 324, LazŽ 233, ZanavŽ3 47, sienojus Kpč, Lš LKŽe. The group of names of the border crossing consists of eight synonymous terms of different origin. Lithuanian synonyms are kampas Ašb, Tvr,