Terminas prie termino. VIII

200 Jonas Klimavičius | Term to Term. VIII Deadline after deadline. VIII jONAS KLIMAvIčIUS ENVIRONMENT and MEDIUM, MEDIUM and MEDIUM The terms (and common words) environment and medium are not synonymous. Their meanings and interrelationships have been developing for a long time, but they are already almost settled, and they are still developing as far as the development and spread of sciences leads. The story is interesting and instructive. However, there are still quite relevant issues to be resolved. For example, are ‘the elements of living and non-living nature in the sea, above the sea and in the depths of the earth beneath the sea (air, water, seabed and the depths of the earth beneath the seabed, their natural resources)’ a marine environment or a marine medium? To understand and decide this requires – as usual in terminology – not only language skills, knowledge of linguistics, but also the judgment of a specific science. Therefore, it is useful to understand more thoroughly the causes, course and results of the emergence, interaction and difference of environment and medium. Both occurred by means of termination, but the causes were also triggered (induced), and further difficult, unstable events were caused by the outside – mainly the Russian words среда and окружение, as well as the English medium. The environment 1. „apylinkė“, recorded already in SD 1642 (Okolicá / Vicinia, territorium vniuersitas agrorum. regie. Apikayme / aplinka ir okrąʒęenia / Ambitio. ambitus. us. circumiectus. us. Aplynka), later in Antanas Juška’s dictionary, LKŽ I2 1968, it is also given from the living language: Iš viso aplinkos susirinko Krekenava. The reflection of the development of new, book-like meanings is LKŽ I1 1941 aplinka 2. undifferentiated meaning and incomplete interpretation of it – „aplinkumas, tarpas“ (although the space is already a step into the medium). LKŽ I2 1968 is divided into 2. “the whole of natural conditions in which something develops and functions” and 3. ‘social-domestic conditions, …’. Interestingly, both meanings are illustrated by the sentences of Jonas Jablonskis – aplinka 2: And the environment has a great influence on a person; aplinka 3: He also has an influence on language learning at school and in the life of his environment. Antanas Vireliūnas' late and rarely used novelty environmental science 201Terminologija | 2012 | 19 “the part of the local history [and Vireliūnas’s revival] that investigates the immediate environment” seems to be based on both meanings of the environment. New significance is added by DŽ 1954 – okolí 3. “environment, space, sphere”: Air is the environment in which sound is propagated. DŽ 1972 – environment 3. is explained somewhat more precisely, but it is also dualistic – “medium, sphere” – air is certainly a medium of sound propagation, but the arrangement of the environment of residential houses is not any medium and not even a sphere. Therefore, it is not surprising that LKZ I2 1968 environment 4. ‘medium, sphere’ is illustrated only by air; but also in the interpretation should not remain sphere. Furthermore, apparently, after feeling the difference between environment and medium, environment 1. is interpreted as “physical conditions”: geographical, natural; residential, but also gas, corrosive DŽ 1993, although the latter two are rather mediums. Before going on to the environment as a scientific term, we first need to look at the semi-term or deterministic usage, in which – in various combinations and interpretations – the motivation and semantic relationships are best revealed. For starters – two examples: <…> ap l i n k a ap l i n k mus already has another Sav su TV 2008 42 3; electric field – 1. a p l i n k a a p i e electrified object of special characteristics or a variable magnetic field AETŽ 2010. The morphology of the cells, as well as their physiology, depends on their s u p a n č i o s a p l i n k o s ŽA 1972 14. We s u p a n t i a p l i n k a is a dynamic IQ 2010 3 121. <…> connection with the surrounding environment Sav su TV 2012 1 30. <…> thinking about the world, the surrounding environment NŽA 2011 2 84. the impact of a nuclear power plant on the surrounding environment Vd 2009 20 32. Having assessed the risk and protective factors of both the child and the person s u p a n č i o s a p l i n k o s, <…> Vd 2008 50 74. Of course, the people around him – quite natural, but if you think about it – the environment and the people around him Sav su TV 2011 26 14. The following is a list of the most frequently used and most commonly used characters: ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t s t u v 2008. <…> ga m t o s a p s u p t y j e located in <…> sanatorium Vd 2010 37 43. We live in the shadow economy Vd 2011 15 22. Taxes – a fee for civilization and modern society, We have to learn new v e r t y b i ų a p s u p t y j e Vd 2010 39 66. In 1976 and 1985, the CPP corrected: the surrounding environment is the environment. But this is not enough, tadjeinorigyventiž m o n i š k o j e a p s u p t y j e,turisusimokėti Vd 2011 15 70. and when it is not explained why it is wrong, the success of correction is small. It took very little – to specify Russian. окружающая среда. Now, in the end, we need already more detailed. 202 Jonas Klimavičius | Term to term. VIII Рус. окружение and 1среда have been recorded in lexicography since 1627 (ССРЛЯ VIII 1959 and XIV 1963). The most common values are 1, 2, and 3. „social-domestic environment, <…> environment“ (A. Gercenas, I. Turgenevas) ǁ „a group of people, someone“ (M. Saltykovas-Ščedrinas, M. Gorkis), o 4. связанных общностью жизненных условий, занятий, интересов или „группа людей“ (M. Lermontov, F. Dostoevsky) – obsolete, so from окружение now relevant 3. ǁ “people around you, society.” There is 1 Wednesday – 2. “total ность природных или социальных условий, <…>“: географическая, surrounding, ir surroundings – 3. “Environment, with respect to”: plant environment, but only 1environment – 1. " a substance filling any -либо пространство и обладающая определенными свойствами“: воздушная, однородная, питательная, The current Russian meaning of среда is broader than окружение – it also includes окружение: среда1 – 1. environment, surroundings; space: в среде учёных – among scientists, 2. medium: воздушная – airy RLKŽ II 1967, 1. specific medium, medium: agricultural medium, distorted medium, почвенная – soil substrate RLKŽ IV 1985, o окружение – 1. environment, surroundings; sphere: literary environment (4. surroundings, encirclement) RLKŽ II 1967, 2. environment, surroundings: geographical, petty-bourgeois RLKŽ II 1983; environment – среда, окружение: geographical, literary LRKŽ 1971, среда, окружение: geographical, literary, solemn, in our environment – в нашей среде LRKŽ 1988, and medium – среда (environment): nourishing LRKŽ 1971, medium (environment) – среда: nourishing LRKŽ 1988. From this comparison of meanings becomes understood the necessity of the sign окружающая (среда), and when using this compound – the necessity of the term окружение. In the Russian language, the common compounds в среде жить, существовать, обитать, расти and среда окружает СССРЯ XIV 1963. Среда is clearly motivated by среди – между(e), while окружающая среда is still a contradictio in adiecto (oxymoron). The blindly formed lit. surrounding environment is a pleonasm. Although it was not understood where it came from, it was noticed and removed, indirectly helping to create, and especially to spread and take hold of the medium. The motivation of environment is similar to the English environment: environ – (to) surround and german. Umgebung: umgeben – to be surrounded and Umwelt (environment) 1992 (2nd ed.). A false way out of this collision was, but, by the way, too late – it is the external environment: išorinė aplinka – outdoor environment – среда внешняя AATŽ 2000; dezinfekcija – disinfection – destruction of pathogenic microorganisms i š o r i n ė j e a p l i n - 203Terminologia | 2012 | 19 which LTE III 1978. The skin is an important complex organ that performs many functions: it helps us orient ourselves, <…> Sav su TV 2012 4 13. Thus, children who are irritated now mature faster Vd 2010 36 36. This is the second pleonasm, the dance from wolf to bear. Blindly consistent goes to the end: it is necessary to combine the analysis of the v i d i n ė s, and the i š o r i n ė s enterprise a p l i n k o s AtsV 2011 1 8. There are also contradictions (external) environment ↔ inside: I š o r i n ė a p l i n k a, of course, had an influence, but if the state will be in chaos, no environment will help Vd 2009 17 17. <…> physiology – the science of what happens in the development of the organism, and ecology – about what happens i š r i n ė j e p l i n k o j e MkslL 2012 19 9. Mindaugas was concerned <…> to increase the prestige of his dynasty in the country's w i d u j e and in the international Christian p l i n k o j e MkslL 2009 8 11. "Not worth the outside world, the environment" Sav su TV 2012 1 30. Once the need for a medium is clear, it is necessary to discuss the environment more broadly in order to make the difference between the two quite understandable. The development of the concept of environment, which took place outside the Lithuanian language, is revealed by dictionaries and encyclopedias. For example, "J.J." Uexküllis (The Environment and the Inner World of Animals, 1909) gave this concept the meaning of the natural ∆ (the world of action), which affects animals and in which they orient themselves according to their sensory organization; later this meaning was extended to include the living space of vegetation and people. Philosophical anthropology then emphasized that man, as a “being open to the world” (M. Scheler), spiritually transcends the natural limits of ∆, because he is able to change them, so that the specific human ∆ is already marked by culture. <…>, it is during the crises of excessive scientific, technical and economic change of nature that special problems of ecology, ∆ protection and ethics arise” PhilosŽ 2002. The sociological aspect of the origins of this concept is also indicated: social ecology (Greek oikos – habitat and logos – science) – “the section of sociology that examines the problems of the relationship between man and nature. It was introduced in the United States in the 1920s. <…>. Some sociologists believe that it is necessary to study the relationship of man with nature – fauna and flora; others define it as the science of the relationship of social forms with social factors, which in relation to these forms are supposed to be “a p li n k a”; <…>. The question of the relationship between nature and society has become particularly relevant in connection with the current revolution of science and technology, which depletes natural resources and pollutes human beings. <…> PhilosŽ 1975. 204 Jonas Klimavičius | Term to term. VIII. When presenting all current values of the environment encyclopedic, their order changes – the oldest is only 3. (biol.) – “the set of natural objects, phenomena and conditions in which an individual, population or species lives”, in the middle – 2. (geogr.) – “the whole of the elements of the non-living and living nature and anthropogenic territory surrounding man (society) and connected with him by mutual relations” (spratta quite sophisticatedly theorized: “anthropoecosystem is treated as ekol. systems that are centered. The organizing element (host) is a person, and other natural or anthropogenic structures related to him form his dwelling ∆ (house)“), and the environment 1. is like a generalization – „a space surrounding something or a set of objects (the house) interacting with its surrounding object or subject (the host). <…>. According to the nature of the medium under consideration or the dominant components of the space, natural (natural), anthropogenic, technical, economic, social, spiritual ∆ and other ∆ types are distinguished. The environment 4. is very special – mat., but in LTE I 1976 the environment was still only mat., of course, separately – geographical environment – “the whole of living and non-living objects and phenomena of nature (climate, soil, the riches of the earth’s underground, terrain, vegetation, fauna), constituting one of the necessary conditions for the existence of society. <…>“ LTE IV 1978. Until the contradiction between the master and the home was named, it was understood without these terms, e.g. : Between the organism and the environment there is a constant metabolism of materials and energy, <…> ŽA 1972 30. The host, of course, is not just a person, and the home is not just a person. But when it comes to man and people, the living environment is very common and alive, e.g. : The forest is part of our consciousness, our g y v e n a m o j i a p l i n k a, <…> Sav su TV 2011 42 5. Although animals in living language usually do not live, but are kept (and domesticated animals are kept), theoretically they certainly live, and thus have their own habitat, e.g. : Thus, climate warming is changing the migration of animals, which is changing their g y v e n a m o j i a p l i n k a Vd 2009 11 45. There is a lot of talk about the environment now. For example, the well-known linguist David Crystal: <...>: an ecosystem consists of the interaction of all living organisms, plants, animals, bacteria, etc. with the physical and chemical factors of their environment KM 2005 40. The geographical environment is mentioned by ethnographer Pranė Dundulienė (LEtn 1982 7). Specialists of other sciences sometimes use the theoretical environment in a rather peculiar way, e.g. : Man is conditioned by all other beings, by his environment UP 1992 164. The universe is not a container or a container UP 1992 140. 205Terminologija | 2012 | 19 Among the species, new ones are still emerging – the abiotic environment – “this is sąlygų (↑abiotinių ve i k s n i ų) visuma, kurioje egzistuoja visi gyvieji inorganic organisms”, while the biotic environment “constitutes natural factors and phenomena, which have arisen as a result of the activity of other organisms (for many microorganisms, the biotic processes are the internal processes of the organism)” VLE I 2001. Plinta dvasinėaplinka Sav su TV 2009 27 23, Kaunoliteratūrinėaplinka AtsP. Cvirk 1969 449 or the literary environment of Moscow MokslL 2001 11 5, the academic environment IQ 2011 4 111, the information environment MokslL 2007 1 7, the business environment IQ 2010 4 29, the entrepreneurial environment IQ 2010 4 78, the investment environment Vd 2007 3 11. Some are perhaps only on the edge of terminology, for example: <…> in the present society and culture, fiction literature already exists in another environment of perception SLL 23 2007 305. By the way, the species can be without a certificate, for example: environment – 1. ‘a material or field of certain characteristics filling the space in which the system under study or the phenomenon under study occurs’, e.g. liquid medium 2. ‘external conditions (temperature, humidity, pressure, vibration) affecting the operation of the equipment’, e.g. electromagnetic environment, ETSI 2010. Positivist methodology looked for the causes, influences and sources of a text by comparing it with other texts.The environment (milieu) was necessary not only to investigate its genesis, but also to discuss its meaning SLL 23 2007 305. The poet (Albinas Žukauskas) also has an environment of the heart: The heart defends itself against the destructions that time constantly causes in its environment. Cvir 1969 634. Bedding advertising: A double, cozy blanket <…> keeps you cool. So much environmental science. The most relevant aspect of the environment for the practice of life is the protective aspect: the environment is a functioning set of interrelated elements in nature (surface and depths of the earth, air, water, soil, plants, animals, organic and inorganic materials, anthropogenic components) and the natural and anthropogenic systems that unite them: physical, natural, natural, healthy, human, anthropogenic, degraded, industrial, … AATŽ 2000. The Environmental Protection Act (as amended in 2005) contains only a revised version of this definition (MkslL 2011 9 7). Thus, the most important here is the protection of the environment from physical, chemical, biological and other negative effects arising from the use of natural resources, environmental monitoring, environmental monitoring – “systematic monitoring of the state of the environment and its elements, assessment and forecasting of anthropogenic changes”, environmental pollution, environmental management, environmental assessment (: environmental protection value, environmental functions, environmental hazards, human impact on the environment) TechEnc I 2000, 206 Jonas Klimavičius | Term to Term VIII Environmental Engineering and Landscape Planning (KTU Specialty), Environmental Chemistry "branch of chemistry that examines environmental pollution and ways of reducing it" ChZ 2003. After clarifying what is environment, it is possible to answer the question mentioned at the very beginning – is the marine environment MkslL 2011 9 7 (art. 3, para. 7 of the 11 12. aforementioned Act), the medium is also a given of living language – the word space variant: medium 1. see 1space 1: Do not let the mediums boil the fabric Dusetos (also Smálvas); 2. see 1interval 3: I put all Sudeikiai (and Dusetos) in the middle of the wall. It has also been used for a long time in general language, terminology: medium 3. „vakarva, neužimta tarnybos vieta, vakancija“: Vakancyja yákiego vrʒedu. Vacantia officia, dignitates. Terpe wiresnibes kokios SD 1642, 4. (neol.) „bracket“ A. Baranauskas, also medium 2: bridge medium VĮ 1924 (LKŽ XVI 1995). The medium is not yet in the LKV 1950 dictionary (161-604). Only in recent times has the medium 2 been found and developed. “a substance filling the space or bodies surrounding something”: Air is a simple medium for fire; water is a medium for fish to live; a nutrient medium for bacteria to grow. This value is later converted to medium 1. ‘space-filling material’: Air …, 2. ‘environment for existence’: Water <…>. Nutrient medium DŽ 1972. After that, the “substance” is reasonably not left: medium 1. spec. “environment for someone to exist, manifest, happen”: Air is a medium for fire. Blood is the internal medium of the organism. Nourishing (nutritional) medium for bacterial growth. Solid, liquid, conductive medium. Acid, alkaline medium (environment). Hardening medium (tech.) (2. return: medium 5. „m e d ž i a g a, užpildanti erdvę“: Light, having met a medium of greater optical salinity, slows „tarpas“) DŽ 1993. Apmaudu, kad vos po dvejų metų LKŽ XVI 1995 vėl its propagation P. Avižonis. Blood and lymph are the internal media of the body. „a p l i n ka kaut kam pastāvēt, izpausties, notikt“: Water is the medium for fish to live DZ. The terminology of the medium in terminography and texts must begin with its separation from the environment. It is a separate stage of this microsystem – not short, not fast, basically finished. But the process of divorce is still relevant, it requires care, because in some places it is still quite abundant in the usage. In 1927, the famous philosopher and terminologist – theoretician and creator and organizer of the terminology of philosophy and pedagogy – wrote: The interaction of people forms in society a p l i n k i n i n i t a r p a, or a p l i n k u m, which the French call milieu S. Šalk R I 1990 171. The beginning and for him was 207Terminologija | 2012 | 19 sunki. But even after 70-80 years, the same is repeated: This virus is extremely resistant in the external environment, <…> and the 2009 H1N1 flu is one of the influenza strains, formed in swine <…> Sav with TV 2009 50 6. Each family is s u k u r i a p l i n k s a v e relatives, friends' families t e r p ę, <…> G. GosNR 2010 116. Due to the rapid progress of technology, there is always a risk of moving away from the basic reality, from the nature that has been given to us, from the medium that surrounds us. M.D. PhilTI 2009 69. And God forbid, that there will come a time when on the covers of magazines will start to show off and teach us the truths of life courtiers, proudly calling themselves some “i š o r i n ė s life t e r p ė s and way stylists” Vd 2010 41 62. It is not possible to identify the exact date of the death, but it is believed that the death was caused by an overdose of a drug called amphetamine, which was released in 1971. A much more common use of the two fundamentally different terms is: Water is the substance of many chemical reactions <…> Through evolution, some aquatic plants and animals have adapted to live on land, but water has been and is the most important factor for them TechEnc IV 2010 (the factors are in the medium and the conditions are in the environment). <…> unchanged by human activity (…), i.e. the natural state of the seas and waters (that is the concept of t r i m a t ė s t e r p ė s) MkslL 2011 9 6. I had to change three times when I moved from one school to another. – But let’s go back to the three a p l i n k a ų a r b a t e r p i s that I mentioned, in which I had to mature. – Then I didn’t understand my p l i n k o s. – <…> The t e r p e formed in the high school was mixed. – The fourth t e r p ė was Politechnikos institutas NŽA 2008 9–10 392, 393, But you have to go deeply into it to understand which of the words used interchangeably is appropriate. It is certainly not always the medium, but often the environment, e.g. : The world consists of two parts <…> (continents, land) and water (…). <…>. The vegetation 393, 394, 394. and fauna of these parts, as well as the anthropogenic t e r p ė (a p l i n k a) MkslL 2011 9 6. <…> local v i e t o s y r a are not only physical geographical points and a p l i n k o s, <…>. Thus, pre-modern local v i e t o s – fields, farm, country meadows, church, market square, manor – are geographical „vi e t i n ė s“ t e r p ė s of almost all social interactions. J. TomlG and K 2002 61. – Clay, granite, salt. Which is the best site for burying nuclear waste? – It is difficult to say, <…>. We have to bury in the place that is in a specific country MkslL 2008 18 7. The progress of science and technology is suppressing us, especially with the advent of computers, information technology, etc. All this can plunge us into a t t e r p e that will no longer be truly human 208 Jonas Klimavičius | Term to Term. VIII M.D. PhilTI 2009 68. Each ship is an autonomous structure, often with a distinct socio-cultural p l i n k a (…) and a maritime socio-cultural t e r p e MkslL 2011 9 7 and 14. Macroeconomic analysis and macroeconomic policy Vd 30 11 2008. Vilnius could aim to stand out as a legally favorable place to establish alternative investment funds. <…> Everything needs to start with the creation of a suitable legal framework, the favorable framework should not change for at least 7-10 years, <…> IQ 2010 3 68. <…> In the t e r p ė j e characterized by openness we see the diverse relationships of the individual and the community with themselves and their environment SLL 23 2007 34. Such errors occur when writing such unchewed things: These p r o b l e m o s are particularly closely s u s i j u s i o s with social m o k s l a i s, k u r i e e u ž i m a i a increasingly t e r p ę of each state and society g y v e n i m e Vd 2010 25 47. One more caution is needed – the environment and medium used next to each other may not be synonyms or substitutes, but each one in its own meaning and in its own real place: Old woody trees, dead wood – are a place for various living organisms: fungi, lichens, mosses, molluscs, etc., which can only live in old or rotten wood. <…> There are thousands of life forms in the forest, which need to be nurtured, first of all by preserving their habitat Vd 2010 19 32. <…> in a less regulated business environment there is less ground for corruption Vd 2011 3 32. Behind this hideous tip of the iceberg, the facade of an epidemic of self-destructive and other-destructive behaviour that ends in early death, is hidden this epidemic m a t i n a n t i t e r p ė – poisoned d v a s i n ė a p l i n k a, <…> Vd 2009 18 62. <…> the family and microsociety (…) create a t e r p e that helps or hinders the formation of adolescents’ spiritual resilience.The crisis of society, manifested by the abundance of risk factors and the high toxicity of social a p l i n k o s, social exclusion and lack of tolerance, poison the fragile spiritual world of adolescents and encourage morbid forms of rebellion Vd 2007 38 78. <…> the family is the place where love has to be cherished and nurtured and <…> without the family, another a p l i n k a M.D. PhilTI 2009 96 is needed. Why is the family a medium, not an environment? The theologian Father Marie-Dominique Philippe OP and his translators – St. The brothers and sisters of St. John’s community are completely accurate in terms – in pedagogy (education) there is a distinction between environment and medium: environment – Umgebung – среда – “the factor of human education: the totality of natural, geographical, climatic, social, cultural conditions in which an individual or a group of people lives. It is the ecological environment with which an individual or group interacts. Social m a kro - 215Terminologija | 2012 | 19 M. HeidRR 1992 115, diffusion of problematics M. HeidRR 1992 54, interpretative diffusion of understanding M. HeidRR 1992 83, diffusion of the basic metaphysical position M. HeidRR 1992 170, diffusion of nihilism M. HeidRR 1992 176. Speech, understood as r e k š m i ų s k l a i d a M. HeidRR 1992 391, St. Thomas Aquinas’ m i n t i e s i š s k l a i d a NŽA 2001 5 212; the way of spreading meanings NRom 200 3 16, theoretical spreading NRom 1998 5 54, but also the spreading of individuality in the Middle Ages KngA 2001 1 13, the spreading of female personality. However, these two examples may have a slightly different meaning – “spreading”. And there is also the disclosure (together with revealing): It [the name humanism] does not express the exclusion of Christian theology of the created, fallen and redeemed man. It marks such a philosophical interpretation of man, which e s s i n g the essence of man and evaluates it only based on man and oriented to man M. HeidRR 1992 151. However, in order to be correct, a finding does not necessarily have to be a t s k l e s t i s t i c e of the matter. Only where such a t s k l e s t i c e takes place does truth take place. M. HeidRR 1992 219. <…> the intellect is the way, and the thinking is the means to perceive N i e k ą in its original form and to judge about its possible a t s k l a i d ą M. HeidRR 1992 116. Taip galiausiai prieiname ir užsklaidą:Nepagrįstosakymoirpersakymopakanka,kada t sklaidavirstųužsklaida M. HeidRR 1992 85. There is even dual media: <…> the axis of all Heidegger’s philosophy is the so-called b ū t i e s i r e s i n i o d v i s k l a i d a (Zweispalt) Arvydas Šliogeris (M.HeidRR 1992 18). The media is established. However, in the spaces of theory, as the name of a certain form of dissemination, there is also the medium: Who will dispute that today’s media have become not only more open, but also more insidious, more powerful? L and M 2004 19 22, Skirmantas Valiulis. Often – alongside the media: a s k i l a i d a, creating a controlled “m e d i j ų space” NŽA 2004 3 117. Another very ambiguous characteristic of the Church is its universality. Press, radio and television reach the most remote corners of the world. They create so-called “media communities.” Such [TV] campaigns, whose victims are millions of people, will undoubtedly continue and increase in scale, as they increasingly reveal the advantages and benefits of living in the reality mediated by the media. The main participants and heroes of this marvelous, virtual war are no longer soldiers dying in trenches and attacks, but representatives of the women’s class.The purpose of the people holding the rifle is not to win battles, but to provide raw materials from which to g e m i n a m a m e d i j u o t a 216 Jonas Klimavičius | Term after term. The war of the eighth century, overshadowing the war in physical space with its reality <…> Translation of McLuhan’s Ten pat 510, Vytautas Radžvilas. Palaikymą medijai suteikė Marshallo book (1964) – How to understand media. The essence of his theory and the term can be understood from the footnote added by the translator Daina Valentinavičienė in the introduction to Levi H. Lapham’s Eternal Present: “In McLuhan’s general theory, media means first and foremost any technical form of human expression, technology, invention or even the basic raw material of any activity (for example, paper, numbers, axes, clothes, houses, photographs, clocks, money, electric light, etc.). Of course, most media are means of communication in the literal or figurative sense (road, bicycle, printing press, newspaper, telegraph, television, etc.) or means of information, and often both” (McLuhan 2003: 7). The translator is right that the media is narrower. It should be added that the media includes only mass information (mostly) and means of communication, but does not include their materials (not raw materials!) and specific technical forms (objects), moreover, for McLuhan even the message is a medium, language is a continuation of man1 (McLuhan 2003: 26, 91). It continues to duplicate itself. In 2007, the conference Media and Imperialism: Press, Photography, Film, Radio and Television in the Era of Modern Imperialism was held.ǁ The International Association for Media and History (IAMHIST) itself has gradually begun to bring together not only scholars and historians, but also all those involved in research in the fields of film, television, radio, photography, press and other media. There is even incomprehensible usage: about m e d i j a s i r t e r p ę, without which there is nothing, spoke N NŽA 2011 5 350. In computer science there are environment and medium, but they are closely related. Attempted to translate one Lithuanian term medium – 2. „a p l in k a, in which the object functions (environment). Application execution medium – computer, operating system, memory device, data set”: hardware, information, operating and software media and 1. ‘medium for the storage of information, i.e. a medium for the recording and storage of data’ means a physical medium and a medium for retention; 1995. plg. duomenų laikmena – (data) medium, media – “material medium for recording and storing data” AKŽ 1995. By the way, this is not the only understanding of language as a medium, cf.: “Language is more than just a means of communication or communication. “Language,” says H. G. Gadamer, “is rather that universal e r t m ė (M e d i u m), in which knowledge itself takes place” (Maceina 1994: 436; 1978). 217Terminology | 2012 | 19 therefore there are two – medium (see environment) – environment; medium – среда – Umgebung, Umwelt; Medium, Mittel – both operating, software, technical, user, human-computer interaction medium, and memory, recording, transmission medium, and environment (see environment) – environment; neighbourhood – среда – Umgebung, Umwelt: the real external environment Inf 1997. Most likely here is “the totality of all external conditions and influences acting on the system at a given moment” – aplinka – environment – environnement – окружающая среда ATeleKŽ 2004. However, immediately there is an attempt to establish environment – “a set of hardware and/or software tools with which the performer of some task interacts and whose resources are used by the program directly required for that task”, a medium still used, but… medium see ↑ environment EncKompŽ1 2005, so the medium is actually abandoned. There is not even medium – only multimedium – multimedia – “bend ras ↑ name of a variety of information, ↑ variety of equipment and ↑ variety of medium. When translating from other languages, it is desirable to choose one of the listed terms that best corresponds to the context”, and multi-media – “a medium consisting of multi-faceted information and multi-faceted equipment that processes it” EncKompŽ1 2005. In the usage, multimedia was already common: VDU Faculty of Informatics M u l t i m e d i j o s laboratory GK 2001 5 26; multimedia products Vd 2003 35 45, 41, 51, multimedia services Vd 2003 38 46. And after that, there is still the usage, even the media: Many puzzles for text critics are overshadowed by the latest technologies and media. Electronic publishing fundamentally changes the accessibility of literary works NŽA 2007 11–12 558; 2001 6 425, interactive media portal Vd 2006 52 56. There are still konferencija„M e d i j ų istorijairkultūrinėatmintis“;m e d i j ų kultūra NŽA some margins – and the Grid environment program MkslL 2007 1 3, and: Internetas mums pirmiausia medija Vd 2006 52 56, and the multimedia medium Vd 2006 52 55, Sav su TV 2009 15 31, 18 11, 2012 16 6, and even… the multimedia medium Vd 2011 1 57. Thus, multimedia literacy MkslL 2009 18 5 is almost terminologically arranged – EncKompŽ2 2008 left everything as it was, only – for some reason – added: media player – “a program for playing multiple information files”. And consumption is still lagging behind in terms of standardization. The third medium is institutional – the Department of Photography and Media Art of the Vilnius Academy of Fine Arts L and M 2004 20 22, as well as “multimedia 218 Jonas Klimavičius | Terminas prie termino. VIII dailė“ NŽA 2003 7–8 412, multimedia art festival L and M 2004 20 22 and even unspelled (!!!): Video and me d i j a m e n o further development is characterized by the connection and interaction of different fields. <…>. Contemporary Art Information Centre and creative group RÜT RÜT <…> presents Lithuanian multi m e d i j a m e n o i r m u z i k o s festival „Centras“ L and M 2004 20 21. <…>, before the opening of the exhibition <…> the renowned Swiss curator of video and art will give a lecture on “Exhibition Display and Navigation” (in English) L and M 2004 19 21. That’s how they do it – half in English, even with exhibition navigation – which is very desirable when even motorists are unable or unwilling to change the navigation route. Others would at least like: „<…> even for new art phenomena – intermedia, multimedia, junk names Lithuanian equivalents have not yet been created, not established“ KngA 2004 1 38. Here it is possible to recall at least approximate descriptions for the beginning: <…> on the one hand, what is important is what is presented or expressed, i.e. the spiritual t u r i n y s. On the other hand, there is a certain t e r p ė, m e d ž i a g a, with the help of which it is conveyed or expressed FĮ 1992 31; medium – 2. means of expression in art PONS. ALKŽ 2004. Knowing the architectural style techno (perhaps technostyle, technoarchitecture), technomuzika TŽŽ 2001 could be proposed to consider and quite understandable technopainting. 2007: 1st in the 100m freestyle at the 2007 Summer Olympics. “a person capable of causing hypnosis, having powers of influence and telepathy; a clairvoyant, considered by spiritists to be a mediator between people and spirits“, 2. ‘middle register of singers’, 4. “a student’s holiday, celebrated in the middle of studies” and media – “sen. "Indo-European verb type, preserved in the Hittite, Greek, Indo-Iranian and Tocharian languages, in its meaning close to the Lithuanian regressive verb form" TŽZ 2001 (KTŽ 1990 media is not available). Medium 3. “medium, environment” is again. (Church authors) LoLieŽ 2007 (medium – 3. medium, environment TŽŽ 2001), therefore media and multimedia cannot be Latinism as positive TŽŽ 2001, but is English, but only English medium (1. middle; average, 2. means, way, 3. (living) conditions, circumstances, 4. physical medium, environment, 5. mediator, 6. medium (with spiritists), 7. (paint) solvent ALKŽ 1975) in turn is a loan from Latin. Vnsk. media barely from engl. dgsk. media (although borrowing plural forms of singular occurs, e.g. pirsas, sibsas) – can be as audience from auditorium. 219Terminologija | 2012 | 19 A new medium has been discovered relatively recently: Most calcium and phosphorus compounds accumulate in the s l u o k s n y j e – m e d i j o j e of the venous arteries, <…> MkslL 2009 7 13. There are many kinds of middle classes – do we need to call them media? CONCLUSIONS The terminology of the environment (physical, geographical, natural, inhabited,...) and medium (physiological, nutritional,...) is triggered by the words of other languages – Russian. среда, English. medium, and this has not happened without collisions – differently than the motivation of environment (see around, see also English environment – environ „(surrounded)“) Russian. среда (see среда „between“) required the sign окружающая in the meaning of „environment“, and due to interference there arose the blind foreignness of the meaning (and at the same time an oxymoron) surrounding, later external environment, then mechanically in the meaning of „medium“, although rarely, internal environment and even internal medium, finally the synonymous and interchangeable use of environment and medium, i.e. confusion. And next to the used environment and medium can be each in its own meaning and in its true place, only to distinguish, where good, where confused becomes difficult. Although the definitions of the environment vary considerably (this also depends on the spread of the concept, the proliferation of species and the change of meanings), its essence is the “conditions as a whole”, which undoubtedly have an impact on events, and the medium is the decisive “factors”. However, as the concept of “environment” develops and conditions become more concrete, as their ability to act becomes clearer, a number of such partial “environments” (family, school, institution, …) turn into media (a medium of communication, awareness, cultural, sociocultural, social medium or medium to speak the truth, abuse). The English mass medium successfully named media (a means, not an action). 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