The development of Latvian terminology under the impact of translation

4 3Te minologija | 2011 | 18 The De elopmen o La ian Te minology unde he Impac o T ansla ion VALENTĪNA SKUJIŅA La ianLanguageIns i u eo LU I L Z E I R Ē N A I L Z I Ņ A Ins i u eo Ma hema icsandCompu e Scienceo LU Keywo ds: con ac language, ansla o ’s knowledge and skills, g ouping me hod, se o concep ela ed e ms, e m- o- e m co espondence, e minology de elopmen , new wo d coining, new e m coining, co ec ansla ion INTRODUCTION The de elopmen o La ian language and e minology in di e en ime pe iods has been closely connec ed wi h a ious languages, o ins ance, wi h Ge man o se e al cen u ies, wi h Russian o a ew decades. F om he end o he 20 h cen u y, English e minology has been in ading he La ian language. Be o e La ia joined he Eu opean Union we had made up an in en o y o e minology esou ces. Mo e han 60 dic iona ies in di e en ields o e minology ha e been published in he subsequen en yea s (Skujiņa 2010, 2008/1). The pape deals wi h he de elopmen o La ian e minology conside - ing he impac o English as he main con ac language o La ian e min- ology de elopmen . A sho ep esen a ion o he necessa y knowledge and skills o he ansla o is gi en. To a oid un ounded synonymy, he g oup- ing me hod o se s o concep ually ela ed e ms is conside ed. The ad- an age o using ISO e minology s anda ds in coining e ms in di e en ields is discussed. The ield o In o ma ion and Communica ion Tech- nology (ICT) is chosen o illus a e e minological coinage (Ilziņa 2010). KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS NECESSARY FOR THE TRANSLATOR In La ia as well as in o he membe s a es o he Eu opean Union, documen s and ex s in English con aining a lo o speci ic e ms a e 4 4 V. Skujiņa, I. I. Ilziņa | TheDe elopmen o La ianTe minology | unde  heImpac o T ansla ion o en he sou ce o in o ma ion. A e joining he Eu opean Union, he p ocess o communica ion in English has been expanded. Language se - ice p o ide s ha e o e ed a huge quan i y o e minology dic iona ies and da abases on he In e ne (Bo zo s, Ilziņa, Skujiņa, Vasiļje s 2006). Almos e e y e m comes wi h a se o explana ions, each o hem exp essing some cha ac e is ics o he concep which co espond o a pa icula use o he e m. The ansla o has o choose he igh one o use. To achie e mu ual unde s anding and d aw conclusions, he ansla o as well as o he e m use s has o be on he same le el o in e p e a ion o he p oblem. The main ool o success ul achie emen o his ask is well de eloped e minology o he speci ic ield. Good knowledge o a o eign language is no all he ansla o needs o possess. He o she also has o be a specialis o he speci ic ield o be able o choose he mos app op ia e e m o he concep and o apply i o he con ex . The e m se o e e y ield has o be de eloped and pe ec ed due o con inuous and in ensi e de elopmen o new scien i ic domains. The necessi y o inding con o mi y wi h concep s and e ms o di e en ields exp essed in di e en languages igh now is a mus . Di e en languages ca y a lo o polyseman ic wo ds (Skujiņa 2008/2). I is a na u al cha ac e is ic o language lexis, bu i has a nega i e impac on he ansla ion p ocess and may in oduce no ional misunde s anding and jeopa dize he accu acy and ele ance o he sou ce ex . To a oid i , esea ch helps o ma ch he seman ics o e ms o wo languages used mainly in ansla ions. Fu he mo e, we can men ion ha in he second hal o he 20 h cen- u y La ian e minology was de eloped by aking in o accoun he sys- emic models o e ms and by obse ing scien i ic p inciples and equi e- men s o new e m c ea ion (Skujiņa 2002). The e m- o ma ion models o La ian e minology o his day play an impo an ole in ansla ion and in he c ea ion o new La ian e ms. Due o he u gen need o ansla ion a he end o 20 h cen u y and a he beginning o he 21s cen u y, i is he con ex ha in mos cases dic a es which e ms should be used. GROUPING METHOD APPLIED FOR CREATING “TERM-TO-TERM” MATCHES A p esen , he g ouping me hod is applied when i comes o e alua ing domain-speci ic e ms. To con o m o his g ouping me hod a se o 4 5Te minologija | 2011 | 18 concep - ela ed e ms is selec ed in wo nea es con ac languages (main- ly in English and La ian) and, aking in o accoun he subs an ial cha - ac e is ics o e e y concep and dele ing he unnecessa y synonyms o he e m, s ep-by-s ep we ha e been ying o ind “ e m- o- e m” ma ches, i s o all in a leas wo con ac languages. Righ now he ocus in La ia is on he quali y o scien i ic esea ch. A se o 12 La ian e ms has been de eloped and by aligning hem wi h he co esponding English e ms he basic e ms o gene al c i e- ia o scien i ic igou we e de eloped as well. The e a e h ee g oups o hese e ms, each g oup consis ing o ou e ms in English and in La ian: • e ms o gene al c i e ia: u h- alue – pa iesums applicabili y – lie ojamība consis ency – konsek en ums neu ali y – nei ālums • e ms o quan i a i e s a egy c i e ia: eliabili y – no u īgums; d ošums in e nal alidi y – iekšējā pama o ība ex e nal alidi y – ā ējā pama o ība objec i i y – objek ī ums • e ms o quali a i e s a egy c i e ia: c edibili y – icamība ans e abili y – pā nesamība dependabili y – uz icamība con i mabili y – aps ip ināmība. To iden i y con o mi y a he c i e ia e m le el, we ha e o begin wi h an analysis o he co esponding concep s, a selec ion o subs an ial cha - ac e is ics and hei eco ding in de ini ion. Du ing his p ocess, con as - ing language se ings migh be use ul. To suppo his, we can examine he abo e-men ioned con as ing English and La ian c i e ia e m se . This can only be achie ed i he co esponding speci ic e ms and en i ies a e co ec ly ma ched and he co espondence be ween he e ms in di - e en languages is es ablished. The ollowing a e examples o such e ms in English and in La ian: 4 6 V. Skujiņa, I. I. Ilziņa | TheDe elopmen o La ianTe minology | unde  heImpac o T ansla ion • in e na ionalisms, which in English and in La ian ha e a simila o m and a e used o exp ess he same concep , e.g.:  neu ali y – nei ali ā e,  objec i i y – objek i i ā e; • English wo ds and La ian coined wo ds which ep esen gene ally used wo ds o La ian o igin and exp ess he same concep , e.g.:  applicabili y – lie ojamība,  con i mabili y – aps ip ināmība,  c edibili y – icamība,  ans e abili y – pā nesamība. Le us look a wo igu es ha demons a e he ways o seeking ad equacy and a oiding synonyms o English and La ian e ms. Figu e 1 English e m eliabili y La ian icamība  uz icamība no u īgums d ošums synonyms English c edibili y dependabili y equi alen s Figu e 2 English e m alidi y La ian icamība  pama o ība alidi ā e synonyms English c edibili y equi alen In he igu es abo e he basic e ms in English a e (w i en in bold): eliabili y (Figu e 1) and alidi y (Figu e 2). Each o he basic English e ms has co esponding equi alen s in La ian (w i en in i alics): eliabil- 4 7Te minologija | 2011 | 18 i y has ou synonyms: icamība,uz icamība,no u īgums,d ošums, and a- lidi y has h ee synonyms: icamība,pama o ība, alidi ā e. F om hese igu es we can conclude ha he e a e ano he wo English and La ian e ms ha possess a deg ee o equi alence: c edibili y – icamībaand dependabili y – uz icamība.Ne e heless, in La ian he e m pama o ība is he mos con enien equi alen o he English e m alidi y (in La ian, using he English bo owing alidi ā eis no ecommended). Wi h he excep ion o he e m eliabili y (which in La ian has wo pa ial synonyms), he o he cases a e de oid o synonymy. All he e ms gi en in bold (bo h English and La ian) a e used in he se o he 12 abo e-men ioned c i e ia e ms. THE USE OF ISO STANDARDS OF TERMINOLOGY AS ONE OF THE MEANS OF ENSURING CORRECT TRANSLATION One o he bes ways o ensu ing co ec ansla ions in di e en ields o echnology, economics, social sciences, e c. is o use In e na ional Te minology S anda ds. The S anda ds may be accessed no only by e - minologis s, bu by e e yone using e minology in hei ansla ion wo k. The main goal o he In e na ional S anda ds is o p o ide a sys em- a ic desc ip ion o concep s in a speci ic ield and o cla i y he use o e ms in his ield. The main pu pose o he In e na ional S anda ds is o abs ac objec s in o concep s, which, in a special language, a e ep e- sen ed by designa ions and desc ibed by de ini ions. The se o designa- ions belonging o a special language cons i u es he e minology o a speci ic subjec ield. As an example, le us conside implemen ing ISO e minology in ans- la ing documen s o ICT, as in coining ICT e ms we had o o e come nume ous challenges (Bo zo s, Ilziņa 2003). These s anda ds a e de eloped o ha e a uni ied an age poin on ICT e ms, and he main aim o ans- la ing hem is o equip ansla o s wi h a ool o inding La ian equi alen s o he co esponding English e ms. New de ices and new echnologies a e being launched almos e e y day, and o desc ibe hem and ind he sui - able La ian designa ion is some imes a he di icul . In coining a new e m, we y o ollow wi h he main app oaches o de eloping e min ology imbedded in ISO 1087-1 Te minologywo k.Vocabula y.Pa 1:Theo yand applica ion, e.g.: 4 8 V. Skujiņa, I. I. Ilziņa | TheDe elopmen o La ianTe minology | unde  heImpac o T ansla ion • he usage o he exis ing wo d se and new coinages; • he coining o e ms h ough abb e ia ion; • he coining o e ms h ough ans e o meaning om ano he concep ; • he coining o e ms h ough in e na ional e m bo owings. A good sou ce o ICT e ms is he se o ISO s anda ds 2382 p epa ed by TC 4 In o ma ion echnology ep esen ing he e ms no only o da a o ganiza ion, ep esen a ion, p epa a ion and p ocessing, bu also o com- pu e p og amming, p og amming languages, da abases and dis ibu ed da a p ocessing. This en i e p ocess o in eg a ed da a p ocessing is ca ied ou using he special means and ools se ou in secu i y s anda ds, o ensu e ha da a p o ec ion, in eg i y, con iden iali y and au hen ica ion is aken in o conside a ion and a secu i y le el is main ained. These s anda ds no only es ablish ICT e ms, bu e e y e m is sup- plemen ed wi h a de ini ion, so he ask o he ansla o is o check i he chosen e m co esponds o he ex i is used in. Du ing he las i e yea s, La ian e minologis s ha e c ea ed app oxi- ma ely 2,500 La ian ICT e ms, equi alen s o ISO 2382 s anda d e ms. In addi ion o he p e iously coined ICT e m da abases, he da abase o hese e ms is o g ea alue o La ian ICT e minologis s and ansla- o s (Ilziņa 2010). Ne e heless, e en e ms o ISO s anda d do no co e e e y si ua ion which may appea in ex ansla ion, and some imes hey include e ms ha e lec some me apho o slang as well (Reizniece, Sīlis, Ilziņa, Bo - zo s 2005). In La ian e minology hey a e no welcomed as La ian e minologis s would like o ha e a p ope unde s anding o e m seman- ics, bu a me apho ep esen s some simila i y be ween he wo objec s. Recen ly, in o ma ion has expanded om esea ch and communica ion o a scien i ic p oduc , spu ing he all-pe ading need o de elop ools o p o ec he in o ma ion agains ingenious cybe c imes. Many new e ms ha e been coined in his a ea, including some me apho s, like i us,T o- janho se,piggybacken y, osca enge. Vi us (in La ian ī uss) is an unsolici ed p og am which a aches i sel o o he compu e p og ams and, as hey a e accessed, pe o ms di e en unwelcome ac ions, e.g., damages iles, ca alogues, compu ing esul s and e ases memo y. 4 9Te minologija | 2011 | 18 T ojanho se(in La ianT ojaszi gs)is a p og am which p e ends o be ha mless, bu leads o unsanc ioned da a compiling, dis o ion and de- s uc ion. Piggybacken y (in La ian pikpauniskapiekļu e) is unau ho ized access o a da a p ocessing sys em using an au ho ized use ’s legi ima e con- nec ion. Tosca enge(in La ian nesankcionē i akņā ies) is o illegally hun o sensi i e in o ma ion ac oss he es o he da a. A g ea challenge o he La ian ICT e minology is ep esen ed by English slang, as a he o en i s meaning is no unde s andable. Ne e he- less, as slang may some imes exp ess a ele an and common meaning, we ha e o coin a co esponding La ian e m. As an example we can men ion wo English wo ds, which do no belong o he na u al English language, ha is olling and phishing. T olling means sending a alse o oolish mes- sage o a cha oom p o oking o he use s in he cha oom o eply and making hem appea c edulous and s upid. The La ian equi alen o his e m is liekasdiskusijasp o ocēšana o āzēšana. The e m phishingmeans lu ing use s o he web disguised as he si es o ac ual o ganiza ions wi h he aim o illegally cap u ing hei pe sonal da a. The co esponding La ian e m is pe sonasda uizmānīšanao pikšķe ēšana. CONCLUSIONS The e m se o e e y ield has o be de eloped, as new scien i ic ields a e con inuing o de elop all he ime. A p esen , i is necessa y o ind con o mi y wi h concep s and e ms exp essed in di e en languages. Due o he la ge in e na ional in e ela ion, an opinion exis s ha all newly coined e ms a e p edominan ly bo owings. Ne e heless, by s uc- u al seman ic analysis o he co esponding English and La ian e ms, we ha e ound ha as a as unc ioning is conce ned, well-known e ms o La ian o igin domina e. When a wo d is applied as a e m, i is impo an ha he seman ics o he wo d does no con adic he concep ha i will exp ess. In ansla ions, a ce ain deg ee o p e e ence is gi en o in e na ional- isms o La in o G eek o igin so ha hei seman ics emain he same ac oss languages. One o he bes ways o ensu ing co ec ansla ions o di e en ields is o use he In e na ional s anda ds on e minology. 5 0 V. Skujiņa, I. I. Ilziņa | TheDe elopmen o La ianTe minology | unde  heImpac o T ansla ion The main ask o coining La ian ICT e minology is o judge he ne- cessi y o in oducing a ious ypes o English bo owings, which means inding a balance be ween e ms c ea ed on he basis o La ian wo ds and English bo owings. eFe ences Bo zo s J., Ilziņa I. 2003: Abou he Challenges o coining ICT Te ms. – Te minologya  heBeginningo  he Thi dMillennium, Vilnius: Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language, 14–20. Bo zo s J., Ilziņa I., Skujiņa V., Vasiļje s A. 2006: Te minology S anda ds in he Aspec o Ha moniza ion o In e na ional Te m da abase. – Te minologija 13,17–32. Ilziņa I. 2010: ISO s anda i un In o mācijas un komunikācijas ehnoloģijas e minoloģijas izs ādes pie e- dze. – Linguis icaLe ica19, 74–81. Reizniece D., Sīlis J., Ilziņa I., Bo zo s J. 2005: To use o no o use Me apho s in La ian ICT Te minol- ogy. – Pabal ijo au ų e minologijosp oblemosi Eu oposSąjunga,Vilnius: Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language, 108–119. Skujiņa V. 2010: A ī e minoloģijas komisijai – de iņdesmi . – La ijasZinā ņuakadēmijasVēs is,3./4. n ., 64. sēj., 128–131. Skujiņa V. 2008: Gadsim u pie edze alodai s a pnacionālās saziņas līdzekļa unkcijā (pa E. D ezenu). – Le onika.IIkong ess.Valodniecības aks i–2, Rīga: LZA, LU LaVI, RPIVA, 9–15. Skujiņa V. 2008: Some Lexicological Aspec s o Te minology and Te minog aphy. – Te minologija15,17–19. Skujiņa V. 2002: La iešu e minoloģijasizs ādesp incipi, Rīga: La ijas Zinā ņu akadēmija, LU La iešu a- lodas ins i ū s. Ve TIMo ĮTAKA LATVIŲ Te MInoLoGIJos AIdAI S aipsnyje ap a iamos p oblemos, ku ios pas a aisiais dešim mečiais iškyla la ių e minologijai, susidu iančiai su didžiuliu į ai ių s ičių naujų e minų s au u, a einan- čiu iš anglų kalbos i bandančiu įsi i in i la ių kalboje. Te minologai i e ėjai u i susipažin i su naujomis žinių s i imis, ku i la iškų a i ikmenų suda ymo būdus i ai- sykles bei s eng is išlaiky i pusiaus y ą a p la iškų e minų i iš anglų kalbos pe i- mamų skolinių. Te minologams i e ėjams labai padeda į ai ių s ičių la iškos e minijos duomenų bazės, ku ios nuola papildomos naujais la iškais e minais. Gau a 2011-11-28 Valen īna Skujiņa La ian Language Ins i u e o LU Akademijas lauk. 1, Riga, LV-1050, La ia E-mail [email p o ec ed] Ilze I ēna Ilziņa Ins i u e o Ma hema ics and Compu e Science o LU Raiņa bul . 29, Riga, LV-1459, La ia E-mail [email p o ec ed]