Terminų vertimo būdai Europos Sąjungos teisės aktų vertimuose į lietuvių kalbą

7 1Terminology | 2014 | 21 Terminų vertimo būdai Europos Sąjungos translations of legislation into Lithuanian Egidijus Zaikauskas Europos Komisija KEY WORDS: translation of terms, translation of documents of the European Union, equivalents, characteristics of the concept, elements of terms, equivalence The article assumes that when translating certain texts into Lithuanian, Lithuanian equivalents are terms used in three translations of European Union documents into Lithuanian. All three used, as required by Lithuanian terminology. The assumptions are based on the analysis of documents were translated in 2013-2014 by translators of the Lithuanian Language Department of the Directorate-General for Translation of the European Commission and published in the electronic EU document database EUR-Lex (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ homepage.html?locate=en)1. When examining the terms of the selected texts, 12 terms translation methods are distinguished. They are named in Lithuanian terms. Introducing Lithuanian terminology terminology is another goal of the article. Statistics on the translation methods of the examined terms are also presented to support the main assumption of the article. Finally, the possible problems and perspectives of approaching terminology as a translation of terms and the application of translation methods in terminology work are discussed. 1. CHOICE OF TERMS OR TRANSLATION OF TERMS? International cooperation of science, business, public administration and other economic sectors cannot do without a common means of communication – a common language. Where appropriate, a language common to all entities (which is spoken by all) may be used. However, for political, ethical, economic and other reasons, subjects often use their own 1 See the section “Statistical results of the researched terms” for more information on the terms under consideration. 7 2 Egidijus Zaikauskas | Methods of translation of terms in the languages of | teisės aktų vertimuose į lietuvių kalbą the European Union, and texts are translated from one language to another. The content of common documents in all (both) languages must be identical, even though the form is national. Terminologists have long noticed that “over the past ten years, more texts have been translated than created in many fields” (Keinys 2012: 84), and translations have a great influence on the development of the Lithuanian language. English, which dominates the world of science, technology, politics and many other areas of life, has become a lingua franca and influences the terminology of other languages, perhaps most of all through translations of texts in special fields. This effect is very clear in the translations of European Union documents. The basic principle of translation teksto prasmę. Bet tekstuose yra daugybė prasmių ir saugiausias tapačios from any language is to convey the same meaning. Terms – regardless of whether they consist of several elements – are independent units of meaning and each term should be translated as one, i.e. not to translate individual elements of the term, but to select equivalents according to the concept. Ideally, the concept should be analyzed, its place in the system of concepts, the essential characteristics of the concept are distinguished, their hierarchy is established, a definition is drawn up and only then the concept marker – a term is selected (see LST ISO 704:2005; LST 0-3-2:2005). However, in practice, terms are not always created in this consistent way, especially in smaller languages such as Lithuanian. There is a much more frequent use of already existing terminology results – terms of other languages, defined in other languages, texts explaining the concept or indicating the usage of the term in other languages, other terminological data in other languages. One of the objectives of this article is to demonstrate with examples and figures that Lithuanian terminology practice does not always coincide with Lithuanian terminology theory, which states that terms should not be translated, but their equivalents should be selected. At least in translations of European Union documents into Lithuanian, compound terms are more often simply translated to the substrate, rather than selecting their equivalents or, if they do not exist, creating new systematic terms based on the grammar rules of the native language. The terminology of the translation services of the European Union is characterized by multilingual consistency of terms (a concept must be expressed in terms of the 24 official EU languages), legal accuracy (the terms must be accurate in order to avoid legal consequences) and urgency (very often the deadline for submitting the translation is very short and full-fledged terminological procedures – examination of the system of concepts, their breakdown into characteristics, coordination with the ex- 7 3Terminology | 2014 | 21 perts and responsible authorities – there is a lack of time, the translator must choose terms relying solely on his own knowledge)2. Therefore, the strategy of translation of terms to the point prevails – an effort is made to select the most accurate corresponding points for each significant term. This term translation strategy is also recommended for translators of international standards and is therefore not a phenomenon exclusive to EU legislation translations: “In cases where a literal translation of an English term and/or definition is not suitable or is a native language term or nepakankamas, tą terminą arba apibrėžtį galima pakeisti atitinkamu naciodefinition”3 (Jones 2010: 49). Such an attitude contradicts the prevailing attitude in Lithuanian terminology to take less account of terms from other languages, for example: “It is clear that when making terms, at least one has to look at the structure of the corresponding terms from other languages. <…> the essential features of terminology must be independence and Lithuanianness”4 (Keinys 2005: 203–204). Sometimes the authors of English document texts wish or even require that the terms are not translated at all, but that their English terms are used in other language texts. For some EU languages, such as German, Danish, Swedish, Dutch, Italian, this is acceptable – in them new concepts are quite often named by spelled or even unspelled English terms, for example: English *chip on board5 – Danish, Swedish, German. *chip on board, engl. *bail-in – dan., it., nl., sv., de.*bail-in. However, for many other languages, direct borrowings from English are not acceptable, and terms are translated. English terms are used as a common template for creating terms in other languages. In this case, formally identical equivalents convey the same characteristics of the concept and ensure that terms of different languages convey the same concept without distortion. This is particularly important for EU legislation, which is drafted in all 24 official EU languages (Regulation No 1, 1958). However, sometimes, for various reasons, the terms in the original language (hereinafter OK) and the translation language (hereinafter VK), which denote the same concept, are not formally identical. 2 Sometimes, fear of mistakes is cited as one of the main reasons, for example: “Translation practice clearly shows a tendency to bring the terms of one language as close as possible to those of the other (translated original) language, or a fear of moving away from them.” (Keinys 2012: 85) 3 Translation by E. Z. 4 Perhaps this statement is more appropriate for the creation of single-word terms, but it is hardly rational for the creation of compound terms. 5 For illustrative purposes, examples not from the three main EU documents used in the study are marked with an asterisk. All examples are taken from documents translated by the translation services of the European Union and from the IATE term database of the EU institutions (http://iate.europa.eu). 7 4 Egidijus Zaikauskas | Methods of translation of terms European Union | teisės aktų vertimuose į lietuvių kalbą 2. ORIGINAL LANGUAGES AND LANGUAGES OF TRANSLATIONS THE RELATIONSHIP OF TERMS It is possible to distinguish between two subdomains – the concept, or the characteristics of the concept, and the terms, or the units (subdomains) of the formal term structure – the difference in cognitive perspective6 tumus. Jei dviejų kalbų terminai sąvoką perteikia tokiu pačiu būdu, t. y. įvardija tuos pačius semantinius požymius, jie laikytini tapačiais. Laikanshould be considered that identity is possible only if the OK and VK terms have the same number of subdomains and one subdomain of the OK term corresponds to one equivalent (of the same language subdomain) subdomain of the VK term. At the same time, however, cognitivists make a strict distinction between the concept of everyday language and the concept of scientific or special field language (Mikulskas 2009: 42–43). Therefore, it would be incorrect to apply the principle of quantitative coherence of content and expression typical of everyday language to special language terms. Thus, the content of OK and VK terms may differ even if the number of elements coincides: different features of the concept are named, other aspects of the features are emphasized, constant and modifier elements are exchanged, etc. Also, even a different number of elements – morphemes or lexemes – can denote the same characteristics of OK and VK terms. Translation theory has a number of descriptions and classifications of the methods of translating textual elements (e.g., Vinay, Darbelnet 1958; Vázquez-Ayora 1977; Malone 1988; Munday 20127), but in many of them the terms are usually left aside as they are perceived as solid textual elements. There are from seven (Lundquist 1997) to a couple of dozen ways of translating. In the classic of translation theory, The textbook of translation, Peter Newmark distinguished eighteen procedures for translating small units of meaning, such as: literaly translation, transference, equivalents, throughtranslation, shift of transposition, modulation, compensation, paraphrase, componential analysis8, etc. (Newmark 1988: 81–93). In general, as L. Pažūsis points out, there is considerable confusion in the classifications of translation methods (procedures), including terminology (Pažūsis 2014: 59–62). Furthermore, 6 “a longer form [of linguistic expression] usually implies more content” (Dirvenas 2009: 14). 7 The most detailed description of translation methods in Lithuanian translation theory is given by Lionginas Pažūsis in his book Language and Translation (Pažūsis 2014). However, even in this comprehensive study, the focus is on the translation of free text elements, and the terms are not examined separately. 8 It is precisely this procedure that could be regarded as a general strategy for the translation of terms. However, it manifests itself in various ways, some of which correspond to the other procedures referred to by Mr Newmark, while others do not. 7 5Terminologija | 2014 | 21 The different translation methods are usually applied to free text elements and are not always suitable for describing the translation of terms by accents. Therefore, based on my personal experience9, and also trying to introduce Lithuanian terminology terminology, I present here my classification of terms translation methods10. 3. CLASSIFICATION OF THE METHOD OF TRANSLATION OF TERMS The classification is based on the formal expression of conceptual features in OK and VK terms. I assume that the translator translates the significant elements of a compound term – words denoting a distinct characteristic of the concept or constructive or grammatical11 morphemes – separately. Of course, some composite terms are taken from dictionaries, terminology databases, translation memories or from the translator’s own memory, but from a methodological point of view, the same analysis can be applied to them as well – it is assumed that the actual creators of these terms have translated them. According to the correspondence of the elements of the terms OK and VK denoting the same concept, the following types of term relations (translation methods) can be distinguished: Equivalence 1) coincidence (match selection) 2) Customization 3) grammatical extension 4) grammatical narrowing 5) unfolding a) grammatical (b) the constructive c) lexical 6) shrinkage a) grammatical (b) the constructive c) lexical 9 I read a presentation on the quantitative and qualitative relationships between the equivalents of terms in the original and translation languages at the conference of the Terminology Centre of the Lithuanian Language Institute “Terminology and terminography: development, current issues, prospects”, October 10–11, 2013 (see conference theses). 10 The translation of a single term cannot be equated with a translation strategy. A translation strategy is a deliberate method of translating a whole text. Methods of translating smaller semantic units – sentences and even smaller ones – are called translation procedures by P. Newmark (1988: 81), microstrategies by Anne Schjoldager (2008: 89) and reworking by L. Pažūsis (2014: 359). 11 In this case, the mental process of translation or word formation is irrelevant: usually grammatical morpheme is not distinguished as an independent mental unit of speech (writing, translation), but here, if a separate function of grammatical morpheme is observed in comparing OK and VK terms, it is examined as a separate point. 7 6 Egidijus Zaikauskas | Methods of translation of terms European Union | teisės aktų vertimuose į lietuvių kalbą Inequality 7) sukeitimas 8) pakeitimas 9) addition 10) skipping 11) demetaphorization 12) metaphorization The first six relationships show the equivalence of OK and VK terms: each OK term element corresponds to one VK term morpheme, word or word combination denoting the same conceptual feature as the OK term element. The ratios 7-10 show the inequality of OK and VK terms: the elements of one language term denote more characteristics of the concept or different characteristics than the elements of another language term. Metaphorization and demetaphorization (11 and 12) are special ways of translating terms. The metaphorical term conveys the concept through visual or logical association, while the demetaphorized term directly identifies the characteristics of the concept. A term can be entirely metaphorical, e.g. cradle-to-grave, or metaphorical only in part, e.g. *orphan work12. It is obvious that the demetaphorized term of VK is not equivalent to the metaphorical term of OK, as well as the metaphorized term of VK is not equivalent to the non-metaphorical term of OK. However, the relationship of such pairs of terms is much more complex than that of non-metaphorical terms, and would require a specific method of analysis. Therefore, the methods of metaphorization and demetaphorization are not discussed in detail in this article. 3.1. Equivalence 3.1.1. MATCHING (SELECTING Equivalents) Each element of the OK term corresponds to one element of the VK term and their equivalents: water – the esminės kokybinės charakteristikos sutampa, pvz.: energy content of hot amount of hot water energy, multi-functionality – multi-functionality, compound financial instrument – compound financial instrument, *flexicurity – flexibility and security, *voluntourist – tourist-volunteer13, etc. In the European Union Institutions Termbase IATE. 13 In accordance with the LST ISO 704:2000 standard, in this article punched words are considered as compound (multi-root) terms and are equated with compound terms formed from independent words. Therefore, the terms "singular term" and "plural term" are not used. Specific word formations are not discussed in this article. 7 7Terminology | 2014 | 21 Spots can be considered identical if they are alone in their respective kia tą patį. Reikia pripažinti, kad dviejų OK ir VK tapatumas ar neatitilanguages. The expression is a relatively subjective thing, so I additionally checked whether they are presented and interpreted as equivalents in the English and Lithuanian dictionary Anglonas and the International Dictionary of Words. Grammatical constructions or derivatives may differ due to language peculiarities, e.g. boiler space heater, *person with visual disability, additional environmental information, but if they do not represent different features or at least different aspects of the same feature, the terms are considered identical. The level of lexical overlap may also be different. It is obvious that international words that coincide with OK and VK show a greater coincidence of terms than terms that consist only of inherited words. Direct borrowings from OK are even more likely to coincide with OK counterparts, but these were not found in the study material. 3.1.2. ALIGNMENT The OK term element has been replaced by the VK term element, which denotes the same characteristic in a slightly different way – slightly narrower, broader or in another aspect, e.g.: *prevention of falls – *fall prevention, the more abstract meaning fall „falling“ is translated into the more concrete word falling (semantic expansion), water drawoff – water drawoff, the more concrete meaning draw-off „draw-off“ is translated into the more abstract word drawing (semantic narrowing). This way of translating terms is clearly seen when comparing how synonymous elements of different English terms are presented in Lithuanian terms. For example, *investigation, *inquire, *trial, *study, *research are often translated as the same word research, *common, *single, *global, *general, *united, *overall, *gross, *aggregated, *joint, *overarching – common. 3.1.3. GRAMMATIC EXTENSION This is a case of translation of a term, where the VK accent of the OK term with the same lexical meaning has additional grammatical formats, which do not denote separate semantic features, but change the interpretation of the feature of the concept formally expressed by that word, e.g.: macht funding – coordinated financing, accent harmonizuotas, compared to the English match „to negotiate, to match“, also has past tense and passive meanings, which can limit the use of the term in the text. 7 8 Egidijus Zaikauskas | Methods of translation of terms European Union | teisės aktų vertimuose į lietuvių kalbą 3.1.4. GRAMMATIC CONSTRUCTION It can be assumed that a possible and opposite case is the narrowing of the grammatical meaning, but such examples were not detected neither in the research material nor in other texts, probably because in English, compared to Lithuanian, there are far fewer grammatical formats. 3.1.5. DISCLOSURE This is a translation method where the accent of the OK term in the translation language is replaced by a accent of a higher language sublevel. 3.1.5.1. Grammatical Explanation. Replacement of the grammatical morpheme of the OK term with a constructive morpheme or lexicon of the UK term, e.g.: emissions – emissions, emission translates emission – in English. The plural functional indicator “-s” gives the compound the character of action result, which in Lithuanian is expressed by a separate lexem particle. Also see *borrowing+s – borrowing > borrowed money, *application+-s – application > application, etc. This type of deployment of the English plural functional indicator is quite typical when translating terms into Lithuanian, but it is probably the only type of grammatical deployment. 3.1.5.2. 14th edition. Substitution of adjective morpheme of OK term with a lexema of VK term, e.g.: derecognition – discontinuation of recognition, *desilting – removal of sludge. Substitution takes place according to the scheme deX -ing/-tion = X + šalin-/nutrauk-imas, in Lithuanian the function of the English morpheme "de-" is performed by a separate point (lexem root), usually removal, termination. Other examples: m u l t i - s e l l l e r securitisation scheme – d a u g y b ė s p a r d a v ė j ų securitisation scheme, co-function – parallel function, weighting – weighted valuation, *numeracy – mathematical literacy, etc. 3.1.5.3. Lexical Explanation. The word OK has been replaced by a combination of words that denotes the same characteristic of the concept, although due to more lexicons it conveys more aspects of the characteristic, e.g.: respiratory inorganics – inhaled inorganic particles, water-based system – water-based system, solar collector – solar energy 14 Many Lithuanian term lexicons are derivatives of the Lithuanian language, but if termine denotes one essential formally is a derivative of the abstract noun characteristic suffix -imas from the verb gyvuoti, thus a compound (bi-dense), but in this article it is požymį, jie laikytini semantiškai ir struktūriškai vientisais termino dėmenimis. Pavyzdžiui, gyvavimas considered a single-dense, because the term life cycle does not denote any other characteristic that would not be expressed in the English equivalent life termine life cycle. 7 9Terminology | 2014 | 21 kolektorius, ozone depletion – ozono sluoksnio ardymas, 1)reporting 2)threshold – 1)informacijos teikimo 2)ribinė vertė (dvigubas leksinis išskleidimas) and others. The lexical expansion is determined by the formed national terminology system – the VK composite terms are formed from existing composite terms, to which the OK corresponds with homogeneous terms. 3.1.6. CONSTRUCTION The opposite of expanding is to replace the accent of the OK term in the translation language with a lower-level accent. 3.1.6.1. Grammatical contraction. Adjective morpheme of OK term or lexicon (or several) of VK term expressed by grammatical morpheme, e.g.: business to business – transactions of economic entities. There are three ways of translating this term: lexical expansion: business – economic entity, lexical addition: + transactions, grammatical contraction: adjective, in English expressed by the construction “A to A”, in Lithuanian expressed in the plural. Probably this way of translating is quite rare – I could not find more examples in translations. 3.1.6.2. Activity contraction. Due to the rich creation powers of the Lithuanian language, this is a fairly common way of translating terms, e.g.: gross calorific value, water storage tank, raw material, *bio-based, *target-oriented, etc. 3.1.6.3. Lexical contraction. It differs from the constructive contraction only formally – the VK equivalent cannot be broken down into separate morphemes that correspond to the OK lexems, e.g.: b i n - s p e c i f i c coefficient – i n t e r v a l o coefficient, i g n i t i o n b u r n e r power consumption – u ž d e g i k l i o potrošačka moć. Both expansion and contraction are extreme forms of equivalence, and it is sometimes very difficult to distinguish them from addition or omission, respectively. 3.2. Inequivalence 3.2.1. REPLACEMENT In translated documents, the form of terms is determined not only by the concept and its characteristics, but also by the context. The term is applied to other text segments 8 6 Egidijus Zaikauskas | Methods of translation of terms European Union | teisės aktų vertimuose į lietuvių kalbą If there are synonyms for the same concept in the original language, the term in the translation language may be translated from a different term than the one chosen for analysis. This is much less likely if you are looking at the terms of a specific text, rather than a dictionary or database. The classification should be closely compared with other classifications of translation methods of text elements that exist in translation theory. This could help to complement it and perhaps consolidate it. The boundaries of some classification groups are not entirely clear, and the term may be assigned to one of them depending on the individual interpretation of the researcher. For example, expanding and adding, replacing and overlapping. The boundaries of unequal relationships are clear and they are easy to calculate, generalize. Sometimes, one term can distinguish between several types of translation. Such cases are counted separately. However, when all elements of the term coincide, the whole term is considered as one case, although theoretically many of them could be split into individual elements or groups of elements, and this would significantly change the statistics in favor of the coincidence ratio and show an even stronger tendency to translate terms rather than selecting their equivalents. In this classification I distinguished demetaphorization as a separate way of translating terms. Perhaps by collecting more examples it would be possible to try to classify the removal of metaphors into one of the other 10 categories or to break it down into several ways. It is not always clear how to assess certain OK phenomena. For example, whether English phrase nouns, such as off mode, draw-off, *built-in, upstrem and downstream, are to be considered derivatives, compounds or solid words. The treatment of the phenomenon would depend on which group of translation methods we would assign them to. The fact that phraseal verbs can be interpreted differently is also shown by the English spelling separately, with a dash or together. So far, too few terms have been examined to be able to say that this list of 12 translations of the given terms is exhaustive. It is possible that other ways will be revealed by comparing other terms of the OK and VK, for example, French19 and Lithuanian or Lithuanian and Russian, from which many terms were translated in one historical period. More translational terms could be studied to create a more comprehensive inventory of translational terms and to prepare guidelines for translators and terminologists. 19 The working language of the Court of Justice of the European Union is French, and many documents are translated into Lithuanian from that language, so that there is sufficient up-to-date material for the study. 8 7Terminology | 2014 | 21 IŠVADOS Although composite terms should be perceived as denoting a single concept sąvoką, ir vertėjas, vadovaudamasis gerąja praktika, jų VK atitikmenis turėtų parinkti išanalizavęs sąvoką ir pagal esamą terminų sistemą, prakin a tick, OK terms denoting new concepts are usually translated in a subset, the individual elements that make up the term are taken from dictionaries and term bases. Therefore, it is possible to compare the corresponding terms of the original and the translation and to investigate the methods of translation of the terms. The classifications of translation methods of text elements in translation theory often do not take sufficient account of the specificity of translation of terms, since they are perceived as semantically indivisible, homogeneous text units. Therefore, based on existing classifications and personal experience of terminological work, 12 methods of translation of terms are distinguished. Two of them – demetaphorization and metaphorization – can probably be reduced to others, but due to their specificity they are not analysed in this article. In the three lists of terms taken from the new European Union documents examined, equivalent translation methods predominate: almost 82% of the examined terms were translated by one of the equivalent translation methods, 59% of them have identical structure and directly refer to the same characteristics of the concept. Thus, two-thirds of the researched terms ideally meet the criterion of interlingual terminological consistency. This figure also indicates, at least in part, the accuracy with which specialised fields could or should be translated by machine translation programs. The fact that 13.6% of the translations of terms are of non-equivalent type (excluding demetaphorization) shows the translators’ efforts to find a more accurate expression of the term concept, attempts to re-understand the concept and to present a clearer and more systematic term. A detailed analysis of the translation terms would allow to make a tinkamų kalbų būdų inventorių, kuris būtų naudinga metodinė priemonė translation of terms for translators and terminology managers. ŠALTINIAI 2013 m. rugpjūčio 2 d. Komisijos reglamentas (ES) Nr. 813/2013, kuriuo įgyvendinant Europos Parlamento ir Tarybos direktyvą 2009/125/EB nustatomi patalpų šildytuvų ir kombinuotųjų šildytuvų ekologinio projektavimo reikalavimai (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/LT/TXT/?qid=1408977883418&uri= CELEX:32013R0813). 2013/179/ES: 2013 m. balandžio 9 d. Komisijos rekomendacija dėl produktų ir organizacijų gyvavimo ciklo aplinkosauginio veiksmingumo matavimo ir pranešimo apie jį bendrų metodų taikymo (http://eur-lex. europa.eu/legal-content/LT/TXT/?qid=1408977661743&uri=CELEX:32013H0179). 8 8 Egidijus Zaikauskas | Terminų vertimo būdai Europos Sąjungos | teisės aktų vertimuose į lietuvių kalbą 2014 m. balandžio 16 d. Komisijos įgyvendinimo reglamentas (ES) Nr. 680/2014, kuriuo pagal Europos Parlamento ir Tarybos reglamentą (ES) Nr. 575/2013 nustatomi įstaigų priežiūros ataskaitų teikimo techniniai įgyvendinimo standartai (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/LT/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:3201 4R0680&rid=1). Piesarskas B. Anglonas: anglų–lietuvių kalbų kompiuterinis žodynas, „Fotonija“, 2006. Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, Vilnius: Alma littera, 2003. LITTERACY Dirvenas R. 2009: Cognitive Linguistics. – Language and People, Vilnius: Vilnius University Press, 11–38. Gražytė R., Maskaliūnienė N. 2009: Translation of Conceptual Metaphors in the Legal Discurse of EU White Papers. – Translation studies. Scientific Reports 2: 71–87. Jones A. 2010: Tutorial for ISO/TC 211. Project Leader, Experts and Delegates, Canberra, 2010-12-05 (slides of the presentation). Keinys S. 2005: Contemporary Lithuanian Terminology, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute Publishing House. Keinys S. 2012: Development of Lithuanian Terminology, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. LST 0-3-2:2005: Standardization. Part 3. Structure and formatting of standards and other publications. 2 under. Terms standards and non-terms standards terms sections (non-equivalent ISO 10241:1992), Lithuanian Department of Standardization. LST ISO 704:2005: Terminology work. Principles and Methods (identical to ISO 704:2000), Lithuanian Department of Standardization. Lundquist L. 1997: Translation. Problems and Strategies, Seen in Text Linguistic and Pragmatic Perspective, Gylling: Samfundslitteratur (pagal Basics of Translation, 2010 SIS English, Aalborg University; http://www.hum. aau.dk/~kim/BoT10/bot5.pdf). Malone J. L.1988: The Science of Linguistics in the Art of Translation: Some Tools from Linguistics for the Analysis and Practice of Translation, Albany: State University of New York Press. Marinina V. 2006: The Analysis of English Metaphoric Terms and their Lithuanian and Russian Equivalents from the Perspective of Linguistic Relativity. – Tiltai 2, 98–108. Mikulskas R. 2009: Cognitive Linguistics and the Problems of Lexicography. – Language and People, Vilnius: Vilnius University Press, 39–80. Munday J. 2012: Introducing Translation Studies. Theories and Applications, London, New York: Routledge. Newmark P. 1988: A Textbook of Translation, New York: Prentice Hall. Pažūsis L. 2014: Language and Translation, Vilnius: Vilnius University. Regulation No 1 laying down the arrangements concerning the languages to be used in the European Economic Community (OJ P 017, 6.10.1958, p. 385; 2013 consolidated version: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:01958R0001-20130701&rid=1). Vázquez-Ayora G. 1977: Introduction to translation: a basic course in translation, Washington DC: Georgetown University Press. Schjoldager A. 2008: Understanding Translation, Aarhus: Academica. Vinay J.-P., Darbelnet J. 1958: Comparative Stylistics of French and English, Paris: Didier-Harrap. Vladarskienė R. 2012: Metaphorical terms in economics. – Terminologija 19, 83–92. PROCEDURES FOR TRANSLATING TERMS IN TRANSLATIONS OF LEGAL ACTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION INTO THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE For some time now, English has been a worldwide lingua franca in economics, technology, politics and many other fields. It has also become the default language for the drafting of legal acts in the European Union. Regulation No 1/58 requires all EU legal acts to be published in the 24 official languages of the EU. When translating these texts, translators are expected to follow certain procedures and stick to certain principles. The reliability and legal consistency of terminology is a priority and the best way to achieve this is to translate terms with meaningful components at lexical, 8 9Terminologija | 2014 | 21 word formation and grammar levels. In this way, English terms become a basis for national terms. If one regards national terms as building blocks of texts translated from English, it becomes possible to analyse the strategies (procedures) for translating such terms, to determine the level of conformity between corresponding terms in the original language (ORI) and the target language (TARG), and to pick out trends in terminology. I have identified 12 terminology translation procedures on the basis of ideas from a number of researchers and from my own experience. Half of them, such as equivalence, adjustment, amplification, indicate equivalence between terms at the semantic and formal levels, while the other half involve some deviation from the uniform representation of the concept, e. g. substitution, replacement, addition. The current research takes three documents translated in 2013 and 2014 in the Lithuanian Department of the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Translation and analyses 228 pairs of terms, excluding duplicates. In over 80% of the cases, the equivalence of ORI and TARG terms was demonstrated and 13.6% could be considered as distinct at the formal level, though corresponding to the same concept. Two of the procedures — metaphorisation and demetaphorisation — were excluded from the results, as they require more complex translation procedures and should be dealt with separately. Comprehensive analysis of translated terminology would allow the compilation of an inventory of term translation procedures, which would be a helpful tool for translators when translating a new terminology. Retrieved 2014-08-29. Egidijus Zaikauskas Europos Komisija Bâtiment Jean Monnet C3/115, L-2920 Luxembourg, Luxembourg E-mail [email protected] This article reflects the author's personal opinion. It cannot in any way be identified with the official opinion of the European Commission or any of its departments.