Lietuvos Respublikos terminų bankas: 10 metų po įstatymo priėmimo

9 6 Alvydas Umbrasas | Terms Bank of the Republic of Lithuania: | 10 metų po įstatymo priėmimo Lietuvos Respublikos terminų bankas: 10 years after the adoption of the law ALVYDAS UMBRASAS Institute of Lithuanian Language KEY WORDS: The term bank of the Republic of Lithuania, term management, term base, legal terms 10 years ago, for the first time in the history of Lithuanian terminology, terminology was regulated by law – at the end of 2013 we celebrate the tenth anniversary of the Law on the Term Bank of the Republic of Lithuania. The term bank of the Republic of Lithuania, created on the basis of this law, is now a fairly well-known source of terms for the interested public. It is used by Lithuanian legislators, translators, editors and other persons who are concerned with terminology or have questions about it. The article reviews the concept of the Term Bank, its legal basis, its structure, content, query statistics, etc. The focus is on approved terms. Let's start with a look at the past. The idea of creating an electronic terminology database for various fields in Lithuania has been around for as long as for the restored independent Lithuania, if not longer. According to Valentinas Černiauskas, former head of the Laboratory of Automation of Scientific Research at the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics (Urnėžiūtė 2002: 21), even during the Sąjūdis period, the then deputy director of the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature, Aleksandras Vanagas, spoke about the necessity of an electronic term database. The Institute of Mathematics and Informatics together with the terminologists of the Lithuanian Language Institute began to consider the issues of such tuvių kalbos instituto taryboje buvo apsvarstytos terminų bazės kūrimo work more seriously in 1992, and the actual work was started in 1995. At that time, Liegaire and the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, supported by the State Lithuanian Language Commission, took up their implementation. For various reasons – technical problems and, apparently, irrational solutions, chosen to academic needs oriented rather complex base structure with various 9 7Terminology | 2013 | 20 search options – this work has been delayed. Although the data in the local computer network of the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics was available even earlier, about a decade ago all interested Internet users got the opportunity to connect to the institute’s term database, commonly known as Terminyno1. There were 27 demetees in this database (a total of 28, the list is on the database's website). Even before the dami atrinkti geriausi įvairių sričių terminų žodynai, išleisti 1965–2003 Terminology was published on the Internet, taking into account Lithuania’s upcoming accession to the European Union and the related terminology challenges, the State Commission for the Lithuanian Language started to develop a different concept of a term bank for state administrative purposes. This idea of the Language Commission was proposed by the Seimas Committee on European Affairs to be implemented by law. Its draft was prepared by a working group led by Vytenis Povilas Andriukaitis, the chairman of the committee, consisting of representatives of the Seimas, the Language Commission, the Translation, Documentation and Information Centre, the Ministry of Justice, the Department of Statistics, the Lithuanian Standardization Department, the Lithuanian History Institute, the Lithuanian Language Institute (Decision of the Seimas Board of the Republic of Lithuania of 18 June 2003 No. 1576 “On the establishment of a working group to prepare the draft law on the term bank of the Republic of Lithuania”). Following deliberations and discussions in December 2003 On February 23, 2004, the Law on the Term Bank of the Republic of Lithuania was adopted (Journal of Laws, 2004, No. 7-129), and shortly after (on February 2, 2004) the Term Bank Methodology of the Republic of Lithuania was approved by Decision No. N-1 (90) of the State Lithuanian Language Commission (Journal of Laws, 2004, No. 26-842). Immediately the Information Technology Department of the Seimas Chancellery began to develop an information system and at the end of 2004 the work was completed, the deadlines were entered into the system. On January 26, 2005, a presentation of the Terms Bank information system was organized in the Seimas (at the time there were only about 100 Term Articles). As stated in the methodology, the purpose of the Terms Bank is to ensure consistent use of standardized Lithuanian language terms, especially in the legislation of the Republic of Lithuania, and to create a common information system of various state institutions, to which various persons could connect and provide data, which could be freely used not only in Lithuania, but also by specialists in various fields working abroad. 1 The address of the website from which the necessary software to connect to the database must be downloaded is www.terminynas.lt. For the construction of the base, see its structure. Meškauskienė 2005; Andžius, Dagienė, Meškauskienė 2005. 9 8 Alvydas Umbrasas | Terms Bank of the Republic of Lithuania: | 10 metų po įstatymo priėmimo Thus, the Terms Bank is created primarily as a common information system of state institutions (for its concept see also Ivanauskienė 2005, 2008). In accordance with the Terms Bank Act and its implementing legislation (see list at the end of the article), the ministries, government agencies and other commissions of the national governments authorized to collect and manage tybės institucijos. Tuo tikslu jose buvo sudarytos terminijos komisijos. Iš the terminology of their supervised areas were mainly responsible for inventorying, managing and submitting the terminology of the current legislation to the Terms Bank, later attention was focused on coordinating the terms of draft legislation with the Language Commission and drawing them into the Terms Bank. When the creation of the Terms Bank started (in 2008), the legislation was supplemented and state research institutions were also authorized to establish terminology commissions, and universities were also recommended to establish them (although there were terminology commissions of scientists, their direct contribution to the Terms Bank is hardly visible so far; perhaps structural reforms of scientific institutions could have prevented it). Any non-registered user can use the Terms Bank free of charge on the Internet (http://terminai.vlkk.lt). He is provided with linguistically and objectively evaluated material. There is also an internal information system, to which registered users who provide terms to the bank (primarily members of institutional terminology commissions) connect with passwords online (at another address). They themselves enter terms into the system, create their own collections of term articles, which are not initially available to any member of the commission, although there may be an individual term provider). This allows institutions to have their own term databases. A very important category of data for term articles and their sets in the term bank is the status. kitam, išskyrus rinkinio sudarytoją (tai dažniausiai vienos institucijos terIt indicates the state of the collection of term articles at a given time; the status determines who the data is available to. The data transfer takes place when changing the status. There is a predefined list of available statuses and their order. The final statuses indicate the suitability of the term (invalid, to be submitted, approved2). For unregistered users in the public bank, only the following ga2 are visible. It should be noted that the status of approved is granted only to terminologically high-quality terms that are used or offered for use in legislation. Other terms that are linguistically correct and comply with terminology principles are given the status of available. 9 9Terminology | 2013 | 20 Terms with Lute status. When the expertise, deliberations, deadlines are already in the bank, but all users see them only after approval. All terms are classified by fields and subfields (composed hierarchicalbank. The list of fields was drawn up according to the structure of nis sąrašas). Nepriskirtas kuriai nors sričiai terminas negali būti įvestas į the European dictionary Eurovoc, but it was not strictly followed. Adapted to Lithuanian realities – the list includes areas under the supervision of state institutions where terminology commissions have been established. The list is not exhaustive and will be updated as necessary. The most important elements of a term article, in addition to the English term itself, are the domain, definition, equivalents in other languages, source and status. Other data can be provided, such as an abbreviation, a short form, examples, pictures of the subject, internet links. The need for this data is decided by the organizer. There is also the possibility of linking terms articles (e.g. narrower and broader terms, antonyms or other related terms). The consideration and approval stages of the term bank data are similar to the already established evaluation stages of the term dictionaries. The only difference is that when creating the Terms Bank, more use is made of the possibilities offered by information technologies for managing terms – the comments of the term articles’ authors, experts, the Terminology Subcommission or the Terms Bank data processor (i.e. the Secretariat of the Language Commission) are entered into the Terms Bank system and stored. They can be viewed by registered users according to their permissions. If necessary, the system itself provides the opportunity for discussion. In addition, the consideration of terms articles prepared for approval in the Terminology Subcommittee is more detailed than the consideration of term dictionaries. The glossaries of terms are considered as a whole, focusing onsets of term articles are considered paragraph by paragraph, examining each term piant į recenzentų pastebėtus trūkumus, o aprobuojami Terminų banko and its definition. As a result, the consideration of these term articles is relatively slow – only a few dozen (about 30-60) term articles are discussed in one meeting, which usually lasts 3 hours. Even with its relatively small staff, the Terminology Subcommittee holds about 40 meetings each year, most of which are devoted to issues related to the Term Bank. The term bank is not just about the terminology of legal acts. At present, the number of term articles accumulated in it already exceeds 210 thousand. The aim is to make it as universal a source of terms as possible. Most of it consists of dictionaries of terms. In total, 36 dictionaries of terms from various fields have been uploaded to the Terms Bank (the list can be found on the website of the State Lithuanian Language 100 Alvydas Umbrasas | The National Term Bank of Lithuania: | 10 metų po įstatymo priėmimo Commission www.vlkk.lt; their data was structured and adapted to the Terms Bank by the now abolished Computer Linguistics Group of the Department of Methodology of Informatics of the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics of Vilnius University). Most of them are interpretative translations. It is precisely such dictionaries that are now being promoted. Dictionaries of translation terms have been avoided, because in the absence of definitions it is often difficult to assess the suitability of the term. Terms published in the recommendations of the State Lithuanian Language Commission are also added to the Terms Bank – there are about 10 terms of Lithuanian terminology standards tūkstančių. Tai daugiausia augalų vardai. Planuojama Terminų banke skelbassessed by the Language Commission. As Term Bank data increases, so does the number of Term Bank users. The source is becoming more and more well-known and is being used more and more often. In the first year of Terms Bank’s existence, the system recorded just over 32 thousand user requests3. Since then, the number of requests has increased rapidly every year. In 2012, there were already around 700 000 (see Table 1). The total number of requests reached 3 million in February 2013. For the sake of interest, a look at the number of requests by month in 2012 is also possible (see Table 2). As you can see, the most requests were in the autumn. As expected, the use of the Term Bank decreases somewhat in the summer, but remains quite intensive. A review of the 2012 Term Bank query data reveals several trends. Looking at the language of the search terms, English is in the lead (see Table 3). The number of searches for this language is slightly higher than for Lithuanian words – respectively about 48% and 43% of searches. At the same time, it is clear that terms in other languages are searched much less. French and German, which are frequently used in multilingual dictionaries, are completely behind English (the first and second are about 3% and 2% of queries respectively), while Russian, which is still spoken by many people, is half the frequency of Latin (which can be used to search for the names of plants and animals, anatomy, etc.). The number of Russian-language queries is less than 1%. Other languages are rare in the term bank sources, and their words are also very rarely searched. The fact that the equivalents of Lithuanian terms are searched more frequently than Lithuanian terms should not come as a surprise – it is likely that the Terms Bank is often used by translators or other persons who are familiar with the language. 3 Thank you to Vytautas Kirnas, employee of the Information Technology and Telecommunications Department of the Seimas Chancellery, for providing the data for the queries. 101Terminology | 2013 | 20 per word input (see Table 4). The most aktualus vertimas. Nepaisant to, kad angliškų žodžių užklausos vyrauja, į 2012 m. dažniausiai ieškotų žodžių dešimtuką įeina tik vienintelis anglišfrequently searched words were information and data (909 and 707 times respectively). Table 1. Number of Terms Bank requests by year 2005 32 487 2008 233 940 2011 601 803 2006 59 386 2009 521 984 2012 699 791 2007 143 287 2010 581 513 Table 2. Number of Terms Bank queries by month in 2012 January 55 739 May 62 747 September 57 971 February 59 877 June 57 275 October 71 340 March 64 654 July 45 714 November 73 270 April 54 926 August 42 500 December 53 778 Table 3. 2012 Number of requests by language English 337 670 Latin 10 741 Portuguese 488 Lithuanian 298 619 Russian 5 283 Polish 66 French 23 172 Spanish 5 254 Latvian 40 German 15 730 Italian 2 728 Table 4. 2012 Most searched words in the Terms Bank (number of requests) information 909 device 177 input 147 data 707 company 156 data 142 knowledge 498 loan 155 leasing 226 file 148 The search engine allows you to search not only in the fields of terms, their synonyms or equivalents, but also in other parts of the term article. Users rarely use this option – in 2012, other parts of the term article (which include 102 Alvydas Umbrasas | The National Term Bank of Lithuania: | 10 metų po įstatymo priėmimo definitions, names of sources) were searched 7,905 times, which represents only about 1% of all queries. The system also allows you to search for terms by field (this can be useful, for example, when the search result is too large), but users usually prefer to see terms from all fields. Only 11 482 (less than 2%) of the queries included the domain. If a field is chosen, it is usually education and science. The choice can probably be explained by the fact that in this area of the Terms Bank, various dictionaries of terms are most often added. According to status, terms are also rarely separated in queries (only approved terms were searched 4,814 times, those to be provided – 1,891, those not to be provided – 431; all these queries only consist of as diverse data as possible, or 1 %), dažniausiai statusas nenurodomas. Greičiausiai arba norima matyti they try to spend as little time as possible on selecting parameters. By the way, most often (64% of queries in 2012) more than 9 letters are entered in the search field. 8 and 9 letters together make up 15%, and the fewer letters, the rarer the queries. Interestingly, about 56% of the searches for the year under consideration are with the option of not showing accents. The possible reason for this is that some web browsers display spelled letters incorrectly (the system is adapted for Internet Explorer, for other browsers it is recommended to install Palemon font). It is likely that the staff of the European Union institutions often prefer to see the unpronounced terms, because strict security requirements make it difficult for them to install additional fonts. There may be other reasons – unpronounced words are easier to read, more convenient to copy. In general, it can be assumed that the established provision that Lithuanian terms in terminology dictionaries must be spelled out is not very important to many dictionaries readers, although this increases the terminographic value of the dictionary. Table 5. Number of approved term articles submitted by institutions Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania 2 907 Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Lithuania 1 235 Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania 953 State Drug Control Service under the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Lithuania 454 Police Department under the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Lithuania 342 Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Lithuania 316 103Terminologija | 2013 | 20 Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Lithuania 290 State Food and Veterinary Service of the Republic of Lithuania 289 Ministry of Transport of the Republic of Lithuania 259 Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Lithuania 252 Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Lithuania 248 Ministry of National Defence of the Republic of Lithuania 244 Ministry of Health of the Republic of Lithuania 194 Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania 141 Bank of Lithuania 110 Statistikos departamentas prie Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės 106 Department of Fire Protection and Rescue under the Ministry of Interior 90 Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Lithuania 74 Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania 73 Communications Regulatory Service of the Republic of Lithuania 66 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lietuvos Respublikos socialinės apsaugos ir darbo ministerija 54 Lithuania 53 Securities Commission of the Republic of Lithuania 50 Insurance Supervisory Commission of the Republic of Lithuania 47 State Nuclear Energy Safety Inspectorate 41 Lithuanian Radio and Television Commission 40 Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania 23 State Border Protection Service under the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Lithuania 21 Committee for the Development of the Information Society under the Ministry of Transport and Communications 18 Office of the Chief Archives of Lithuania 17 State Data Protection Inspectorate 17 Department for National Minorities and Diasporas under the Republic of Lithuania Governments 15 Financial Crimes Investigation Service under the Ministry of Interior 10 Office of the Prime Minister 6 Department of Physical Culture and Sport under the Government of the Republic of Lithuania 1 104 Alvydas Umbrasas | The National Term Bank of Lithuania: | 10 metų po įstatymo priėmimo Since the primary and most important purpose of creating the Terms Bank is to manage the terminology of legislative acts, it is appropriate to take a separate look at the terms with the status of approved (as mentioned, this status is granted only to legislative acts). In September 2013, the bank had a total of 9,056 such term items. The number of terms considered by the Subcommittee on Terminology is in fact higher, as some terms were not returned for correction in accordance with the comments or were insufficiently corrected, and therefore it was decided not to submit them for approval. These deadlines were provided by 35 institutions. The first set of term articles submitted to the Terms Bank, Terminology Subcommittees, was discussed almost a year after the adoption of the Terms Bank Act (November 18, 2004). The first provider of terms was the State Food and Veterinary Service. Some institutions have provided only one or a few sets of term articles, while others have done much more (see Table 5). Since the beginning of the creation of the Terms Bank, the most actively working committee is the Ministry of Agriculture’s Terminology Commission, the number of approved term articles submitted by it is rapidly approaching 3,000. The Finance and terijų terminijos komisijos (pirmosios terminų yra apie 1 200, antrosios – apie Environment Ministries are also actively involved1 000). Thus, a large proportion of the approved terms come from the fields of agriculture, finance and the environment. The term bank covers a wide range of terms in the fields of agriculture, fisheries and food, which include land management, land reform, agricultural economics, agricultural policy, food, feed production and trade, agriculture, crop production, livestock, poultry, fisheries and other terms (a). The Ministry of Finance provides terms for audit, budget, accounting and financial reporting, insurance, financial and fiscal policy, taxes, administration and control of financial assistance, asset valuation, as well as securities, financial instruments, collective investment undertakings, etc. (b). The Ministry of the Environment takes care of the terms of environmental protection, environmental impact assessment, natural resources, forestry, greenery, geology, hydrometeorology, territory planning, construction, etc. (c). For example, the following terms submitted by the following institutions have been approved: a) aliejinių ir pluoštinių augalų populiacijų genetinė erozija, alyvuogininkystės organizacijos, aromatizuota degtinė, bakterinės trąšos, bičių genetinė linija, bioetanolio gamybos įmonė, bulvių krakmolo kvotos dalis, defektinis mėginys, dehidratuotos vaisių sultys, diendaržis, dirgiklio ribinis slenkstis, genealoginė ūkinių gyvūnų linija, graužikų kontrolė, grūdų šiukšlinės priemaišos, į Europos Bendriją įvežamų ekologiškų produktų patikrinimo sertifikatas, išrūgų sviestas, jaunojo ūkininko įsikūrimas, juslinių savybių vertintojas ekspertas, kazeinatas, skystųjų 111Terminologija | 2013 | 20 Aprobuota Yra šaltinyje Apibrėžtis Šaltinis hybrid interbreed approved crossing of two varieties by breeder of the Republic of cross-pollinated wheat of Lithuania hybrid first by order of the Minister of of Lithuania dated 30 "For the groundnut seed Agriculture in 2000. Order “On the amendment of the generation, obtained by Agriculture of the Republic September 2005 eli-Nr. 3D-464 grown by the Minister of No. 274 of 29 September 2005 mandatory quality requirements for cereal seed” (Journal of Laws, 2005, No. 118-4280) conscriptconscripted soldier (conscripted soldier mojo Sensitivity to odour absence. May the order of of the Republic of Lithuania amžiaus jauirritation-Republic of 1996, No. 106-2427) young man ras) nuo 16 iki 19 metų. odour nejuanosmia prievolės įstatymas (Žin., Lithuania land times glue the Minister of Economy of 3Dpermanent or April 2003 be full or partial, temporary. 165 "On the analysis methodologies" 60-2733) of amateur of 17 December No. approval of sensory (Journal of Laws, 2003, No. gardening. According to the land management pro-Lithuanian Republic gardening document do teritorija (Journal of Laws, 2004, No. do teritorija 4-40) formed, legally jektą arba kitą teritorijų community territory, garden plots and commonly used land. allocated to the gardeners ninkų bendrijų įstatymas divided into individual žemdirbystės Laukas, skirtas skystoms Lietuvos Respublikos žemės organinių išlaistyti. Release-"For Environmental Protection is required independently to drėkinimo organinėms trąšoms ūkio ministro ir Lietuvos trąšų išlaislaukai treat the manure manure pervirnuo plant moisture subsidence" (Journal of Laws, (srutoms, nuotekoms, Respublikos aplinkos ministymo laukas skystoms organinėms 2005, need three and more No. 92-3434) times per fertilization season and / or more tro 2005 m. liepos 14 d. įsaatliekoms, skystajam kymas Nr. D1-367/3D-342 dumblui) than 300 m³ / ha (or t / ha) per year. 112 Alvydas Umbrasas | The National Term Bank of Lithuania: | 10 metų po įstatymo priėmimo Aprobuota Yra šaltinyje Apibrėžtis Šaltinis spermatospermatmobile mobility of ozoids According to spermatospermatthe established ozoids of the sperm count order of the general No. 3D-550 "On of bulls' sperm testing regulation of the volume expressed in points or 142-5140) percent. methodology, the Republic of Lithuania was calculated by the Minister of Meat in 2005. November 29, the ratio to the breeding sperm count methodin the technical of sperm tested" je, (Journal of Laws, 2005, No. Grains, unsuitable for because there is a feed-the Republic of Minister of Meat 2004 m. rotten, infected with with bacteria or for grain reasons. Defective rulesgrains are approval of perkliai" too hot 2004, No. 126-4542); well as the mission the broken grains, which decomposes fully ripe and whose husk is from grayish brown to black No. colours, and the grain the cut area – from products reddish gray to Lithuania žedai tui, mildew, order of August 9 other No. 3D-471 "For impurities determination considered to be and the (Journal of Laws, hot or The drying damaged, as regulation (EU) as well as No. 1272/2009, which builds common detailed Council Regulation (EC) 1234/2007 implementing diameter rules relating to yellowish agricultural brownish laugh and sale applying dos colours. temperatūra treated milk for milk above +135 °C 853/2004, public intervention temperatūros less than 1 s not ultra-high ultra-high namas kaitinant pieną ne containing determining at ambient food products of animal Drinking milk, gau-29 April 2004 Europos Parlamento ir TaryRegulation (EC) No 1234/2007 temperature. Creating origin hygiene requirements frozen cryokonser-Consistently according to techno-the the Minister of Meat 2005. Republic of Lithuania žesperma vuota sperma diluted, packaged, synthesized and frozen breeders stored in liquid logical requirements of openedOctober 29th order sperm, No. 3D-550 "For nitrogen. bull sperm test methodology dų techninio reglamento“ (Journal of Laws, 2005, No. 142-5140) The criteria of accuracy and brevity are sometimes difficult to reconcile, but accuracy is nevertheless preferred. All approved 9,056 ter- 113Terminology | 2013 | 20 Terms were analyzed according to the number of words4, assuming that most of the terms are composite. The analysis showed (see Table 7) that single-word terms are in fourth place in frequency with 925 (about 10 %). Two-word terms (2,927, about 32%) are predominant – they make up one third of the total, while three-word terms (2,160, about 24%) are also relatively numerous – a quarter of the total, while four-word terms are already noticeably fewer – 1,329 (about 15%). There is a clear tendency – the more words that make up a term, the fewer such terms. The number of five-word terms is still relatively high (719, about 8%), while six-word terms are only 385 (about 4%). There are 611 (about 7%) terms with seven or more accents. There are no strict criteria for how many words a term can already be called a polyword. The author of the article has called polywords terms with four or more elements (Umbrasas 2010: 211), in other works terms with three elements are also called polywords (Džežulskienė 2010: 18; Babickienė 2012: 60). If we follow the latter position, more than half of the approved terms (5,204, about 57%) are polynomials. Table 7. Number of approved terms by number of words (top row) 23415678910 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 2 927 2 160 1 329 925 719 385 265 142 86 53 35 12 6 6 3 2 1 The figures show that the legislation most often defines species concepts. On the other hand, Table 7 contains some rather unexpected data – some terms are very long. The longest approved term consists of as many as 18 words – the informal continuing vocational training programme for farmers, forest owners, members of local action groups, other rural residents and their advisors “Document which consistently sets out the theoretical and practical training subjects required for the acquisition of certain professional knowledge of farmers, forest owners, members of local action groups, other rural residents and their advisors” (Decision of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania of November 2010 No. 2010-10-01). By the way, the international terminology standard also does not take into account the function of the words of the term – the characteristic of a multiword term is formal, it is “a term consisting of more than one string of 4 Skirtingai nei tradicinėje mūsų terminologijoje tarnybiniai žodžiai čia skaičiuojami kaip atskiri dėmenys. characters” (LST ISO 1087-2:2005: 4). 114 Alvydas Umbrasas | The National Term Bank of Lithuania: | 10 metų po įstatymo priėmimo Order No. 3D-1035 of 26 December 2010 “On the amendment of Order No. 3D-132 of 26 February 2009 of the Minister of Agriculture, “On the preparation of informal continuing vocational training programmes for farmers, forest owners, members of local action groups, other rural residents and their advisors and the repeal of Order No. 241 of 12 July 2001 of the Minister of Agriculture” (Journal of Laws, 2010, No. 141-7220). Both the spelling (in lowercase) and the context of the document (in which the term is also used in the plural form) indicate that it is not the name of the program, but the type. Obviously, such a long term (it is even difficult to call it a term) is not convenient to use, so the short version of the document made the training program, but it could not fit as a term according to the given definition, it would be too broad. More related terms have been approved from other legislation: tractor driver training programme, informal continuing vocational training programme for farmers, training programme for persons engaged in agricultural and forestry activities. All definitions indicate certain specificities that distinguish the concepts from simply a curriculum. By the way, there is no such approved term, but it can be found in the dictionaries of terms. This includes a bendriausi požymiai: „Struktūrinis ir nuoseklus teorinio ir praktinio modescription of the elements of the course that guarantee a specific education and/or qualification or competence. There may be a training program for a particular study direction, specialty, profession, subject, module, etc. Recommended structure of the programme – description of learning objectives (vocational training – competencies to be achieved), materials, methods, description of specific learning conditions, provision of textbooks and other learning materials, description of parameters for assessing the achievement of the objectives, etc.” (2008). Examples of terms with 10 or more elements are given in Table 8. The reason for these and other similar terms is the pursuit of accuracy, trying to convey the content of the concept as well as possible. Of course, such terms are already balancing on the boundary of the definition, sometimes the information in their definition is only slightly more detailed. The emergence of long – descriptive – terms is determined by the specificity of the concepts of legal acts. By definition, short terms are not very feasible. As already mentioned, legislation often tends to use generic terms without nius terminus, iš esmės tik terminų trumpuosius variantus (ilgojo varianeven specifying them), although definitions could be more specific. The term is chosen as a contractual mark that does not show minor characteristics, focusing only on the definition. Here much is determined by the criterion of convenience, 115Terminology | 2013 | 20 but how then to assess the relationship between the term and the definition from the positions of terminology? It seems that a compromise must be found between the requirements of accuracy and brevity. Table 8. Most frequently used approved terms (examples) Term 10 Vehicles for which the Definition Source of information transport operators of the contract for the civil liability of insurance contract for the port requirements of the compulsory Vehicles for which the a compulsory insurance Republic of Lithuania or another Republic of Lithuania have signed transport operators of the means of the Republic of liability insurance Act (Journal transport operators of the contract for the civil liability of insurance contract for the port means of the Republic of Lithuania complying with the a compulsory insurance Republic of Lithuania or another Lithuania complying with the of Laws, 2007, No. 61-2340). 11 Republic of Lithuania have signed transport operators of the requirements of the compulsory average min-11 Average of land or food product price of produkto kaina a certain period, gets the sold-No. 3D-941 “On the annual liability insurance Act (Journal selected agricultural Republic of the order of the minister of ma skaičiuojant reprezentatyviominister of agriculture 2011 average of the average prices prices of the same or similar registered in the shops of the rural areas. 12 Ministry, other of Laws, 2007, No. 61-2340). Lithuania agricultural artistic agriculture "On farm or food in m. gruodžio 27 d. įsakymo rural areas in these rural areas of agricultural or food retail farm and food products country in the markets and state insti-tion of the Republic of Lithuania finance PHARE progratucija or institution receiving aid under the Order of PHARE progratucija of the Transitional order No. 1 of 6 ventures. Eumonė recipient of kotarpio instituDepartment the Minister of Finance “On the Minister of Finance 2004 February 2004 on the the Ministry of Finance of the kotarpio institucijų plėtros priefim and/or sin support under the vaTransitional lagram and/or the development measure of Union Programme Management 043 „Dėl Lietuvos Respubli15 Intervention measure, when in Annex IV to the Council Regulation of the Minister of Meat and Livestock of 17 June 1999 on the coordination of the PHARE programme and the Transitional 116 Alvydas Umbrasas | The National Term Bank of Lithuania: | 10 metų po įstatymo priėmimo Term 13 A legal or natural person sending electronic documents messages of the Minister of Documents and Notifications October 2010 “On the building documents and documents menams, using the public postal program and its implementation people health-14 Water supply of the Republic of Lithuania of the Republic of Lithuania Transport and Communications Delivery System, as defined in system. National electronic ma delivery fi- (or) messages to the and/or documents and through the National Electronic Regulation No. 3-617 of 15 sent messages and electronic ziniams and legal assiuntėjas network, system creation measures plan of approval" and wastewater management ghettos and / or infrastructure elements (e.g., pumped water supply to the environment pavoblinė), which due to accumulated energy and wastewater management may pose a threat to the life, environment or property. Institutional Development Measure, the agricultural products of the Republic of Lithuania are not sold at the institutional drinking water health, dymo įstatymo supply and ongoing processes projektas mo and wastewater producers’ market price, but are with the rules of application of Article No 104/2000. 16 Movable cultural goods or which have been removed in violation of of Lithuania or of the border state Lithuania or of the border state Goods of the Territory or of Other Republic of Lithuania or to a foreign cultural goods or objects or other down by laws. withdrawn from the market or 24 of the Council Regulation of 17 June other objects of Lithuanian culture the laws regulating the movement of (Act on the Protection of Movable (Journal of Laws, 1996, No. 14-352; Act on Cultural Objects, 2008, No. 81-3183) or state after the expiry of the period cultural objects, or have been removed stabilised or preserved in accordance 1999 on Intervention Fisheries Pro- (EC) originating in the Republic of Lithuania, movable cultural goods of the Republic Cultural Goods of the Republic of the Protection of Movable Cultural which have not been returned to the for the lawful removal of movable in violation of other requirements laid 117Terminologija | 2013 | 20 Terminų žodynuose labai ilgi terminai yra visai reti, tačiau negalima sakyti, kad juose tokių terminų nėra. Vis dėlto aprobuotų teisės aktų there is a clear difference in the length of terms and terms provided in glossaries. If we compare the ratio of the groups of terms under consideration by word number with the ratio of the groups of terms of the dictionaries published in the Terminology by word number, mentioned at the beginning of the article, we would see an obvious difference. The longest approved terms (of five or more words) account for about 19 %, while the dictionaries of the Terminology5 contain only about 1 % of such terms, the longest of which consists of 12 words, for example: machine with closed air cooling system and external separately rotating fan (11 words), machine with closed air cooling system and external fan on the shaft of the machine (12 words), single-phase series excitation collector motor with short-circuited compensation winding (10 words) (OJ 1999). As mentioned earlier, approximately 10% of approved terms are single-word terms, and in the aforementioned dictionaries, articles6 of single-word terms account for as much as one third – about 32%. Two-word terms account for about 32% and about 52%, respectively. Three-word and four-word terms have been approved in a relatively large number (about 24% and 15%), while they are only present in about 12% and 3% of the dictionaries of the Terminology, respectively. It is likely that this is the result of the refinement of approved terms, the Terms Bank contributed to the extension of the terminology of legislative acts. The term bank does and has undoubtedly already had an impact on the terminology of legislation. When creating such a system, there are opportunities to agree on the understanding of some or other concepts, the choice of terms for them. The same terms (and concepts) may be interpreted slightly differently in different legislations. The term bank helps to notice this. By drawing the terms into the bank, the possibilities are created to unify the concepts and definitions as much as possible by the agreement of specialists or to identify them differently after clarifying the differences between the concepts. At the same time, specialists from various institutions attending the meetings of the Logic Subcommittee become sprendžiami sinonimų reikalingumo ir jų atrankos klausimai. Į Terminoacquainted with the specifics of terminology work, receive useful comments and gradually improve the terminological quality of legislative acts. In this regard, it is possible 5 Terminology from 27 dictionaries accumulated 298 824 terms articles. Statistical data calculated using the system's search capabilities. 6 It should be noted that both in this term base and in the Term Bank of the Republic of Lithuania, the meanings of dictionaries’ terms are provided in separate articles (this is important for statistics, especially one-word terms often have more than one meaning). Only among the approved Terms Bank terms articles there are those that include more than one meaning (sometimes this shows the differences of concepts in the legislation). 118 Alvydas Umbrasas | The National Term Bank of Lithuania: | 10 metų po įstatymo priėmimo to assert that the Terms Bank indirectly contributes to the terminological education of specialists and the public in general. Compared to the usual term management, where the result of work is usually a term dictionaries, the Term Bank opens up other possibilities: to quickly publish new terms and, if necessary, quickly improve, correct previously published ones. Compared to dictionaries, electronic terminology management also offers completely new, much larger possibilities for searching for terms. However, the standardization of terms in legislative acts poses other difficulties than the management of scientific terminology and the publication of dictionaries. The authors of dictionaries, based on their own research or sometimes translated by linguists, can change previously used terms, name new concepts, propose new creations in the dictionary and hope that they will be accepted by specialists in that field. New terms sometimes come to life and sometimes remain dead, only suggestions recorded in dictionaries. The case is different with the terms of legislation, especially at a higher level, such as laws. Once published, deadlines inevitably enter official use, then other legislation, such as implementing legislation, and so on. Terms are often rewritten from one document to another and it is difficult to stop this flow. Specialists often do not want to change even poor but widespread terms, especially since changing the terms can sometimes require considerable costs not only for the institutions preparing the documents, but also for the business implementing them. A separate problem is the translation of European Union legislation with terminology of varying quality, which is also taken over into national legislation. Changing the terminology of these translations requires complicated procedures, which the institutions are reluctant to undertake. The nearly ten-year practice of creating the Terms Bank shows that specialists have different views on proposals to improve the terminology of legislative acts: some look at them with good will, others are already preconceived against any changes. However, the linguistic and substantive aspects of the evaluation of the term are usually reconciled, sometimes compromises are required on both sides. People who use the Terms Bank sometimes mistakenly think that the bank is like a dictionary of terms. That is not the case. The bank is a large database, into which various į banką dedami tik minėtos komisijos įvertinti terminų žodynai, tačiau materials fall. Of course, apart from the approved terms or those published in the recommendations of the State Lithuanian Language Commission, in such a large data set, inconsistencies are inevitable. It happens that different dictionaries provide the same concepts, only defined, and sometimes even named slightly differently. There are also contrain- 119Terminology | 2013 | 20 gai – some terms and their definitions in different dictionaries are simply not available. It is not because they were not added sutampa. Žinoma, terminų žodynuose pasitaiko ir klaidų, riktų, o daugeto the Terms Bank by the Language Commission (as some people sometimes imagine), but because they are not in the dictionaries or other sources added to the Terms Bank. Thus, the user looking for a term in the Term Bank will not always get a simple answer – sometimes it may be necessary to choose one term from several, evaluate them according to the field, source, time of publication, etc. Although not without its shortcomings, the Terms Bank is the most reliable large and ever-growing source of Lithuanian terms in various fields. CONCLUSIONS 10 years ago, after the adoption of the Law on the Term Bank of the Republic of Lithuania, a state information system was created for the purposes of terms management and the term database was started to be filled, which is a source of both legal acts and scientific terminology. The term bank of the Republic of Lithuania primarily operates as a common system of state institutions, in which the term commissions have been established. The work on its creation is coordinated by the State Lithuanian Language Commission, based on the aforementioned law and its iki dabar jame palaipsniui sukaupta jau per 210 tūkstančių terminų straipsimplementing legislation. 2. Since the beginning of 2005, when the Terms Bank began to record terms, the Most of them are from 36 dictionaries of terms in different fields, but there are more and more linguistically and technically evaluated terms of legislative acts – there are already over 9,000 (status approved). A third of the approved terms are in the field of agriculture, fisheries and food, which is mainly dealt with by the most active Commission on Terminology of the Ministry of Agriculture. 35 institutions have submitted terms for approval, but their quantitative contribution to the Terms Bank is very uneven. 3.As the Term Bank data increases, the number of Term Bank users increases as well, and terms are searched more frequently. In 2012, about 700,000 requests were recorded, and the total number of requests since the bank’s inception has already exceeded 3 million. 4. The 2012 query data shows that Lithuanian and English terms are the most frequently searched, the latter even more often. This is a signal to the representatives of the terminology committees of the institutions that the English equivalents should be given due attention, especially since about 30% 120 Alvydas Umbrasas | The National Term Bank of Lithuania: | 10 metų po įstatymo priėmimo of the approved term articles are now without any equivalents, which can make it difficult for translators of European Union legislation to find these terms or to relate them to their equivalents in other languages. 5. The analysis of the tested terms showed that more than half of them (about 57 %) consist of three or more words, and a relatively large number – about 7 % – even consist of seven or more words. Single-word terms make up only about 10%. This shows that the legislation often defines species concepts. At the same time, there is an effort to be as precise as possible. Unfortunately, long terms are uncomfortable, so short versions are often used in documents. 6. The emergence of the term bank undoubtedly contributes to the improvement of the terminological quality of legislation. During the first stage – the inventory of legislative terms – a number of terminology of current legislative acts were arranged – about one fifth of approved terms articles contain comments that the term and (or) definition in the Terms Bank has been changed, clarified, edited, etc. This is used to prepare new versions of older documents. Now that the focus is on the terminology of draft legislation, the proposals of the terminologists are usually implemented immediately in the legislation. 7.Despite the inconsistencies or other shortcomings, the Terms Bank is currently the most universal and reliable large online freely available source of Lithuanian terms, which can be useful for researchers, editors, translators or other people working with or using terminology. besidomintiems asmenims. LEGISLATION7 Law of the Republic of Lithuania on the Term Bank (Journal of Laws, 2004, No. 7-129). Decision No. N-1 (90) of the State Lithuanian Language Commission of 2 February 2004 “On the approval of the methodology of the term bank of the Republic of Lithuania” (Journal of Laws, 2004, No. 26-842). Decree of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania No. 881 of 12 July 2004 “On granting authorizations for the implementation of the Law on the Term Bank of the Republic of Lithuania” (Journal of Laws, 2004, No. 109-4089). Decision No. X-245 of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania of 14 June 2005 “On the 2004 Activity Report of the State Lithuanian Language Commission” (Journal of Laws, 2005, No. 78-2811). Decree of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania No. 537 of 28 May 2008 “On the amendment of Decree of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania No. 881 of 12 July 2004 “On the granting of powers in implementing the Law on the Term Bank of the Republic of Lithuania” (Journal of Laws, 2008, No. 67-2530). supplementation and Lietuvos Respublikos Seimo 2009 m. rugsėjo 17 d. statutas Nr. XI-415 „Dėl Seimo statuto 135 straipsnio amendment” (OJ 2009, No 112-4751). Decree No. 337 of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania of 17 April 2013 “On the amendment of Decree No. 728 of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania of 11 August 1994 “On the approval of the working regulations of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania” (Journal of Laws, 2013, No. 43-2112). 7 Provided in chronological order.