„Sąvoka“ lietuvių mokslo kalboje

9 4 Asta Mitkevičienė | Concept in Lithuanian scientific language Concept in Lithuanian scientific language ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas KEY WORDS: term, concept, textbook, scientific language, syntactic relations, semantic relations, conjunctive usage, contextual synonyms The term term in definitions is usually not translated without the term concept, because the term is usually defined as the designation of the concept. It is safe to say that the concept, like the term, is the basic concept of terminology (and, of course, the term). In the traditional (also called general) theory of terminology, the relationship between term and concept formally corresponds to the relationship between word and meaning (Kageura 2002: 22)1. The main directions of terminology work are onomasological (from concepts to terms) and semantic (from terms to concepts). In the onomastological direction of terminology research, the central place is given to the concept of nos terminology school representatives. Despite the attention paid to the concept of “concept” in terminological works, its essence has not yet been fully (tai lemia ir atitinkamus tyrimų rezultatus)2. Be to, sąvoka yra viena iš labiausiai diskutuojamų terminologijos kategorijų, ypač vadinamosios Vierevealed (Tatarinov 2006: 143–144). Texts are considered to be very important indirect sources from which information on concepts can be obtained. The concept in the discourse can be reached through its designate, through the term (Santos et al. 2015: 155, 156, 157). The new theories of terminology (communicative terminology theory, sociocognitive terminology, frame terminology) give preference to the analysis of texts (Faber Benítez 2009: 120). 1 In Lithuanian linguistics, Evalda Jakaitienė (2010: 46–49), Aloyzas Gudavičius (2012) et al. 2 The extreme of the onomastological direction – terms are considered merely labels of concepts (Faber Benítez 2009: 111; Kageura 2015: 47 et al. ). 9 5Terminology | 2017 | 24 Scientific discourse does not exclude the concept of term3, so it is likely that from scientific texts one can learn more or less about the concept of “concept” itself. This article describes the use of the term in the scientific language: the research aimed to identify the semantic (contextual) partners of the term, its semantic (thematic) environment and to outline the concept of the term "concept" according to the peculiarities of the term usage. This is a corpus-based study, the main source of which is the Lithuanian scientific language textbook CorALit (publicly available version: http://coralit.lt). The textbook consists of various types of texts published between 1999 and 2009 in the humanities, social sciences, physical sciences, biomedical sciences and technology, and its volume is 9 million words (see Usonienė et al. 2008 for more information about the textbook). This textbook, although small, has not been updated for several years, and the search in it is rather limited, nevertheless it is quite a convenient resource for studying the current written language and terminology of Lithuanian science. In the Lithuanian scientific text CorALit the term lema is used 779 times (in texts of all mentioned scientific disciplines). This means that this term is more than one and a half times more frequent in the same text than the terminology term, which occurred 447 times (the ratio is shown in Figure 1). By the way, it has been noted that in one of the humanities texts that entered the research textbook, the term is used to name the concept verbally, rather than the concept expressed by the term, i.e. not a scientific or subjective concept. In any case, the term concept can probably be considered as a general scientific term, like any method or theory4. Another question is whether a concept is a metalanguage unit as a term. In the opinion of A. Gudavičius – probably not, cf.: “It seems that in linguistics the term of the concept, which defines the logically arranged result of the knowledge of the world in the consciousness, is completely unnecessary. <...> The terms concept and concept fix the results of cognition, the first a logical, concentrated form, the second – a more individualized holistic form; these terms belong to the sciences of logic and epistemology” (Gudavičius 2012: 112, 117). In the Frequency Dictionary of Written Lithuanian Language (2009) compiled by Andrius Utka on the basis of a morphologically annotated textbook of 3 1 million words, the word concept occupies the 572th place (frequency of use – 244). We can compare – the ambiguous term in that dictionary is in the 916th place (used 156 times). 4 Cf. the term – “a philosophical, logical category, denoting a unit of thought content, defining objects, phenomena and expressing their essential properties. <...> In metric logic, ∆ is understood as a logical class, analyzing it from the point of view of content, explaining the essential and general characteristics of the objects that make up the class” (VLE). 9 6 Asta Mitkevičienė | Concept in Lithuanian scientific language Fig. After processing the selected concordance lines with the term concept in Antconc 3.4.4w5, the most frequent adjacent contextual partners of the researched term were automatically identified – those that go immediately after this term (see Figure 2) or immediately before it (see Figure 3). The images show that some contextual partners, such as power, thermalization, probably entered the textbook from the same text. The possibility of errors in data processing cannot be ruled out. The free order of words in Lithuanian sentences means that when studying concordance it is necessary to take into account all sentence members, it is not enough to concentrate on the positions of several contextual partners in relation to the word under study (Marcinkevičienė 2010: 49). Therefore, in the study of the usage of the term, the beginning and the end of the sentence containing the term in question were first searched in each line of the 300-character long concordance. Neighboring sentences of concordance lines were reviewed to find contextual synonyms of the research term. The chosen research methodology is semantic analysis of word combinations. The research methodology was tested by analyzing the usage of the term term (see Mitkevičienė 2016) and justified the expectations. In particular, the word combinations that comprise the term concept were identified and the function of the term (subject, object, attribute, circumstance or pre di5 See http://www.laurenceanthony.net/software/antconc/. 9 7Terminology | 2017 | 24 ka tyvas)6. Further investigating the usage of the term, word combinations with the term are grouped according to lexical, semantic and thematic similarity7. The article also discusses the concept of the term conjunctive usage and contextual synonymy, reflecting the paradigmatic relationship of this term. The frequency of contextual partners is not given a great importance here – even a single partner of the researched term can be significant if there are other partners in the researched material that are semantically or thematically close to it, with which it would fall into the same group of word combinations. 6 The term concept in the sentence often includes more than one compound, so the same sentence of the textbook can illustrate more than one usage model of the researched term. 7 Based on Vito Labutis semantic classification of word combinations (Labutis 1998), the data are also checked by DLKG. The classification of attributive compounds is mainly based on the article of Laimutė Bunevičiūtė (1998). Figure 2. Most common words immediately following the term concept in the text 9 8 Asta Mitkevičienė | Concept in Lithuanian scientific language 1. CONCEPT IN TERMINOGRAPHY8 1.1. A concept is an object of philosophy, logic, psychology and other sciences, which is included in the dictionaries of that field9. In the dictionaries of philosophy terms in Lithuanian language you can find the following definitions or interpretations of the term concept10: 8 Here terminology is understood broadly – it includes not only dictionaries, but also other systematic term databases (term databases, banks, standards). 9 We do not have Lithuanian logic dictionaries. In the textbooks of logic it is written: “The concept is the for ma of thinking, expressing the essential and general characteristics of objects.” (Plečkaitis 2009: 159); “in describing the concept we will confine ourselves to the reference that the concept is called a thought d ė muo, in which individuals are given together with their characteristics” (Bubelis et al. 2012: 99). 10 Philosophers disagree on the relationship between concepts and meanings (whether concepts are meanings) and whether concepts depend on language (see CREPh 2000: 159; EPh 2006: 415, 416). Figure 3. Most common words in the text immediately preceding the term concept 9 9Terminology | 2017 | 24 “one of the forms of reflection of the world in thought [here and ta A. M.], kuria pažįstama reiškinių, procesų esmė, apibendrinami jų esminiai požymiai ir pusės <...>“ (FŽ 1975); „the presentation of something as universal in such a way that it is simultaneously imagined as common to many <...>“ (FŽ 2002)11. The term bank of the Republic of Lithuania contains three definitions of the term, inserted (or adapted) from the information and documentation and terminology standards and the educational dictionary: „A knowledge vi en et consisting of a unique combination of features.“ (LST ISO 5127:2008 Information and documentation. Glossary (identical to ISO 5127:2001), see LR terminų bankas); „In terminology – p až in imo vien et as, which consists of a peculiar combination of signs.“ (1. Adapted from ISO 1087-1:2000; 2. NATO Explanatory Dictionary of Standardization Terms AAP-42B, 2011, see LR terminų bankas); rinys, i.e. the „Mąstymo fo r ma, atspindinti esminius objekto požymius sąmonėje. Ji susijusi su vaizdiniu, žodžiu ir kitomis sąvokomis. Sąvoka yra klasifikacijos padaconcept stands out from other images, concepts, words by its precise definition when comparing, grouping. The image and the word are its concrete, materialized basis. <...> In the process of teaching and upbringing, everyday concepts are supplemented with scientific knowledge and become scientific (air, water, man, animal, sun, kindness, loyalty, etc.). Special names of scientific concepts – terms. Some of them are used in households. <...>“ (Encyclopedic dictionary of educationology, edited by Leonas Jovaiša, 2007, see LR terminų bankas). From the integrated Lithuanian language and writing resources information system raštija.lt it is clear that the term concept is included in the dictionaries of polytechnic, mathematics, computer science terms, defined – in the dictionaries of information and psychology terms: “A thought, an idea, expressing the general and essential characteristics of an object or phenomenon.” (Trečiokaitė A. Information Terms Dictionary, 1993, see raštija.lt); “One of the forms of logical thinking is the highest level of generalization. The concept can be concrete and abstract. The most abstract concepts are called categories. <...> There is a distinction between domestic and scientific concepts, natural and regulated development of concepts <...>.” (A Dictionary of Psychology, 1993, see raštija.lt). In the publicly available Terms Database of the Lithuanian Standardization Department you can also find the already cited definition from LST ISO 5127:2008, there in the 11 LKŽe supplements catalog (see LKIIS) you can find the definition of the concept from the writings of the philosopher Stasys Šalkauskas: “The concept is a pro t o creature and tells us about what is an object and what constitutes its essence.” This is probably one of the earliest definitions of the term. 100 Asta Mitkevičienė | Concept in Lithuanian scientific language also inserted term concept article from LST ISO 1087-1:2005 Terminology work. Explanatory dictionary. Part 1. Theory and Application (identical ISO 1087-1:2000): "The cognitive vi en et, which consists of a distinctive combination of features." In Regina Kvašytė’s Vocabulary of Educational Terminology (2005) the concept as a terminology term is defined as follows: “Any unit of thought that reflects the essential characteristics of an object in consciousness and has content (the totality of internal and external characteristics) and scope (the totality of all objects having the characteristics of that concept), is expressed by a term, letter or other symbol.” Although the reference words of the definitions listed differ12, it is clear that the concept belongs to the fields of thought or cognition13. In the cited translation standards, the term is defined as a unit of knowledge – in these sources the term is perceived as an object of practical terminology work. The international terminology standard ISO 704 emphasizes that in terminology, a concept should be seen not only as a unit of thought, but also as a unit of knowledge (ISO 704:2009: 3). Such a decision comes from the understanding that terms belong to specific fields of knowledge. In terminology, not one terminologist suggests to look at the concept as a unit of knowledge or knowledge. For example, Ingrid Simonnæs emphasizes that thinking is a subjective thing, so it is better to define the concept not as a unit of thought but as a unit of knowledge. This perception allows the concept to be seen as dynamic – the change of concepts is determined by new discoveries (Simonnæs 2007: 121). 1.2.The terminology standard LST ISO 1087-1:2005 (see LSDterm) defines the generic terms general concept and unitary concept, concept of part and concept of whole, hyperonymic concept, hyponymic concept and equonymic concept, genus concept and generic concept, the motivational feature of which reflects the division of concepts according to content, scope, mutual relationship. Some of these terms have also entered the LR Terms Bank through other resources. 12 Here it can be recalled that the most important categorical concepts are often understood and interpreted differently (Gaivenis 2002: 38, see also Keinys 2013: 52). 13 See the definition of the term and the interpretation of the word in the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary and the Lithuanian Language Dictionary: “an element of the content of thought expressed by a word or words” (DŽ6), “a form of human thought reflecting the essential and general characteristics of objects; perceive the result; log i n ė thought about an object or phenomenon“ (LKŽe). 101Terminologija | 2017 | 24 The aforementioned terminology glossary by R. Kvašytė explains the already mentioned species terms – genus concept and species concept and two more terms – defining concept and defining concept, which are used to name the concepts according to their relationship with the definition. Abstract concepts – “[b]eginning meanings and concepts (e.g., time, space, quantity, characteristic) and their linguistic expression, which a student needs to know in order to communicate successfully”; Specific concepts: “[b]reakdown on general concepts in a specific situation, the development of specific themes (e.g. ‘Personal identification’, ‘Trade’, ‘Nature, region’, ‘Leisure’)”. These closely related terms (equations) named antonyms are not only defined in a non-systematic way, but also transfer the concept from the sphere of thought to the linguistic sphere. The resources included in the information system raštija.lt also contain the term concept of generic and other composite terms, which in those resources are heading (including reference) terms, e.g.: defining concept and undefining concept (mathematics, computer science), logical concept, mathematical concept, basic concept, primary concept and secondary concept, concept in the broad sense and concept in the narrow sense (mathematics). These terms are motivated by the scope, scope, mutual relationship or any other essential characteristic of the concept (the terms are not defined, so it is difficult to precisely determine the motivational characteristic). In other combinations, the concept is merely a secondary name – the designation of a class of objects, for example: the concept of "more", the concept of "less", the concept of "between", the concept of "equal", the concept of "goes after", the concept of "goes before", the concept of "later than", the concept of "before than" (mathematics). 2. CONSCIOUSNESS – THE HOLDER OF THE ATTIVITIES AND THE ATTIVITIES 2.1.The term concept, according to the textbook of Lithuanian scientific language, in most cases has an attribute or itself is an attribute. This is due to the fact that in the language of science we talk about specific concepts, and not about the concept as such in general. The term is often used to refer to a particular type of binding. In those compounds, the term is described by a name (composite names) or the term is the secondary name of a particular term describing that term 102 Asta Mitkevičienė | Concept in Lithuanian scientific language by class (secondary name compounds)14. Schematically, this can be shown as follows: Here are some examples: NAME + concept “At that time, it was mainly focused on nuclear security problems, and the concept of race was mostly considered in the context of the USSR-US nuclear equilibrium.”15 “So, if we talk about the micro and macrosocial environment as the basic assumptions of human development, it is obvious that the concept of s oc ialic ti nk lo s is one of the most successful theoretical concepts, opening the possibility to model these assumptions deeply and fundamentally.” ; “The remote cemetery includes a system of natural barriers: the rocks surrounding the cemetery, whose properties have not been altered by the construction of the cemetery, and the geological formations surrounding the rocks around the cemetery.” ‘The term ‘cogeneration’ refers to simultaneous production of thermal energy and electrical and/or mechanical energy in the same process [3], while the term ‘district heating’ refers to district heating (only heating!) from a power plant producing both electricity and heat [5].’ ; “A lot of different concepts and understandings are associated with rural communities or rural life, such as the low population density (dispersion), the remoteness or absence of cities, dependence on agriculture and other primary economic activities, traditional cultures, etc.” ; “As the author of the monograph Romanticism and Art, William Vaughan, notes, “the term ‘romantic’ can be applied to anything that is extraordinary in the modern world,” and emphasizes that in any epoch “Romantic attitudes can be discerned.” It should be noted that the first type of use is more common in text, especially in cases where the term has no other attribute. 14 Although the concept as a secondary name (apozicija) is a secondary element of the compound, but when the compound concept + NAME has a dependent element, we are talking about compounds with the concept – this term is considered the representative of the compound of the secondary name (more Mitkevičienė 2016: 79). 15 Examples from the textbook have not been corrected, except for proofreading errors. The terms are not italicized as in the text, although the original text probably had italicization. NAME + concept concept (= CLASS) + NAME 109Terminologija | 2017 | 24 Ø persons: author, creator, advocate (see the model AUTHOR + concept combinations), Ø space: place, context, semantic field, field of meanings, thematic area, Ø things related to mental activity: comments, questions, research strategies, treatment, Ø things of usage and history: usage tradition, genesis, historical memory, Ø various other things: derivative, equivalent, reflection, view, prism, relationship, interconnection, advantage, etc. Some examples of context: “However, the concept of these personality types presented by Ca rl G. Jun g (1936) makes the hypothesis that introverted traits are associated with higher maternal sensitivity equally convincing.” ; ‘This definition does not provide a clear framework for the notion of soil, which would enable the actual soil areas to be recorded.’ ; “However, it would be necessary to consider other concepts inherent in the latter, i.e. the resilience of geosystems (Armand, 1983; Kyprijanova, 1983; Sviržev, 1983).” ; “Criminogenic personality is a derivative of the term ‘criminal personality’ and reflects the characteristics of a subject capable of committing a crime, as well as repeat crime [6, p. 68].” 2.12. concepts (= OBJECT) + ACTION / BEING or ACTION / BEING + to / from concepts. The concept in the depth of attributive compounds is an object of action or state18. The term in question is used in attributive combinations with verb nouns use (use), application; understanding, conception, interpretation, treatment, disclosure, analysis, views (in); definition, description, explanation, clarification; inclusion, separation, confusion, substitution, separation (from), extension, rearrangement, identification, conceptualization; creation, forming; possession, etc. (for the concept as an object, see section 3), e.g. : “More precisely, anthropology has abandoned its ethnocentric approach in this evolution of concepts, because the use of concepts such as tribes indicates a strong self-separation from the people being studied, i.e., in the broadest sense, it indicates the existence of a distinction between modern and so-called primitive societies.” ; 18 Conjunctions, whose main elements are verb nouns, are interpreted differently in Lithuanian linguistics (see Pakerys 2006). Here they are assigned to attributive compounds. 110 Asta Mitkevičienė | Concept in Lithuanian scientific language „Because the regulated length of the article in the journal does not allow to mo analizės, šiame darbe apsiribosime: šeimos s ąvokos samprata , formų įvairove, šeimų skaičiaus ir dydžio bei sudėties teritorine sklaida 1989–2001 m.“; present all the research results,“ „The inaccurate definition of the concept has caused considerable confusion to both researchers and discussants.“ ; “The second, perhaps no less important, we would think, is the separation of the concept of ethnic group from the concepts of race and tribe, which were used before the Second World War.” 2.13. Concepts (= SUBJECT) + ACTION / BEING. The concept in the depth of attributive compounds is also the subject of action or state. The main elements of such compounds are abstract nouns coverage, volume, capacity, width; embryos, development, change; identity, differences; diversity, complexity, complexity, etc. (the concept as an entity is discussed in more detail in chapter 4). Context of the compounds in question: „Tokiu atveju reikia išsiaiškinti „pagrindinių turtinių interesų“ sąvokos aprėptį.“; “The concept of social networks originated around 1930 and is related to the works of Moreno, Lewin, Heider, when they began to examine, represent symbolically and graphically the relationships between people.” ; “The reason is the complexity and breadth of the concept of quality, which is determined by the great variety of quality objects and the abundance of quality factors and problems caused by it.” 2.14. Concepts (= COMPONENT) + ARTICLE. Most often, the attributive compounds of such a model used only once show that the concepts form tangible constructs (arrow, dictionary, handbook – that is, the concepts have a meaning) and abstract ones (system, combination), e.g.: „At the end there is a list of used literature, the modified excerpts of which make up this booklet; the eyelids and an arrow.” ; „Writing this book, I relied on the system of concepts and symbols recommended by IUPC and IUPAC, I used SI units of measure for various calculations, I tried to use Lithuanian terminology approved by the latest scientific dictionaries.“ There are few attribute compounds of the other model, so they are not discussed here. Unless it can only be mentioned that concepts, like terms, are a cause for debate. The term concept (lemat) in attributive compounds is summarized in Figure 4. The arrows in the diagram point to the main element of the compound. 111Terminologija | 2017 | 24 Figure 4. Term concept* in attributive compounds 3. CONCEPT – OBJECT 3.1. A concept, like a term, is an object of use. The term concept in Lithuanian scientific language is used with the forms of the verbs (tebe)vartoti, ne- (be) vartoti, vartoti, (pri)taikyti, naudoti(s), pa(si)naudoti, e.g.: „To describe all these processes, the word „harmonization, approximation“ and the new term „promoting compatibility“ (angl. compatibilization) have long been used in many places.“ ; “The concept of a dwarf is intended for them in the most general sense, that of a little fairytale man.” ; “Aesthetics, like other sciences, according to R. Ingarden, can use the eyelids only when their intuitive gifts have already been acquired.” According to the textbook, terms are used more often than used or applied (wart* about 6 times more common than taik* and 10 times more common than naud*). 3.2. In the text studied, the concept is an object of thought, cognition or perception. In addition, the concept is explained in the text as an object of study, which is not characteristic of the term term. This can be seen from the objective compounds with the verbs reflect, understand, not perceive, see “perceive”, hold, treat, identify, allocate, undifferentiate, associate, (with) connect, interpret, conceptualize, delve into, as well as examine, investigate, investigate, analyze, reveal, derive. A few examples in a broader context: SPACE ACTION TABLE OF CONTENTS EVALUATION TIME PLACE AUTHOR LANGUAGE OBJECT ... AVAILABILITY OBJECT ACTION AR BŪSENA DARINYS ... NAME of product* VARDAS 112 Asta Mitkevičienė | Concept in Lithuanian scientific language “I think that the direct exposure to the ideas of these different schools (as well as the various textbooks of chemical thermodynamics and physical chemistry) allowed me to think more diversely and better understand the basic concepts and principles of thermodynamics.” ; “Works of this kind were similar in that the concepts of Polishness and Lithuanianness were defined very broadly and liberally.” ; “Farmers’ cooperative has nothing to do with ‘collectivization’, although some people identify the two concepts.” ; “At that time, it was mainly focused on nuclear security issues, and the concept of deterrence was usually considered in the context of the USSR-US nuclear balance.” The concept is the object on which one relies, which is guided, which is used (combinations with the verbs rely, rely on, guide). 3.3 A concept, like a term, is an object that is sought and found or obtained. This is evident from the term concept of objective compounds with the verbs detect, discover, (not) find, choose, obtain, revive, etc. forms, e.g. : “In the written texts we hardly trace the envelope of identity itself, but the thematic investigations really analyze individual aspects of this phenomenon.” ; “The idea of modernization and its development in the analysis of the development of interpersonal relationships revives the concept of intimacy, opposing it to social normativity.” The combinations of the term concept with the verbs offer, (not) present, introduce, present, etc. indicate that the concept is an object of giving. The concept is also an object that falls into a certain space – science, field, theory and the like (the concept is used with the verbs to introduce, include, assign, take over, accept). It is also possible to refuse to admit a concept into that space or to throw it out of it: not to accept, avoid, refuse, expel, remove, e.g.: “In the Law on the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Lithuania, the concept of corruption is not given, but it lists corruption offences.” ; "Then there was the concept of the vesta x-ray as a unit of ionizing radiation." ; “In 1999, following the adoption of the Civil Service Act of the Republic of Lithuania [4], the composition of civil servants was changed, but the wording of Article 8(4) of the Collective Agreements and Contracts Act was not changed.” In that space, the concept is legitimized. This is evident from the objective compounds with the verbs recognize, legitimize, establish, optimize, justify forms. 113Terminologija | 2017 | 24 The number of concepts in space is limited, but only partially, cf. the term concept of collocates sufficient to translate. Examples of broader context: “Eastern publications are often not accepted by Western journals not only because of analytical methods unheard of by ‘Westerners’, but also because of different terminology: the term humus is widely used in the East, while Westerners are more familiar with the terms soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil organic matter (SOM).” ; “A concept essentially analogous to economic activity is also enshrined in Article 2, point 7, of the Individual Income Tax Act, i.e. the concept of individual activity, which, in the opinion of the authors, is the form of economic activity carried out by a natural person used in the Individual Income Tax Act.” The concepts are also changed in one way or another – in the text of the scientific language there are compounds with the verbs (pra)plėsti, išplėsti, išplėsti, papildyti, koreguoti, (pa)tikslinti. The semantics of the compounds shows that the scope (extension) or content (intensity) of the concepts can be changed19: “We will show below that, from the point of view of knowledge-based activities, the concept of enterprise activity is being overtaken by new dimensions and encompasses all areas of activity.” ; “Thereafter, this concept has evolved itself: it is the possibility of seeing the adjacent pole from 160 cm (the height of the device) at least 56 cm from its top (Figure 1).” The term concept is used in objective compounds with the verbs to separate, to separate, to contrast, to contrast, to compare, as well as to (with)group, to systematize. Thus, the relationships between the concepts are determined, they are classified or otherwise distinguished from other concepts, e.g.: “The adaptation in society, or social adaptation, according to the relationship with the biological can be interpreted in two ways from the concept of passive and active adaptation s (Figure 2).” ; “The aim was to separate and with preference this notion of Lithuanian and Lithuanian (i.e. historical Lithuania, LDK) so that the modern Lithuanians could be presented as foreign to the “real” Lithuania <...>.” The term concept forms objective compounds with non-univocal verb forms to change. In the broader context, it is clear that a concept is replaced by a term, another concept, some phenomenon. The fact that a concept is replaced by a term or by some phenomenon, i.e. by a subject of another plan, does not seem logical – such use of the term is not accurate, e.g.: 19 In logic, the scope of the concept of opposition is distinguished from the content of the concept (see Bubelis et al. 2012: 99), in terminology – the extension of the concept and the intensity of the concept (see Gaivenis 2002: 28; Kvašytė 2005; cf. Šalkauskis 1991: 25). 114 Asta Mitkevičienė | Concept in Lithuanian scientific language “In his view, industrial society replaces the formerly closed feudal class with an open class system.” In one of the humanities sources of the textbook, the context indicates that the concept is replaced by a word. This use reflects both the linguistic and philosophical conception of the term: “Therefore, by directly denoting objects, words replace the concepts of these objects as equally direct signs of those objects.” 3.4. The term in Lithuanian scientific language is perceived as an instrument. The combinations with verbs such as describe, characterize, express, name forms indicate that the concept (as well as the term) is considered a means of expression, e.g. : “The shape of the structures of the musical space can be described by the same commas used in geometry.”; ‘Deagrarization is most often expressed in a declining trend in the number of people working in agriculture […].’ ; “Therefore, this position would be most correctly referred to as the synthetic concept of ‘serious-funny’.” In all these cases, the term concept may be replaced by the term term. The concept is also perceived as an instrument of one or another intellectual activity. The term concept, used in the noun vowel, forms compounds with the verbs to define, operate, conceptualize, justify, mark, represent, know, etc. Examples from a wider context: “The most recent documents of the Church (the “Guide to Popular Devotion and Liturgy” of the Vatican Congregation for the Cult of God and the Sacraments and the chapters of this document printed in the “News of the Church” in the months of June-August 2003) define the notion of the practice of devotion as private or public manifestations of Christian piety, which, although not part of the liturgy, are in harmony with it, that is, correspond to its spirit, norms and rhythm.” ; “Although it sounds rather vague, in fact this concept attempts to re-conceptualize the problem of the power of ideas on international politics, which has already been formulated earlier in the studies of international relations and has so far been examined quite extensively.” ; “In other words, words denote essentials that are already marked and represented by concepts.” As an instrument, the concept is used in the text with quite different verbs, but there are relatively few objective compounds of this type. 115Terminology | 2017 | 24 3.5. Like a term, a concept is an object of linguistic activity. The term (to describe) sąvoka kontekstiniai partneriai rodo, kad kalbinės veiklos tikslas – sąvokos turinio atskleidimas ((iš)aiškinti, paaiškinti, (ne)apibrėžti, apibūdinti, aptaror its title (to name), e.g.: “The concept of the document is sometimes not clarified even when criminal laws, such as the Criminal Code of the Kingdom of Spain, the Criminal Code of the Federal Republic of Germany, have special sections devoted to the explanation of the basic concepts used in criminal law.” ; “The concept of kidnapping is here understood inextricably with the concept of appropriation.” ; „In order to achieve the goals of correct Lithuanian language development of engineers, the authors, naming the concepts, gave priority to Lithuanian language.“ The concept is not only an object of linguistic activity, but also an object of expression in general. This can be based on the combinations of neišreikšti, eksplikuoti, žymėti formomis20. „Dž. Blėkas taip pat s uf or mulavo labai svarbią šiluminės talpos sąvok ą ir concepts with verbs to (un)formulate, the first measured the heat capacities of some materials, evaporation and melting heat.” ; “On the other hand, through the latter, words also denote concepts.” Atypical use of the objective term with the verb to translate. Two examples of such use are found: “It should be noted that in the official Lithuanian translation of this Directive [4], when translating from the English term ‘cog en eration’, the term ‘thermofikacija’ was incorrectly used instead of ‘kogeneracija’.” ; “Johann Georg Sulzer and Heinrich Christoph Koch translated these concepts from Latin into German and applied them to the reality of sound art – the practice of composing and analyzing music. The German analogue was obtained: Anlage (‘plan’) – Ausführung (‘performance’) – Ausarbeitung (‘completion’).” Such usage shows that the concept is perceived as an object of translation, which contradicts the concept itself as a unit of thought or cognition, not a unit of language. In this context, the term is used instead of the term term or word. 20 Bassey Edem Antia emphasizes (and distinguishes as one of the criteria for concepts) that a concept can exist without symbols (both linguistic and non-linguistic), but they are necessary for communication (Antia 2000: 82). 116 Asta Mitkevičienė | Concept in Lithuanian scientific language 3.6. The concept of result. The term concept is used in objective compounds with verbs to create, "construct", invent, although such use is only singular. However, it is significant that the concept is perceived as a creation (workpiece), e.g. : “We invented the concept of ‘goal’ ourselves: there is no goal in reality...” More cases of objective usage of the term concept were found in the text, but only the most typical, common and relevant for this study are discussed here. The concept as an object is shown in Figure 5. Term concept* in objective compounds concept* (= OBJECT) ********* (= INSTRUMENTS) USE THINK, KNOW, PERCEPTION, EXPLORE IEŠKOTI, RASTI, GAUTI, DUO TI, ĮVESTI, PAŠA LINTI, LEGITIMATE, MODIFY,... TO SPEAK, TO EXPRESS CREATE ... ******** TO WORK STRONGLY EXPRESS 4. CONCEPT – SUBJECT 4.1. First of all, the concept as a subject includes something (combinations with the verb encompassed, once with encompassed and not encompassed, see Figure 2). In a broader context than the combination of words, the scope (extension) of the concept is defined. This helps to ensure successful scientific communication. Some examples of use: “The concept of sorption encompasses a wide variety of containment processes and mechanisms that cause radionuclides to adhere to the surface of rocks or other materials, such as clay minerals, which may be on the surface of fissures.” ; “The concept of near field includes the packaging of radioactive waste, the cemetery together with the engineering barriers surrounding the waste containers and the cemetery enclosure. 117Terminology | 2017 | 24 sealing elements, also includes part of the rocks surrounding the cemetery (disturbed zone).’ ; “In addition, the second notion of corruption does not include corruption in the private sector.” 4.2 The term concept is used in subjective compounds with the verbs (not) have, acquire and lose forms – the concept is the holder and recipient21. From the broader context it is clear that the concept has meaning, meanings (also compare is a plurality), place, aspect, tradition, elements, etc., has or acquires meaning, has no place, meaning, improved popularity, e.g.: “The concept of “Lithuanian security” per se has no meaning without specific entities with which it is created or against which it is directed.” ; “The term soil has specific meanings in various fields.” ; “The notion of instinct has lost its popularity and has ceased, with minor exceptions (e.g., Gnepp, 1977), to be applied to humans for many reasons (cf. Viliūnas, 2005)." Unexpectedly, it turned out that the concept is assigned a connotation, which is usually considered an element of the language unit. From the broader context, it seems that this is a consequence of thoughtfulness: “In addition, this concept has temporal connotations: it is a moment, a moment.” 4.3.The concept changes or simply occupies a certain position in space – the term concept is used with the intransitive verbs arise, arise, find, enter, escape, entangle, not disappear, establish, take hold, prevail, overlap, etc. forms, e.g. : “This concept formed the basis for the emergence of the envelope ‘criminogenic personality’.” ; “At the centre of his theory was the concept of Weltanschauung or vision du monde (“worldview”) taken from Lukács.” ; “The concept of ‘citizen power’ has not disappeared from modern studies of EU integration.” By the way, the concept not only changes the situation, but also changes itself: “The concept of digital mapping is changing rapidly with the development of technology and the expansion of the scope of application of digital cartographic data.” 4.4. The concept performs certain functions or random actions. This can be seen from the group of subjective compounds with the transitive verbs (nu) to show, to establish (limits) (cf. neriboti, nevaržti), orientuoti, iliustruoti, 21 We also found objective compounds with the verbs (pri)skirti, suteikti, in which the concept is the recipient. 118 Asta Mitkevičienė | Concept in Lithuanian scientific language to express, mark, help (explain), mediate, present (knowledge); make (the basis), encourage (to arise), produce, raise (difficulties), interest, etc., although with the same verb in the text usually only one combination is found, e.g. : “The notion of the unknown refers to a person who is close (in the sense of physical distance), but does not belong to the environment or the group of other persons in it.” ; “To “learn” in this case does not mean a forced training, but the acquisition of skills in a direct creative process, which will continue after graduation and starting a working career.” ; “This concept highlights the importance of living microbial cells as an essential component of an effective probiotic.” The fact that the term concept is used with verbs to express and describe (see also the definition of the term in the Information Dictionary and in Roman Plečkaitis’ Logic Textbook in Chapter 1) again confirms the statement that the term is sometimes perceived as a matter of expression: “This concept expresses Europe’s ability to spread its core values outside the EU by peaceful means.” 4.5 The concept undergoes various states, related to the relationship between the concepts or the relationship of the concept with other elements: differs, is related, coincides, associates, etc., e.g.: “The empirical facts do not differ, but the models of their understanding, there are envelopes and visuals.” ; “The concept of procedural fairness is not related to the results of the decision but to the characteristics of the decision-making process.” ; “The concepts of information system architecture and structure are often confused, but architecture focuses more on the information and communication relationships of system components, on the way of organizing communications (the so-called architectural style).” The same text indicates that the term used in compounds with the state verb fits. The research material usually does not talk about the (in)fidelity of the concept – only one compound is found that does not fit the concept, and the broader context of the same compound shows that the term features are attributed to the concept: ‘It should be noted that the envelopes ‘cogeneration technologies’ (in the English text) and ‘thermofikacinės technologijos’ (in the Lithuanian text) used in the title of Annex I to the Directive are not appropriate to designate the various technological equipment referred to in that Annex.’ 125Terminology | 2017 | 24 Roche 2015: Ontological definition. – Handbook of Terminology 1, Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 128–152. Sager J. C. 1990: A Practical Course in Terminology Processing, Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Santos C. et al. 2015: Santos C., Costa R. Domain specificity. – Handbook of Terminology 1, Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 153–179. Simonnæs I. 2007: Vague legal concepts: A contradictio in adjecto? – Indeterminacy in Terminology and LSP: Studies in honour of Heribert Picht, ed. B. E. Antia, Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 119–134. SinŽ 2002: Lyberis A. Thesaurus of Synonyms, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute Publishing House. 1991. pp. 2. Philosophy and Educational Terminology. Prepared by A. Sverdiolas, Vilnius: Mintis. Tatarinovas V. 2006: Tatarinov V. A. General terminology. Encyclopedia Dictionary, Moscow: Московский лицей. Usonienė A. et al. 2008: Usonienė A., Grigaliūnienė J., Rivitytė B., Būtėnas L., Jasionytė E. Textbook of Lithuanian Scientific Language. – Baltistica 43(1), 101–114. Utka A. 2009: Frequently used dictionary of the written Lithuanian language: based on 1 million words of morphologically annotated text, Kaunas: VDU leidykla. VLE – universal Lithuanian encyclopedia 21, Vilnius: Institute for Publishing of Science and Encyclopedias, 2012. Župerka K. 1983: Lithuanian language stylistics, Vilnius: Mokslas. ABSTRACT IN ACADEMIC LITHUANIAN The paper deals with the usage of the fundamental term of terminology sąvoka 'concept' in academic Lithuanian. The research is aimed at establishing the semantic (contextual) partners of this term and its thematic field and to provide an outline of the concept ‘concept’ according to the usage of the term designating it. This is a corpus-based research, the source of which is Lietuvių mokslo kalbos tekstynas CorALit (Corpus of Academic Lithuanian CorALit) (publicly available at http://coralit.lt). The main methodology of research is semantic analysis of phrases with a word. Conjunctive usage and contextual synonymy of the term sąvoka which reflect paradigmatic relations of this term were also analyzed. The lemma sąvoka was found in the corpus of academic Lithuanian CorALit 779 times. It is present in texts from all five fields – the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, biomedical sciences and technological sciences. In this corpus the term sąvoka is one and a half times more frequent than the terminology term terminas 'term'. In academic Lithuanian the term sąvoka has attributes and is an attribute itself, it is also used as an object or subject and only sometimes as a predicative or adverbial modifier. Attributes describe term terms according to name, space, action, content feature, other evaluating feature, time, place, author, language, object, etc. A substantive is a substantive that is either a possessor or a constituent of an object or a subject of an action or a state. As can be judged from objective phrases a concept is an object of usage, thinking, cognition and perception as well as research, linguistic activities and expression. It is being looked for, found, obtained, given, introduced or eliminated, legitimatized, changed or some other actions are performed in its respect. Besides that, a concept is a result as well as an instrument – not only of an intellectual activity, but also, according to the data of the corpus researched, an instrument of expression. Thus, the features of a term are ascribed to a concept. 126 Asta Mitkevičienė | Concept in Lithuanian scientific language A concept as a subject includes, has or receives something, it changes something, or it is experiences a change, takes place in space, performs a function or random actions, is in various states, is of some quality or is something, and rarely – simply exists. the result of something else. it can be observed from the conjunctive usage of sąvoka that its correlates are units of expression (including the term terminas), general terms of science and other abstract nouns, names of mental formations, and parts or aspects of a concept. The terms sąvoka and terminas are used in academic Lithuanian not only in conjunction, but also as contextual synonyms. The usage of the word "terminus" instead of "sąvoka" could be seen as a metonymy. Contextual synonymy of terms can be justified only if it doesn’t affect precision and clarity. Inaccurate usage of terms in texts distorts the results of research; therefore conclusions about the true meanings of terms and concepts named using these terms cannot be drawn solely on the basis of term usage in texts. Retrieved 2017-10-16. Asta Mitkevičienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania E-mail asta.mitke[email protected]