Sudurtinių lietuviškų ir latviškų augalų genčių vardų darybos ypatumai

5 4 S. Labanauskienė | Peculiarities of the formation of compound Lithuanian and Sudurtinių lietuviškų ir latviškų Latvian plant genus names... SOlvIta laBaNaUSkIENė Institute of Lithuanian Language INTRODUCTION The three-volume Flora of the Baltic Countries (1993–2003) (hereinafter referred to as Flora), published in Tartu, describes plants growing in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia – spore and seed vessels (except mosses). In Latin, all taxa – division, class, order, family, genus, species, subspecies – are listed, while in Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian and Russian only the names of plant genera and species are listed. After the nomenclatural section, Flora gives a short biological and morphological description of each taxon (plant growth location, size, flowering time, explanations).Flora is the first such a compendium of plant names, in which plant names are presented in Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian languages. Since 1979, authors from Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian universities and academies of sciences have been preparing Flora. Lithuanian names of plants were provided to Flora by Živilė Lazdauskaitė (Vilnius Pedagogical University), Domas Smaliukas (Vilnius Pedagogical University), Algirdas Stankevičius (Environmental Protection Agency), Ramunėlė Jankevičienė (Institute of Botany), Jūratė Balevičienė (Institute of Botany) and others. Latvian names for plants were proposed by botanists Edgars Vimba (University of Latvia), Alfreds Rasiņš (Latvian Plant Protection Research Centre), Laima Tabaka (Institute of Biology), Irēna Fatare (Institute of Biology) and others (see Flora 1993: 9). Flora contains more than 500 Latin names of plant genera, but not every plant genus name has a Lithuanian or Latvian equivalent. In total, about 430 Lithuanian and almost 460 Latvian names of plant genera are presented. The aim of this paper is to examine the enriched Lithuanian and Latvian plant genus names according to the types of construction, to compare Lithuanian and Latvian constructions and to identify their similarities and differences. The object of the study consists of 118 Lithuanian and 209 Latvian enriched names of plant genera. Lithuanian Terminology | 2010 | 17 5 5 In the article Lithuanian plant genera and species names, the terminologist Kazimieras Gaivenis has examined all the plant names, including the compound names, presented in the flora of the Lithuanian SSR (1959–1980). It is also referred to in this article. When using examples in the article, the Latin name of the plant genus is given first, followed by the Lithuanian and Latvian names. Roman numerals indicate the volume of Flora, Arabic numerals indicate the page from which the term was taken. In cases where the Lithuanian or Latvian name of the plant does not correspond to the claim in question, the reference is given cf. LITHUANIAN AND LATVIAN OVERVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT OF BOTANICS At the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, the first works on botany, written in Latin and Polish, appeared in Lithuania and abroad. The French physician and botanist Jean Emanuel Gilibert (his work Flora Litvanica inchoata, Grodnae, 1781; Vilnae, 1782), the famous Lithuanian botanist and creator of botanical nomenclature in Polish Stanisław Bonifacy Jundziłł, who described the Lithuanian flora in the book Opisanie roslin litewskich (Wilno, 1811), his nephew Juozapas Jundziłł, who also wrote a work in the field of botany – Opisanie roslin w Litwie, na Wołyniu, Podolu i Ukrainie... (Wilno, 1830). The works of other scientists, such as the German naturalist Johann Georg Adam Forster and the Polish botanist and zoologist Stanisław Batys Górski, also had a great influence on the systematics of botany. Only from the beginning of the 19th century began works written in Lithuanian, describing Lithuanian flora and presenting a Lithuanian nomenclature of plants (Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža, Juozapas Fedoravičius, Laurynas Rokas Ivinskis). In 1938, the Lithuanian Dictionary of Botany was published, compiled by the Botanical Dictionary Commission headed by Liudas Vailionis and edited by the botanist and plant physiologist Jonas Dagis. Later studies of Lithuanian flora were summarized in the six-volume Flora of the Lithuanian SSR (1959–1980). In 1998, the Institute of Botanics published another important publication, approved by the Botanical Dictionary Commission, Botanical Names Dictionary, compiled by Ramunėlė Jankevičienė. The beginning of Latvian botany terminology management is considered the end of the 19th century. First of all, the Latvian botanical terminology manager Janis Ilster 5 6 S. Labanauskienė | The composition of Lithuanian and Latvian plant genus names... (Jānis Ilsters), who in 1883 compiled the first Latvian textbook of botany Botanika, for national schools and self-study (Botānika tautas skolām un pašmācībai). Two books written in German are also important for the flora of Latvia: Flora von est-, Liv und Kurland by Johans Klinge (Reval, 1882) and Flora von Polnisch-Livland by Eduards Lēmanis (Dorpat, 1895). After the First World War, Pauls Galenieks became involved in terminology, and in 1950 he published his Botanical Dictionary (Botāniskā vārdnīca). In 1953–1959, a group of authors led by P. Galenieks prepared and published the four-volume Flora of the Latvian SSR (Latvijas PSr flora). In the 21st century, botany research has continued – in 2003, Inese Ēdelmane (Inese Ēdelmane) and Ārija Ozola (Ārija Ozola) published the book Latvian Plant Names (Latviešu valodas augu nosaukumi) (see Piete 2008: 46-51). SuDuRTINIų LIETuVIŠKų IR LATVIŠKų The most productive form of word formation in Lithuanian terminology is the prepositional form (see Keinys 2005: 21), while the conjugation takes the second place in terms of the number of constructs used (see Keinys 2005: 129). In Lithuanian, consonants are joined with or without a connecting vowel. Of the compound names of Lithuanian plant genera presented in Flora, 65 were found with a connecting vowel, and 54 without it. Dūrinių sandai jungiami balsiais -a,-ia,-ė,-o,-io,-i. In Latvian terminology, the dominant way of making is by stitching (see Skujiņa 2002: 88). In Latvian, two words can be joined in two ways: syntactically and syntactically morphologically. When building words syntactically, the first sand may be the noun's vowel or the entire singular or plural noun form, the second sand ending remains unchanged. The syntactic morphological (or derivative) way of constructing compound words includes cases where the first sand usually passes the root of the word1, and the second sand gets a new ending of the construct or the whole ending of the word (prefix and ending) (see. MLLVG 1959: 198-199; Skujiņa 2002: 92-94). In Lithuanian, it is common to rely on two basic words. 1 V. Skujiņa has analyzed the terminology of technical sciences and found that in more than 94% of the consonants the first syllable consists of a word part without an ending, and only about 6% of the consonants the first syllable has retained an ending (see V. Skujiņa. Skujiņa 2002: 92). 2010 | 17 5 7 consists of root and affix) (MLLVG 1959: 84). The first and second syllables of a verb are considered to be part of the same language. The enriched Lithuanian and Latvian names of plant genera presented in Flora are of six types (see table): 1) enriched names with noun conjugation, 2) enriched names with adjective and noun conjugation, 3) enriched names with noun and adjective conjugation, 4) enriched names with numeral and noun conjugation, 5) enriched names with adverb and noun conjugation, 6) enriched names with noun and verb conjugation. Table. Types of composition of compound Lithuanian and Latvian plant genus names Dūrinių sandai Lithuanian plant genus names Latvian plant genus names genus names Noun + noun 83 149 Adjective + noun 15 52 Numeral + noun 25 Adverb + noun - 1 Noun + verb 10 - Noun + adjective 1 - Vague actions 7 2 All Lithuanian and Latvian names of plant genera found in Flora are connective punctuation. This is the case when one dot defines another, narrowing its meaning (see Kvašytė 2005: 31). Usually, one of these stitches is supportive. No joint stitches with two independent stitches were found. The most abundant group of noun conjugations are those based on general nouns. The Flora contains 83 Lithuanian and 149 Latvian names of compound plant genera, both of which are nouns, e.g.: lat. Bolboschoenus – lit. liūnmeldis (: liūnas, meldas) – latv. gummeldrs (: gums "bulb, root tuber", meldrs "melds") III 326; lot. Cichorium – liet. trūkažolė (: trūkis„toks susirgimas“,žolė), plg. latv. chicory III 42; 5 8 S. Labanauskienė | The composition of Lithuanian and Latvian plant genus names... lot. 2nd ed. (in Latin) (ed.). camel grass (: camel ‘camel, grass’) I 220; lot. euphorbia – leaves. Karpažolė (: karpa, žolė) – Latvian dievkrēsliņš (: Dievs "God", krēsliņš "chair") II 171; latin. Fumaria – lit. žvirbliarūtė (: žvirblis, rūta) – Latvian matuzāle (: mats "hair", zāle "grass") I 299; lot. Glaux – song. pienažolė (: pienas, žolė) – Latvian pienzāle (: piens “milk”, grass ‘grass’) II 247; lot. "Sword, Swords, Swords" (in Swedish). sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. baltdadzis (: balts "white", dadzis "lip") III 31; lot. "Leymus – lietuviška rugiagėlė (: rugis, veidas "veidas"") - latv. 257; lat. "Leonurus - lit. sukatžolė (: sukatos "drought, tuberculosis, grass"), plg. latv. mother II 295; lot. Salsola – latv. sālszāle (: salt "salt", grass "grass"), cf. lit. druskė I 225; lot. Sambucus – lit. elderberry (: elderberry, tree) – latv. elderberry (: plušķis2 „driskius“, wood „tree“) II 350; lot. 1999. (in Lithuanian) Vikša, Vytautas, ed. meldrs III 325; lot. Solanum – lit. karklavijas3 (: karklas, vija), cf. latv. naktene II 311; lot. Taxus – lit. kukmedis (: kukas, tree), cf. lat. īve I 156; lot. Triglochin – lit. narytžolė (: naryčia "a certain udder disease", grass), plg. latv. āžloks (: āzis "goat", loks "link") III 196; lot. Zostera - latv. jūraszāle (: jūra ‘sea’, zāle ‘grass’), cf. lit. andras III 209. It should be noted that some of the combined Lithuanian and Latvian names of plant genera are characterized by the common second syllable grass (Latvian: zāle): with it there are 24 Lithuanian names (about 30%), Latvian – 14 (about 10%). In many cases, the names of plant genera composed of two nouns are not original, but derived from classical languages (see Gaivenis 1985: 169), e.g.: lat. Cynoglossum (Greek: kynos "dog", glossa "tongue") – Lit. dog, big "tongue" – Lat. dog's tongue (: dog "dog", tongue "tongue") II 283; lot. Ophioglossum (Greek: ofis, ophios "white", glossa "tongue") - Lit. lizard, large "tongue" - Lat. čūsktobele (: čūska „gyvatė“, tobele „liežuvėlis“) I 138. There are several names for the genus, the first of which is a proper noun. 2 Lithuanian names of plant genera are composed with the name Jonas, 7 Latvian punches have the real name Jānis or the mythological Latvian name māra in the first sand: 2 Sietina are ideas. *pleus- “(out)keeping; worn wool, worn feathers, a strand of hair” (Karulis 2001: 705). 3 Kazimieras Būga, discussing bicamenous compound nouns with singular noun endings -as and -a, refers to the plant name karklavijos: karklas + *vija „stipes“ – skr. vayā ‘Zweig’ (German for ‘twig’) (see Būga 1958: 212). 2010. pp. 175–177. "The 1892–1893 season" (PDF). matteuccia – lit. jonpapartis (: John, lot. Hypericum – liet. jonažolė (: Jonas,žolė), plg. latv. asinszāle (: asins„kraufern), plg. latv. strauspaparde (: strauss "ost", paparde "parrot") I 145; lot. ribes – Latvian blackcurrant (: Jānis „Jonas”, oga „uoga”), plg. let. Serbentas II 32; lot. Pedicularis – latv. spruce (: Jānis „Jonas“, spruce „eglutė“), cf. let. Glinde II 335; lot. armoracia – Latvian horseradish (: māra, rutks “ridikas”), cf. let. horseradish I 310; lot. Thymus – Latvian: mārsils (: māra, sils „shilas“), cf. let. thyme II 303; lot. Bellis – in Latvian, a flower (: māra, flower „gėlelė“), cf. let. sun III 157; lot. Silybum – Latvian burdock (: māra, burdock "mouth"), plg. let. marginis III 32; lot. Hierochloe – latv. marsilga (: māra, smilga „smilga”), plg. let. Stumpgrass (: stump, grass) III 273. The second syllable of the names of all of the above-mentioned Lithuanian and Latvian compound plant genera indicates a plant (fern, spruce, spruce, etc.). Quite often, the second sand of Latvian noun punches consists of a noun with a diminutive suffix (see Ēdelmane 1978: 101), such punches are 44 – they make up about 30% of all Latvian noun compound plant genus names, e.g.: lat. echinocystis – latv. stingray (: stingray "deep, deep, deep", cucumber "agurkas" + -ītis), cf. lit. string II 199; lot. Kochia – latv. vasareglėte (: vasara „summer“, eglė „eglė“ + -īte), cf. lit. kochija I 219; lot. Sparganium - latv. hežgalvīte (: hedgehog, head + -īte), cf. lit. 320; lot. Gnaphalium – Latvian rabbit’s heel (: rabbit “kitty”, foot “foot” + -iņa), cf. let. puff III 153; lot. moneses – latv. sūnactiņa (: sūnas „samanos”, aca „akis” + -iņa), cf. let. 236; lot. Lythrum – Latvian windmill (: vējš „winds”, miets „cuola” + -iņš), cf. let. rubella II 200; lot. Tanacetum - Latv. biškrēsliņš (: bite „bee“, krēsls „chair“ + -iņš), cf. lit. bitkrėslė (: bitė, krėslas), skaistenis III 163; lat. Thalictrum latv. saulkrēsliņš (: saule „sun“, krēsls „chair“ + -iņš), cf. 290 and Vol. Lithuanian punctuations with a minor suffix on the second syllable were not found in Flora – Lithuanian usually relies on non-prepositional base words. If new words are made from the same base word again, so-called word-making fannies appear (Gaivenis 2002: 48; see also Kvašytė 2005: 23). There is no equivalent term in Latvian terminology, but 6 0 S. Labanauskienė | Compound names of Lithuanian and Latvian genus names of plants... this is a feature of the construction that has been raised by the Latvian linguist Ojārs Bušs (see Bušs 2008: 255). There are a number of examples in both languages, but in the Latvian botanical nomenclature there is a larger number of them, for example: Latin aethusa – Lithuanian šunpetrė (: dog, Peter) – Latvian. suņpartersīlis (: suns ‘dog’, parsley ‘parsley’) II 222; lot. "Dog, Dog, Dog" (feat. kamolzāle (: kamols „ball“, zāle „grass“) III 314; lat. rhamnus – lit. šunobelė (: dog, apple), cf. lat. pabērzs II 179; lot. "Tripleurospermum – lit. šunramunis (: dog, chamomile)". suņkumelīte (: sun „dog”, chamomile „chamomile”) III 174; lot. Conium – latv. suņstobrs (: suns "dog", barbs "pipe"), cf. lit. mauda 222; lat. antennaria – lit. catfoot (: cat, foot) – lat. kaķēpēdiņa (: kaķis „katė“, quotation mark „pėdutė“) III 152; lot. Nepeta – lit. katžolė (: katė, žolė) – lat. kaķumētra (: kaķis, „katė“, mētra ‘mint; 299; lat. amaranthus – latv. kaķaste (: kaķis, „katė“, aste „tail“), cf. lit. burnotis I 228; lat. Lathyrus – lit. pea (: mouse, pea), plg. latv. dedestiņa II 151; lot. "Falco tinnunculus (Falco tinnunculus)". www.nature.com.au. vējagrāķi (: vējš ‘wind’, buckwheat ‘buckwheat’) I 204; lat. epilobium – lit. ožkarožė (: ožka, rožė) – lat. kazroze (: kaza ‘ožka’, roze “rose”) II 205; lot. Pimpinella – lit. goat's weed (: goat, grass), plg. latv. noraga II 218; lot. Libanotis – latv. briežsakne (: deer "deer", root "root"), cf. lit. skarenis II 220; lat. Hirschfeldia – lit. unspecified – latv. briežzvēre (: elk "deer", zvēre "wild mustard") I 327; lot. Thesium – lit. linlapis (: linai, lapas) – lat. linlape (: lins „linas“, lapa „lapas“) I 187; lot. Linaria – lit. flaxseed (: flax, grass), plg. latv. 318; lat. ammophila – Lithuanian sandpiper (: sand, lendrė "common reed") – lat. kāpuniedre (: kāpa "heap", reed "cane") III 281; lat. ammocalamagrostis – lit. sand oak (: sand, oak "plant of the reed family") – lat. kāpuciesa (: kāpa „group”, ciesa „leaf”) III 281; lot. "Pulatilla – lit. šilagėlė (: šilas, gėlė)" (in Latvian). silpurene (: sils ‘cold’, purene ‘puriena’) I 273; lot. 1999. (in Polish) Żywiec, Łukasz. brūklene II 241; pastenis I 243; lot. Nymphaea - Lat. waterrose (: ūdens „water“, roze „rose“), cf. lit. water lily I 264; Terminology | 2010 | 17 6 1 lot. Coronopus – Latvian crow's foot (: vārna "raven", pēda "foot") – lit. varnakolot. Comarum – Latvian crown (: crown "raven", leg "cow"), cf. jė (: varna,koja) I 335; let. sudras II 67; lot. myosoton – Latvian water-driven (: ūdens "water", virza "lizard"), cf. let. lat. Lemna – latv. ūdenzieds (: water „vanduo“, flower „flowers“), cf. lit. flūdena III 318. The first sand of the Lithuanian and Latvian punch, which is common for word formation, usually consists of the name of the animal: lietuv. katė – latviešu. cat, lie. dog – latv. dog, let. mouse – latv. mouse, lit. ožka – latv. cattle, litter. varna – latv. crow and others. As can be seen from the given examples, the Lithuanian and Latvian first or second names of twelve plant genera are the same, and in seven cases both names are the same. The Flora contains 15 Lithuanian and 52 Latvian names of plant genera, the first of which consists of an adjective and the second of a noun. The first string of these punches indicates the external features of the root, stem, leaf or flower of the plant (color, size, shape, etc.), e.g.: lat. "Cenolophium – lit. pūstabriaunė (: pūstas, briauna)" (in Latvian). dobspārne (: dobs "hole, hole, hole", spārns "wing") II 225; lot. Consolida – latv. zilausis (: zils "blue", auss "ear"), cf. lit. raguolis I 270; lot. Gymnocarpium – lit. tikrapapartis (: true, fern) – latv. kailpaparde (: kails "naked", Fern "fern") I 150; lot. Hippophae – lit. sea buckthorn (: cold, bow "flesh"), cf. lat. sea buckthorn (: sand “sand”, thorn “thorn”) II 186; lat. asplenium – latv. sīkpaparde (: sīks „small, tiny”, Fern „fern”), cf. lit. kalnarūtė (: mountain, ridge) I 143; lat. "Leucanthemum - lit. baltagalvė (: balta, galva), plg. latv. pipe III 173; lot. Odontites – latv. sārtžibulītis (: sārts "beautiful red", žibulīte "eye-ring"), cf. lit. skėstukas II 334; lat. Orobanche – latv. brūnkāte (: brūns "brown", kāts "tail"), cf. lit. džioveklė II 341; lot. Polygonal, polygonal. baltašaknė (: white, root), plg. latv. mugurene III 221; lot. Poterium – in Latvian, green buckwheat (: green "žalias", buckwheat "burbuolė"), cf. let. head II 65; 6 2 S. Labanauskienė | The composition of Lithuanian and Latvian plant genus names... lot. Scorzonera – latv. raudupe (: rauds "red", upe "river"), cf. lit. gelteklė III 147; lot. Schoenus – Latvian melncere (: melns "black", cers "bush, shrub"), cf. let. track III 335. The Lithuanian and Latvian punches of the above mentioned type have not much in common. The first syllable of these stitches usually means the colour of the plant: Lithuanian baltas, juodas, žilas, while the Latvian colour palette is wider – balts „white”, melns „black”, brūns „brown”, rauds „red”, sārts „bright red”, zaļš ‘green’, zils ‘blue’. There is only one punch, the first and second syllables of which are the same in both languages: lot. Crassula – lit. storlapis (: large, leaves) – latv. biezlapīte (: thick "tail", leaf "leaf" + -īte) II 26. The word formation fan is also typical of the type of word formation in question, especially in Latvian names of plant genera, e.g.: lat. acteae – lit. juodžolė (: black, grass), cf. latv. krauklene I 268; lot. Prunella – lit. blackhead (: black, head) – lat. brūngalvīte (: brūns ‘brown’, galviņa ‘head’) II 301; lot. "Cynocephalus" (in Latin). "Cynocephalus" (in Latin). "Cynocephalus" (in Latin). "Cynocephalus" (in Latin). sextaine III 315; lot. Lithospermum – lit. hard grain (: hard, grain) – lat. hard seed (: solid „hard“, sēkla „seed“) II 274; lot. Crepis – Latvian: cietpiene (: ciets „hard”, piens „milk”), cf. let. kreisvė III 43; lot. Lepidium – Latvian cietķērsa (: ciets “hard”, ķērsa “kartenė”), cf. let. Peppercorn I 332; lot. Polystichum – Latvian cietparurde (: ciets "hard", fern "fern"), cf. let. coniferous I 146; lot. arabidopsis – Latvian: sīkplikstiņš (: sīks “small, fine”, plikstiņš “star”, “starlet”), cf. let. vairenis I 315; lot. Centunculus – Latvian small tree (: sīks “small, tiny”, plant “tree”, wood” + -īte), cf. let. Centurion II 248; lot. Conyza – Latvian sīkjānītis (: sīks “small, tiny”, Jānītis “Jonelis”), cf. let. konyza III 163; lot. elatine – Latvian sīkeglīte (: sīks “small, tiny”, eglīte “eglutė”), cf. let. water II 198; lot. Galinsoga – Latvian small head (: sīks „small, tiny”, galva „head”), cf. let. galinsoga III 183. It should be noted that, unlike in the case of nouns with both noun terms, the Lithuanian and Latvian terms for adjective and noun terms differ. Only one composite plant genus name (Latin Lithospermum) was found, the first syllable of which is the same in both languages: lietu. kietas – latviešu. ciets. In addition, it should be noted that the same plant (lat.