Migracijos terminai: lietuviški angl. „hotspot“ ir „hotspot approach“ atitikmenys Europos Sąjungos institucijų dokumentuose

105Terminology | 2016 | 23 Migracijos terminai: lietuviški angl. hotspot ir hotspot approach atitikmenys Europos In documents of the Union institutions RobeRtus StunZin Institute of Lithuanian Language KEY WORDS: migration terms, descriptive translation, event centres, hotspots, migrant influx, registration centre In 2015, the European migration crisis began – asylum-seeking migrants from Western and South Asia, Africa and the Western Balkans flooded the countries of the European Union. Some areas of the EU's external borders have become crisis zones due to the large influx of arrivals. To overcome this crisis, the European Commission has developed a ten-point emergency action plan. The European Parliament and the European Council have endorsed it, and Member States have committed themselves to taking concrete action, in particular to prevent further loss of life. To help address the urgent challenges faced by frontline Member States, the European Commission has decided to adopt a new crisis management approach whereby the European Asylum Support Office, the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the European Union (Frontex) and Europol will work with frontline Member States at the hotspots to identify and register incoming migrants. This should help to speed up asylum procedures, return irregular migrants and dismantle smuggling and trafficking networks (for more details see IP/11/1390). COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS European Agenda on Migration, 52015DC02401). This approach to crisis management envisages the establishment of special centres in the areas of influx of migrants, where arrivals will be registered, their identity determined and fingerprints taken. Such centres, provided with the necessary infrastructure, will assist in identifying1 the document identification (Celex) number in parentheses. The document can be found under this number in EUR-Lex, the database of European Union legislation and other public documents. 106 Robertas Stunžinas Migration terms: Lithuanian English hotspots to ir hotspot approach atitikmenys Europos      Sąjungosinstitucijųdokumentuose identify persons in need of international protection (for more details see the Conclusions of the European Council of 25 and 26 June 2015, ST C 201/15) 11782 2015 INIT2). The term "hotspot" is used to refer to important aspects of the European migration crisis. It identifies a hotspot at the EU external border (hotspot area3) and establishes a migrant registration centre (hotspot) at such a location. The term in question forms part of other important compound migration terms. In addition to the hotspot approach, there is also the composite term hotspot approach. It is also known as hotspot system, hotspot concept and hotspot method4. The use of hotspots in the field of migration is expanding and is used to refer to a team of experts dispatched to a Member State to assist local authorities in identifying and registering newly arrived migrants (hotspot team), a team capable of transporting mobile equipment for the registration of migrants outside the registration centre (mobile hotspot team) and a support team that assists the authorities of countries facing an influx of migrants (support team for the “hotspots”). In the IATE database of EU institutions, two Lithuanian equivalents of the multi-meaning English term hotspot are recorded: 1. migrant influx point – “place at the EU external border where a large influx of migrants has occurred”, 2. migrant influx management centre – “initial reception infrastructure, the purpose of which is to carry out the identification, registration and fingerprinting of migrants arriving in an EU Member State at the EU external border”. The hotspot approach to managing the migration crisis at the European Union’s borders is referred to as the “inflow management approach” – “an approach whereby the European Asylum Support Office, Frontex and Europol will work on the ground with the frontline Member States to quickly identify, register and take over the incoming migrants. 3 In English, the place of influx of migrants is referred to by two synonymous terms – the single word hotspot and the compound hotspot area. Both terms are included in the EU Institutions' IATE terminology database, with preference given to the one-word term. In the documents, single-word and compound terms are almost equally distributed. 4 In IATE only two terms are recorded – hotspot approach and hotspot system. The most commonly used is the hotspot approach, and the hotspot system is used in only a few documents. It has been noted that in some documents the terms hotspot concept and hotspot method are used with the same meaning. The Lithuanian equivalents show that they are synonyms of hotspot approach. Further analysis of the terms does not pay attention to the variation of the main elements. 107Terminology | 2016 | 23 fingerprints, thus allowing asylum seekers to be immediately subjected to the asylum procedure” (IATE). However, in the documents of the EU institutions, significantly more Lithuanian equivalents can be found. These Lithuanians correspond to men and zooti their expression yra nagrinėjimo objektas. Straipsnio tikslas – nustatyti visus angl. hotspot ir jo giminiško termino hotspot approach lietuviškus atitik menis, išanaliand variation, consider possible reasons for variation. There were several reasons for choosing a heterogeneous sample. In particular, hotspot and hotspot approach are closely related terms, forming a certain microsystem of terms, the core of all migration terms with a focus on hotspot. Both terms are widely used and used in many EU documents. Although the focus of the approach term hotspot does not change the conceptual field, the translation of hotspot approach is uneven. Other composite terms with the focus on hotspot (hotspot team, mobile hotspot team, support team for the “hotspotsˮ) are not given much attention because they are not widely used and their equivalents depend on the main terms – hotspot and hotspot approach. The material has been selected from documents of the European Council and the Council of the European Union available in the Register of Documents of the European Council and the Council of the European Union (RDEC). The introductory part of the article discusses the context of the use of the migration term hotspot, presents the problem of abundance of Lithuanian equivalents. The teaching part consists of six chapters. Initially, the usage of the English term hotspot in documents of the European Union institutions is discussed, and what meanings the term is used in general is examined. In other sections, groups of Lithuanian equivalents of hotspot and hotspot approach are analyzed. At the end of the lecture related migration terms with the focus hotspot and their Lithuanian equivalents are discussed. The conclusions, sources and literature are presented at the end of the article. ENGLISH. HOTSPOT VARTOSENA Before beginning the analysis of the correspondances, it should be mentioned that the English word hotspot is a metaphorical5 unit of special vocabulary used in various meanings. It may have been derived from the ordinary language's transitive meanings for certain active locations, such as hotspot – 2. “A place of significant activity, danger, or violence” [A place of significant activity, danger, or violence]. The primary (direct) meaning of the word is “hot spot” (see ODE). 108 Robertas Stunžinas Migracijos terminai: lietuviški angl. hotspot to vieta]ˮ, ir hotspot approach atitikmenys Europos      Sąjungosinstitucijųdokumentuose 3. ‘A popular place of entertainment’ (see ODE). Some important sites are also mentioned in EU documents. For example, a protected area characterised by biodiversity or an important natural site is designated (see ST 11510 2006 ADD 9; ST 12324 2009 INIT), as well as polluted areas (see ST 18170 2013 ADD 4) or areas affected by climate change (see ST 8595 2014 ADD 3). The term hotspot is used in a metonymy6 to refer to both contaminated sites and sources of pollution (ST 16245 2009 INIT). In some cases, this is also typical of the Lithuanian equivalents – in translated documents7 the contaminated site and the source of pollution are referred to as the focus (see ST 9365 2004 INIT; ST 16245 2009 INIT). In the context of economy and innovation, the English term refers to an innovative, promising region (see ST 14307 2011 INIT). Documents dealing with crime control identify the territory of negative phenomena (see ST 11087 2013 INIT). The descriptive equivalent used in the translated documents is a place where the extent of robbery at sea is high (ST 7168 2015 INIT). When it comes to terrorism prevention, hotspots are places where people gather (see ST 9550 2014 INIT). The lexical unit in question is also used in the meaning of crisis, for example, war-ravaged territory, its Lithuanian equivalent is hot spot (ST 14110 2013 INIT). In the context of migration, the term hotspot is used to refer to the location of an illegal border crossing or its marking on a map (see ST 12570 2004 INIT; ST 16423 2012 INIT; ST 10696 2007 INIT). In some documents, the term is used in both meanings (ST 10696 2007 INIT). Hotspot is sometimes used in abstraction as a synonym for main problem, significant issue, weak point (see ST 11308 2009 ADD 3; ST 8345 2013 ADD 2). In addition, hotspot is used as a telecommunications and computing term8, whose Lithuanian equivalents are public internet access point and hotspot (see LRTB; IATE). The term hotspot has acquired new meanings in the context of the European migration crisis. In English, the term has different meanings. 6 Metonymia – the transfer of the meaning of a word or a combination according to the interrelationship, the inner closeness of the designated concepts (LKE 2008: 350). 7 Not all documents are translated into Lithuanian, so it is not possible to generalise from a few instances of use of Lithuanian equivalents. 8 These meanings are also recorded in the Oxford Dictionary: 4. “An area on a computer screen which can be clicked to activate a function, especially an image or piece of text acting as a hyperlinkˮ, 4.1 “A public place where a wireless signal is made available so that the Internet can be accessedˮ (ODE). 109Terminology | 2016 | 23 The term is used in an abstract way – it refers to large flows of migrants at the EU border. Its meaning is clear from the word combination main hotspot of migratory flows, the term has no independent Lithuanian equivalent, e.g.: „In view of the fact that at present the largest migration flows [“As the main hotspot of migrator y flows”] are registered in the Mediterranean region and they have an impact on the whole of Europe, particular attention should be paid in particular to the identification of detailed actions that must be implemented in the short term in this area of activity <...>“ (ST 14141 2014 INIT). Later, the term hotspot was used to refer to a specific place of influx of migrants and a migrant registration centre established there. The composite term hotspot approach refers to the concept of managing hotspots of migrant influx. All of these things have varied in terms of Lithuanian equivalents. The two-word non-metaphorical equivalent of the hotspot used in previous documents is the event center. This equivalent is used in two meanings, that of an influx point and that of a registration centre, e.g.: ‘In particular, building on the experience with the ‘hotspots’9, it will consider the establishment of FRONTEX Rapid Return Intervention Teams to support Member States in the areas of identification, consular cooperation with third countries and the organisation of return operations’ (ST 11846 2015 INIT). ‘Hotspots must become operational as soon as the Council Decision on relocation enters into force’ (ST 11782 2015 INIT). The composite term ‘hotspot approach’ refers to a management concept, for example: ‘First, the Commission will set up a new ‘Hotspot’ approach’, whereby the European Asylum Support Office, Frontex and Europol will work on the ground with frontline Member States to quickly identify, register and fingerprint incoming migrants. These agencies will work in complementary ways” (ST 8961 2015 INIT). The translation of English metaphorical terms into non-metaphorical terms, or demetaphorization, is one of the methods of translation of terms in European Union legislation. 110 Robertas Stunžinas Migration terms: Lithuanian translations of ir hotspot approach atitikmenys Europos      Sąjungosinstitucijųdokumentuose hotspot timo būdų10. By means of demetaphorization, a word or a combination of words of a term having a metaphorical meaning in the original language is replaced in the translation language with elements without metaphorical meaning, which usually denote other characteristics (Zaikauskas 2014: 81). MIGRATION CRISE POINT, MIGRATION CRISE CENTER, MIGRATION CRISE CENTER CONCEPT AND OTHER Equivalents Later, longer equivalents are used to indicate more precisely the characteristics of the concepts referred to. The accuracy of terms depends on their unambiguity, definition of meaning and motivation (Gaivenis 2002: 38). As Stasys Keinys states, “it is very important to find the right expression of the term, because the accuracy of the term itself depends on what features of the concept are taken as the basis for naming and how those features are expressed by the component parts of the term. In other words, a precise term must, by its very structure, correctly orient the consumers” (1980: 32). Terms are being used to refer to the migration crisis. It avoids ambiguity11 and uses different equivalents to name concepts. The inflow point is called a hotspot, the registration centre is a hotspot, e.g.: “A ‘hotspot’ is an area at the external border where there is disproportionate migration pressure” (ST 12313 2015 ADD 2). ‘All Member States and Frontex will cooperate closely in playing a particularly active role in the establishment and functioning of the hotspots and their operations in relation to return operations, as underlined in the European Council conclusions of 23 September 2015’ (ST 12420 2015 INIT). The management concept (hotspot approach / hotspot concept) is referred to in two ways – the crisis migration points principle, the crisis migration centres concept11 Sometimes ambiguity is avoided in cepcija, pvz.: „Reikia nedelsiant papildomai padidinti pagalbą ekstrema10 Plačiau apie Europos Sąjungos teisės aktų terminų vertimo būdus žr. Zaikauskas 2014: 71–89. documents in English. The use of terms is distinguished and hotspot is used for centres and hotspot area for inflow areas (see ST 12313 2015 INIT). However, usage varies and the inflow point is called both hotspot and hotspot area. (see ST 12313 2015 ADD 2). 111Terminology | 2016 | 23 in the current situation from the PMIF (EUR 80 million) and the SSF (EUR 20 million) to support Member States facing a recent influx of migrants and to assist in the implementation of the hotspots approach” (ST 12502 2015 INIT). ‘In this regard, the Czech Republic further states that relocation from Greece and Italy depends on tangible results in those Member States in particular in the field of registration, identification and fingerprinting of migrants, as well as on progress in the return of irregular migrants who do not qualify for international protection, including through the use of the support received through the implementation of the ‘hotspots’ concept’ (ST 11088 2015 ADD 1). The second corresponding concept/approach of crisis migration centres should be considered more precise – the focus centre also includes the attribute “manage”12. The term hotspot principle does not directly indicate this characteristic and would be more accurate with the additional accent management – hotspot management principle/approach. However, no such correspondence was detected in the documents. HOT POINTS, HOT POINTS VIEW Some documents use values. Calculation is a variation of the direct (or copied) translation of the equivalent vocabulary of the original language, applied only to derivatives and constant word combinations. The word-for-word translation of the lexicalized word combinations of the original language creates word combinations of similar structural meaning in the translation language, called calques (French) or values, which aim to develop the lexicon of the translation language (Pažūsis 2014: 261). Such a relationship, when each element of the original language term corresponds to one element of the translation language term and their essential qualitative characteristics coincide, is called coincidence (Zaikauskas 2014: 76). The inflow points and registration centres are referred to as hotspots in general, and the management approach as the hotspots concept: ‘The Commission therefore proposes to maintain the increased staffing of the three main EU agencies (FRONTEX, EASO and Europol) as proposed in Draft TB No 7/2015, as well as to strengthen FRONTEX’s operational capacity in the field of return and cooperation in the hotspots areas’’. 12 The word ‘center’ refers to a body dedicated to an activity, a place where something is concentrated, e.g.: centre – 3. įstaiig ga, dedicated to an activity, where something is concentrated (BZ). In terminology, the center has the meaning of a unit of information collection and management, e.g. : Centre – body of management, direction, information collection, etc. (KarŽ). 112 Robertas Stunžinas Migration terms: Lithuanian hotspot (ST 12989 2015 ir hotspot approach atitikmenys Europos      Sąjungosinstitucijųdokumentuose INIT). Hotspots: 20 million EUR 100 million to implement the hotspot concept more effectively, in particular through operational activities such as: : (a) set up mobile offices at hotspots and points of arrival; (b) ensuring a good connection for digital (fingerprint) data transmission [‘Hotspots: EUR 20 million to enhance the effectiveness of the implementation of the hotspots concept, in particular for operational activities such as: a) deployment of mobile offices in the hotspot areas and the places of arrival; (b) providing good connectivity for transmission of digital (fingerprints) data”] <...>” (ST 12989 2015 INIT). In some cases, calking (imitative translation) has certain advantages over other methods of presenting the equivalent vocabulary. Valuations are characterized by conciseness, especially compared to descriptive equivalents (see Pažūsis 2014: 267). On the other hand, values are classified as unmotivated terms13, and in terminology it is important that the form of the term reflects the content of the concept as accurately as possible. Apparently, this is why descriptive equivalents are translated much more often in translated documents. MIGRANT INFLUENCE CENTER, MIGRANT INFLUENCE MANAGEMENT CENTER, MIGRANT INFLUENCE MANAGEMENT POIRIS AND OTHER Equivalents In later documents, the equivalents are used without the punctuation crisisinis. This change in terms was caused by non-verbal factors. Terminologists of the Council of the European Union claim that certain political aspects avoid the crisis of spots, crisis14. Descriptive equivalents are used for the migration concepts in question. The descriptive translation is one variant of the approximate translation of the equivalent vocabulary. The denotative meaning of the translated lexical unit is conveyed by a free combination of words, which expresses some essential characteristics of its denotative. The descriptive translation can be used when translating from English to Lithuanian terms that do not have equivalents in Lithuanian (see Pažūsis 2014: 277–278). Valeria Danilenko considers the estimates of the influx places as unmotivated terms (Даниленко 1977: 63). active Discussion on Term Variation and Synonyms“ metu. The same point was emphasized by the Council of Europe terminologists during the 6th conference of the Lithuanian Terminology Forum on 3 June 2016 (see Labanauskienė, 14 Apie tai buvo kalbėta 2016 m. vasario 25–26 d. Europos Vadovų Taryboje vykusio seminaro „The Challenges of Finding the Most Adequate Equivalents of EU Legislative Jargon in Different Domains. InterUrniežiūtė 2016: 26). 113Terminology | 2016 | 23 the so-called three-word term migrant influx point, e.g.: “Migrant influx points <...> What has already been done? [“Hotspots <...> What has been done”]“ (ST 13121 2015 ADD 3). The center is named by two equivalents. The four-word term ‘hotspot’ dominates the documents, e.g.: “<...> to press ahead with the establishment of further hotspots within the agreed period to ensure the identification, registration and fingerprinting of applicants for international protection and other migrants” (ST 11137 2015 INIT). It is also possible to detect cases of the use of the three-word term migrant inflow centre, e.g.: “The hotspot managers/governors will be appointed as well” (ST 7180 2016 ADD 3). The four-word term is more precise – focus management more accurately reveals the content of the concept. The concept is described by four equivalents. The most commonly used approach is the ‘hotspot’ approach, e.g. ‘The rapid roll-out of the ‘hotspot’ approach supports the most affected Member States to ensure the proper reception, identification and handling of arrivals’ (ST 13121 2015 INIT). Less frequently used are the equivalents ‘hotspot approach’ and ‘hotspot approach’, e.g.: ‘As actions to be implemented by the Commission, the establishment of a European Border and Coast Guard Force, the enhanced role of the European Border and Coast Guard Agency in organising and coordinating returns, inter-agency cooperation, better asset management of the Agency and Member States, and the initiation of the new ‘hotspot’ approach were identified, among others’ (ST 15398 2015 INIT). ‘When implementing the hotspot approach and carrying out resettlement, Member States must pay particular attention to the needs of unaccompanied minors …’ (ST 6056 2016 INIT). In some documents, the five-word equivalent is the hotspots approach, e.g.: “In addition to effective border management, the effective implementation of the hotspots approach is particularly important in this context, with the assistance of appropriate national authorities.