Content interoperability as a prerequisite for re-using and re-purposing items of structured content as learning objects in eLearning – Seen under a standardisation perspective

6Ch is ian Galinski, Con en in e ope abili yasap e equisi e o Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pé ez e-usingand e-pu posingi emso s uc u ed con en aslea ningobjec sineLea ning  Con en in e ope abili y as a p e equisi e o e-using and e-pu posing i ems o s uc u ed con en as lea ning objec s in eLea ning – Seen unde a s anda disa ion pe spec i e CHRISTIAN GALINSKI, BLANCA STELLA GIRALDO PÉREZ In o e m KEYWORDS: s uc u ed con en and uns uc u ed con en , e bal and non- e bal ep esen- a ions, appella ions, mo phology and mo phemes, ph aseology and ph asemes, colloca- ions and mul i-wo d e ms, high complexi y lea ning objec s (HC-LO) and low com- plexi y lea ning objec s (LC-LO), language o gene al pu poses (LGP) and language o special pu poses (LSP), pe sons wi h disabili ies (PwD) and assis i e echnologies, s anda ds and s anda diza ion, ce i ica ion, da a models and da a modelling, ede a ed eposi o ies, quali y and in e ope abili y equi emen s 1. STRUCTURED CONTENT “Con en ” he e is seen as s uc u ed con en a he le el o lexical seman- ics comp ising linguis ic and non-linguis ic ep esen a ions o concep s (unde s ood in science heo y as a kind o “imma e ial objec s”). These ep esen a ions can be designa i e (such as designa ions in e minology: com- p ising e ms, symbols and appella ions) o desc ip i e (such as a ious kinds o de ini ions, explana ions o non- e bal ep esen a ions), o hyb id. So a non- e bal designa ions and ep esen a ions o concep s as well as appella- ions (i.e. p ope names ep esen ing indi idual concep s) ha e been unde - ep esen ed in e minology heo y and me hodology. Bu hey can be e y impo an o designing lea ning objec s (LO) in ce ain domains o ields o applica ion – no o men ion o language lea ning and ansla ion. Equally impo an o designing mul ilingual, mul imodal and mul i- pu pose LO a e a) simila i ies o LGP and LSP en ies: - The designa i e ep esen a ion o he en y (LGP lemma o LSP e m) may be one wo d, a compound wo d o a mul iwo d en i y; - The e bal designa i e ep esen a ion may be supplemen ed by a non- e bal designa i e ep esen a ion (e.g. ges u e, mimics, Blis- 7Te minologija | 2012 | 19 symbolics1 e c.), o – i equi ed – e en be eplaced by i (e.g. g aph- ical o o he non- e bal symbol); - Each en y ep esen ing one concep has a unique en y iden i ie (which may o ins ance poin o occu ences in ex co po a); ° In LSP en ies each designa i e ep esen a ion should ha e i s own i em iden i ie , which among o he s would make i possible o ace concep ual change o e ime, ° In LGP en ies each meaning o a designa i e ep esen a ion should ha e i s own i em iden i ie , which makes mul ilingual en ies possible, ° In analogy o e mau onomy in e minology, ep esen a ionau onomy applies o LSP and LGP as well as o non- e bal ep esen a ions, ° Desc ip i e ep esen a ions LGP (including explana ions, con ex s e c.) can be ea ed in analogy o hose in LSP (explana ions, con ex s e c.), bu exclude de ini ions in he s ic sense, ° The e may be addi ional ields o no es, examples, sou ces e c. - A e bal designa i e ep esen a ion ep esen ing bo h a LGP as well as a LSP concep may ha e – depending on he deg ee o quasi-syn- onymy – o be co e ed by wo en ies, wi h p ope c oss- e e ences. b) p onuncia ions o e bal i ems o en i ies o s uc u ed con en , which should be o eseen in any en y a leas po en ially. c) non- e bal designa i e ep esen a ions and non- e bal desc ip i e ep esen a ions, which should be o eseen in any en y a leas po en- ially, because hey may be – depending on he domain o ield o applica ion – equally impo an o e bal ones and some imes e en p e- e ed ep esen a ions. d) componen s o en i ies o s uc u ed con en , such as he mo phemes o e bal designa i e ep esen a ions o elemen s o a de ini ion, explana- ion, con ex e c. They should be ma ked / agged in o de o acili a e c oss- e e encing o e-using as ano he LO ( o ins ance p e ixes and su ixes in medical nomencla u e). e) la ge en i ies o s uc u ed con en , such as idioms, LGP colloca- ions o LSP ph asemes, as well as me apho s, which can be o mally ea ed simila o e bal designa i e ep esen a ions in LGP (wi h p ope c oss- e e ences o he ele an elemen s o he espec i e en i y). A his 1 Blissymbolics is an ideog aphic w i ing sys em o cogni i ely impai ed pe sons. Each o he se e al hund ed basic symbols ep esen s a concep , which can be composed oge he o gene a e new symbols ha ep esen new concep s. Blissymbols do no co espond a all o he sounds o any spoken language. 8Ch is ian Galinski, Con en in e ope abili yasap e equisi e o Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pé ez e-usingand e-pu posingi emso s uc u ed con en aslea ningobjec sineLea ning  le el, he u he e ined di e en ia ion o he abo e is necessa y in co - pus linguis ics, bu p obably no o LO. I may also be o mino impo - ance, whe he he meaning is non-composi ional o composi ional. The e a e ools in co pus linguis ics o iden i y and ex ac also such la ge en i ies o s uc u ed con en . ) he p o ision o placeholde ields o links o he espec i e designa- i e ep esen a ions o PwD, such as in B aille, sign language o Blis- symbolics. S uc u ed con en esou ces a he le el o lexical seman ics so a we e seen as mainly comp ising lexicog aphical da a, e minological da a and o he kinds o concep ep esen a ions, including a ew non- e bal ones, such as isual symbols (e.g. public symbols). Bu he e may be also acous- ic / audible symbols, hap ic / ac ile symbols, and o he s, which, in e - minology managemen could occu as designa ions o e en concep desc ip- ions (such as non- e bal ep esen a ions (ISO 10241-1:2011)). The e may be u he in o ma ion – and he espec i e da a ca ego ies – equi ed o a sys ema ic app oach in managing s uc u ed con en a la ge. In he ligh o he abo e, we can di e en ia e he kinds o s uc u ed con en a he le el o lexical seman ics as ollows: - Lexicog aphical da a, such as: ° wo d en i ies (including compounds e c.), ° mo phemes (mo phology), ° colloca ions, me apho s; - Te minologies and simila kinds o language esou ces and o he con en esou ces, such as: ° nomencla u es, axonomies, ypologies, glossa ies, ocabula ies e c., ° e minological mo phemes (mo phology), ° e minological ph asemes (ph aseology), ° p ope names o all so s as used o ins ance as i ems in di e en kinds o di ec o ies, ° g aphical symbols and o he non- e bal designa ions, ° (p oduc ) p ope ies, cha ac e is ics, a ibu es e c.; - Thesau i, classi ica ion schemes (ISO/DIS 22274:2011), keywo ds and o he kinds o documen a ion languages (o con olled ocabu- la ies); - Encyclopaedic (knowledge) en ies, co e ing among o he s: ° knowledge-en iched e minological en ies, 9Te minologija | 2012 | 19 ° (explained) p ope names and o he kinds o da a closely ela ed o p ope names; - On ologies, opic maps and o he kinds o knowledge-s uc u ing sys ems. Like in e minology, any o he o he kinds o s uc u ed con en lis ed abo e may ha e - (one o mo e) phone ical ep esen a ions, sign language ep esen a- ions e c.; - g aphical and o he non- e bal designa i e ep esen a ions as well as non- e bal desc ip i e ep esen a ions (some in addi ion o a e bal ep esen a ion, o he s c ea ed as non- e bal ep esen a ions independen om e bal ones). Non- e bal kinds o s uc u ed con en a e pa icula ly meaning ul in applica ions like eLea ning and o i al impo ance in he communica ion: - wi h and among PwD (di ec ly o h ough ICT de ices unc ioning as assis i e echnologies), - be ween PwD and he de ices hey use, and - among hese de ices. T a ic sign designe s a e calling he elemen s o a ic signs “mo phol- ogy” (in analogy o mo phemes in linguis ics). The same could be applied o o he non- e bal designa i e ep esen a ions. The e ha e al eady been de eloped sea ch me hods o look o whole pic u es / g aphical ep e- sen a ions by means o indi idual elemen s con ained in hem. The ol- lowing igu e shows an example o he “mo phology” o g aphical sym- bols (in his case a a ic sign): ( om Schmi z’ P esen a ion a TSTT 20062; see Schmi z 2006) 2 3 d In e na ional Con e ence on Te minology, S anda diza ion and Technology T ans e (TSTT 2006), Beijing, China, 25-26 Augus 2006 10 Ch is ian Galinski, Con en in e ope abili yasap e equisi e o Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pé ez e-usingand e-pu posingi emso s uc u ed con en aslea ningobjec sineLea ning  In ce ain domains (e.g. in biological nomencla u es) he e a e e en examples o non- e bal desc ip i e ep esen a ions eplacing leng hy de ini ions o o he concep desc ip ions, which could be use ul also o eLea ning pu poses: ( om Gonnissen and Mo nie 1983, bi d no 50) I only needs a compa a i ely sho legend wi h explana ions o he symbols (in se e al languages) and he g aphical ep esen a ion is easily unde s ood by expe s, s uden s o hobby o ni hologis s alike. All o he abo e kinds o s uc u ed con en a e becoming mo e and mo e digi ally accessible oday (as eCon en – inc easingly also h ough mobile de ices) and may - occu in digi al ex s (such as in echnical documen a ion, scien i - ic- echnical w i ing e c.), - be combined wi h each o he o embedded in each o he , - ha e simila linguis ic elemen s (le e s, sounds, mo phemes e c.) o di e en ones (such as non- e bal ep esen a ions), - o m complex con en i ems, - need o be in eg a ed o made in e ope able wi h o he s in ce ain applica ions. A p esen , howe e , mos o he exis ing eposi o ies o s uc u ed con en a e no consis en wi hin a eposi o y and some imes e en con- adic o y be ween di e en eposi o ies. Mos ly, hey a e no based on p ope me ada a and da a modelling me hods, and he e o e no in eg a- ble, no eliable and ull o de iciencies. This is inaccep able o ins ance in applica ions, which suppo PwD, pa icula ly in ou aging socie ies, 11Te minologija | 2012 | 19 whe e mo e and mo e people ha e – some imes mul iple – impai men s. I u he does no allow hei e icien use o eLea ning pu poses – which again is disad an aging PwD. In con as o s uc u ed con en , a co pus can be desc ibed as uns uc- u ed con en , namely “a body o na u ally occu ing language” (McEne y, Xiao, Tono 2006), he eby dis inguishing a co pus om wo d lis s, dic- iona ies, da abases. Simila ly a speech co pus (o spoken co pus) is a eposi o y o speech audio iles (and ex ansc ip ions). These de ini ions a e insu icien when i comes o non-linguis ic elemen s in ex s (such as in echnical documen a ion) and wi h espec o elemen s o non- e bal communica ion (such as ges u es, mimics e c.) necessa ily accom- panying spoken da a in eal li e. I we look, whe e he i ems o s uc u ed con en can be ound, we ecognize ha mos o hem a e no de eloped as a goal in i sel , bu a e necessa y elemen s o non-s uc u ed con en , such as ex co po a, speech co po a, e c. The e o e, he ela ion be ween s uc u ed con en and co - po a – especially wi h a iew o making s uc u ed con en occu ing in non-s uc u ed con en p oduc i e o ins ance o eLea ning in he o m o LO – should be u he in es iga ed. Today, he bigges co pus in he wo ld is he In e ne . Howe e , in mos cases i needs ex s o assu ed quali y o ex ac ing LO – which is a challenge o classi ying and qual- i y a ing o ex s and agging hem app op ia ely. 2. STANDARDIZATION ISSUES REFERRING TO STRUCTURED CONTENT S anda ds documen s oday do no only comp ise echnical s anda ds in he adi ional sense, bu also s anda ds o e minology, es ing, p od- uc s, p ocesses, se ices, in e aces, da a e c. Some a e basic s anda ds ha ha e a wide- anging co e age o con ain gene al p o isions o one pa - icula ield, o he s a e me hodology s anda ds. The s anda dized e mi- nology o a gi en ield can be conside ed as basic s anda d. The me h- odology s anda ds conce ning he p inciples and me hods o e minology wo k and e minology s anda diza ion consequen ly a e basic o all e - minology wo k and e minology s anda diza ion / uni ica ion in s and- a diza ion a la ge and beyond. Fu he mo e, he ypes o s anda ds men- ioned abo e only e e o some common ypes, and hey a e no mu u- ally exclusi e; o ins ance, a pa icula p oduc s anda d may also be 12 Ch is ian Galinski, Con en in e ope abili yasap e equisi e o Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pé ez e-usingand e-pu posingi emso s uc u ed con en aslea ningobjec sineLea ning  ega ded as a es ings anda d i i p o ides es me hods o cha ac e is ics o he p oduc in ques ion. As con en oday is necessa y o nea ly e e- y hing in science and echnology, con en ela ed s anda ds can all unde any o he abo e-men ioned ypes o s anda ds. Acco ding o ISO/IEC Guide 2:2001 s anda diza ion is an ac i i y o es ablishing, wi h ega d o ac ualo po en ialp oblems, p o isions o commonand epea eduse, aimed a he achie emen o  heop imum deg eeo o de inagi encon ex . In pa icula , he ac i i y consis s o he p ocesses o o mula ing, issuing and implemen ing s anda ds. Impo an bene i s o s anda diza ion a e imp o emen o he sui abili yo p oduc s, p ocessesandse ices o  hei in endedpu poses, p e en iono ba ie s o ade and acili a iono  echnologicalcoope a ion. The p epa a ion o s anda ds is based on consensus, which is a gene alag eemen , cha ac- e ized by he absenceo sus ainedopposi ion osubs an ialissues by any impo an pa o he conce nedin e es s and by a p ocess ha in ol es seeking o akein oaccoun  he iewso allpa ies (namely indus y, esea ch, public adminis a ion, consume s) conce ned and o econcile anycon lic inga gumen s. S anda diza ion endea ou s a e go e ned by highly sys emic app oaches. In pa icula , me hodology s anda ds a e aiming a gene ic solu ions, which a e app op ia e in di e en applica ions, oo. This also applies o me hod- ology s anda ds conce ning s uc u ed con en , such as s anda ds o an- sc ip ion and ansli e a ion, da a models, in e change o ma s, sou ce iden i ie s (ISO 12615:2004) no o men ion p ojec managemen . I also applies o some kinds o s anda dized s uc u ed con en i sel , such as languages codes (ISO 639 se ies), sc ip codes (ISO 15924:2004) and coun y codes (ISO 3166 se ies). In ecen yea s aspec s o in e ope abil- i y o s uc u ed con en ha e become a majo issue in many ields. The e- o e, s anda ds conce ning da a quali y, da a adminis a ion, con en man- agemen and wo k lows a e inc easingly becoming impe a i e. The e a e se e al echnical commi ees dealing wi h a ious – mo e o less gene ic – aspec s o con en in e ope abili y, o ins ance: - ISO/TC 37 Te minologyando he languageandcon en  esou ces - ISO/IEC-JTC 1/SC 32 Da amanagemen andin e change (especially i s WG 2 Me aDa a); - ISO/IEC-JTC 1/SC 36 In o ma ion echnology o lea ning,educa ion and aining; 13Te minologija | 2012 | 19 - ISO/TC 184 Au oma ionsys emsandin eg a ion (especially i s SC 4 Indus ialda a); - ISO/TC 46 In o ma ionanddocumen a ion. The s anda ds de eloped by hese commi ees do no ye ake in o accoun he speci ic equi emen s o eLea ning wi h espec o con en in e ope abil- i y o en i ies o s uc u ed con en a he le el o lexical seman ics. ISO/TC 37 was he i s commi ee o ake mul ilinguali y ully in o accoun (in ac as one o he basic p inciples o all i s s anda diza ion e o s, which is concep -o ien ed, i.e. language-independen = mul ilin- gual om he ou se ) – o he echnical commi ees ha e ollowed sui , bu o en hey a e no su icien ly espec ing his p inciple in p ac ice. Today e en lexicog aphy has aken a u n owa ds concep -o ien a ion (=mul ilinguali y), as can be seen om he p oduc s o se e al dic iona y publishe s and la ge-scale online dic iona ies accessible on he In e ne . This should also apply o lea ning objec s (LO) a he le el o lexical seman ics. Gi en he ac ha con en in e ope abili y can only be achie ed on he basis o commonly accep ed ules, iz. in e na ional s anda ds, he e is a need o coope a ion and coo dina ion o he mos impo an s anda d- izing ac i i ies wi h espec o con en in e ope abili y. New s anda dizing ac i i ies o a ious aspec s o con en in e ope abili y - a e d i en by echnical de elopmen s in he di ec ion o web-based coope a i e / pa icipa o y con en c ea ion h ough ICT (in he o m o social ne wo ks, coope a ion pla o ms, mobile communica- ion e c.) on he one hand; - will ha e a big impac on he a ious kinds o con en and knowl- edge managemen (especially in eApplica ions, such as eLea ning, eAccessibili y&eInclusion, eHeal h, mul ilingual p oduc da a man- agemen in eBusiness e c.) on he o he hand. So a he s anda diza ion e o s in ISO/TC 37 Te minologyando he  languageandcon en  esou ces wi h espec o s uc u ed con en ocused on me hodology s anda ds ela ed o - Da a ca ego ies (no qui e iden ical wi h me ada a) used in he concep ual design o he en ies o s uc u ed con en ; - Da a models and da a modelling me hods; 14 Ch is ian Galinski, Con en in e ope abili yasap e equisi e o Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pé ez e-usingand e-pu posingi emso s uc u ed con en aslea ningobjec sineLea ning  - Me amodels o make compe ing da a models in e ope able; - Applica ions o he abo e; and o some ex en on s anda dizing hose kinds o con en , which a e o ele ance o he TC. I on ologies in he meaning o knowledge ep esen a ion a e included, he abo e-men ioned me amodels need o be ex ended owa ds me a- on ologies and e en a me a on ology language (ISO/CD 17347:2012), in o de o p o ide he possibili y o make on ologies in e ope able. In his connec ion an on ology is seen as a “ o mal, explici speci ica ion o a sha ed concep ualisa ion” (G ube , June 1993), which ep esen s a sha ed ocabula y and axonomy ha models a domain – ha is, he de ini ion o concep s and o he in o ma ion objec s, as well as hei p ope ies and ela ions. An on ology language – di e en om me e knowledge ep- esen a ion – p o ides a me amodel o such o mal, explici speci ica ions o a sha ed concep ualisa ion. Nea ly all TCs in ISO and IEC s anda dize he mos impo an e ms and de ini ions o hei espec i e domain o subjec . Some also s anda d- ize o he kinds o language and con en esou ces. 3. VOLUMES OF STRUCTURED CONTENT: TERMINOLOGY AND OTHER LANGUAGE AND CONTENT RESOURCES Acco ding o ELRA (Eu opean Language Resou ce Associa ion) lan- guage esou ces a e: - ex co po a, - speech co po a, - (lexicog aphical da a and) e minologies. In a ecen a icle (Galinski, Reineke 2011), an a emp was made o quan- i y he olumes o lexicog aphical and e minological en ies in an e e inc easing numbe o domains o subjec s. The lexis o LGP in he highly de eloped languages may comp ise up o 500,000 lexemes (including a conside able sha e o e minology). Howe e , he o al numbe o scien i ic- echnical concep s ac oss all domains o subjec s may well comp ise ~100– 150 million. The numbe o iden i iable chemical subs ances alone has passed he 60 million ma k in 2011. In he ligh o hese igu es - Con en in e ope abili y is a p e equisi e o a oiding a huge dupli- ca ion o e o s; - The ISO/TC 37 app oach is becoming mo e and mo e essen ial; 21Te minologija | 2012 | 19 In he igu e abo e, he onyomi kyû (as L1 o K1 休) may ca y any meaning o he kunyomi eadings, bu kyû can only be used o he kanji, i i occu s in kanji-combina ions (o – which is an excep ion – i he kanji s ands alone as an abb e ia ion). Kyûas LO would only make sense, i a lea ne wan s o lea n all kanji ha ing he onyomi kyû o some eason o o he . The e a e many kanji, whe e he onyomi ep esen s one o mo e concep s and, he e o e, each kanji+onyomi can be aken as a LO. l2 休む yasumu, L3 休まるyasuma u, L4 休めるyasume u, L5 休み yasumi ep esen di e en – hough seman ically ela ed – Japanese ead- ings kunyomi o he kanji in ques ion, which beyond hei de i ed na u e ha e an idioma ic meaning quali ying each o hem as indi idual LC-LO o hei own. Howe e , i a LO o his kind has mo e han one meaning, any o hese ep esen s in p inciple a LC-LO. 休 in kunyomi eadings only s ands o he s em yasu. Howe e , he e a e o he s ems ead yasu wi h a di e en meaning w i en by di e en kanji, such as 安 in yasui 安い, which could lead he lea ne o o he kanji LO ha ing he Japanese eading yasu. l6 定休日 eikyûbi, L7 一休みする hi oyasumisu u and L8 休日 kyûji su ep esen he meaning o compounds o kanji (binoms, inoms e c. ha ing o no ha ing endings) wi h onyomi, kunyomi o mixed eading. Thus, he co e elemen o he HC-LO K1 (休 kyû) o his kanji lashca d can - be combined wi h wo o mo e o he kanji o o m lexicog aphical LO, such as L6 eikyûbi, L7 hi oyasumisu u and L8 kyûji su. I any o hem has mo e han one meaning, hey would ha e o be aken as wo o mo e LOs; - poin o o he kanji HC-O, such as K2 一, K3 定, K4 日; - be linked o look-alike kanji, such as K5 体 and K6 伏 o o he kanji o his o ic o o he ele ance. Any LO o he kinds men ioned abo e should ha e o eseen a place- holde slo o : - p onuncia ion (o p onuncia ions, because he e may be wo o mo e; i he e a e homophones, poin e s should lead o he espec i e LO); - sign language and o he kinds o AAC (al e na i e and augmen ed communica ion) means. The highly complica ed Japanese language and sc ip has been chosen o illus a e he me hod o composing and decomposing LO a he le el o lexical seman ics. Taking Japanese, a complica ed language wi h a com- 22 Ch is ian Galinski, Con en in e ope abili yasap e equisi e o Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pé ez e-usingand e-pu posingi emso s uc u ed con en aslea ningobjec sineLea ning  plica ed sc ip , as a basis o designing he da a models o LO o a LO eposi o y a he le el o lexical seman ics has ad an ages. I may make i easie o deal wi h phenomena in he wo ld o non-linguis ic symbols, such as in he igu e below. In some coun ies he e a e e en a ian s o he same a ic sign, depending whe e i is used in e ms o posi ion on he oad o whe he as a adi ional a ic sign o in a a iable message sign (VMS) (Galinski 2011). Mos o Japanese kanji occu – o en wi h i egula eadings – in appella- ions, i.e. p ope names o people, places, o ganiza ions, buildings and o he objec s. Especially in languages wi h non-La in w i ing sys ems he co ec w i ing and eading o p ope names is o en posing g ea di icul ies o he lea ne . No o men ion he co ec so ing o names in such w i ing sys ems. Flying o e Sibe ia o China one can ead on he ligh moni o he Chinese name o No osibi sk s a ing wi h 新xin, which means ‘new’, ansla ing he name elemen no o in o Chinese. The es o he name sibi sk=Sibe ia is ansc ibed by Chinese cha ac e s. Thus, p ope names may ha e o be ansc ibed o (pa ly o ully) “ ansla ed”. In any case p ope names – equally o e minological and lexicog aphical en i ies – can be impo an LO and can be ea ed wi h he same app oach ou lined abo e. The app oach o ISO/TC 37 can se e as a model o all kinds o s uc- u ed con en . Bu as al eady men ioned abo e, he Da aCa ego yRegis y o language esou ces (DCR) (ISO 12620:2009) o ISO/TC 37 should and in ac can be ex ended owa ds o he kinds o s uc u ed con en beyond lexicog aphical and e minological da a, as well as owa ds new eApplica ion needs, such as o eLea ning and eAccessibili y / eInclusion pu poses. Fo hose, who a e igh ened by he complexi y, he e may be a – no so no el, bu in eali y a ely applied – way ou : ede a ion o esou ces 23Te minologija | 2012 | 19 o s uc u ed con en . Applying he philosophy o Dublin Co e, a ce ain s a um o da a ca ego ies (being he same o di e en kinds o s uc u ed con en ) should be s anda dized and implemen ed in any esou ce hus gua an eeing con en in e ope abili y. The ull deg ee o complexi y is no implemen ed in one supe - esou ce, bu dis ibu ed o e se e al esou ces o di e en kinds o s uc u ed con en . This way o ensu ing con en in e ope abili y ha ing he e-pu posing o en i ies o s uc u ed con en in mind s ill needs u he in es iga ion. 6. FUTURE STANDARDIZATION NEEDS In he ligh o he abo e, ISO/DCR may need addi ional da a ca ego ies. ISO/DCR oday con ains he basic and many ex ended da a ca ego ies o e minological and lexicog aphical da a. The e minological da a model as well as he lexicog aphical da a model is based on hem. The use o da a ca ego ies (no qui e he same as me ada a o da aelemen s) seems o be highly app op ia e o s uc u ed con en in gene al and o LO a he le el o lexical seman ics in pa icula . Besides, da a ca ego ies can be dis inguished in o p ima y da a ca ego- ies and seconda y da a ca ego ies (ISO 10241-1:2011) (o e en e ia y da a ca ego ies). P ima y da a ca ego ies e e o co e da a, such as e m, de ini ion e c. Seconda y da a ca ego ies e e among o he s o a ibu es, such as p e e ed, admi ed o dep eca ed ( e m). Te ia y da a ca ego ies e e o addi ional in o ma ion (i hey a e no ega ded as seconda y da a ca ego ies), such as hose e e ing o he elemen s o he sou ce e e ence o e minological da a (applicable also o o he kind o s uc u ed con en ) as ou lined in ISO 12615:2004 Bibliog aphic e e encesandsou ce iden i ie s o  e minologywo k. P ima y da a ca ego ies acco ding o ISO 10241-1 adap ed o LO a e (compa ed o Table 1 in he Annex 1): - en y numbe – unique o he LO da abase en y; - (me ada a ca ego y:) designa i e ep esen a ion o s uc u ed con- en → i.e. e ms, co e ing also synonyms, homonyms e c. o be ex ended owa ds any kind o designa i e ep esen a ion o s uc- u ed con en , each o which should ha e i s own en i y ID, hus ex ending e m au onomy owa ds ep esen a ion au onomy; - (me ada a ca ego y:) desc ip i e ep esen a ion o s uc u ed con- en → i.e. de ini ions, explana ions, con ex s e c. o be ex ended 24 Ch is ian Galinski, Con en in e ope abili yasap e equisi e o Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pé ez e-usingand e-pu posingi emso s uc u ed con en aslea ningobjec sineLea ning  owa ds any kind o desc ip i e ep esen a ion o s uc u ed con en including non- e bal desc ip i e ep esen a ions; - (me ada a ca ego y:) example → i necessa y o be spli up in o di - e en ypes o example; - (me ada a ca ego y:) no e → i necessa y o be spli up in o di e - en ypes o no e; - (me ada a ca ego y:) sou ce → i necessa y o be spli up in o di - e en ypes o sou ce and hei espec i e condi ions o use. I he en i y o designa i e ep esen a ion o s uc u ed con en is e bal, he epea abili y by language applies, as well as he epea abili y wi hin language in case o synonyms (each o which also should ge i s own en i y ID). I he en i y o designa i e ep esen a ion o s uc u ed con en is non- e bal, he epea abili y by ield o use / applica ion applies. The e may also be a kind o epea abili y wi hin he ield o use / applica ion (such as speed limi oad signs depending on hei loca ion alongside he oad o in he middle o a highway in some coun ies, o oad signs o same meaning di - e ing in a ious s a es o he USA). The e a e a ia ions o sign language wi hin he same sign language as well as o Blissymbols. The abo e shows ha epea abili y should be acco ding o he “com- muni y o use” ( iz. locale in localiza ion) a he han acco ding o lan- guage. O cou se he communi yo use can also be a language commu- ni y, bu he epea abili y by and wi hin locales p o ides mo e lexibili y o co e all he phenomena encoun e ed in s uc u ed con en . 7. CONCLUSIONS O e he las 10 yea s he limi a ions o seman ic in e ope abili y un- de a compu e science pe spec i e ha e become ob ious. In addi ion o echnical (i.e. ha dwa e- and so wa e- ela ed) and o ganiza ional in e - ope abili y, seman ic in e ope abili y should comp ise syn ac ic, concep- ual andp agma icin e ope abili y. Con en in e ope abili y p o ides an e en b oade and gene ic app oach wi h espec o he communica i e ep esen a ions o in o ma ion and knowledge – i also akes ull- ledged e-usabili y and e-pu posabili y o en i ies o di e en kinds o s uc u ed con en in o accoun (Galinski, Van Isacke 2010). Re-pu posabili y may comp ise o ins ance he adap a ion o exis ing e minological en ies 25Te minologija | 2012 | 19 - as lea ning objec s (LO) in eLea ning o - o being used by pe sons wi h disabili ies (PwD) o gene al com- munica ion and o cou se also o lea ning pu poses. In e na ional S anda ds o con en in e ope abili y a e he p e equi- si e o : - a oiding a huge duplica ion o e o s, - de eloping me hods (incl. ce i ica ion) and de ices o assu e con- en quali y, - in oducing con en in e ope abili y in o educa ional and aining schemes, - enabling many eApplica ions o e-use and e-pu pose exis ing s uc u ed con en ex ensi ely. Inc easingly, all kinds o s uc u ed con en should be e-usable and e-pu posable ac oss sys em pla o ms. In addi ion, mo e and mo e web- based coope a i e and dis ibu ed me hods o con en de elopmen should be implemen ed in coope a ion wi h in e ela ed ields unde an in eg a i e app oach. In his connec ion he in ensi ied use o mobile echnologies will ha e a huge impac : eCon en is becoming mCon en (mobile con en ). In he cou se o hese de elopmen s, i would be wo hwhile o de- elop s onge me hodological and sys em design ela ions be ween con en esou ce managemen and co pus linguis ics in o de o make be e use o - exis ing and u u e co po a wi h imp o ed ea u es e.g. o ex ac - ing indi idual i ems o s uc u ed con en in a sys ema ic way (also aking he occu ence equencies depending on domain, le el / egis e and applica ion in o accoun so ha he ex ac ion o lea n- ing objec s in con ex would be imp o ed); - i ems o s uc u ed con en in exis ing and u u e eposi o ies o he sake o imp o ing he p ocessing o co po a o addi ional new pu poses such as didac ics; - exis ing and eme ging me hods as well as ools in ields, which so a show a low deg ee o me hodological in e ela ion and in eg a- ion, o he sake o mu ual bene i s; - sys ema ically (and by pa icipa o y e o s) c ea ed and main ained lea ning objec s in pa icula o CLIL (con en and language in e- g a ed lea ning). 26 Ch is ian Galinski, Con en in e ope abili yasap e equisi e o Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pé ez e-usingand e-pu posingi emso s uc u ed con en aslea ningobjec sineLea ning  E o s in s anda diza ion (and coope a ion in s anda diza ion) should be s epped up. The p ope in eg a ion o AAC equi emen s in he da a modelling o s uc u ed con en would bene i no only hose in socie y, who need i mos u gen ly, bu ul ima ely e e ybody. This equi es a s onge emphasis on pe inen assis i e echnologies in ICT- ela ed edu- ca ion and aining as ea ly as possible. Pa icipan s a he ICCHP 20103 Con e ence con i med ha exis ing aining and o mal s udies a e no su icien – e en i ce i ied unde gi en ce i ica ion / a es a ion sys ems – wi h espec o he skills and quali ica ions necessa y o becoming amilia wi h he issues in ol ed in global con en in e ope abili y and pa icula in eAccessibili y&eInclusion. The “Recommenda ion on so wa e and con en de elopmen p inciples 2010” (see Annex 2) was o mula ed in a special wo kshop a ICCHP 2010 and he ea e endo sed by se e al echnical commi ees in he ield o s anda diza ion, and in 2012 by he Managemen G oup (MoU/MG) o he ITU-ISO-IEC-UN/ECE Memo andum o Unde s anding conce n- ing eBusiness s anda diza ion. REFERENCES Galinski Ch. 2011: A sign equals housand wo ds. Consis ency o a ic / oad signs and e bal messages. – In as uc u eandsa e yinacollabo a i ewo ld.Road a icsa e y. E angelos Bekia is, Ma ion Wie ho , E angelia Gai anidou eds., Heidelbe g, Do d ech , London, New Yo k: Sp inge , 263–284. Galinski Ch., Reineke D. 2011: Vo uns die Te minologie lu . – eDITion 2/2011, 8–12. Galinski Ch., Van Isacke K. 2010: S anda ds-based Con en Resou ces: A P e equisi e o Con en In eg a- ion and Con en In e ope abili y. – Compu e shelpingpeoplewi hspecialneeds.12 hIn e na ionalCon e - ence, ICCHP2010,Vienna,Aus ia,July2010.P oceedings, Pa I., K. Miesenbe ge e.a. (eds.), Be lin, Heidelbe g, New Yo k: Sp inge , 573–579. Gonnissen L., Mo nie G. 1983: Bes immenunde kennenleich gemach .Vögel.Diewich igs enheimischen A en [Bi ds o Eu ope], ansla ed om F ench by Sieglinde Summe e and Ge da Ku z, Zü ich/Köln: Benzige Ve lag. G ube T. R., June 1993: A ansla ion app oach o po able on ology speci ica ions (PDF). KnowledgeAc- quisi ion5 (2), 199–220. – h p:// omg ube .o g/w i ing/on olingua-kaj-1993.pd . Hodges M., Okazaki T. Japanesekanji lashca ds. Se ies 2, olume 1, Tokyo: Whi e Rabbi P ess, s.a. Ki azawa T., Windhab R., Galinski Ch. 2007: Un e suchung onFlashca dsys emen(elek onischeLe nka e- ien) ü CALL(compu e ges ü z enSp ache we b)undCASPLL(compu e ges ü z enFachsp achene we b) au An änge ni eau.Mi demSchwe punk au Japanisch-Le nenzumE we beine hohenlexikalischen Sp achkompe enz–ohnedaslang is igeZieleine meh sp achigenFlashca d-Le npla o mzu e nachlässigen. McEne y T., Xiao R., Tono Y. 2006: Co pus-basedLanguageS udies:AnAd ancedResou ceBook, London/ New Yo k: Rou ledge. Schmi z K.-D. 2006: Da a modeling: F om e minology o o he mul ilingual s uc u ed con en . – TSTT 2006.In e na ionalCon e enceonTe minology,S anda diza ionandTechnologyT ans e .P oceedings.Bei- jing,China,2006-08-25/26. Yuli Wang, Yu Wang, Ye Tian (eds.), Beijing: Encyclopedia o China Pub- lishing House. 3 12 h In e na ional con e ence on compu e s helping people wi h special needs (ICCHP 2010), Vienna, Aus ia, July 2010 27Te minologija | 2012 | 19 REFERENCED S aNDaRDS ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004 S anda diza ionand ela edac i i ies–Gene al ocabula y. ISO 639 (se ies) Codes o  he ep esen a iono nameso languages. ISO/IEC 2382-36:2008 In o ma ion echnology–Vocabula y – Pa 36: Lea ning,educa ionand aining. ISO 3166 (se ies) Codes o  he ep esen a iono nameso coun iesand hei subdi isions. ISO/TS 8000-1:2011 Da aquali y – Pa 1: O e iew. ISO 10241-1:2011 Te minologicalen iesins anda ds – Pa 1: Gene al equi emen sandexampleso p esen a ion. ISO 10241-2:2012 Te minologicalen iesins anda ds – Pa 2: Adop iono s anda dized e minologicalen ies. ISO 12615:2004 Bibliog aphic e e encesandsou ceiden i ie s o  e minologywo k. ISO 12620:2009 Te minologyando he languageandcon en  esou ces–Speci ica iono da aca ego iesand managemen o aDa aCa ego yRegis y o language esou ces. ISO 15924:2004 In o ma ionanddocumen a ion–Codes o  he ep esen a iono nameso sc ip s. ISO/CD 17347:2012 On ologyIn eg a ionandIn e ope abili y(On oIOp)– Pa 1: TheDis ibu edOn ology Language(DOL). ISO/DIS 22274:2011 Sys ems omanage e minology,knowledgeandcon en –Concep - ela edaspec s o de- elopingandin e na ionalizingclassi ica ionsys ems. IEEE (Ins i u e o Elec ical and Elec onics Enginee s, Inc.). LOM s anda d 1484.12.1-2002 D a S and- a d o Lea ningObjec Me ada a. URINIO SĄVEIKUMO BŪ INYBĖ NaUDOJaN S RUK ŪRIZUO O URINIO VIENE US KaIP ELEK RONINIO MOKYMOSI OBJEK US PaKaR O INaI aR PaGaL KI OKIĄ PaSKIR Į Daugėja in e ne inių u inio pla o mų, siūlančių a o ojams ieną a daugelį iš- ek lių, be is da ūks a eo inio i me odologinio okios eiklos pag indimo, mažai a siž elgiama į ge iausias u inio są eikumo už ik inimo pa i is. Tokių pla o mų skaičius augs i oliau, nes is daugiau iš eklių ku iama i naudojama aikan nepa- kankamai eiksmingus me odus. Kad bū ų už ik in a u inio kokybė, o pi miausiai pa ikimumas, eikalingas į ai ių p iemonių de inimas (s anda ai, in o macinės i komunikacinės echnologijos, se i ika imas i k .). Elek oniniam mokymuisi s a bus ski umas a p bend osios kalbos (angl. LGP) i specialiosios kalbos (angl. LSP). Tam, kad bū ų galima suku i daugiakalbius, daugia- modalinius, daugelio paski čių mokymosi objek ų duomenų modelius, leksinės seman- ikos lygmeniu bū ina obulin i ibo as daba inių duomenų bazių galimybes. Reikė ų daugiau dėmesio ski i: a) duomenų bazėse pa eikiamų bend osios kalbos i specialiosios kalbos į ašų pana- šumui; b) duomenų bazių į ašų žodinių elemen ų a imo nuo odoms; c) pa eikimui nežodinių žymenų i a aizdų, ku ie, a siž elgian į aikymo s i į, gali bū i okie pa s a būs kaip žodiniai žymenys i ne labiau už juos pageidau ini; d) leksinių iene ų dėmenims, pa yzdžiui, mo ologiniams elemen ams; e) didesniems leksiniams iene ams, pa yzdžiui, bend osios kalbos kolokacijoms a specialiosios kalbos azemoms; ) neįgaliųjų komunikacinėms eikmėms. S aipsnyje pa eikiami a gumen ai dėl žemiau iš a dy ų dalykų bū inumo: - s anda ų, ku iuose bū ų pa eik i pasaulinio u inio są eikumo už ik inimo eika- la imai i gai ės, įskai an elek oniniam mokymuisi keliamus eikala imus; 28 Ch is ian Galinski, Con en in e ope abili yasap e equisi e o Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pé ez e-usingand e-pu posingi emso s uc u ed con en aslea ningobjec sineLea ning  - koo dinuo os s a egijos, ska inančios okių s anda ų aikymą (pa yzdžiui, pasi el- kian se i ika imą); - p iemonių, už ik inančių s anda ų laikymąsi plė ojan sis emas. Šie s anda ai i p iemonės galė ų padė i su aldy i jau daba daugiau a mažiau chao- išką u inio plė ą (sukeliančią didžiulį eiklos dublia imą) a ben jau leis ų aiškiai išski i pa ikimo u inio saugyklas. Gau a 2012-03-20 Ch is ian Galinski In e na ional In o ma ion Cen e o Te minology (In o e m) Gymnasiums asse 50, 1190 Vienna, Aus ia E-mail cgalinski@in o e m.o g Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pé ez In e na ional In o ma ion Cen e o Te minology (In o e m) Gymnasiums asse 50, 1190 Vienna, Aus ia E-mail [email p o ec ed] 29Te minologija | 2012 | 19 AnneX 1 able 1 — O e iew o da a ca ego ies o a s anda dized e minological en y in acco dance wi h ISO 10241-1 P ima y da a ca ego iesaSeconda y da a ca ego iesb (includ- ing adminis a i e da a and usage in o ma ion) Name Manda o y/op ional; epea able/non- epea able en y numbe … Manda o y; non- epea able — e mc (o s ing o i e hal - high do s “·····” o o he slo holde sign, …) in he o de p e e ed e m(s), admi ed e m(s), dep eca ed e m(s) Manda o y; epea able g amma ical in o ma- ion in acco dance wi h he ules o he s anda dizing body: e.g. gende , numbe , pa o speech language code o sc ip code, o bo h geog aphical use (e.g. coun y code) p onuncia ion no ma i e s a us le e symbol … Op ional (unless he le e symbol is in e na ionally s anda dized); epea able language code o sc ip code, o bo h geog aphical use (e.g. coun y code) no ma i e s a us g aphical symbol … Op ional (unless he g aphical symbol is in e - na ionally s anda dized); epea able geog aphical use (e.g. coun y code) no ma i e s a us de ini ion … Manda o y (unless a non- e bal ep e sen a ion is used by con en ion wi hin he espec i e domain o subjec ); non- epea able domain o subjec , i necessa y 30 Ch is ian Galinski, Con en in e ope abili yasap e equisi e o Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pé ez e-usingand e-pu posingi emso s uc u ed con en aslea ningobjec sineLea ning  P ima y da a ca ego iesaSeconda y da a ca ego iesb (includ- ing adminis a i e da a and usage in o ma ion) Name Manda o y/op ional; epea able/non- epea able non- e bal ep esen a ion … Manda o y (i exis s – complemen ing a de ini- ion o used ins ead o a de ini ion by con en ion wi hin he espec i e do- main o subjec ); non- epea able — example … Op ional; epea able — no e o en y (including no e o e m, le e symbol, g aphical symbol, de ini ion, con ex , non- e bal ep e- sen a ion, example, a gi en language sec ion o a mul i- lingual e minological en y o he en i e e minological en y) … Op ional; epea able — sou ce o en i e e minolo- gical en y (including sou ce o e m, le e symbol, g aphical symbol, de ini ion, con ex , non- e bal ep e- sen a ion, example) o any language sec ion o a mul i- lingual e minological en y Op ional (unless he e minolo gical en y o a language sec ion o a mul ilingual e mino lo- gical en y is aken om an ex e nal au ho i a i e sou ce); epea able addi ional in o ma ion ela ing o he sou ce, such as page numbe o clause numbe a All p ima y da a ca ego ies excep he da a ca ego y “en y numbe ” a e epea able by language and, he e o e, apply o mul ilingual s anda ds. Addi ional ules o e minological en ies in a mul ilingual e minology s anda d a e gi en in Clause 7. b All seconda y da a ca ego ies a e op ional excep whe e hey a e c ucial o disambigua ion (…) and in cases whe e mul ilingual in o ma ion is included in one e minological en y, in which case he p ima y da a ca ego ies shall be complemen ed by a code o names o language in acco dance wi h ISO 639, i necessa y in combina ion wi h codes o names o coun ies in acco dance wi h ISO 3166 o codes o names o sc ip s in acco dance wi h ISO 15924. c Fo simplici y, only “ e m” is speci ied in Table 1 al hough o he e bal designa ions, such as any exis ing synonymous e ms, a ian s, ull o ms, abb e ia ed o ms, homog aphs, an onyms, as well as equi alen e ms in o he languages a e included unde his da a ca ego y name.