Kai kurie terminų sinonimijos aspektai

3 9Terminology | 2015 | 22 Some aspects of synonymy of terms ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language KEY WORDS: synonymous terms, synonymy of terms, lexical synonyms, grammatical synonyms, aspectual synonyms, motivational sign, recognition of synonymous terms, hyperonyms, hyponyms The question of synonymy of terms in terminology is particularly relevant, both for its theory and for terminology management. The Lithuanian in ontologies synonymous terms and synonymy of terms are important termite. The reasons for synonyms and the evaluation of synonymy of terms are discussed (Keinys 2005 [1974], 1980; Kaulakienė 1994; Gaivenis 2002 and others), constructive synonyms in terminology (Keinys 2005 [1966]), synonymy of Lithuanian and international terms in terminology is examined (Klimavičius 1975), the specificity of synonymy in terminology is reviewed (Zemlevičiūtė 2001) and others. The synonymy of terms in individual fields was also studied in various respects (mainly origin, structure, normativity): synonyms of melioration (Keinys 2005 [1974]), computing (Auksoriūtė 1997; Kaulakienė 2000; Šilobritaitė 2010), physics and technology (Kaulakienė 1994; Gaivenytė 2000), phonetics (Kazlauskaitė 2000), medicine (Zemlevičiūtė 2001), law (Umbrasas 2004), philosophy (Mikelionienė 2004), construction (Stunžinas 2005, 2010), architecture (Kitkauskienė 2005), religion (Rimkutė 2007), mathematics (Šilobritaitė 2007), electrostatics (Stankevičienė 2012), synonyms of plant names (Labanauskienė 2014), as well as synonyms in Latvian language dictionaries (Kvašytė 2000) and others. In general, the synonymy of terms is often discussed more or less in other articles, which deal with terminology of some field or some source1. 1 In some works, terminologists refer to different equivalents of the same foreign language term, some of which are synonyms, as unterminologizuotas žodis skirtumai (see Umbrasas 2004, 2010; Šilobritaitė 2010). 4 0 Asta Mitkevičienė | Kaikurieterminųsinonimijosaspektai This article briefly reviews the concept of synonymous terms and the limits of synonymy of terms, discusses the types of systematic synonymous terms, distinguished according to the structure of terms, language conjugations and the root of terms, and also reviews some difficulties of synonyms recognition in the text. The aim is not to cover all aspects of synonymy of terms, but to analyze some aspects of this semantic relationship that are less studied or not studied at all in Lithuanian terminology. The statements in this article are illustrated with examples of terms from the humanities (linguistics, literary science, musicology, art, architecture, aesthetics, etc.)2. Synonyms in terms of normativity are not discussed in this article, although the synonymy of terms is both a cause and an effect of normativity. It is assumed that without evaluating synonymous terms according to which is better, a slightly different picture than the usual synonymy of terms could perhaps be revealed. Understanding Synonyms and the Scope of Synonyms TERMINOLOGY Synonyms are not understood equally in terminology. Some of these terms are synonyms, while others have different meanings. Accordingly, synonyms and quasi-synonyms3, absolute and partial synonyms are distinguished. A complicated relationship between synonyms and variants. According to Rita Miliūnaitė, “the most important characteristic of synonyms – the semantic commonality of language units with different expressions – almost does not distinguish them from widely understood variants” (Miliūnaitė 2009: 181). Term variants in terminology refer to various things: small differences in terms (for example, spelling) and, for example, common synonyms, long and short forms of terms (for more on the concept of term variants see Mitkevičienė 2004). Synonymy of terms is interpreted in terminology as variation (Татаринов 2006: 173), variants are considered part of synonymy or synonyms and variants are discussed as unrelated units. The main characteristics of synonyms – 1) the same (or very close) meaning, 2) different expression – in terminology have not only terms. 2 The dictionaries of the humanities include terms from other fields used in the texts of these sciences (for example, the dictionaries of the fine arts contain terms from the printing industry). The article also does not distance itself from such terms, because there are no strict boundaries between the terms of individual sciences. 3 Quasi-synonyms have almost identical intensities and can replace each other in some contexts (iSO 704: 25). 4 1Terminology | 2015 | 22 A concept may be identified not only by two or more terms, but also by a term and its definition, description, interpretation, equivalent in another language, abbreviation, etc. In terminology, sometimes even a definitional synonymy is given. This is called the relationship between the term and its definition (see Головин, Кобрин 1987: 57–58, cf. Nissilä, Nuopponen 2011: 254). Some terminology works talk about interlingual synonymy – synonyms are considered to be linguistic units of different languages that designate the same concept (Gerstenkorn 1993: 29–30), which in Lithuanian terminology are usually considered to be equivalents. Maria Teresa Cabré mentions the following cases of a very broadly understood synonymy, encompassing various linguistic and non-linguistic units: 1) the relation of the designate to its definition, 2) the relation of the designate to the illustration of the same concept, 3) the relation of equivalents in different languages, 4) the relation of designates belonging to different functional styles, 5) the relation of alternative designates of the same language (Cabré 1999: 109–110). All this shows that synonymy can be understood very broadly. Types of synonyms In terms of structure (cohesiveness), the synonymous terms strings consist of: 1) single words, 2) compound terms or 3) terms with different number of elements (single and compound terms, two-word and three-word terms, etc.). For example: 1) fleron, cruciferous “a decorative architectural detail in the form of cross-placed stylized leaves or flowers pointing upwards” (ArchŽ); connectives, interfixes, spacers "connecting elements of morphemes" (LKe); memoirs, reminiscences "a work telling about events in which the author himself was a participant or witness" (LeM); overtone, overtone "any component of a composed tone (subtone) of a frequency greater than the frequency of the main tone" (Muze iii); the middle of the tongue’ (LKe); palatalizacija,minkštinimas„priebalsių tarimas, papildomai pakeliant partition, partition “a fence or grille of twigs to separate the church (altar, Crucified) or part of the room from the rest of the space” (ArchŽ); “a plate (or ring) with a pointed protruding tip, which is used to pick up the strings of some stringed chordophones (harp, cither, mandolin)” (Muze iii); The castle was built on the site of a fortified settlement. There lived soldiers, craftsmen, merchants, farmers” (DailŽ); 4 2 Asta Mitkevičienė | Some aspects of the synonymy of the terms bud, crab „in Gothic architecture a decorative sculptural form of stylized leaves or flowers to decorate the capitals and bases of columns, archivoltas, towers, gables, pinnacles edges, and for vimpergas – and to stiffen“ (ArchŽ); refrain, adjective “a metrorhythmic unit of a poem, repeated exactly or approximately at the end of a stanza or after each stanza” (LiterŽ ii); calculations, numbers “linear improvisational texts created by calculating and choosing words related to numbers <...>” (LeM); 2) subtype of work, model of work “formal or semantic variation of the type of work resulting from limited (not contradictory to the identity of the type) variation of at least one characteristic of the type of work” (LKe); animal motif, zoomorphic motif "the depiction of a real or fantastic animal (or part of it) (e.g., a griffin). Since ancient times, it has been widespread in architectural and artistic works, handicrafts” (DailŽ); hierarchical links and hierarchical relationships (Jakaitienė 2010: 114, 124); parallel keys, parallel keys “two minor and minor keys having a common sound string” (Muze ii); "Late English Gothic, formed in the 14th century, flourished in the 15th century, and reached its peak in the 16th century; the longest (even 300 years) existing style“ (ArchŽ); “a part of a sentence, having two-way connective connections: with a conditional and with a substantive or adjective” (LKe); 3) Alkaiic verses, alkaiikos "antique verses, the metric structure of which was invented by the Aeolian poet Alkaios (about 600 BC). Alkajinės eilės belong to eolines“ (LiterŽ ii); environmental art, otherwise environment or invariance "multi-dimensional spatial compositions, which, unlike installations, are offered to the viewer to perceive while inside" (este); inesyvas, internal present pronoun “one of the four postpositional forms of the Lithuanian pronoun (locative), preserved and widely used in common language to denote place and time” (LKe); cross-shaped buildings, cross-shaped buildings “cross-shaped Christian shrines” (DailŽ); flatbed press, flatbed printing "a printing method used in graphic design and printing. Printable elements and spaces are in the same plane” (DailŽ). 4 3Terminology | 2015 | 22 Thus, for terminology, as for linguistic stylistics (see Župerka 2012), the synonymy of more than one language unit is relevant. Synonymous terms are lexical synonyms (single-word synonymous terms, i.e. words) and syntactic synonyms (composite synonymous terms, i.e. word combinations) (see definition of lexical and syntactic synonyms in KalbŽ). In Lithuanian linguistics, systematic lexical synonyms and grammatical synonyms are usually distinguished, the latter being divided into morphological and syntactic synonyms (Pikčilingis 1969: 10; Župerka 1983: 29–30, 2012: 30–31; KalbŽ; LKe). Another type of synonyms is distinguished, although not mentioned by all and not treated equally by all – constructive synonyms (Keinys 2005 [1966]: 258; Pikčilingis 1969: 45, 2010: 569–570; Župerka 1983: 29–30, 2012: 30–31; Vaskelienė 2000, 2013; TermŽ 60; Jakaitienė 2010: 125–126; Vaskelienė, Kučinskienė 2012 and others), which Juozas Pikčilingis also calls lexical-morphological synonyms, “because they are an intermediate type of lexical and morphological synonyms” (Pikčilingis 1969: 45)4. In the case of a synonymous term, the synonymous terms are either lexical synonyms or constructive synonyms. Adjective synonyms can be considered a separate type of synonyms or a subtype of lexical synonyms (Vaskelienė 2013: 208). The lexical synonyms are, for example, an atlas, a reverse of “prints of two adjacent pages of a book” (DailŽ), a drawing engraved in black, nimas,nielas „metalo dirbinių puošybos technika. Metale (dažn. sidabre) the grooves of which are filled with a mass of silver, copper, tin and borax sulphides, reminiscent of black or garnet-colored enamel” (DailŽ), and the constructive ones, for example, memories, memories “one of the titles of album poetry, lyrical form, close to folktales, but recorded in writing (stereotypical motifs, cliché symbols, etc.); often of a dedication nature, simple form, uncomplicated verse, sensual short poems or stanzas, which aim to express favor to the addressee” (LLe), temple, shrine “building intended for worship of a deity, performing religious rites” (ArchŽ) etc. A typical case of lexical synonymy of terms, which is extremely important for terminology, is the synonymy of international and Lithuanian terms5, for example, asmenvardis, anthroponym „real name of a person: Vytautas, Žymantienė, 4 The concepts of verb synonyms were reviewed by Jolanta Vaskelienė (2000: 5–10). 5 Many examples of such synonymy can be found in the electronic dictionary Borrowing terms and their equivalents, accessible via the Internet: http://sta.lki.lt/. 4 4 Asta Mitkevičienė | Some aspects of synonymy of terms Vaižgantas“ (KalbŽ), adjective, adjectiveation of “significant words” (LiterŽ ii) and others. Such žodžių artėjimas prie būdvardžių klasės ir virtimas būdvardžiais“ (LKe), synonymy in terminology is justified. The lines of lexical synonyms in terminology also consist of an international term and a hybrid, e.g., pentacolumn, pentastyle "Greek temple with five columns on the facade" (ArchŽ), an international term and a non-international loan, e.g., stanza, verse "1. a combination of metrorhythmic units – lines – of a versed language, in which both the rhythm principle (the meter) and the entire hierarchy of metrics of the language are emphasized and which is characterized by intonational unity and completeness” (LiterŽ ii), two Lithuanian and one international terms, for example, abėcėlė, alphabet, alphabet “all letters of writing arranged in a certain order” (KalbŽ), and terms of other origin (the origin of synonymous terms is not discussed in this article). The synonyms can consist of lexical and verb synonyms (monosyllabic terms) together, for example, definition, definition, definition "a comprehensive vocabulary description reflecting the nucleus of the term meaning and specifying the content of the concept, which at a certain level of abstraction reveals the essential characteristics that distinguish it from neighboring concepts" (TermŽ). When a synonym line includes terms of different origin – an international term (borrower) and a hybrid having a root of international origin (already made in the Lithuanian language), it seems not very accurate to talk about adjective synonymy, although such terms correspond to the characteristics of adjective synonyms6, if the international term is considered a derivative, cf. synonym lines germanism, germanity (and germanity) “word or phrase borrowed from Germanic languages” (KalbŽ), avanscena, priešscenis “part of the scene before the curtain” (DailŽ) and so on. In terminology, it is quite convenient and probably more accurate to classify constructive synonyms as lexical synonyms7. the sick level. Daryba yra tokių sinonimų šaltinis, tačiau kaip žodžiai jie priklauso lekMore complicated with compound terms. In the linguistic analysis of compound synonymous terms, it is necessary to take into account both the relationship of the main term and the secondary term with the corresponding elements of its synonym, 6 Verb synonyms – “co-root derivatives having the same verb meaning, identical or similar lexical meaning and different forms of verb” (Vaskelienė 2013: 207). 7 Looking at terms in terms of standardization, according to Stasys Keinis, in most cases, operative synonymy “is easily avoided and is considered a creature of terminology non-establishment” (Keinys 2005 [1974]: 261). 4 5Terminology | 2015 | 22 both to the relationship of the whole compound term with its synonym. Compound terms are compounds of words, i.e., they belong to a different level of language than single-word terms. In Lithuanian linguistics, syntactic synonyms are usually considered to be syntactic constructions of the same (or almost identical) lexical composition, but of different grammatical structure, having a close or similar meaning (Pikčilingis 1969: 49; Župerka 1983: 54–55, 2012: 47; Valiulytė 1998: 9). The same lexical composition is perceived as independent lexices of the same root (Valiulytė 1998: 12). Such synonyms in terminology form one of the types of compound synonymous terms. A typical type of expression of compound synonymous terms are compound synonymous terms, whose secondary elements are expressed by the noun's genitive and the suffix's -inis adjective. Pranas Kniūkšta (1976: 123, 124) calls synonyms of such expressions mixed, more broadly – grammatical. Kazimieras Župerka (1983: 57–58, 2012: 50) discusses them with syntactic – word combinations – synonyms. Some examples of such terms are: antonym pair and antonym pair (ermanytė 2008: 15), marginal dialects, marginal dialects (see Kardelis 2014 and the sources cited there), rhythmic unit, rhythm unit “a repeating section of some process” (LiterŽ ii)8, synonymic relationship and synonymy relationship (Jakaitienė 2010: 121, 122), frequency dictionary, frequency dictionary “a dictionary of one language in which words are arranged according to the frequency of use in various texts” (LKe) (cf. frequency dictionary, frequency dictionary (KalbŽ)) and others.9 In some Lithuanian terminology works, not only single-word synonymous terms, but also synonymous elements of compound synonymous terms are divided into lexical and constructive synonyms (see, for example, Stunžinas 2005; Šilobritaitė 2007 and others)10. The main elements of composite terms are often (sometimes also secondary elements) single-word terms that may have lexical synonyms, including constructs (e.g., linguistics – linguistics → applied linguistics – applied linguistics, 8 Not all definitions of terms in the sources are accurate, but the evaluation of definitions in this article is disassociated. 9 Such synonyms are limited in their inclusion in dictionaries, as they are considered a sign of terminology non-consistency, but they can be found in scientific texts (either in the same text, or one synonym of one and another of another text). 10 In Regina Kvašytė’s Educational Dictionary of Terminology, the definition of the term synonym of terminology is as follows: “one of a pair or several lexical units – a single term or any element of a composite term having a common semisyllable” (TermŽ, here and herein further refined by me. – A. M.). It can be understood that the compound terms themselves are not synonyms. Synonymic elements can also be found in compound terms that are not synonymous with each other, for example, the linguistic terms retrogressive derivative and retrograde derivative (examples from Keinys 1999: 113). 4 6 Asta Mitkevičienė | Some aspects of synonymy of terms traditional linguistics – traditional linguistics (Language), definition – definition – definition → extensive definition, extensive definition, extensive definition; negative definition, negative definition, negative definition (TermZ)), so such compound synonymous terms formed with single-word synonyms could also be considered lexical (or constructive) synonyms. Such synonyms are not determined by a syntactic relationship. When synonymous adjectives or adjective words are the secondary elements of compound synonymous terms, the notation of the syntactic connection coincides – it is combined in both cases, for example, multilayered glass, laminated glass “glass of two or more layers” (DailŽ), linked (or related) stem “such a stem that differs from the independent (free) in that it does not form the same word (and the word change) stem and always goes (as the primary stem) together with a suffix, prefix or another stem” (Urbutis 2009: 144) and so on. Some of these synonymous co-rooted adjectives, such as the suffixes -inis and -iškas adjectives, P. Kniūkšta 123, pg. 2012. pp. 155–156. J. Pikčilingis (1969: 50) assigns the attributive adjective and participle used synonymously to the syntactic synonyms, although it laiko darybiniais arba plačiau – gramatiniais sinonimais (Kniūkšta 1976: would seem that the differences between such synonyms are more morphological than syntactic. He himself considers the distinction between morphological and syntactic synonyms to be a matter of attitude: “Whether we call grammatical synonyms morphological or syntactic, in many cases depends on whose eyes – of a morphologist or syntaxist – we look at them” (Pikčilingis 1969: 50). Synonymous terms of different grammatical structures may have non-co-root synonymous elements, for example: differential signs, distinguishing signs “linguistic features by which elements of a certain class differ from each other” (LKe), flexion root, flexion root “the stem of variable words, on whose forms depends their type of flexion” (LKe; cf. single-word synonyms flexion, flexion), language policy, linguistic policy “the system of measures applied by state, political, social institutions to regulate language and its use” (KalbŽ) and others. Compound synonymous terms may not have any coincident element, so the synonymy connecting such terms is also not one type, for example: descriptive linguistics, descriptive linguistics "American structural linguistics direction (most famous representative Leonard Bloomfield (Leonard Bloomfield), by the method of distribution analysis aimed at comprehensively describing the language 4 7Terminology | 2015 | 22 formal elements according to its internal structure” (FonolŽ) (these terms have more synonyms: descriptive linguistics, descriptivism, descriptive linguistics (KalbŽ)), literary movement “organized group of writers (its members are linked by common aesthetic, ideological principles)” (LeM) and literary movement (Storm and rushing in the article, LeM) and others. In Lithuanian linguistics it is customary to talk about synonyms of a single language11, except for a few exceptions, for example, stumbling or veding and synonymous word combinations. In terminology, as mentioned above, there is a synonymy between a single word and a compound term, a two-word and a three-word term, etc. Traditionally, such synonymous terms are referred to as short and long variants of the term (see Keinys 1980: 101, 103). On the other hand, it has been noted that the researchers of lexical synonyms also speak about the synonymy of the word and the word combination, for example, evalda Jakaitienė in the textbook of lexicology presents the compound synonyms of banner: kaičioji reklama, reklaminis skydelis, reklaminė juosta, reklaminė užsklanda (Jakaitienė 2010: 124). These examples are also terms. The Middle Ages are a period of social development that follows the Antiquity. Includes the period from the collapse of the Roman Empire (476) to the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th century” (VLe XXV), sociolinguistics – social linguistics “a branch of linguistics that studies the relationship between language and society, the dependence of language functioning on the conditions of life in society, the relationship between language and culture, the problems of bilingualism” (LKe) and others can be considered mixed synonyms. J. Pikčilingis (1969: 73) calls words and word combinations of such expression morphological-syntactic or mixed synonyms (according to him, the synonymic relationship links the morphological form and the syntactic construction or combination). K. Župerka (2012: 40) discusses derivatives or conjunctions and combinations of words of similar or identical meaning together with constructive synonyms, but refers to them as competitors, a term of broader meaning. Terms of this form are classified as syntactic synonyms in terminology (see TermŽ 61) or, for example, are considered variants rather than synonyms (see Kaulakienė 1994: 52). As can be seen from the overview, the synonymy of terms is of a very diverse nature, one row of synonyms (especially a longer one) includes or can include synonyms of different kinds (see the term descriptive linguistics and its synonyms). The definition of the term synonymy in the Lithuanian language encyclopedia is as follows: “a relation of equivalence between two or more language units of the same level” (LKe 488). 5 4 Asta Mitkevičienė | Some aspects of the synonymy of terms or the use of a compound term instead of a compound term with more elements, with which it is related by hierarchical relations22, for example, instead of folk special lexicon is written special lexicon: “Our folk special lek sika is mainly related to agriculture and crafts. <...> On the other hand, specialists of various branches of science, who work on the management of terms in their field, often lack more precise information about the Lithuanian specialized lexicon” (Gaivenis 2002: 51–52), instead of translation of terms – simply translation: “Many specialists of various fields often distort the value of terms themselves. The word is often perceived as a phenomenon also called textual synonymy (Гринев 1993: 112). There terminų sandaros ar motyvacijos kopijavimas“ (Gaivenis 2002: 85). Toks are more complicated and less clear cases of use of terms, for example, instead of the term French feminist criticism, French feminism is used: “The most established is the division of feminist criticism into two main directions – Anglo-American and French. <...> Unlike early American criticism, French feminism was openly theoretical, borrowing basic ideas from the works of poststructuralists” (XXLT 2006: 175). Are these terms, like feminist criticism and feminism, linked by a synonymous or hierarchical relationship? What is the relationship between the common word and the common name of compound linguistic terms? The terms word and name are not synonyms, but common words and common names in the Lithuanian language encyclopedia are presented as synonyms (their international synonym is the adjective). On the other hand, the same term may have more than one meaning, one of which may be broader and encompass the other. In the encyclopedia of music, for example, the term tone has two meanings: "1. Otherwise tonal sound. 2. component of tonal sound (partial tone: main tone, harmonic, overtone)” (Muze iii). Thus, in the text, the terms tone and tonal sound can be linked either synonymously or by a relation of whole and part (partonymic). In both cases, it would be a systemic rather than a contextual relationship. The texts contain paraphrases. These are descriptive terms (about periphrases see Pikčilingis 1975: 231–233, 2010: 151–156; Župerka 1983: 35–36, 2012: 36; KalbŽ; LKe), which are not always possible to distinguish from systematic synonyms. Periphrases in scientific literature and literature popularizing science are not always clear and understandable to the reader 22 See more. Gaivenis 2002: 43, 2014: 28–29, 196. 5 5Terminology | 2015 | 22 terms, logical periphrases are interpretations of many words in dictionaries as contextual synonyms, can be used in the text (Pikčilingis 1975: 231). Pasak V. Skujinios, aprašomuosius pasakymus, instead of the usual terms (Skujinia 1983: 26). For example, the periphrase of euphony is the harmony of speech sounds (LKe), the harmony of speech sounds (LiterŽ ii), the periphrase of antonyms – words of opposite meaning (KalbŽ; LKe), etc. Some perphrases can also be perceived as terms. For example, Angelė Kaulakienė (2009: 131), in examining the development of Lithuanian terminology in physics, mentions the synonymy of single-word terms and descriptive names, which were used to name the respective fields of science. In the current language of science, this would correspond to the relationship between the term terminology and the science of periphrase terms, the term morphology and the science of periphrase word forms (see terminology “the science of terms” (KalbŽ), morphology “is the science of word forms, encompassing both the creation of forms and their change” (Palionis 1999: 37)), which probably no one considers as systematic synonyms, although in a certain period of terminology development they could be perceived as systematic synonyms. However, purely systematic synonyms are still literary studies and literary science (cf. "Literature, Science, and Science Fiction". lit-ros works, writers' works, lit-ros ist. process, its conditions and laws, lit. life phenomena, lit-ra’s functioning in society” (VLe Xiii)). Thus, periphrases in scientific texts can be both contextual synonyms of terms, and systematic synonyms, and minimal definitions. Terms may be named or perhaps named the same concept (this is not always clear from the texts), but their motivational characteristic differs, for example, a figure of speech, a figure of style and a rhetorical figure. When such synonyms appear in dictionaries as headings, their synonymity is apparently not in doubt. Tekstuose konkuruoja ilgosios ir trumposios terminų formos. PaThe term genus („morphological category of a noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, participle, distinguished by the combination of words expressed by endings“ (LKe)) has been added to the Dictionary of Lithuanian Terms and the Lithuanian Language Encyclopedia. In the textbook of John Palionis Language Science Principles, one subsection is called the category of kinship. The following text uses the grammatical category of genus, genus category, genus, etc. : „Grammatical category of the genus usually has one or other form indicators, otherwise 5 6 Asta Mitkevičienė | Some aspects of the synonymy of terms. <...> In those languages in which the g imnic category is expressed by auxiliary words, there are often mixed cases of expression of this category, i.e., when the g imnic s indicator is the auxiliary word (usually article) together with a suffix root or the auxiliary word together with an affix” (Palionis 1999: 132–133). Are these terms systemic synonyms, or only contextual ones?23 In her textbook of lexicology, e. Jakaitienė uses the single-word terms synonymy, synonymicity and the composite terms synonymic relations, synonymic relations: “It is difficult to reveal their differences, to establish the criteria for the proximity of the meaning of synonyms, because the problems of synonymy are closely related to the problems of all systemic relations, synonymic relations intersect with all other word relations mentioned in the previous chapter, the boundaries of which are rather difficult to understand. <...> In the works of some linguists it is even considered the most important criterion of sinon im ity <...>. Especially often synonymous r ys are formed between individual words and constant compounds“ (Jakaitienė 2010: 120–123). Mononyms and corresponding compound terms are close to dimensional synonyms, contextual synonyms, belong to different classifications. Some of the listed cases of textual terms usage can be called variation of terms in the broad sense, variation of terms usage (for variants and their concepts see Miliūnaitė 2009). It is convenient to use in terminology the concept of “concurrent” introduced by K. Župerka in Lithuanian linguistics, which would include both narrowly understood variants, and systematic synonyms, and other terminological units of language competing in the text. CONCLUSIONS 1. The concept of synonyms is not uniform in terminology. Synonymy is sometimes understood very broadly, encompassing not only different terms of one language that designate the same concept, but also the term and its definition, the term and its equivalents in other languages, etc. 2. In terminology, synonymy is not a single-level phenomenon. The traditional division of synonyms in Lithuanian linguistics into lexical and grammatical synonyms does not cover all types of synonymy of terms. 23 It may also be questioned whether they are identical in terms. 5 7Terminology | 2015 | 22 3. An important and useful opposition in terminology is common root and non-common root synonyms. a special group of synonyms in terminology – aspect synonyms, as well as long and short variants of terms. 4. Identifying the type of synonymous terms is an important step in synonyms research. For example, it does not make sense to compare grammatical, as well as other co-root synonyms or aspect synonyms. 5.There are various synonyms of contextual terms in scientific texts – terms with a broader meaning, used instead of terms with a narrower meaning, periphrases, long and short forms of terms, etc. Such peculiarities of textual terminology usage must be taken into account when selecting synonymous terms both by traditional methods and by automatic means. When studying the synonymy of terms by linguistic methods, it is important to define what is considered a synonym and what is a competitor of the term. It is necessary to distinguish between systemic and contextual synonyms, but this requires a good knowledge of the terminology of the study area. LITTERACY AND SOURCES24 ArchŽ – Kitkauskienė L., Kitkauskas N. English–Lithuanian Explanatory Dictionary of Architecture, Vilnius: Technicolor, 2004. 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В. 1993: Введениевтерминоведение, Москва: Московский лицей. Никитина С. Е. 1987: Семантическийанализязыканауки. Наматериалелингвистики, Москва: Наука. Татаринов В. А. 2006: Общеетерминоведение. Энциклопедический словарь, Москва: Московский лицей. SOME ASPECTS OF SYNONYMY OF TERMS The article deals with a significant terminology problem – synonymy of terms. it discusses some aspects of synonymy of terms, which have gained little or no attention in Lithuanian terminology. Statements are based on and illustrated with terms of humanities (linguistics, literary science, musicology, art, architecture, aesthetics etc.). in the first section conception of synonyms and the limits of synonymy in terminology are briefly surveyed. The second section deals with the types of synonymous terms by three criteria: structure of terms, level of language, root of terms. The traditional approach of the Lithuanian linguistics on synonymy is followed and some specific types of synonymous terms are identified. 6 0 Asta Mitkevičienė | Some aspects of synonymy of terms The third section discusses problems of identification of synonymous terms in texts, mainly caused by contextual synonymy. The following conclusions are drawn: 1) The conception of synonymy in terminology differs. Synonymy sometimes is viewed very broadly, it includes not only different terms of one language naming the same concept, but also the term and its definition, the term and its equivalents in other language etc. 2) Synonymy in terminology is not the phenomenon of only one level of language. Division of synonyms into lexical (in linguistics: asmenvardis and antroponimas “personal name”) and grammatical synonyms (in versification: ritminisvienetas and ritmo vienetas “rhythmic unit”), which is traditional to Lithuanian linguistics, does not cover all types of synonymy of terms. 3) An important and convenient opposition in terminology is co-rooted vs. not corooted synonyms. Specific types of synonymous terms – aspectual synonyms as well as a term and its reduced or expanded form. 4) identification of the type of synonymous terms is a significant stage of investigation into synonymy. For example, it seems not relevant to compare grammatical synonyms according to their origin, as well as other co-rooted or aspectual synonyms. 5) There are various contextual synonyms in scientific texts: terms with broader meaning are used instead of terms with narrower meaning, periphrases in place of terms, terms and their reduced or expanded forms etc. Peculiarities of the usage of terms in texts should be regarded when synonymous terms are extracted by both traditional and automatized tools. 6) When terms are investigated applying linguistic methods, it is important to define what is considered a synonym and what is thought of as a kind of rival term. Systemic and contextual synonyms should be delimitated, but for that purpose, it is essential to know very well the term system of domain investigated. Retrieved 2015-06-22. Asta Mitkevičienė Institute of Lithuanian Language P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius e-mail [email protected]