The Internet of Things – Hype and reality: Crucial issues about Internet of Things technology and ‘content’ of human-machine communication

6Ch is ian Galinski The In e ne o Things – Hype and eali y: C ucial issues abou In e ne o Things echnology and ‘con en ’ o human-machine communica ion The In e ne o Things – Hype and eali y: C ucial issues abou In e ne o Things echnology and ‘con en ’ o human- machine communica ion CHRISTIAN GALINSKI In o e m (In e na ional In o ma ion Cen e o Te minology) Keywo ds: In e ne o Things (IoT), ‘ hings’, eApplica ions, ‘sma ’ applica ions, uns uc u ed and s uc u ed con en , mic ocon en , in e human (H2H) communica ion, in o ma ion objec , con en objec s. con en meaning, codings, non- e bal concep ep esen a ions, con en in e ope abili y, me ada a, mas e da a, con olled language, con olled ocabula y, pe sons wi h disabili ies (PwD), augmen a i e and al e na i e communica ion (AAC) 1. THe elATIonsHIP beTween InTe neT oF THInGs AnD ‘Te mInoloGy’ o ‘sT uCTu eD ConTenT’ This con ibu ion aims a pu ing ‘con en ’ in o pe spec i e wi h In e - ne o Things (IoT) de elopmen s, achie emen s and challenges, i s im- pac s on human socie y and o cou se on in e human (H2H) communica- ion which is inc easingly suppo ed by in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies (ICTs). Con en can ake many guises, such as ex s, con en in o he modali ies han spoken o w i en (e.g. o he isual o acous ic signs and e en in o ma ion communica ed in ac ile o hap ic o m). wi h espec o con en , he ocus o his con ibu ion is on s uc u ed con en a he le el o lexical seman ics – also called ‘mic ocon en ’. Te minolo- gies a e he mos impo an kind o mic ocon en in specialized commu- nica ion whe he in spoken o w i en o m. Howe e , inc easingly non- e bal modali ies a e necessa y in spoken o w i en specialized commu- nica ion, and a e appea ing e en in e minological da a. s ill in ecen pas , majo opics ela ed o compu e echnology we e in o ma ion and knowledge socie ies, digi aliza ion (e.g. digi al lib a y), o ice au oma ion, mecha onics and he like. Today’s buzzwo ds a e A - i icial In elligence (AI), seman ic web (semweb), big Da a, cloud com- pu ing, obo ics ( e e ing o cybe -physical sys ems), Indus y 4.0 – no o men ion many aspec s o indus y and socie y ca ying he a ibu e 7Te minologija | 2017 | 24 ‘sma ’ in on , such as sma ci ies, sma anspo , sma homes, sma hospi als, sma buildings e c. some o his ‘sma ness’ is al eady imple- men ed o qui e an ex en in he o m o ac i i ies wi h an ‘e’ in on o i , such as ebusiness and eComme ce, eHeal h, eGo e nmen , elea n- ing, and new ‘eApplica ions’, such as eAccessibili y and eInclusion, ebank- ing, eP ocu emen , eIn oicing, e c. Can any o he abo e be use ul wi hou con en ? The IoT has he po en ial o combining all echnologies and applica ions men ioned abo e in one la ge cybe -uni e se whe e da a – o cou se also in he o m o ‘con en ’ – a e c ea ed no only by and o humans, bu also by (and o ) ‘ hings’ which a e inc easingly used o pu poses hi h- e o no imagined. The e o e, e ms equen ly used ela ing o he ICTs and he IoT in pa icula , do no ye ep esen s able concep s. so a , he ocus o IoT de elopmen s is on echnology, while he as- pec s o H2H communica ion – e en, i ICT-suppo ed – is la gely ne- glec ed in pe inen li e a u e. 2. DeFInITIons 2.1. The In e ne o Things (IoT) Ie C (h p://www.in e ne -o - hings- esea ch.eu/abou _io .h m), he IoT eu opean esea ch Clus e , de ines IoT as “a dynamic global ne wo k in as uc u e wi h sel -con igu ing capabili ies based on s anda d and in e ope able communica ion p o ocols whe e physical and i ual ‘ hings’ ha e iden i ies, physical a ibu es and i ual pe sonali ies, use in elligen in e aces and a e seamlessly in eg a ed in o he in o ma ion ne wo k” (see Ve mesan e.a. 2011). As a ision (wi h a ce ain deg ee o hype), ea ly IoT concep ions may ha e been pu ely echnology-o ien ed u u - is ic isions, bu o e he las couple o yea s mo e and mo e de elopmen s e eal inc easing ma ke ele ance. I looks as i he IoT will d ama i- cally change human en i onmen – wo ldwide – o e he nex yea s wi h espec o a ic and anspo , housing and li ing, heal h echnology and se ices, de elopmen s in ag icul u e and ood indus y, educa ion, com- munica ion, e c. Howe e , he aspec o ‘con en ’ mo e o en han no is omi ed om he discussions abou hese echnical de elopmen s. 8Ch is ian Galinski The In e ne o Things – Hype and eali y: C ucial issues abou In e ne o Things echnology and ‘con en ’ o human-machine communica ion ITu (ITu-T y2060:2012, 3.2.2) de ines he IoT as: “A global in as uc u e o he in o ma ion socie y, enabling ad anced se ices by in e connec ing (physical and i ual) hings based on exis ing and e ol ing in e ope able in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies. noTe 1 – Th ough he exploi a ion o iden i ica ion, da a cap u e, p ocessing and communica ion capabili ies, he IoT makes ull use o hings o o e se - ices o all kinds o applica ions, whils ensu ing ha secu i y and p i acy e- qui emen s a e ul illed. noTe 2 – F om a b oade pe spec i e, he IoT can be pe cei ed as a ision wi h echnological and socie al implica ions.” Acco ding o Da e e ans (2011 – CIsCo In e ne business solu ion G oup, IbsG), he In e ne doubles in size e e y 5.32 yea s. This some- how esembles moo e’s law o ecas ing he numbe o ansis o s in highly in eg a ed ci cui s (semiconduc o s) app oxima ely doubling e e y wo yea s. moo e’s law ul ima ely esul ed in he ‘minia u iza ion’ o elec onic componen s – and hus he elec onic de ices buil wi h hese semiconduc o s became smalle while hei unc ionali ies we e e e -in- c easing. The In e ne ’s g ow h jus ollows he need o anspo he exponen ially inc easing amoun s o da a. Acco ding o D. e ans (ibidem) unde he IbsG’s echnological and comme cial pe spec i e, he IoT simply is he poin in ime a ound 2008/2009 when mo e ‘physical hings’ (such as elec onic de ices) we e connec ed o he In e ne han people. Today o e 75% o wo ld popula- ion is connec ed o he In e ne in one way o o he . In es iga ions show ha he numbe o de ices (especially elec onic de ices) connec ed o he In e ne g ew and con inues o g ow as e han ha o humans con- nec ed o he In e ne by means o compu e s o mobile phones. Thus, i could well be ha al eady be ween 25bn and 50bn de ices a e connec ed o he In e ne , oday. This could ne e ha e happened wi hou he apid de elopmen o mobile echnologies no only o ICT-suppo ed H2H communica ion, bu also o da a e ie al and o he use o da a. In addi ion, o he ‘phys- ical hings’ – such as su eillance came as, senso s o all kinds o pu - poses in indus y e c. – en e ed he scene as ‘o igina o s’ o da a. e icsson (2016) “conse a i ely” es ima es he numbe o connec ed de ices in he o m o angible ac s a nea ly 30bn in 2021, including only a bi mo e han 10bn de ices o ICT-suppo ed H2H communica ion. The la e 9Te minologija | 2017 | 24 numbe g ows linea ly while he numbe o de ices o m2m communica- ion g ows much as e . D. e ans (ibidem) “op imis ically” es ima es 50bn de ices connec ed o he In e ne . so a , he In e ne a guably has no changed e y much, undamen- ally speaking. Howe e , he IoT can be seen as he i s eal e olu ion o he In e ne . I has al eady made he In e ne senso y ( empe a u e, p essu e, ib a ion, ligh , mois u e, s ess), allowing us o become mo e p oac i e and less eac i e. ITu (ITu-T y2060:2012, 6.1) s a es: “Th ough he exploi a ion o iden i ica ion, da a cap u e, p ocessing and com- munica ion capabili ies, he IoT makes ull use o “ hings” o o e se ices o all kinds o applica ions, whils ensu ing ha secu i y and p i acy equi e- men s a e ul illed. noTe – The IoT is expec ed o g ea ly in eg a e leading echnologies, such as echnologies ela ed o ad anced machine- o-machine communica ion, au- onomic ne wo king, da a mining and decision-making, secu i y and p i acy p o ec ion and cloud compu ing, wi h echnologies o ad anced sensing and ac ua ion. As shown in Figu e 1, he IoT adds he dimension “Any THInG communica- ion” o he in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies (ICTs) which al- eady p o ide “any TIme” and “any PlACe” communica ion.” This can be exempli ied by he ollowing g aph: Figu e 1: The ex ended dimensions o he IoT (ITU-T Y2060:2012, 6.1) 1 0 Ch is ian Galinski The In e ne o Things – Hype and eali y: C ucial issues abou In e ne o Things echnology and ‘con en ’ o human-machine communica ion 2.2. The In e ne s. ‘in e ne ’ The e a e – e en among ICT expe s – misconcep ions abou ‘in e ne ’ as made explici by unesCo (2017): “In e ne : he wo ldwide public ne wo k o compu e ne wo ks ha p o ides access o a numbe o communica ion se ices including he wo ld wide web (www) and ca ies e-mail, news, en e ainmen and da a iles. noTe 1: The In e ne (wi h capi al ‘I’) e e s o he huge global public ne - wo k which also uns he wo ld wide web. o he in e ne s – also being ne - wo ks o compu e ne wo ks – a e w i en wi h lowe case ‘I’.” some hing simila also applies o he wo ld wide web (www, also called web o The web) which can be desc ibed as (unesCo ibidem): “ he mos popula o all In e ne se ices and applica ions (o en used in e - changeably wi h he In e ne ) ha p o ides use s wi h he abili y – o access in o ma ion and se ices while connec ed o he In e ne , – o publish in o ma ion, and – o o e se ices ha can be accessed by anybody else in he In e ne . noTe 1: The wo ld wide web is one o he bigges se ices unning on he In e ne . The mul i ude o o he se ices implemen ed o e he In e ne inclu- des e-mail, ile ans e , oice o e IP (VoIP), digi al TV, emo e compu e con ol, newsg oups, and online games. All o hese se ices can be implemen- ed on any in e ne , accessible o ne wo k use s.” Today he In e ne as well as he www a e la gely based on s anda ds, i s o all he In e ne p o ocol sui e comp ising: /a/ “compu e ne wo king model and communica ion p o ocols combining nu- me ous echnical s anda ds used in he In e ne and o he ne wo ks based on he In e ne P o ocol sui e noTe 1: The In e ne P o ocol sui e is he mos impo an se o p o ocols o he In e ne (collec i ely called T ansmission Con ol P o ocol and In e ne P o ocol sui e – TCP/IP) and allows la ge, geog aphically di e se ne wo ks o compu e s o communica e wi h each o he quickly and economically o e a a ie y o physical links. I is main ained and de eloped by he In e ne engi- nee ing Task Fo ce (IeTF).” (unesCo ibidem) The In e ne P o ocol (IP) can be desc ibed as: “main in e ne wo king echnical s anda d unde lying he In e ne ha speci ies how da a is mo ed h ough i based on h ee p inciples: packe swi ching, end- o-end ne wo king, and obus ness noTe 1: The IP is implemen ed in wo e sions, IP 4 and IP 6 bo h based on echnical s anda ds o which di e en implemen a ions exis . I is o en 1 1Te minologija | 2017 | 24 used in e changeably o he T ansmission Con ol P o ocol and In e ne P o o- col sui e (TCP/IP), al hough he IP co e s he i s – bu s ill mos impo - an – ne wo king p o ocols de ined in he TCP/IP.” (unesCo ibidem) I is necessa y o unde s and he di e ences be ween he In e ne and he WWW – e ms ha a e o en used in e changeably. The In e ne is he physical laye o physical ne wo k made up o swi ches, ou e s, and o he equipmen . I s p ima y unc ion is o anspo in o ma ion om one poin o ano he quickly, eliably, and secu ely. The www, on he o he hand, is an applica ion laye ha ope a es on op o he In e ne . I s p ima y ole is o p o ide an in e ace ha makes he in o ma ion lowing ac oss he In e ne usable. Al eady qui e ea ly he www was called he “web o Things”. 2.3. Wha a e ‘ hings’ in he IoT? ITu (ITu-T y.2060:2012, 3.2.3) de ines ‘ hings’ as ollows wi h ega d o he IoT: “objec o he physical wo ld (physical hings) o he in o ma ion wo ld ( i ual hings), which is capable o being iden i ied and in eg a ed in o communica- ion ne wo ks”. Things ha e associa ed in o ma ion which can be s a ic o dynamic. equalizing ‘ hings’ wi h ‘objec s’ con o ms o adi ional science heo y, especially on ology. In e minology science (based on science heo y) ‘objec o he physical wo ld’ is also called ‘ma e ial objec , (o physical objec , eal objec , conc e e objec , and he like). In his connec ion ITu de ines ‘de ices’ as physical objec s being /a/ “piece o equipmen wi h he manda o y capabili ies o communica ion and he op ional capabili ies o sensing, ac ua ion, da a cap u e, da a s o age and da a p ocessing”. In e minology science ‘ i ual hing’ is called ‘imma e ial objec ’ (o imagined objec , abs ac objec , and he like). Acco ding o ITu i ual hings “exis in he in o ma ion wo ld and a e capable o being s o ed, p ocessed and accessed. examples o i ual hings include mul imedia con en and applica- ion so wa e.” (ITu-T y.2060:2012, 6.1) This de ini ion neglec s he ac ha ‘con en ’ – especially mic ocon- en – is a uni e se o ‘ i ual hings’ in i sel . Al hough so wa e is 1 2 Ch is ian Galinski The In e ne o Things – Hype and eali y: C ucial issues abou In e ne o Things echnology and ‘con en ’ o human-machine communica ion needed o handle i , se ious in e ope abili y issues a ise, i con en is pu in o he same ca ego y as ‘applica ion so wa e’ – no leas due o he ac ha con en and so wa e ha e o ally di e en li e-cycles and equi e- men s conce ning p ojec managemen and quali y aspec s jus o men- ion a ew. besides, he philosophical ques ion he e is, whe he all ‘ hings’ a e on- ly “in o ma ion objec s”, o whe he hey can be much mo e, i conside ed as (by humans) ‘pe cei ed objec s’ o indi idually ‘concei ed objec s’ in human eali y. A adical educ ionis iew o e e y hing being no hing else han ‘in o ma ion objec s’ om a echnological poin o iew could u n ou o be a big allacy. Con en can also be ega ded as ‘ hings’ (see also sub-chap e 2.5). mic o- con en in e ms o ‘con en objec s’ alls unde ‘physical hings’, he mean- ings o he con en en i ies unde ‘ i ual hings’. bo h necessi a e me a- da a o hei desc ip ion and iden i ica ion. 2.4. In e human communica ion ul ima ely any con en has o be o mus po en ially be unde s ood by humans. In e human (H2H) communica ion is unique o i s ex ensi e use o ‘language’ – in all i s meanings om ‘langage’ ia ‘langue’ o ‘pa ole’ in F ench, acco ding o he ideas o Fe dinand de saussu e. Howe e , lan- guage and languages a e no he only means o communica ion, nei he is language only con ined o spoken and w i en. The channels (o mo- dali ies) o in e human communica ion can be isual, audi o y, ac ile (such as in b aille) and hap ic, ol ac o y, elec omagne ic, o biochemical. besides, communica ion may ake place a conscious and unconscious le els. Gene ally speaking, i can be de ined as: “ he ac o con eying in ended meanings om one en i y o g oup o ano he h ough he use o mu ually unde s ood signs and semio ic ules”. (wikipedia – h ps://en.wikipedia.o g/wiki/Communica ion) The essen ial elemen s o his de ini ion om he pe spec i e o H2H communica ion a e: •in ended meanings, •con eyed among humans (whe he indi iduals o g oups), •mu ually unde s ood signs/symbols and ules. 1 3Te minologija | 2017 | 24 o he s by compa ison, emphasize he social in e ac ion aspec : “Communica ion is he essence o human in e ac ion and lea ning. The na u e o communica ion is dependen on in e ac ion be ween wo o mo e indi iduals and unde s anding is cons uc ed h ough ha in e ac ion”. (IsAAC – h ps://www.isaac-online.o g/english/wha -is-aac/wha -is-communica ion/) IsAAC con inues: “Communica ion is a basic human igh and essen ial o ou quali y o li e as a social species. As human beings, we use communica ion o: ela e o o he s, so- cially connec , g ee , call a en ion, sha e eelings, exp ess an opinion, ag ee, disag ee, explain, sha e in o ma ion, ques ion, answe , ease, ba gain, nego ia e, a gue, manipula e, complimen , commen , p o es , complain, desc ibe, encou - age, ins uc , p o ide eedback, show humo , discuss in e es s, be poli e, make iends, exp ess in e es o disin e es , e c.” Fo he abo e pu poses and aking he social and in e ac ion aspec s o communica ion in o accoun , non- e bal communica ion is well-known as majo communica i e means o suppo ing language in in e human com- munica ion o e en eplacing i in ce ain communica ion ac s. I is eck- oned o ep esen wo- hi ds o all communica ion and in ol es conscious and unconscious p ocesses o encoding and decoding (o meanings/mes- sages con eyed). I can include isual cues, such as body language (e.g. pos u es), ges u es and mimics, audi o y cues o oice in speech (pa alan- guage), such as oice quali y, a e, pi ch, olume, speaking s yle, as well as p osodic ea u es, such as hy hm, in ona ion and s ess. needless o men ion ha much o his can be highly cul u e and language dependen . (see wikipedia – h ps://en.wikipedia.o g/wiki/Communica ion) much o he s udy o non e bal communica ion has ocused on in e - ac ion be ween indi iduals, whe e i can be classi ied in o h ee p incipal a eas: en i onmen al condi ions whe e communica ion akes place, phys- ical cha ac e is ics o he communica o s, and beha iou s o communica- o s du ing in e ac ion. w i en communica ion – especially unde a ‘localiza ion’ (l10n) pe spec i e, such as in ansla ion and echnical w i ing/documen a ion – can also ha e non- e bal elemen s: (a) linguis- ic ones, such as pe sonal s yle, and (b) non-linguis ic ones, such as pho os, images, d awings, g aphs, diag ams, embedded acous ic signs (e.g. in ebooks), e c. needless o men ion, much o his may be highly cul u e and language dependen , and also e en social g oup o language egis e dependen . 1 4 Ch is ian Galinski The In e ne o Things – Hype and eali y: C ucial issues abou In e ne o Things echnology and ‘con en ’ o human-machine communica ion Taking he abo e-men ioned communica ion channels in o conside a- ion, he adi ional de ini ions o H2H communica ion needs ex ension, as hey la gely ocused on ‘language’ in a na ow sense. In he ield o child aising and educa ion, as well as in augmen a i e and al e na i e communica ion (AAC) o pe sons wi h communica ion diso de s o di - e en kind o o igin, ‘language’ and H2H communica ion a e used and mus be used in a much b oade sense. elea ning ools and assis i e echnologies a e aking his in o accoun – hus o en de eloping apps o ools which a e use ul o e e ybody. Inc easingly all o he abo e-men ioned in e human communica ion aspec s can be suppo ed by ICTs. ul ima ely ‘ hings’ in he IoT will o – i need a ises – may e en ha e o be p esen ed o human beings. The e- o e, negligence o he complexi y o he na u e o H2H communica ion will no only cu b e iciency and e ec i eness o he echnologies applied, bu also lead o p oblems o quali y o in o ma ion, liabili y o w ongly p esen ed in o ma ion ( o ce ain a ge g oups o in gene al), co po a e social esponsibili y (Cs ), legal esponsibili y o all so s, e c. The e is a se ies o s anda ds which is based on a mos comp ehensi e, hough condensed combina ion o undamen al heo ies on in e human communica ion and beha iou based on: ITu-T X.1081:2011 The elebio- me ic mul imodal model – A amewo k o he speci ica ion o secu i y and sa e y Aspec s o elebiome ics. expe s o H2H communica ion p obably may no ind he link o ITu-T X.1081:2011 and ela ed s anda ds, because he i les o hese s anda ds and he names o he commi ees ha wo k on hem seem o ha e no connec ion o H2H communica ion. expe s o biome ics would ha dly hink o he H2H communica ion con en and i s seman ic, social and cul u al dimensions – unless hese a e in some way o o he ‘compu able’. Today, howe e , nea ly e e y hing in e ms o in- e human communica ion is o is going o be ICT-suppo ed anyhow. The ITu-T ecommenda ion was ollowed up by IeC 80000-14:2014 Telebiome ics ela ed o physiology as a pa o he Iso and IeC 80000 ha monized se ies and ITu-T ecommenda ion X.1082:2010 Telebiom- e ics ela ed o human physiology. s anda dizing wo k on he Iso and IeC 80000 ha monized se ies is sha ed by Iso/TC 12 and IeC/TC 25 bo h named Quan i ies and uni s, while ela ed opics a e deal wi h by se e al o he commi ees in Iso/IeC-JTC 1 In o ma ion echnology and Iso/TC 68 Financial se ices, as well as se e al o he s anda ds de eloping o - 2 1Te minologija | 2017 | 24 which ha e o be conside ed a he ea lies s age o : • he so wa e design p ocess, and •ma a modeling (including he de ini ion o me ada a), and he ea e h oughou all he i e a i e de elopmen cycles. (mou/ mG 2012) “The abo e ecommenda ion ine i ably equi es a highe deg ee o s uc u al complexi y, which has o be coped wi h by a highe deg ee o g anula i y o he da a model. I may equi e addi ional u Is o he di e en language pa s o he indi idual en ies o s uc u ed con en . ul ima ely he ime-honou ed p inciple o e m au onomy will ha e o be ex ended owa ds ep esen a ion au onomy in he ield o e minology managemen . This is anyhow necessa y when e-pu posing en i ies o s uc u ed con en o ins ance o elea ning pu poses. because o he pa amoun phenomena o quasi-equi alence o con- cep s be ween languages links be ween pa s o en ies o e en ce ain ields in a gi en en y o o he en ies (o pa s he eo ) will be necessa y. As expe i- enced in localiza ion (such as in he ield o echnical documen a ion), he abo e e en applies o non-linguis ic ep esen a ions due o cul u al di e si y ac o s.” (Galinski & Gi aldo Pe ez 2014: 415) 3.3. Me ada a o con en The e a e di e en me ada a s anda ds o each ield o applica ion (e.g. museum collec ions, digi al audio iles, websi es, e c.). Desc ibing he con en and con ex o da a o da a iles inc eases hei use ulness. bu om a con en pe spec i e – especially ega ding s uc u ed con en – i mus be bo ne in mind ha he se o me ada a needed o s uc u ed con en en i ies and uns uc u ed con en en i ies may be qui e di e en , al hough hey o e lap o some ex en : •In he case o uns uc u ed con en – conside ed o be a ‘con en esou ce’ – he me ada a comp ise hose ela ed o: o he o mal desc ip ion and iden i ica ion o each ‘con en objec ’ (including sou ce desc ip ion and iden i ica ion), o he da a managemen o he ‘con en objec s’, o he knowledge-le el o he ‘con en objec ’, comp ising §classi ica ion, ypology, axonomy, and simila means o ca ego- iza ion, §desc ip o s o documen a ion hesau i o o he kinds o ‘con- olled ocabula ies’, § ee indexing me hods, (o a combina ion o he abo e); 2 2 Ch is ian Galinski The In e ne o Things – Hype and eali y: C ucial issues abou In e ne o Things echnology and ‘con en ’ o human-machine communica ion •In he case o s uc u ed con en – conside ed o be basic seman ic en i ies – he me ada a would comp ise hose ela ed o: o he o mal desc ip ion and iden i ica ion o each mic ocon en en i y (including sou ce desc ip ion and iden i ica ion), o he da a managemen o he mic ocon en en i y, o he knowledge-le el o ‘mic ocon en objec s’ simila o uns uc- u ed ones, o he ‘seman ics’ o he mic ocon en en i y, comp ising §linguis ic and non-linguis ic in o ma ion, §explana ions o de ini ions o o he kinds o denomina ion, §usage aspec s o all so s, §quali y/ eliabili y indica ions, e c. In addi ion, he se s o me ada a o di e en kinds o esou ces o s uc- u ed o uns uc u ed con en di e , al hough hey usually ha e some me a- da a in common (e.g. in o ma ion on he sou ce). each kind o con en has a speci ic minimum (bu ex endable) se o me ada a which allows o p o- cess, use, euse and e-pu pose hem. e en i only sligh di e ences be- ween he me ada a se s a e no espec ed, in e ope abili y issues may a ise. In his connec ion, he complexi y o a con en en i y in gene al may be de e mined in e ms o : •quan i y o in o ma ion co e ed, •g anula i y o me ada a applied, •amoun o explici con ex and co- ex p o ided, •numbe o con en ypes comp ised, •deg ee o cogni i e p ocessing equi ed, e c. The me ada a applied – a leas in he pas – mos ly e e o o mal aspec s, i.e. o syn ac ic s uc u ing a he han ‘seman ic s uc u ing’. (see also: oAsIs s.a.) The mo e in o ma ion on ‘meaning’ is equi ed, he mo e me ada a ela ed o seman ics a e necessa y – especially in mic ocon en o all so s wi h explana ions, de ini ions, unde lying concep ual s uc u es, e c. – such as o e minological da a. The abo e is also suppo ed by ben s eichen & Vincen wade (2010: 5): “The he e ogeneous suppo con en ha is a ailable o so wa e p oduc s needs o be ans o med o a seman ically iche o m in o de o allow ea- soning, adap a ion and pe sonalisa ion ac oss i . <…> seman ic web echnolo- gies such as on ologies ep esen an oppo uni y o base such s uc u ing and 2 3Te minologija | 2017 | 24 ma kup on. The di e en ypes o con en can be b oadly ca ego ised by hei amoun o exis ing me ada a and s uc u e. Consequen ly, di e en ypes o usage can be d awn om each: whe eas highly s uc u ed con en (such as echnical documen a ion) can be used o de i e an on ology o he knowledge domain, uns uc u ed con en (such as o um pos s) can be ma ked up in o - de o p o ide que ying use s wi h a la ge ange o p oblem solu ions.” In his connec ion, a pa adox has been poin ed ou by sabine Zumpe & wa ne esswein (2002: 246) e e ing o he ac ha a high deg ee o s uc u al complexi y in he o m o highe g anula i y ep esen ed by mo e (incl. mo e di e en kinds o ) me ada a in ac educes complexi y om he poin o iew o in o ma ion p ocessing: “Highly s uc u ed knowledge bases pe mi a low deg ee o complexi y o be managed by he in o ma ion sys em. In con as he deg ee o complexi y is e y high in weakly s uc u ed knowledge bases, whe eby he use does only need a small amoun o in o ma ion abou he me a-s uc u e.” The app op ia e applica ion o me ada a app oaches alone does no ye gua an ee con en in e ope abili y. me ada a came in o use, when da a- bases had o be designed. The o iginal de ini ion “da a abou da a” (Iso 19115:2003, 4.8) can s ill be ound in se e al s anda ds. la e de ini ions a e: “da a [in o ma ion] ha p o ides in o ma ion abou da a” (me iam- webs e ) o “in o ma ion abou a esou ce” (Iso 19115-1:2014, 4.10). Di e en de ini ions o me ada a abound. In o de o apply ICTs o he handling and p ocessing, as well as main enance o any kind o mic ocon en , J. iley (2017: 6) dis inguishes ou ypes o me ada a: •desc ip i e me ada a ( o indica ing he ole o unc ion o he mi- c ocon en en i y as well as sea ch wo ds/ e ms o acili a e he sea ch o hem), •adminis a i e me ada a (incl. echnical me ada a o decoding and ende ing iles, p ese a ion me ada a o long- e m managemen o iles, igh s me ada a o in ellec ual p ope y igh s a ached o con en ), •s uc u al me ada a ( ela ionships be ween mic ocon en en i ies, be ween elemen s o mic ocon en en i ies, di e en mic ocon en esou ces e c.), •ma kup languages and ha monized da a modelling app oaches ( o sup- po a consis en me hodology wi h con en in e ope abili y in mind). 2 4 Ch is ian Galinski The In e ne o Things – Hype and eali y: C ucial issues abou In e ne o Things echnology and ‘con en ’ o human-machine communica ion These a ious ca ego ies o me ada a suppo di e en a ge uses in in o ma ion sys ems. As can be seen, seman ic aspec s a e men ioned, bu only ma ginally. me ada a can be s o ed and managed in a da abase, o en called a me a- da a egis y o me ada a eposi o y. Howe e , wi hou con ex and a poin o e e ence, i migh be impossible o iden i y me ada a jus by looking a i . (wikipedia – h ps://en.wikipedia.o g/wiki/me ada a) As me ada a desc ip ion equi e me ada a again, me ada a as such a e no di e en om gene al mic ocon en – only hei dis inc ole o unc ion o ce ain uses mus be ma ked and espec ed. 3.4. Mas e da a The inc easing need o in o ma ion in e change ia he In e ne called o s anda ds ha monizing minimum se s o me ada a o a ious eAp- plica ions, such as Dublin Co e ( oday Iso 15836:2009) o lib a ies, o da a ca ego ies o e minological da a (Iso 16642:2003). In ebusiness and eComme ce such ha monized se s o me ada a oday a e o en called mas e da a (e.g. e e ing o cus ome da a, p oduc da a) which a e also used o combine di e en kinds o da a ca ego ies o ce ain ansac ions and addi ional me ada a as well as ac ual da a and ela ed ou ines (e.g. p ice calcula ion), when needed. simila e o s a e aking place in mo e and mo e s anda diza ion ields. The e o e, he numbe o new s anda ds e e ing o con en inc eases exponen ially. These s anda ds can e e o he s anda diza ion o : •mic ocon en en i ies as such (e.g. s anda dized e minologies, quan i ies and uni s, symbols o all so s, codings o coun ies, ha - bou s, ai po s, con aine s, cu encies, e c.), •me ada a pe aining o mic ocon en en i ies, •mas e da a pe aining o objec s o he physical wo ld (physical hings) o o he in o ma ion wo ld ( i ual hings), •links o espec i e me ada a and mas e da a egis ies o eposi o ies. I has become a common con ic ion o expe s in he ield ha “s and- a diza ion o con en educes he complexi y o business p ocesses”. Howe e , he e a e many s anda ds and s anda dized app oaches con- ce ning me ada a and mas e da a in a ious eApplica ions which a e a 2 5Te minologija | 2017 | 24 hind ance o ‘con en in e ope abili y’. Al hough ha moniza ion e o s a e unde way, he e is an u gen need o in ensi ying ha moniza ion and en o cing i . In o de o help o imp o e his si ua ion, In o e m in co- ope a ion wi h he Associa ion o he Ad ancemen o Assis i e Technol- ogy in eu ope (AAATe) launched he “ ecommenda ion 2016 conce n- ing s anda ds on eAccessibili y and eInclusion”. (see AnneX) 4. THe ole oF sTAnDA Ds 4.1. The na u e o s anda ds and s anda diza ion The e a e eno mous di e ences in he deg ee o accep ancy o s anda ds in a ious scien i ic and echnical communi ies. Fo example, enginee s and o he echnical expe s conside s anda diza ion as he basis o e i- ciency, e ec i eness and inno a ion in indus y and ade. (eTsI 2017- 09-03: h p://www.e si.o g/s anda ds/why-we-need-s anda ds) “s anda ds p o ide • Sa e y and eliabili y • Suppo o go e nmen policies and legisla ion • In e ope abili y* /see 4.3/ • Business bene i s, such as: o open up ma ke access; o P o ide economies o scale; o encou age inno a ion; o Inc ease awa eness o echnical de elopmen s and ini ia i es. • Consume choice Conside wha he wo ld would be wi hou s anda ds: • P oduc s migh no wo k as expec ed; • They may be o in e io quali y; • They may be incompa ible wi h o he equipmen – in ac hey may no e en connec wi h hem; • In ex eme cases, non-s anda dized p oduc s may be dange ous; • Cus ome s would be es ic ed o one manu ac u e o supplie ; • manu ac u e s would be obliged o in en hei own indi idual so- lu ions o e en he simples needs, wi h limi ed oppo uni y o compe e wi h o he s.” (eTsI ibidem) 2 6 Ch is ian Galinski The In e ne o Things – Hype and eali y: C ucial issues abou In e ne o Things echnology and ‘con en ’ o human-machine communica ion eTsI concludes: “socie y needs s anda ds”. F om he poin o iew o enginee s and echnicians which is in ac ue, howe e , no necessa ily ecognized no acknowledged by o he scien i ic qua e s and people no amilia wi h s anda ds. s anda diza ion akes place in a complex sys em: •o icial s anda diza ion bodies a e de eloping ‘ o mal s anda ds’ o ‘de ju e s anda ds’ a na ional, egional and in e na ional le els and he e a e es ablished ne wo king mechanisms among hem; •o he s anda ds de eloping o ganiza ions (sDos) – especially hose om indus y – a e de eloping ‘de ac o s anda ds’ o ‘indus y s anda ds’. T adi ionally, he de elopmen o s anda ds is closely connec ed o e - minology s anda diza ion. many la ge sDos ha e mo e han 100,000 s anda dized e minological en ies in hei da abases, some se e al 100,000. Inc easingly o he kinds o mic ocon en is s anda dized, as al eady ex- plained. In addi ion, he e is qui e a numbe o me hodology s anda ds abou how o handle mic ocon en in i s a ious o ms. “ ecommenda ion 2016” (see AnneX) was p epa ed gi en he ac ha he IoT canno unc ion e icien ly and e ec i ely wi hou con en and ha s anda ds a e o g ea impo ance o ‘con en in e ope abili y’ in all i s ace s. 4.2. Technical s anda ds, legal no ms and ce i ica ion “while ’legal no ms issued by he s a e (o o he kind o legal) au ho i y a e gene ally binding ules o conduc ’, echnical s anda ds a e iden i ying he s a e-o - he-a o scien i ic, echnical o me hodological de elopmen . only i hey a e e e ed o in a law o o he legal egula ion, hey can become pa o he espec i e legal no m.” (In lIFe D9.8 2017: 48) whe eas legal no ms a e issued by a s a e (o o he kind o legal) au- ho i y, echnical s anda ds a e issued by s anda dizing bodies (o s anda d- izing o ganiza ions o s anda ds de eloping o ganiza ions, sDos) a in e - na ional, egional o na ional le el simila o he legal sys em. In some coun ies, s anda dizing bodies a e na ional au ho i ies whose echnical s anda ds a e conside ed as legal no ms. In eu opean coun ies, s anda d- izing bodies a e ope a ing o mally in he p i a e sec o – usually based on a na ional law e e ing o echnical s anda diza ion. To summa ize: 2 7Te minologija | 2017 | 24 •s anda ds a e no in hemsel es [in he legal sense] egula o y in na u e and hei applica ion no mally is olun a y. Al hough s and- a ds a e “only” [s ong] ecommenda ions, hey a e widely used due o he bene i s hey b ing abou and because hey con ain a con- cen a ion o quali ied echnical in o ma ion. •s anda ds only become [legally] manda o y, i hey a e e e ed o in p i a e con ac s o ag eemen s, o in laws o egula ions and hei use is s a ed as a equi emen . s anda ds can p e en legal dis- pu es, because hey se ou unambiguous speci ica ions. •In eali y, s anda ds a e aken – i s o all in ju isdic ion – as second o law. Ce i ica ion – especially i i is based on s anda ds – can lead o a powe ul en o cemen o s anda ds. Ce i ica ion can be applied o: •P oduc s. •so wa e/ ools (e.g. wi h espec o in e ope abili y). •P ocesses. •se ices. •Human esou ces: o pe sonnel ce i ica ion, o compe ences and skills. •T aining: o aining o ganiza ion, o aine s, o aining ma e ial and ools. Inc easingly ce i ica ion is also applied o con en esou ces om he poin o iew o con en quali y and in e ope abili y. This ex ends owa ds so wa e and ools o manage con en , pe inen se ices and o he se - ices eusing con en esou ces, o ganiza ional equi emen s o managing con en esou ces, and equi emen s conce ning compe ences and skills o he human esou ces engaged in he managemen o con en esou ces. Gi en he ac ha some mos impo an and socie ally as well as po- li ically sensi i e ans e sal aspec s a e a om being sol ed, legal and echnical egula ions will play an impo an ole in he u he de elop- men o he IoT. These aspec s comp ise in pa icula : secu i y, p i acy, sa e y, in eg i y, us , dependabili y, anspa ency, anonymi y, e hics and unde a wide pe spec i e also in e ope abili y, ene gy consump ion and cybe c ime. (Ve mesan & F iess 2014: 31) 2 8 Ch is ian Galinski The In e ne o Things – Hype and eali y: C ucial issues abou In e ne o Things echnology and ‘con en ’ o human-machine communica ion 4.3. S anda diza ion and in e ope abili y The ollowing s a emen e e ing o mic o lea ning objec s a he han ‘con en ’ in gene al s ill holds ue: “The e is a p oli e a ion o web-based con en pla o ms ha o e use s one o mul iple esou ces on he one hand, and he e is a lack o heo e ical-me hod- ological ounda ion on he one side and a lack o o ien a ion a bes p ac ices o con en in e ope abili y on he o he hand. /The ac ha mo e and mo e esou ces a e also c ea ed and main ained wi h o en de icien web-based coop- e a i e / pa icipa o y and dis ibu ed me hods will u he add o his p oli - e a ion./ The e o e, a combina ion o means, such as s anda ds, app op ia e so wa e /in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies/, ce i ica ion schemes e c.) is necessa y o assu e he quali y – i.e. i s o all eliabili y – o s uc- u ed con en .” (Galinski & Gi aldo Pe ez: 2011) I has al eady been explained abo e ha ‘ echnical in e ope abili y’ may no gua an ee ‘con en in e ope abili y’. In e ope abili y (Iop) in he quo e om he eTsI Po al was ob iously used in he na ow sense o ‘ echni- cal in e ope abili y’. Howe e , i is inc easingly being ecognized ha seman ic Iop has mo e dimensions han expec ed, and da a quali y s ong- ly depends on con en Iop. Da a quali y in u n hea ily depends on he quali y o he me ada a, and con en Iop la gely depends on he in e op- e abili y o da a models and on ologies (e.g. acco ding o da a quali y moni o ing p ojec o open da a ADeQuATe (2015)). Compa ing s anda dized e minology en ies on ‘in e ope abili y’ one can ind ( echnical) in e ope abili y in he ield o he ICTs de ined as ollows: “4.17 in e ope abili y capabili y o communica e, execu e p og ams, o ans e da a among a ious unc ional uni s in a manne ha equi es he use o ha e li le o no knowl- edge o he unique cha ac e is ics o hose uni s” (Iso/Ts 19101-2:2008, 4.17). Inc easingly his de ini ion is ecognized as being insu icien wi h e- spec o he use ’s ole as shown by: “3.11 in e ope abili y deg ee o ex en o which di e se en i onmen s (ha dwa e and so wa e) a e able o exchange in o ma ion wi hou loss o con en and in a manne ans- pa en o he use ” (Iso/Ts 22224:2009, 3.11). Howe e , i was also ecognized ha echnical in e ope abili y may no be eally in e ope able wi hou ‘o ganiza ional in e ope abili y’ – and u - he ‘seman ic in e ope abili y’ (semIop) which is de ined as: 2 9Te minologija | 2017 | 24 “2.34 seman ic in e ope abili y abili y o da a sha ed by sys ems o be unde s ood a he le el o ully de ined domain concep s” (Iso 11354-2:2015, 2.34). In his connec ion, syn ac ic in e ope abili y – which e e s o he packag- ing and ansmission mechanisms o da a – is conside ed a p e equisi e o seman ic in e ope abili y. (wikipedia – h ps://en.wikipedia.o g/wiki/se- man ic_in e ope abili y) P og amming p ac ice, howe e , commonly consid- e s only monolingual and mono-modal applica ions, which is ce ainly in- su icien o coping wi h he a ious ace s o in e human communica ion. linguis s would di e en ia e ‘seman ic in e ope abili y’ – s ill la gely a lexical o ocabula y le el – in o: •lexical Iop (co e ing a ce ain deg ee o syn ac ic Iop in a linguis- ic sense), •concep ual Iop, •p agma ic Iop. In all he abo e, he in e ope abili y o con en /communica ion i ems in di e en modali ies ac oss sys ems and applica ions has no been su i- cien ly conside ed. ‘Con en Iop’ is going a s ep u he han ‘seman ic Iop’ by co e ing (in he meaning o in e human communica ion) lexical, concep ual and p agma ic in e ope abili y. Iso/TC 37 “language and e - minology” is ocusing on ‘s uc u ed con en a he le el o lexical seman- ics’ which comp ises e minologies and o he language esou ces as well as non-linguis ic/non- e bal esou ces o – wha is called ‘mic ocon en ’. The Commi ee ecognizes non-linguis ic/non- e bal esou ces o mic o- con en as impo an ‘o he con en esou ces’ (in he meaning o ‘o he kinds o communica ion’ <a he le el o lexical seman ics>). The e o e, i uses he e m ‘con en Iop’ which goes beyond he ‘con en in e ope - abili y’ as used in he ePub wo ld (namely o he same layou as well as look and eel o con en used h ough a ious eading de ices, such as ebooks, eade s, iPad e c.). Iso/TC 37 is becoming awa e o he ac ha i may ha e o emba k on s anda diza ion ac i i ies conce ning issues e- la ed o his b oade concep o con en Iop. The eu p ojec uni e sAAl (2012: 16-17) e e s o u he ace s o in e ope abili y including: •“P o ocol In e ope abili y: The abili y o sha e, bi s and by es o e a ne wo k; 3 0 Ch is ian Galinski The In e ne o Things – Hype and eali y: C ucial issues abou In e ne o Things echnology and ‘con en ’ o human-machine communica ion •se ice In e ope abili y: The abili y o exchange messages in well- de ined o ma ; •Applica ion In e ope abili y: The abili y o in e p e he exchanged da a uni o mi y; •use Pe cei ed In e ope abili y: The componen s o a sys em o communica e e ec i ely, accu a ely and p o ide he se ices expec- ed by he use .” “The ou di e en classes a e based on each o he . In e ope abili y om he pe spec i e o a human use will only be possible i he applica ion sys ems and he applica ions used by him a e in e ope able. This in u n equi es ha he ne wo k se ices used by hese applica ions o exchange messages, com- mands, iles, images and sounds a e in e ope able. In addi ion, his equi es ha he ac ual exchange o aw da a (“bi s and by es”) is in e ope able, which is only possible i he elec ical and elec onic componen s (connec o s and ca- bles) o wi eless componen s a e.” In conjunc ion wi h he h ee o ms o coope a ion o sys ems: compa - ibili y, in e ac ions wi h de- ac o s anda ds and in e ope abili y h ough s anda ds, uni e sAAl (2012: 15) poin ed ou : “Fo his, usually i is necessa y ha common no ms and s anda ds a e obse ed.” The same applies also o con en in e ope abili y which – in e minology manage- men – equi es me hodology s anda ds ela ed o •Da a ca ego ies (no qui e iden ical wi h me ada a) used in he concep ual design o he en ies o s uc u ed con en ; •Da a models and da a modeling me hods; •Me amodels o make compe ing da a models in e ope able. These s anda ds should be applied consis en ly and s ingen ly – which equi es ha he me hods hey s ipula e a e in e ope able. one can e e o his as ‘me hodology Iop’ and e en ‘s anda ds Iop’. only hen con en Iop can be achie ed – which also acili a es assu ing he quali y o mi- c ocon en . This means ha we s ill need mo e s anda ds – and “be e ” ones om he poin o iew o in e ope abili y which is one o he p e- equisi es o sus ainabili y in his ield. The abo e also applies in pa icula o ‘con olled communica ion’. To- day’s compu e s in e ms o ull- ledged seman ic in e ope abili y s ill canno cope wi h he whole ange o a ia ions o language ( iz. p agma - ics – including ‘spon aneous a ia ions’), e en less, i in e ope abili y is 3 7Te minologija | 2017 | 24 “decision make s in public as well as p i a e amewo ks, so wa e de elope s, he con en indus y and de elope s o pe inen s anda ds /should be/ awa e ha mul ilinguali y, mul imodali y, eInclusion and eAccessibili y need o be conside ed om he ou se in so wa e and con en de elopmen . These con- side a ions a e equi ed in o de o a oid he need o addi ional o emedial enginee ing o edesign a he ime o adap a ion, which end o be e y cos ly and o en p o e o be impossible”. since 2010, hund eds o s anda ds abou eAccessibili y and eInclusion we e de eloped o e ised by echnical commi ees in s anda ds o ganisa- ions a in e na ional, eu opean, o na ional le el – no o men ion many indus y s anda ds de eloped by o he s anda ds de eloping o ganisa ions (sDo). In addi ion, he e a e possibly housands o s anda ds ha ha e a bea ing on pe sons wi h disabili ies (PwD). In pa icula , ‘accessibili y’ in a b oad sense a ely occu s in he i le o in he body o hese s anda ds. “ ecommenda ion 2016” add esses c i ical issues iden i ied in ecen con e ences, ini ia i es and p ojec s dealing wi h eAccessibili y and eIn- clusion and ela ed opics conce ning he di icul ies aced by sys em de elope s, hei cus ome s, heal h ca e p o ide s and end-use s when ying o ind and apply pe inen s anda ds. The o ganiza ions endo sing ecommenda ion 2016 call upon s ake- holde s o eAccessibili y and eInclusion, in pa icula s anda ds de elop- ing o ganiza ions (sDos) o: Øde elop a mo e e ined classi ica ion o keywo ding app oach o iden i y con en in s anda ds wi h a bea ing on eAccessibili y and eInclusion Ø egis e he po en ial ele ance o eAccessibili y & eInclusion o an eme ging s anda d igh om he beginning o a s anda di- za ion ac i i y Øc oss- e e ence s anda ds ha ing a bea ing on eAccessibili y and eInclusion Øencou age he o mula ion and use o consis en ocabula y / e minology Øimplemen sea ch unc ionali ies ha ease he use o s anda ds Ø acili a e he ac i e in ol emen o PwD as end-use s in s anda - dizing ac i i ies among o he s by p o iding s anda ds documen s in an ‘accessible’ o ma Implemen ing he abo e measu es would enhance in e ope abili y o eAccessibili y&eInclusion ela ed p oduc s and se ices and hus bene i use s o s anda ds and s anda diza ion a la ge. 3 8 Ch is ian Galinski The In e ne o Things – Hype and eali y: C ucial issues abou In e ne o Things echnology and ‘con en ’ o human-machine communica ion Recommenda ion: s anda ds de elopmen p ocesses and moni o ing in conjunc ion wi h s anda ds abou eAccessibili y and eInclusion and ela ed aspec s, should allow he coo dina ion o s anda dizing ac i i ies ac oss echnical commi - ees and sDos, leading o con en cohe ence among s anda ds abou simila hemes. This would help indus y and o he o ganiza ions o com- ply wi h s anda ds’ equi emen s e e ing o co po a e social esponsibil- i y and isk managemen , as well as wi h he la es legal egula ions on accessibili y in eP ocu emen and public websi es. suppo i e measu es may be wo hwhile pu suing, o (a) p omo e ce - i ica ion schemes based on s anda ds abou eAccessibili y and eInclusion, (b) encou age educa ion and aining ac i i ies ega ding such s anda ds, and (c) enhance he posi i e ole ha media (bo h ins i u ional and social) and ci il socie y can play he e. online endo semen : aaa e-endo sed- he- ecommenda ion-2016-con- ce ning-s anda ds-on-eaccessibili y-and-einclusion/ daIKTų INTe NeTas – lūKesčIaI I ealybė: s a bIausIos daIKTų INTe NeTo TeChNologIjų p oblemos I žmogaus beI KompIuTe Io są eIKos Tu INys Daik ų in e ne ui ski ų mokslinių y imų i echnologinės plė os p og esas labai spa us. Daik ų in e ne as gali echnologiškai sujung i daugmaž isas elek oninių paslaugų eikimo s i is, įskai an e. s eika os, e. e slo i p ekybos, e. aldymo, ne e. š ie imo i ki as paslaugas, o ku da junginiais su žodžiu „išmanus“ a „pažangus“ į a dijami p ojek ai ( okie kaip išmanieji mies ai, išmanusis anspo as, išmaniosios li- goninės). Tu in omenyje šiuos dalykus, is labiau yškėja žiū ėjimo į są eikumą pi - miausia pe echnologijų p izmę ( echninis są eikumas), aip pa am ik u mas u i pe seman ikos p izmę (seman inis są eikumas) ūkumai. In e ne inių u inio pla o - mų, a o ojams siūlančių ieną a daugelį iš eklių, gausa iš pi mo ž ilgsnio a odo p ibloškian i. A idžiau pažiū ėjus į šių iš eklių u inio są eikumą i kokybę ma y i, kad jiems dažnai ūks a eo inio-me odologinio pag indo. Si uacija ampa da sudė inges- nė, kai u inys – ypač į ai ių ūšių mik o u inys – y a ku iamas, p ižiū imas i sieja- mas su ki u u iniu in e ne o naudojimu pag įs ais me odais. Kai daik ų in e ne o daik ų „suku i“ duomenys u i bū i in e p e uojami, kad ap ų in o macija i žinio- mis, nebepakanka pap as o objek ų ( izinio pasaulio objek ų a i ualių dalykų) iden i- ika imo i žodinio a nežodinio a do p isky imo, nea siž elgian į a i inkamas są o- kas. Kai daik us u i a spindė i ski ingų kalbų žodžiai a nežodiniai ženklai esan ki- oms ju iminio su okimo o moms, seman ika u i em is są okomis. Kaip iena pa- ma inė idėja a są oka, pasiekiama pe a ski ą uni e salųjį ad esą a pas o iąją nuo o- dą, apib ėž as mik o u inys apima daugelį į ai ių u inio ūšių – galiausiai ne joms apibūdin i naudojamus me aduomenis. Kyla klausimas, a šios į ai ios mik o u inio 3 9Te minologija | 2017 | 24 ūšys, įskai an leksikog a inius i e minologinius duomenis ( aip pa i mokslines no- menkla ū as), aldomuosius žodynus ( ezau us i ki as žinių a kybos sis emas), žinių s uk ū inimo sis emas (on ologijas, emų žemėlapius i k .) i a i inkamus me aduo- menis, gali bū i plė ojamos i aldomos, emian is iena plačios ap ėp ies me odologi- ja – e minologijos me odologija. Žinoma, eikia a siž elg i į ski ingų mik o u inio ūšių ski ingus aidmenis. Gau a 2017-09-07 Ch is ian Galinski In e na ional In o ma ion Cen e o Te minology (In o e m) c/o Co-sPACe Gumpendo e s asse 65/1, 1060 Vienna, Aus ia e-mail cgalinski@in o e m.o g