Informatikos ir kompiuterių įrangos žodynėlių terminijos skirtybės

Terminological Differences in Informatics and Computer Equipment Glossaries D I A N A Š I L O B R I T A I T Ė Institute of the Lithuanian Language The initial stage in the development of computer science terminology may be considered to span the period from the second half of the last century1. In 1963, 1966, and 1969, lists of computing technology terms were compiled and published as thematic Technical Terms booklets. In 1969, A. Trečiokaitė’s Dictionary of Informatics Terms (1969) appeared, followed in 1971 by the Russian–Lithuanian–English Dictionary of Computing Technology Terms (1971), compiled by V. Kairys, A. Kaminskas, Z. Kudirka, R. Kundrotienė, M. Lipšicas, A. Mačernius, J. Norkus, J. Riaubūnas, J. Stana itis, and B. Stulpinas. A little over ten years later, A. Trečiokaitė’s Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information Terms (1983) was published. In 1991, two small specialized glossaries were published: English–Lithuanian Glossary of MS-DOS Terms and Microsoft Exel for the Economist: Spreadsheet with Database and Business Graphics for IBM PC AT Personal Computers. English–Lithuanian Glossary. In 1993, A. Trečiokaitė’s Dictionary of Information Terms2 appeared. That same year, Viktoras Dagys, Audronė Klupšaitė, and Aidas Žandaris compiled a new explanatory English–Lithuanian glossary of computer science terms, Informatics and Computer Equipment (1993). The purpose of this glossary was “to help informatics specialists who want to purify their language” (IKĮ 1993: 4), since, as the authors write in the preface, “the biggest problem is that many users of computer technology give little thought to what to call one device, program, or operation or another, and blindly repeat English words” (IKĮ 1993: 4). Just two years after the aforementioned glossary appeared, the same team of authors published its second, revised edition, Informatics and Computer Equipment (1995). Taking into account the extensive comments from linguists and computer users 1 Apie prad inį kompiuterijos etapą rašė A. Kaulakienė (1975: 253–260; 2000: 23; 2006: 22). 2 This dictionary, as stated in its preface, “is a continuation of the work, begun earlier, to standardize Lithuanian information terminology (the Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information Terms was published in 1983)” (ITŽ 1993: 3). 68 D. Šilobritaitė | Informatikos ir kompiuterių įrangos žodynėlių terminijos skirtybės ’ comments, the authors supplemented the glossary with new terms, refined some terms and definitions, and hoped “that gradually, little by little, it would be possible to standardize most informatics and computer technology terms and get rid of many anglicisms that mar the Lithuanian language” (IKĮ 1995: 4). The aim of this article is to compare the terminology of the aforementioned informatics and computer equipment glossaries and show how it was standardized “little by little,” by discussing differences between the terms in the two glossaries and cases of synonymous expression. TERMINOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES 1. Differences in single-word terms In these glossaries, 11 differing single-word terms were identified (14.9% of all substitutions found). Six Lithuanian terms were replaced substantially, while five were changed only partially3: message4: communication IKĮ 1993 41 – message IKĮ 1995 53. In the second edition, the concept is broader, with two meanings given: “1) A block of data presented to the user as an indivisible unit. 2) In object-oriented programming, a message of information between separate objects” IKĮ 1995 53 (the first edition gives only the first meaning); port: port “The point at which an external device connects to the processor’s internal bus; a program can send data to ports or receive it from ports” IKĮ 1993 47 – connector “1) The point of connection between a device and a computer. <...>. 2) The point of interaction between two processes. 3) The address of fields used for communication with devices” IKĮ 1995 64; sort: sorting IKĮ 1993 56 – ordering IKĮ 1995 76. According to G. Grigas, arranging objects in a single sequence should be called ordering, while dividing objects into groups should be called sorting (Grigas 2008: 34). The definitions in both glossaries are identical: “the (ar)rangement of a set of objects according to a specified ordering relation” IKĮ 1993 56, IKĮ 1995 76. Two cases were found in which Lithuanian single-word terms are replaced by single-word terms of non-Lithuanian origin: route: path IKĮ 1993 54 – route 1995 72, style: arrangement IKĮ 1993 58 – style IKĮ 1995 79. It should be noted that the term arrangement is also given in the second edition, but under a different English term: format – 3. arrangement “text stored in memory 3 In dividing the substitutions into substantial and partial ones, A. Umbrasas’s classification is used (Umbrasas 2010: 218–219). 4 The English terms are written only once in the article, since they are identical in both editions. Terminologija | 2010 | 17 69 description of an element, i.e. a symbol, paragraph, or part of a document“ IKĮ 1995 37 (cf. style – “a set of rules for an element of text, i.e. a symbol, paragraph, or document section, stored in memory” IKĮ 1995 79). In one case, a non-Lithuanian one-word term is replaced by a Lithuanian one-word term: consistency: correctness IKĮ 1993 17 – consistency IKĮ 1995 22. In partially modified terms, the same root is retained and only the affixes are changed: failure: fault IKĮ 1993 26 – malfunction IKĮ 1995 34, layer: level IKĮ 1993 36 – layer IKĮ 1995 47, overflow: overflowing IKĮ 1993 45 – overflow IKĮ 1995 60. In one case, the headword of the term is changed: layerlisting: printout IKĮ 1993 37 – printing IKĮ 1995 48; in another, the headword of the first component of a compound term is changed (the second components are identical): flag: action marker IKĮ 1993 27 – action marker IKĮ 1995 36. 2. Differences in two-word terms Thirty-four changes were found among two-word computer science terms whose head component is a noun (45.9% of all changes found). They differ in one of the term’s components: the modifier or the head. Sixteen cases of changing the modifier component of a term are substantial, that is, a formally unrelated word was chosen as the replacement. Often a Lithuanian modifier is replaced by another Lithuanian one (7 cases): application domain: subject area IKĮ 1993 9 – application area IKĮ 1995 10, output data: final data IKĮ 1993 45 – output data IKĮ 1995 60, cache memory: fast memory IKĮ 1993 14 – reserve memory IKĮ 1995 16, escape key: output key IKĮ 1993 25 – exit key IKĮ 1995 33, volatile memory: volatile memory IKĮ 1993 62 – volatile memory IKĮ 1995 85, expanded memory (EMS): additional memory IKĮ 1993 25 – expanded memory IKĮ 1995 33, read-only memory (ROM): permanent memory IKĮ 1993 52 – read-only memory IKĮ 1995 70. There are cases in which a Lithuanian modifier is replaced by a hybrid or international one (a), a hybrid modifier is replaced by a Lithuanian one (b), and one non-Lithuanian modifier is replaced by another non-Lithuanian one (c): a) analog computer: continuous computer IKĮ 1993 9 – analog computer IKĮ 1995 9, time-division multiplexing: time multiplexing IKĮ 1993 60 – chronological multiplexing IKĮ 1995 81, routing: path selection IKĮ 1993 54 – route selection IKĮ 1995 72; b) digital computer: discrete computer IKĮ 1993 21 – digital computer IKĮ 70 D. Šilobritaitė | Informatikos ir kompiuterių įrangos žodynėliu terminijos skirtybės 1995 27, raster display: television display IKĮ 1993 52 – dot display IKĮ 1995 69; c) computer word: processor word IKĮ 1993 17 – computer word IKĮ 1995 21, computer language: processor language 1993 16 – computer language IKĮ 1995 21, hardware: computer equipment IKĮ 1993 29 – hardware IKĮ 1995 39. A separate case worth mentioning is that in which an English modifier is replaced by a Lithuanian one: while statement: while loop 1993 62 – conditional loop IKĮ 1995 85. There are 11 two-word terms in which the modifier has been partially changed. The following are noteworthy: bar code: hyphen code IKĮ 1993 12 – bar code IKĮ 1995 13, executive address: execution address IKĮ 1993 25 – executable address IKĮ 1995 33, restart: repeated start IKĮ 1993 53 – recurrent start IKĮ 1995 72, break key: interruption key IKĮ 1993 13 – interruption key IKĮ 1995 15, desktop system: worker system IKĮ 1993 20 – desktop system IKĮ 1995 27, failure access: fault access IKĮ 1993 26 – malfunction access IKĮ 1995 34, interactive environment: dialogue mode IKĮ 1993 33 – interactive mode IKĮ 1995 44, keyword parameter: key parameter IKĮ 1993 35 – keyword parameter IKĮ 1995 47, distribution kit: installation kit IKĮ 1993 22 – installable kit IKĮ 1995 29, extended memory (XMS): extended memory IKĮ 1993 25 – extended memory IKĮ 1995 34. One prepositional construction is replaced by a term with an uninflected modifier: error message: message about an error IKĮ 1993 25 – error message IKĮ 1995 33. Seven two-word terms differ in their head components (5 terms were substantially changed (a), 2 partially (b)): a) data integrity: data correctness IKĮ 1993 19 – data integrity IKĮ 1995 25, merge sort: merging sort IKĮ 1993 41 – merge sorting IKĮ 1995 53, communication port: communication port IKĮ 1993 15 – communication connector IKĮ 1995 19, cf. the terms discussed earlier: port IKĮ 1993 47 and connector IKĮ 1995 64, sorting IKĮ 1993 56 and sorting IKĮ 1995 76, interface: interface device IKĮ 1993 33 – interface apparatus IKĮ 1995 45, text processing: text preparation IKĮ 1993 60 – text preparation IKĮ 1995 81, b) justified alignment5: bilateral alignment IKĮ 1993 35 – two-sided justification IKĮ 1995 46, network layer: network level IKĮ 1993 42 – network layer IKĮ 1995 56, cf. also level IKĮ 1993 36 and layer IKĮ 1995 47. As can be seen, in one case (the first) a hybrid term is replaced by a Lithuanian one; in the others, one Lithuanian term is replaced by another. 5 In the first edition, the spelling of the English term differs: alignement IKĮ 1993 35. Terminologija | 2010 | 17 71 3. Differences among three-word terms Eleven three-word term variants were found (14.9% of all variants found). Like two-word terms, three-word terms differ in one component (main or subordinate, or two subordinate components). Two three-word terms differ in their main components (a Lithuanian term is replaced by another Lithuanian term): dump: memory contents printout IKĮ 1993 22 – memory contents presentation IKĮ 1995 30, open systems interconnection: interface of open systems IKĮ 1993 44 – connection of open systems IKĮ 1995 59. These are cases of substantial change. Five cases were found in which the terms differ by one subordinate component (four cases involve partial replacement (a), one involves substantial replacement (b)): a) double negation law: law of double negation IKĮ 1993 22 – law of double negation IKĮ 1995 30, network layer protocol: network (layer) protocol IKĮ 1993 42 – network-layer protocol IKĮ 1995 56, cf. also level IKĮ 1993 36 and layer IKĮ 1995 47, restart point: restart point IKĮ 1993 53 – restart point IKĮ 1995 72, return key: end-of-line key IKĮ 1993 54 – line-end key IKĮ 1995 72, b) user interface: user interaction tools IKĮ 1993 61 – user interface tools IKĮ 1995 83. Four cases were found in which both subordinate components of a three-word term differ: input-output controller: peripheral device controller IKĮ 1993 32 – input and output controller IKĮ 1995 43, warm restart: restart from memory IKĮ 1993 62 – partial restart IKĮ 1995 85, last in first out (LIFO): stack processing order IKĮ 1993 36 – reverse order IKĮ 1995 47, session (layer) protocol: session (layer) protocol IKĮ 1993 55 – session-layer protocol IKĮ 1995 75, cf. also network (layer) protocol IKĮ 1993 42 and network-layer protocol IKĮ 1995 56, cf. also level IKĮ 1993 36 and layer IKĮ 1995 47. 4. Variants with different numbers of components Comparing the terminology in IKĮ 1993 and IKĮ 1995, it is evident that the authors intended to clarify some of the terms in IKĮ 1995 (18 cases, i.e. 24.3% of all variants). The following terms have more clarifying components (12 cases): hard disk: disk IKĮ 1993 29 – hard disk IKĮ 1995 39, latency: delay IKĮ 1993 36 – delay time IKĮ 1995 47, simulation: modeling IKĮ 1993 56 – development modeling IKĮ 1995 76, style sheet: style IKĮ 1993 58 – IKĮ 1995 style sheet 79, object-oriented language: object language IKĮ 1993 43 – object-oriented programming language IKĮ 1995 58, output format: data format 72 D. Šilobritaitė | Informatikos ir kompiuterių įrangos žodynėlių terminijos skirtybės IKI 1993 45 – output data format IKI 1995 60, process image: process state IKI 1993 48 – process state image IKI 1995 66, linker: linkage editor IKI 1993 37 – linkage editor program IKI 1995 48, for statement: for loop IKI 1993 27 – loop with a known number of iterations IKI 1995 37, gateway server: switching station IKI 1993 29 – network interface station IKI 1995 38. IKI 1995 also corrected a pair of unacceptable terms found in IKI 1993: footer: bottom running title IKI 1993 27 – bottom page heading IKI 1995 36, header: top running title IKI 1993 30 – top page heading IKI 1995 40. There are also contrary cases—some terms in IKI 1993 have fewer clarifying components in IKI 1995: bootstrap loader: bootstrap program IKI 1993 13 – loader program IKI 1995 15, work station: (computerized) workstation IKI 1993 63 – workstation IKI 1995 86, artificial intelligence: computer intelligence IKI 1993 10 – intelligence IKI 1995 11, bootstrap: bootstrap IKI 1993 13 – loader IKI 1995 15, borrow: borrowed carry IKI 1993 13 – borrow IKI 1995 15. It seems that in both cases one can discern the authors' efforts to standardize terminology. A variant worth mentioning separately is computer science: computer science IKI 1993 16 – informatics IKI 1995 21. In the first edition of the glossary, the term computer science is not considered a synonym of the term informatics and is defined as follows: computer science “a general name for a group of disciplines that study various aspects of the application and development of computers: programming, applied mathematics, programming languages and operating systems, computer intelligence” IKI 1993 16–17; cf. informatics “the science of information, its transmission, accumulation, storage and processing. This term is used mainly in European countries and is largely associated with theoretical aspects—in this it differs from the term “computer science,” which usually refers to applied aspects” IKI 1993 32. In the second edition of the glossary, the terms computer science and informatics are treated as synonyms: computer science: informatics “the science that studies information, its transmission, accumulation, storage and processing. The term “computer science” is more widespread in English-speaking countries and is a synonym for the term “informatics”” IKI 1995 21; informatics: informatics “the science that studies information, its transmission, accumulation, storage and processing. The term “informatics” is most commonly used in European countries and is a synonym for the term “computer science”” IKI 1995 42. Terminologija | 2010 | 17 7 3 SYNONYMIC EXPRESSION OF TERMS In ĮKĮ 1993 and ĮKĮ 1995, both single-word and multiword synonymous terms were found, which are conveniently examined in synonym series. In the glossaries, they are separated by commas. The first edition of the glossary includes synonyms that differ in the number of components. 1. Synonymy of single-word terms Single-word synonymous terms make up 24.2% of all synonyms found in ĮKĮ 1993 and 46.7% in ĮKĮ 1995. In the article, they are divided into Lithuanian-origin synonyms and synonyms of various origins. 1.1. LITHUANIAN-ORIGIN SYNONYMOUS TERMS Four two-term synonym series of Lithuanian terms were found in ĮKĮ 1993: account: paskyra, prieškyra ĮKĮ 1993 7, call: kreipinys, iškvieta ĮKĮ 1993 14, file: byla, rinkmena ĮKĮ 1993 26, overlay: perdanga, sanklota ĮKĮ 1993 45. In the second edition of the glossary, only one of the aforementioned synonym series was retained: byla, rinkmena ĮKĮ 1995 35. The second edition contains none of the other synonym series. It includes only paskyra ĮKĮ 1995 7, kreipinys ĮKĮ 1995 16, and perdanga ĮKĮ 1995 60. This, too, would indicate the glossary authors’ aim of standardizing computing terms. 1.2. SYNONYMOUS TERMS OF VARIOUS ORIGINS ĮKĮ 1995 lists more synonymous terms of various origins than ĮKĮ 1993. Some of the two-term synonym series in the two glossaries are identical: equivalence: ekvivalentumas, lygiavertiškumas ĮKĮ 1993 24, ĮKĮ 1995 32, operation: veiksmas, operacija ĮKĮ 1993 45, ĮKĮ 1995 59, range: intervalas, atkarpa ĮKĮ 1993 51 (in the second edition, the Lithuanian term is listed first: range: atkarpa, intervalas ĮKĮ 1995 69). ĮKĮ 1995 has three new two-term synonym series: character: ženklas, simbolis ĮKĮ 1995 17, cf. simbolis ĮKĮ 1993 15, display: displejus, monitorius 1995 29, cf. displėjus ĮKĮ 1993 22, modem: vertiklis, modemas ĮKĮ 1995 54, cf. vartiklis ĮKĮ 1993 41. The synonym series attribute: požymis, atributas, listed in ĮKĮ 1993 11, does not appear in the second edition. It includes only the Lithuanian term požymis ĮKĮ 1995 12. 74 D. Šilobritaitė | Informatikos ir kompiuterių įrangos žodynėlių terminijos skirt ybės 2. Synonymy of compound terms More compound synonymous terms were found in the first edition of the glossary than in the second. They account for 60.6% (i.e., 20 synonym rows) of all synonym rows found (in the second edition, 53.3% (i.e., 8 synonym rows)). The synonymous terms found are divided into two-word and three-word terms. 2.1. SYNONYMY OF TWO-WORD TERMS In IKI 1993, 17 rows of two-word synonyms were found (51.5% of all synonyms found), while in IKI 1995 there were 6 (40% of all synonyms found). They include synonyms that differ in both secondary and primary constituents. The synonymous secondary constituents of two-word terms are of two kinds: in some cases both secondary constituents are Lithuanian, while in others one constituent is Lithuanian and the other hybrid. Priešingai nei IKI 1993, pvz.: absolute pathname: visas vardas, pilnas vardas IKI 1993 7, AND element: sutapties elementas, IR elementas IKI 1993 9, OR element: surinkimo elementas, ARBA elementas IKI 1993 45, output primitive: piešinio elementas, vaizdo elementas IKI 1993 45, write statement: rašymo sakinys, spausdinimo sakinys IKI 1993 63, šalutiniais lietuviškais dėmenimis besiskiriančių sinonimų IKI 1995 nerasta. Jame paliktas tik vienas iš sinonimų: visas vardas IKI 1995 7, IR elementas IKI 1995 9, ARBA elementas IKI 1995 60, vaizdo elementas IKI 1995 60, rašymo sakinys IKI 1995 87. Kitų sudėtinių terminų tiek IKI 1993, tiek IKI 1995 dvinarės sinonimų eilutės skiriasi šalutiniais dėmenimis, kurie yra įvairiakilmiai: associative law: junglumo dėsnis, asociatyvumo dėsnis IKI 1993 11, IKI 1995 12, commutative law: perstatomumo dėsnis, komutatyvumo dėsnis IKI 1993 15, IKI 1995 19, distributive law: skirstomumo dėsnis, distributyvumo dėsnis IKI 1993 22, IKI 1995 29, global variable: visuotinis kintamasis, globalusis kintamasis IKI 1993 29, IKI 1995 38, local variable: lokalusis kintamasis, vietinis kintamasis IKI 1993 38, o IKI 1995 49 pirmuoju pateikiamas terminas su lietuvišku šalutiniu dėmeniu: local variable: vietinis kintamasis, lokalusis kintamasis. The two-item synonym row from the second edition online mode: direct mode, non-autonomous mode IKI 1995 58 should be assigned to this group; it is absent from the first edition because the concept is not recorded there at all. IKI 1995 no longer contains two-word, two-item synonym rows whose synonymous secondary constituents are of different origins: dynamic program loading: Terminologija | 2010 | 17 75 dynamic relocation, dynamic relocation IKI 1993 23, cf. IKI 1995 30 dynamic relocation: dynamic adjustment, dynamic adjustment IKI 1993 23, precedence rule: action priorities, operation priorities IKI 1993 47; cf. IKI 1995 65, where the term precedence rule is used to name this concept. Two-word terms with synonymous primary constituents were found only in IKI 1993: active file: open file, active file IKI 1993 7, data link: data link, data channel IKI 1993 19, token: special signal, special character IKI 1993 60. 2.2. SYNONYMY OF THREE-WORD TERMS Instances of synonymy among three-word terms were found in both IKI 1993 (3 instances, i.e. 9.1% of all synonyms found) and IKI 1995 (2 instances, i.e. 13.3% of all synonyms found). The one-word synonymous terms in IKI 1993, byla and rinkmena, were mentioned earlier. Along with them, IKI 1993 includes not only the previously mentioned two-word terms, but also three-word terms: random file: tiesioginės išrankos byla, tiesioginės išrankos rinkmena IKI 1993 51, file extension: bylos (vardo) plėtinys, rinkmenos (vardo) plėtinys IKI 1993 27, file server: bylų aptarnavimo stotis, rinkmenų aptarnavimo stotis IKI 1993 27. The synonymous modifying elements of the three-word terms given in IKI 1995 are of different origins (one Lithuanian, the other hybrid): relational database: sąryšinė duomenų bazė, reliacinė duomenų bazė IKI 1995 71, relational data model: sąryšinis duomenų modelis, reliacinis duomenų modelis IKI 1995 71. These terms do not occur in IKI 1993. 3. Synonyms with Different Numbers of Elements Only the first edition of the glossary contained synonyms differing in the number of elements (5 instances, i.e. 15.2% of all synonyms found): chip: integrinė schema, lustas IKI 1993 15, NOT element: inverteris, NE elementas IKI 1993 43, loader: keiliklis, kelties programa IKI 1993 38, spreadsheet: skaičiuoklė, dinaminė lentelė IKI 1993 57, relocatable loader: derinamasis keiliklis, derinamoji kelties programa IKI 1993 53. In the second edition, the synonymy has disappeared, with only one of each pair retained: chip: lustas IKI 1995 18, NE elementas IKI 1995 57, kelties programa IKI 1995 49, skaičiuoklė IKI 1995 77, while the terms derinamasis keiliklis, derinamoji kelties programa IKI 1993 53 are no longer included. 76 D. Šilobritaitė | Informatikos ir kompiuterių įrangos žodynėlių terminijos skirtybės CONCLUSIONS 1. Computer terminology lexicography has a history of only four decades. The publication of the glossaries Informatikos ir kompiuterinės įrangos (1993) and Informatikos ir kompiuterių įrangos (1995), in addition to the previously published Informatikos terminų žodyno (1969) and Rusų–lietuvių–anglų kalbų skaičiavimo technikos terminų žodyno (1971), was an important impetus for the further development of computer terminology lexicography. Both glossaries feature terms that vary as well as synonymous terms. 2. Comparing the terminology of the two glossaries revealed instances of variation in one-word, two-word, three-word, and other terms. Two-word terms show the greatest variation, accounting for 45.9% of all instances of term variation found. Eleven instances of variation were found in both one-word and three-word computer terms (14.9% each). There were 18 instances of term replacement (24.3% of all replacements), in which the terms in IKĮ 1995 have more (12 replacements) or fewer (6 replacements) specifying terms. 3. Both glossaries include one-word and compound synonymous terms. Thirty-three synonymous terms were found in IKĮ 1993, and 15 in IKĮ 1995. In IKĮ 1993, two-word synonymous terms are the most numerous. They account for as much as 51.5% of all synonymous terms found (17 synonym entries). One-word synonymous terms make up 24.2% of the terms in IKĮ 1993, three-word terms 9.1%, and synonyms with different numbers of elements 15.2% of all synonyms listed. In IKĮ 1995, one-word synonymous terms make up 46.7%, two-word terms 40%, and three-word terms 13.3% of the synonyms found. The first edition of the glossary contained synonyms differing in the number of elements (5 instances, i.e. 15.2% of all synonyms found). 4. Analysis of both editions leads to the conclusion that the second edition is more advanced than the first in terms of lexicography, and its standardizing aspect is clearly evident. It contains far fewer synonyms, although it is larger than the glossary in the first edition. ŠALTINIAI IKĮ 1993 – V. Dagys, A. Klupšaitė, A. Žandaris. Informatika ir kompiuterinė įranga, Vilnius. IKĮ 1995 – V. Dagys, A. Klupšaitė, A. Žandaris. Informatika ir kompiuterių įranga, Vilnius. LITERATŪRA Grigas G. 2008: Kompiuterijos leksika ir terminija. – Sანტalka 16 (2), Vilnius. ITŽ 1993: Informacijos terminų žodynas, Vilnius. Terminologija | 2010 | 17 77 Kaulakienė A. 1975: Trikalbis terminų žodynas. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 16, Vilnius. Kaulakienė A. 2000: Kompiuterijos terminijos sinonimija: yda ar būtinybė. – Terminologija 6, Vilnius. Kaulakienė A. 2006: Naujausios technologijos ir kompiuterijos terminija. – Santalka 14 (4), Vilnius. Umbrasas A. 2010: Lietuvių teisės terminija 1918–1940 metais (pagrindinių kodeksų terminai), Vilnius. DIFFERENCES OF TERMINOLOGY IN DICTIONARIES OF INFORMATICS AND COMPUTER EQUIPMENT Lithuanian terminography of computer science and engineering has a history of four decades. The publication of Informatikos terminų žodynas (Dictionary of informatics) (1969) and Rusų–lietuvių–anglų kalbų skaičiavimo technikos terminų žodynas (Russian-Lithuanian-English dictionary of computer equipment terms) (1971), followed by Informatika ir kompiuterinė įranga: aiškinamasis anglų–lietuvių kalbų terminų žodynėlis (Informatics and computer equipment: concise explanatory English–Lithuanian dictionary of terms) (1993) and its second edition Informatika ir kompiuterių įranga: aiškinamasis anglų–lietuvių kalbų terminų žodynėlis (1995) gave an impulse to further development of terminology in this field. The aim of this article is to compare terminology in two dictionaries – Informatika ir kompiuterinė įranga (1993) and Informatika ir kompiuterių įranga (1995) and to show attempts at term normalization discussing different terms and synonymy in both dictionaries. The analysis shows that the largest number of differences can be found in the group of two-word terms. Such differences comprise 45.9% of all cases. 14.9% of term changes in the later edition were made in regard to both one-word and three-word terms. Attempts to find a more precise or correct term can also be observed in the group of terms which differ in number of components. Different terms make up 24.3% in this group. In both dictionaries synonymous one-word and complex terms can be found. There are 33 synonymous terms in the first edition and 15 in the second edition. In the first edition the majority of synonymous terms are two-word terms. They make up 51.5% of all synonymous terms. Synonymous one-word terms make 24.2%, three-word terms – 9.1%, other cases of synonymy – 15.2%. In the second edition there are 46.7% of synonymous one-word terms, 40% of two-word terms and 13.3% of three-word terms. The analysis of both editions leads to the conclusion that in respect of terminology the second edition was better, efforts towards normalization in this edition are clearly visible. It presents a larger number of terms and includes fewer synonyms. Gauta 2010-12-01 Diana Šilobritaitė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected] 78 D. Šilobritaitė | Informatikos ir kompiuterių įrangos žodynėlių terminijos skirtybės