Migracijos terminai: lietuviški angl. „hotspot“ ir „hotspot approach“ atitikmenys Europos Sąjungos institucijų dokumentuose

Migration terminology: Lithuanian equivalents of Eng. hotspot and hotspot approach in European Union institutional documents ROBERTAS STUNŽINAS Institute of the Lithuanian Language KEYWORDS: migration terminology, descriptive translation, hotspot centres, hotspots, influx of migrants, registration centre The European migration crisis began in 2015, when European Union countries were overwhelmed by migrants seeking asylum from countries in Western and South Asia, Africa and the Western Balkans. In some places along the EU’s external borders, large flows of arrivals created crisis areas. To address this crisis, the European Commission drew up a ten-point action plan for immediate measures. The European Parliament and the European Council endorsed it, and the Member States undertook to take concrete action to prevent, above all, further loss of life. To help address the urgent problems faced by Member States at the borders, the European Commission decided to adopt a new approach to crisis management, under which the European Asylum Support Office, the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union (FRONTEX), and Europol would work with the Member States at the borders in locations experiencing a migrant influx to identify and register arriving migrants. This should help accelerate asylum procedures, return irregular migrants, and dismantle networks involved in the smuggling and trafficking of people (for more information, see Commission Communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, ‘A European Agenda on Migration’, 52015DC02401). This approach to crisis management envisages setting up special centres in locations experiencing a migrant influx, where arrivals will be registered, identified and fingerprinted. These centres, established with the necessary infrastructure, will help to identify- 1 The document identification (“Celex”) number is given in parentheses. This number can be used to find the document in the “EUR-lex” database of European Union legislation and other public documents. Terminologija | 2016 | 23 105 to determine which persons need international protection (for more information, see the conclusions of the European Council meeting of 25 and 26 June 2015, ST 11782 2015 INIT2). The English term hotspot is used to refer to significant phenomena of the European migration crisis. It denotes a place experiencing a large influx of migrants at the EU’s external border (English hotspot, hotspot area3) and a migrant registration centre established at such a place (English hotspot). The term under consideration forms part of other important compound migration terms. Therefore, alongside hotspot, the compound term hotspot approach should also be mentioned. This term and its synonyms hotspot system, hotspot concept and hotspot method4 refer to the previously mentioned approach to managing locations experiencing a large influx of migrants. The use of Hotspot in the field of migration is expanding, and it is also used to refer to a team of experts sent to a Member State to help local authorities identify and register newly arrived migrants (English hotspot team), a team able to transport mobile migrant registration equipment beyond the registration centre (English mobile hotspot team), and an auxiliary team that assists the authorities of countries facing an influx of immigrants (English Support Team for the “hotspots”). The EU institutions’ IATE terminology database records two Lithuanian equivalents for the polysemous English term hotspot: 1. migrantų antplūdžio vieta (“migrant influx location”) – “a place at the EU’s external border where a large influx of migrants has occurred”; 2. migrantų antplūdžio valdymo centras (“migrant influx management centre”) – “initial reception infrastructure intended to identify and register migrants arriving in an EU Member State at the EU’s external border and to take their fingerprints”. The term migrantų antplūdžio valdymo požiūris (“migrant influx management approach”) denotes the principle for managing the migration crisis at the European Union’s borders (English hotspot approach) – “an approach under which the European Asylum Support Office, FRONTEX and Europol will work on the ground with border Member States to rapidly identify incoming migrants, register them and take their 2 The reference to the document in the register of documents of the European Council and the Council of the European Union is given in parentheses. 3 In English, the place of a migrant influx is referred to by two synonymous terms—a single-word term hotspot and the compound term hotspot area. Both terms are included in the EU institutions’ terminology database IATE, with preference given to the single-word term. The documents contain almost equal numbers of single-word and compound terms. 4 IATE records only two terms—hotspot approach and hotspot system. The most frequently used is hotspot approach, while hotspot system occurs in only a few documents. It was observed that in some documents, the terms hotspot concept and hotspot method are used with the same meaning. The Lithuanian equivalents show that they are hotspot approach synonyms. In the subsequent analysis of the terms, variation in the main components is disregarded. 106 Robertas Stunžinas Migracijos terminai: lietuviški angl. hotspot ir hotspot approach atitikmenys Europos Sąjungos institucijų dokumentuose fingerprints, so asylum seekers will immediately be subject to the asylum procedure” (IATE). However, considerably more Lithuanian equivalents can be found in EU institutional documents. These Lithuanian equivalents are the subject of this study. The aim of the article is to identify all Lithuanian equivalents of the English term hotspot and its related term hotspot approach, analyse their usage and variation, and consider possible reasons for this variation. The non-uniformity of the research material’s subject matter was determined by several reasons. First, the English terms hotspot and hotspot approach are closely related terms that form a certain terminological microsystem, the core of all migration terms containing the element hotspot. Both terms are widespread and used in many EU documents. Although the element approach does not change the conceptual field of the term hotspot, hotspot approach is translated inconsistently. Little attention is paid to other compound terms containing the element hotspot (hotspot team, mobile hotspot team, support team for the “hotspots”), because they are not yet widespread and their equivalents depend on the core terms—hotspot and hotspot approach. The material was collected from documents of the European Council and the Council of the European Union, available in the European Council and Council of the European Union document register (EVTR). The introductory part of the article discusses the context in which the migration term hotspot is used and presents the issue of the abundance of Lithuanian equivalents. The main body consists of six sections. First, it discusses the use of the English term hotspot in EU institutional documents and examines the meanings in which the term is generally used. The following sections analyse groups of Lithuanian equivalents for the English terms hotspot and hotspot approach. The final part of the main body discusses related migration terms containing the element hotspot and their Lithuanian equivalents. The article concludes with findings, sources, and references. USE OF THE ENGLISH TERM HOTSPOT IN EU INSTITUTIONAL DOCUMENTS Before beginning the analysis of equivalents, it should be mentioned that the English term hotspot is a metaphorical5 special-language unit used in various senses. Its meanings were probably influenced by the figurative meanings of the word in general language, denoting certain active places, e.g.: hotspot – 2. “A place of significant activity, danger, or violence [a place of high activity, danger, or viole- 5 The primary (literal) meaning of the word is “a heated place” (see ODE). Terminologija | 2016 | 23 107 nce]”, 3. “A popular place of entertainment [a popular place for recreation]” (see ODE). Certain significant places are also designated in EU documents. For example, a protected area characterized by biodiversity or an important natural area may be indicated (see ST 11510 2006 ADD 9; ST 12324 2009 INIT), as well as polluted areas (see ST 18170 2013 ADD 4) or areas affected by climate change (see ST 8595 2014 ADD 3). The English term hotspot is used metonymically6: it refers both to polluted places and to sources of pollution (ST 16245 2009 INIT). In some cases, this is also characteristic of Lithuanian equivalents—in translated documents,7 both a polluted place and a source of pollution are called a hotspot (see ST 9365 2004 INIT; ST 16245 2009 INIT). In the context of economics and innovation, the English term denotes an innovative, promising region (see ST 14307 2011 INIT). Documents addressing crime control refer to an area associated with negative phenomena (see ST 11087 2013 INIT). The translated documents use a descriptive equivalent—a place where the scale of robberies at sea is high (ST 7168 2015 INIT). In discussions of terrorism prevention, hotspot refers to places where people gather (see ST 9550 2014 INIT). The lexical unit is also used to mean a crisis area, such as a war-ravaged territory; its Lithuanian equivalent is hotspot (ST 14110 2013 INIT). In the context of migration, the English term hotspot is used to mean a place of illegal border crossing or its indication on a map (see ST 12570 2004 INIT; ST 16423 2012 INIT; ST 10696 2007 INIT). In some documents, the term is used with both meanings at once (ST 10696 2007 INIT). Sometimes hotspot is used abstractly, as a synonym for expressions such as main problem, significant issue, weak point (problematic issue, important question, significant element) (see ST 11308 2009 ADD 3; ST 8345 2013 ADD 2). In addition, hotspot is used as a telecommunications and computing term8, whose Lithuanian equivalents are public Internet access point and link site (see LRTB; IATE). The English term hotspot acquired new meanings in the context of the European migration crisis. Indeed, the English term has undergone semantic change. Initially, the English 6 Metonymy is the transfer of the meaning of a word or phrase on the basis of a relationship or close association between the concepts denoted (LKE 2008: 350). 7 Not all documents have been translated into Lithuanian, so no generalization can be made from the few instances in which Lithuanian equivalents are used. 8 These meanings are also recorded in the Oxford Dictionary: 4. “An area on a computer screen which can be clicked to activate a function, especially an image or piece of text acting as a hyperlink”, 4.1 “A public place where a wireless signal is made available so that the Internet can be accessed” (ODE). 108 Robertas Stunžinas Migracijos terminai: lietuviški angl. hotspot ir hotspot approach atitikmenys Europos Sąjungos institucijų dokumentuose The term is used abstractly—to refer to large flows of migrants at the EU’s borders. Its meaning becomes clear from the phrase main hotspot of migratory flows; the term has no independent Lithuanian equivalent, for example: “Given that the l a r g e s t m i g r a n t f l o w s [“As the main h o t s p o t o f m i g r a t o r y f l o w s”] have currently been recorded in the Mediterranean region and are affecting Europe as a whole, particular attention should be paid, first and foremost, to identifying comprehensive actions to be implemented in the short term in this area of activity <...>” (ST 14141 2014 INIT). Later, English hotspot came to be used with the specific meanings of a place experiencing an influx of migrants and the migrant registration centre established there. The compound term hotspot approach refers to the concept of managing places experiencing an influx of migrants. Lithuanian equivalents for all these concepts varied. INCIDENT CENTRE, INCIDENT-CENTRE APPROACH In earlier documents, a two-word, non-metaphorical equivalent for hotspot is used: incident centre. This equivalent is used with two meanings—that of a place experiencing an influx and that of a registration centre—for example: “In particular, building on the experience gained in ‘i n c i d e n t c e n t r e s’9 [“In particular, building on the experience with the h o t s p o t s”], it will consider the possibility of creating FRONTEX rapid return intervention teams to provide Member States with support in the areas of identification, consular cooperation with third countries and the organisation of return operations” (ST 11846 2015 INIT). “The ‘i n c i d e n t c e n t r e s’ must become operational [“H o t s p o t s must become operational”] as soon as the Council Decision on relocation within the European Union enters into force” (ST 11782 2015 INIT). The compound term incident-centre approach refers to a management concept, for example: “First, the Commission will adopt a new ‘i n c i d e n t c e n t r e’ a p p r o a c h [“First, the Commission will set up a new ‘H o t s p o t’ a p p r o a c h”], under which the European Asylum Support Office, FRONTEX and Europol will work on the ground with the Member States at the borders to rapidly identify, register and fingerprint arriving migrants. These agencies will work in a complementary manner” (ST 8961 2015 INIT). The translation of metaphorical English terms using non-metaphorical terms, or demetaphorisation, is one of the ways of translating European Union legal-act terminology— 9 Quotation marks indicate borrowed figurative meanings. Terminologija | 2016 | 23 109 —10. Through demetaphorisation, a term word or phrase with a metaphorical meaning in the source language is replaced in the target language by elements that have no metaphorical meaning and usually denote other features (Zaikauskas 2014: 81). MIGRATION CRISIS HOTSPOT, MIGRATION CRISIS CENTRE, MIGRATION CRISIS CENTRE CONCEPT AND OTHER EQUIVALENTS Later, longer equivalents began to be used in an effort to indicate more precisely the features of the concepts being named. The precision of terms depends on their univocality, the definiteness of their meaning and their motivation (Gaivenis 2002: 38). As Stasys Keinys states, “it is very important to find an appropriate expression for a term, because the precision of the term itself depends directly on which features of a concept are taken as the basis for naming it and on how those features are expressed by the components of the term. In other words, a precise term should, by its very structure, correctly orient its users” (1980: 32). Terms referring to the migration crisis began to be used. Ambiguity was avoided11 and different equivalents were used to name the concepts. A place experiencing an influx is called a migration crisis hotspot, while a registration centre is called a migration crisis centre, for example: “A m i g r a t i o n c r i s i s h o t s p o t is an area at the external border [“A ‘hotspot’ is an area at the external border”] where disproportionate migratory pressure is experienced” (ST 12313 2015 ADD 2). “All Member States and FRONTEX will cooperate closely, playing a particularly active role in establishing m i g r a t i o n c r i s i s c e n t r e s [“All Member States and Frontex will cooperate closely in playing a particularly active role in the establishment and functioning of the h o t s p o t s”] and carrying out their activities in relation to return operations, as emphasised in the conclusions of the European Council of 23 September 2015” (ST 12420 2015 INIT). The management concept (English hotspot approach / hotspot concept) is referred to in two ways—the migration crisis hotspot approach, the migration crisis centre concept, for example: “Additional assistance needs to be provided immediately to the most extreme— 10 Plačiau apie Europos Sąjungos teisės aktų terminų vertimo būdus žr. Zaikauskas 2014: 71–89. 11 Sometimes ambiguity is also avoided in English-language documents. The terminology is differentiated: English hotspot is used for centres, while English hotspot area is used for places experiencing an influx (see ST 12313 2015 INIT). However, usage varies, and a place experiencing an influx is called both hotspot and hotspot area in English (see ST 12313 2015 ADD 2). 110 Robertas Stunžinas Migracijos terminai: lietuviški angl. hotspot ir hotspot approach atitikmenys Europos Sąjungos institucijų dokumentuose in an emergency situation from the AMIF (EUR 80 million) and ISF (EUR 20 million), in order to support Member States that have only recently faced a large influx of migrants and to help apply the hotspots approach [“implementation of the hotspots approach”]“ (ST 12502 2015 INIT). “In this regard, the Czech Republic further states that relocation from Greece and Italy depends on tangible results achieved by those particular Member States in registering migrants, establishing their identity and taking fingerprints, as well as on progress in returning irregular migrants who do not qualify for international protection, including through the support provided by implementing the concept of migration crisis centres [“implementation of the ‘hotspots’ concept”]“ (ST 11088 2015 ADD 1). The second equivalent migration crisis centre concept / approach may be considered more precise—the component centre also conveys the feature of “management”12. The term migration crisis hotspot principle does not directly convey this feature and would be more precise with the additional component management—the migration crisis hotspot management principle / approach. However, no such equivalent was found in the documents. HOTSPOTS, THE HOTSPOTS APPROACH Some documents use calques. Calquing is a non-equivalent variant of direct (or copying) translation of the source-language lexicon, applied only to compounds and fixed word combinations. Literal translation of lexicalized word combinations in the source language produces word combinations of analogous structural meaning in the target language, called calques (French calque), or loan translations, which are intended to develop the lexicon of the target language (Pažūsis 2014: 261). A relationship in which each component of a source-language term corresponds to one component of the target-language term and their essential qualitative characteristics coincide is called equivalence (Zaikauskas 2014: 76). Influx locations and registration centres are referred to by the common equivalent hotspots, while the management approach is called the hotspots concept: “Therefore, the Commission proposes maintaining the increased staffing levels for the three main EU agencies (FRONTEX, EASO and Europol) proposed in Draft TB No 7/2015, and also strengthening FRONTEX’s operational capacity in the areas of return and cooperation in the hotspots [“in the field of return and cooperation in the hotspots areas”]” 12 The word centre denotes an institution or place devoted to an activity, or a place where something is concentrated, for example: centre – 3. an institution devoted to an activity, where something is concentrated (BŽ). In terminology, centre has the meaning of an information-gathering and management unit, for example: Centre – an organ for management, direction, information gathering, etc. (KarŽ). Terminologija | 2016 | 23 111 (ST 12989 2015 INIT). “Hotspots”: EUR 20 million to implement the “hotspots” concept more effectively, particularly in operational activities, such as: a) setting up mobile offices in hotspot areas and at arrival locations; b) ensuring good connectivity for the transmission of digital (fingerprint) data [“Hotspots: EUR 20 million to enhance the effectiveness of the implementation of the hotspots concept, in particular for operational activities such as: a) deployment of mobile offices in the hotspot areas and the places of arrival; b) providing good connectivity for transmission of digital (fingerprints) data”] <...>“ (ST 12989 2015 INIT). Sometimes calquing (imitative translation), compared with other ways of conveying non-equivalent lexicon, has certain advantages. Loan translations are concise, especially in comparison with descriptive equivalents (see Pažūsis 2014: 267). On the other hand, loan translations are classed as unmotivated terms13, whereas in terminology it is important for a term’s form to reflect the content of the concept as accurately as possible. This may explain why documents that are translated much more frequently tend to use descriptive equivalents. MIGRANT INFLOW LOCATION, MIGRANT INFLOW MANAGEMENT CENTRE, MIGRANT INFLOW MANAGEMENT APPROACH AND OTHER EQUIVALENTS The equivalents used in the most recent documents omit the component crisis. This change in terminology was prompted by non-linguistic factors. Terminologists at the Council of the European Union state that, for certain political reasons, the components crisis, crisis-related14 are avoided. Descriptive equivalents are used to refer to the migration concepts discussed here. Descriptive translation is one variant of approximate translation for non-equivalent lexicon. The denotative meaning of the lexical unit being translated is conveyed by a free word combination that describes some of the essential features of its denotatum. Descriptive translation may be used to translate from English terms that have no word-level equivalent in Lithuanian (see Pažūsis 2014: 277–278). The influx loca- 13 Valerija Danilenko vertinius laiko nemotyvuotais terminais (Даниленко 1977: 63). 14 This was discussed during the seminar “The Challenges of Finding the Most Adequate Equivalents of EU Legislative Jargon in Different Domains. Interactive Discussion on Term Variation and Synonyms” held at the European Council on 25–26 February 2016. Terminologists at the European Council also emphasised the same point at the 6th conference of the Lithuanian Terminology Forum on 3 June 2016 (for more on the LTF conference, see Labanauskienė, Urniežiūtė 2016: 26). 112 Robertas Stunžinas Migracijos terminai: lietuviški angl. hotspot ir hotspot approach atitikmenys Europos Sąjungos institucijų dokumentuose what is called the three-word term migrant influx site, e.g.: “Migrant influx sites <...> What has already been done? [“Hotspots <...> What has been done”]” (ST 13121 2015 ADD 3). The Centre is designated by two equivalents. The four-word term migrant influx management centre predominates in documents, e.g.: “<...> resolutely continue the work over the agreed period by establishing further migrant influx management centres [“press ahead with the establishment of further hotspots”], in order to ensure the identification, registration and fingerprinting of applicants for international protection and other migrants” (ST 11137 2015 INIT). Cases of the three-word term migrant influx centre can also be found, e.g.: “In addition, migrant influx centre managers / governors will be appointed [“The hotspot managers/governors will be appointed as well”]” (ST 7180 2016 ADD 3). The four-word term is more precise—the component management more accurately conveys the concept’s content. The concept is designated by four equivalents. The most commonly used is migrant influx management approach, e.g.: “The rapid roll-out of the migrant influx management approach [“The rapid roll-out of the ‘hotspot’ approach”] supports the Member States most affected, enabling them to ensure the appropriate reception, identification and processing of data for arriving persons” (ST 13121 2015 INIT). The less commonly used equivalents are migrant influx sites approach and migrant influx centres approach, e.g.: “The actions to be implemented by the Commission include, among other things, the establishment of the European Border and Coast Guard, a greater role for the European Border and Coast Guard Agency in organising and coordinating returns, cooperation between agencies, improved management of the Agency’s and Member States’ assets, and the initiation of the new migrant influx sites approach [“initiation of the new ‘hotspot’ approach”]” (ST 15398 2015 INIT). “When implementing the migrant influx centres approach [“implementing the hotspot approach”] and carrying out relocation within the European Union, Member States must pay particular attention to the needs of unaccompanied minors <...>” (ST 6056 2016 INIT). Some documents use a five-word equivalent—migrant influx site management method, e.g.: “In addition to effective border management, in this context the effective implementation of the migrant influx site management method [“implementation of the hotspots approach”] is particularly important, helping the relevant- Terminologija | 2016 | 23 113 agencies, as well as implement a relocation mechanism within the European Union <...>” (ST 5985 2016 INIT). The five-word term is the most precise—the concept concerns not the management of the entire migrant flow, but the management of locations experiencing an influx: “an approach whereby the European Asylum Support Office, FRONTEX and Europol will work with the Member States at the borders on site to rapidly identify arriving migrants, register them and take their fingerprints, thereby enabling the asylum procedure to be applied immediately to asylum seekers” (IATE). The preference for the shorter term in the IATE terminology database was apparently determined by considerations of convenience and the need to use shorter terms. As St. Keinys states, “the pursuit of brevity in terms is primarily related to the requirements of linguistic economy. The shortening and condensation of linguistic means of expression also take place naturally. And since terminology is a field deliberately and specifically created and managed by people, brevity can also be pursued deliberately here” (Keinys 1980: 43). OTHER MIGRATION TERMS CONTAINING THE ELEMENT HOTSPOT The English term hotspot is also part of other migration terms. The term mobile hotspot team can be found in documents; it refers to a group able to register migrants outside a registration centre. Four equivalents of this term were found in total—two four-word terms, one five-word term and one six-word term: migrant influx management group, mobile migrant management group, mobile migrant influx management team, mobile migrant influx management centre group, for example: “The Commission is ready to form an innovative migrant influx management group [“The Commission is ready to organise an innovative mobile hotspot team”] (involving representatives of FRONTEX and EPPB) in eastern Sicily to help carry out identification, fingerprinting and the provision of information to migrants <...>” (ST 6056 2016 INIT). “Following the recent opening of the European Migrant Smuggling Centre at Europol, at least one more staff member is to be sent shortly to reinforce the mobile migrant influx management team [“to reinforce the mobile Hotspot team”] in Sicily” (ST 6056 2016 ADD 3). “This is particularly true of fingerprinting specialists, who are needed to ensure the full functionality of Italy’s migrant influx management centres; sending these specialists would meet at least the minimum needs of all the opened migrant influx management centres and the mobile migrant management group 114 Robertas Stunžinas Migracijos terminai: lietuviški angl. hotspot ir hotspot approach atitikmenys Europos Sąjungos institucijų dokumentuose [“such deployments must at least cover minimum levels in all open hotspots and the mobile hotspot team”]“ (ST 6056 2016 ADD 3). The six-word equivalent mobile migrant influx management centre team is the most precise: four-word terms do not indicate all the features of the concept, while the five-word term mobile migrant influx management team does not indicate that the team belongs to and is part of the migrant influx management centre. However, taking into account the convenience of terms and the example of shortening the equivalent migrant influx management approach for the related term hotspot approach, the four-word term mobile migrant management team. should be used. The Lithuanian equivalent of the term Support Team for the “hotspots” recorded in the IATE terminology database is migration management support team, i.e. “a team of experts deployed to assist national authorities in a Member State facing very high migratory pressure at its borders” (IATE). In view of the descriptive equivalents for English hotspot, it should be migrant influx management centre support team. However, apparently the principle of terminological economy is followed, and the more convenient four-word term is preferred. IATE also provides the term hotspot team, denoting a team of experts deployed to a Member State at the border to help local authorities identify and register newly arrived migrants. No Lithuanian equivalents could be found; only mobile hotspot team is used in documents. The proposed equivalent for the term is migrant influx management team. Other cases of use of compound terms containing the element hotspot can also be found. The term hotspot port refers to a port, e.g.: “The Commission stands ready to set up an innovative migrant influx management team (involving representatives of FRONTEX and EPPB) in eastern Sicily to assist with identification, fingerprinting and the provision of information to migrants who cannot be disembarked in designated migrant influx management locations in ports [“provision of information to migrants who cannot be disembarked in the designated hotspot ports”] in order to fill the gaps in migrant fingerprinting and registration outside migrant influx management centres” (ST 6056 2016 INIT). From the context, it can be inferred that the reference is to a port where a migrant influx management centre has been established. In that case, the term used, migrant influx management locations port, is not entirely clear; the four-word term migrant influx management port. would suffice. Terminologija | 2016 | 23 115 CONCLUSIONS 1. The English term hotspot is a metaphorical lexical unit used with various meanings in European Union institutional documents, most often as a telecommunications and computing term or to denote a territory or place that is important in some respect. 2. In the context of the European migration crisis, the English term hotspot acquired new meanings and is used to refer to migration concepts—a location of migrant influx, a migrant registration centre, and a concept for managing locations of migrant influx. The term’s use is expanding, and an entire group of terms is taking shape. Compound terms containing the element hotspot denote teams working at locations of migrant influx and a port where a registration centre has been established. 3. Hotspot and hotspot approach have eighteen Lithuanian equivalents, which can be divided into four groups in terms of length and expressiveness. Earlier documents used abstract equivalents common to several concepts (event centre, event-centre approach), while later ones used longer, more precise equivalents oriented towards the migration crisis (migration crisis hotspot, migration crisis centre, migration crisis centre approach, etc.). The latest documents use descriptive equivalents (location of migrant influx, migrant influx centre, migrant influx management approach, etc.). 4. The changing equivalents were driven not only by the use of different translation methods, the search for suitable linguistic means of expression, or the aim of naming concepts more precisely, but also by political reasons. 5. The changing equivalents of the English term hotspot show that Lithuanian translation terminology work is guided by the requirement of terminological precision: efforts are made to avoid terms with multiple meanings, and long terms that reflect the content of a concept more accurately are used. On the other hand, convenience also influences the use of terms. In the case of compound terms, very long equivalents are avoided. 6. Analysis of migration terminology shows that reconciling the requirements of precision and convenience for Lithuanian equivalents is a pertinent subject of contemporary research into terminology in practical translation work. SOURCES15 ST 9365 2004 INIT – Council Decision on the principles, priorities and conditions set out in the European Partnership with Albania. ST 12570 2004 INIT – Romania. Agreed minutes of the EU-Romania Sub-Committee no. 8 on Customs, Tax, drugs and money laundering Brussels, 9 September 2003. 15 Sources are listed chronologically. 116 Robertas Stunžinas Migracijos terminai: lietuviški angl. hotspot ir hotspot approach atitikmenys Europos Sąjungos institucijų dokumentuose ST 11510 2006 ADD 9 – Background paper No. 8 on Marine Related Research And The Future European Maritime Policy. ST 10696 2007 INIT – EU Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine Monthly Report – May 2007. ST 12324 2009 INIT – Commission Staff Working Document: The role of European agriculture in climate change mitigation. ST 16245 2009 INIT – Report on the European Agency for Reconstruction’s annual accounts for the 2008 financial year, together with the Agency’s replies. ST 11308 2009 ADD 3 – Commission Staff Working Document accompanying the Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions concerning the European Union Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region: Action plan. ST 14307 2011 INIT – Commission Staff Working Paper on the Implementation of the European Union Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region – Part 1. ST 16423 2012 INIT – Commission report to the European Parliament and the Council. “Second half-yearly report on the functioning of the Schengen area. 1 May 2012 – 31 October 2012” ST 18170 2013 ADD 4 – Commission Staff Working Document: Impact Assessment Accompanying the documents Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. ST 11087 2013 INIT – Regional report on Western Balkans. ST 14110 2013 INIT – Commission report to the European Parliament and the Council “Annual report on the European Union’s humanitarian aid and civil protection policy and its implementation in 2012”. ST 8345 2013 ADD 2 – Guidance on measuring and communicating the environmental footprint of organisations (OEF). Commission Recommendation on the use of common methods to measure and communicate the life-cycle environmental performance of products and organisations. Annex III. ST 8595 2014 ADD 3 – Joint Staff Working Document Implementation of the European Neighbourhood Policy in 2013 Regional report: Southern Mediterranean Partners. ST 9550 2014 INIT – Commission communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions “Towards a new EU approach to the detection and mitigation of CBRN-E risks”. ST 14141 2014 INIT – Draft Council conclusions on “Action to improve the management of migratory flows”. ST 7168 2015 INIT – Council conclusions on the 2015–2020 Gulf of Guinea action plan. ST 11846 2015 INIT – Commission communication to the European Parliament and the Council of 10 September 2015 “Action Plan on Return”. ST 11782 2015 INIT – Migration: EU action and the current situation. ST 8961 2015 INIT – Commission communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions of 18 May 2015 “A European Agenda on Migration”. ST 12313 2015 ADD 2 – Annex to the Commission communication to the European Parliament, the European Council and the Council of 23 September 2015 “Managing the refugee crisis. Immediate operational, budgetary and legal measures under the European Agenda on Migration”. ST 12502 2015 INIT – Draft amending budget No 7 to the 2015 general budget, dated 1 October 2015, “Managing the refugee crisis. Immediate budgetary measures under the European Agenda on Migration”. ST 12420 2015 INIT – Draft Council conclusions of 2 October 2015 on “The future of EU return policy”. ST 12313 2015 INIT – Commission communication to the European Parliament, the European Council and the Council of 23 September 2015 “Managing the refugee crisis. Immediate operational, budgetary and legal measures under the European Agenda on Migration”. ST 12313 2015 ADD 2 – Annex to the Commission communication to the European Parliament, the European Council and the Council of 23 September 2015 “Managing the refugee crisis. Immediate operational, budgetary and legal measures under the European Agenda on Migration”. ST 11088 2015 ADD 1 – Draft minutes of the 3405th meeting of the Council of the European Union, held in Brussels on 20 July 2015. ST 12989 2015 INIT – Amending Letter No. 2 to the draft general budget for 2016. “Update of estimated agricultural expenditure and fisheries needs. Managing the refugee crisis. Emergency measures under the European Agenda on Migration”. Terminologija | 2016 | 23 1 1 7 ST 13121 2015 ADD 3 – Annex to the Commission Communication of 15 October 2015 to the European Parliament, the European Council and the Council, “Managing the refugee crisis. 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ODE 2010: Oxford Dictionary of English. Third edition. Edited by A. Stevenson, Oxford: Oxford university press. Pažūsis L. 2014: Kalba ir vertimas, Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas. Zaikauskas E. Terminų vertimo būdai Europos Sąjungos teisės aktų vertimuose. – Terminologija 21, 71–89. Даниленко В. П. 1977: Русская терминология: Опыт лингвистического описания, Москва: Наука. MIGRATION TERMS: LITHUANIAN EQUIVALENTS FOR THE TERMS HOTSPOT AND HOTSPOT APPROACH IN DOCUMENTS OF EU INSTITUTIONS In this article Lithuanian equivalents of the English term hotspot have been analyzed. Hotspot is a metaphor in EU documents commonly used as IT term or term designating an important territory or a territory to be protected. In the context of the European migration crisis the term hotspot has acquired new meanings and is commonly used to designate an area which is under pressure from migratory flows and also a registration center of migrants established in such area and the principles of control of such areas. 118 Robertas Stunžinas Migracijos terminai: lietuviški angl. hotspot ir hotspot approach atitikmenys Europos Sąjungos institucijų dokumentuose In translated EU documents the terms hotspot and hotspot approach have 18 Lithuanian equivalents which can be divided into four main groups. In early documents more abstract equivalents common to all concepts are used (įvykių centras, įvykių centro požiūris). Later longer (three-word, four-word and longer) crisis-oriented equivalents are used (krizinis migracijos taškas, krizinis migracijos centras, krizinio migracijos centro požiūris ir kt.). In most recent documents descriptive equivalents are used (migrantų antplūdžio vieta, migrantų antplūdžio centras, migrantų antplūdžio valdymo požiūris). Such development is determined not only because of applying different translation methods but also by political reasons. The evolution of Lithuanian equivalents shows that in Lithuanian translation work the clearness principle is preferential: polysemous terms are avoided, long, clear and informative terms are taken into account. On other hand, usage of Lithuanian equivalents is determined by the principle of convenience. In the case of complex concepts very long terms are avoided. Analysis of migration terms shows that harmonisation of principles of clearness and convenience in Lithuanian practical translation terminology work is a relevant object for modern terminology research. Gauta 2016-10-10 Robertas Stunžinas Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected] Terminologija | 2016 | 23 119