Bendrieji žmogaus lytinių organų pavadinimai XIX a. pab. – XX a. pr. lietuvių gydytojų populiarinamuosiuose medicinos raštuose

244 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Common names of human genital organs XIX a. pab.–XX a. pr. lietuvių gydytojų populiarinamuosiuose medicinos raštuose doi.org/10.35321/term26-12 General names of human genital organs in the late 19th century–early 20th century in popular medical literature of Lithuanian doctors PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas ANNOTATION The article examines the common names of human genital organs used by Lithuanian doctors in popular medical writings (books, booklets and articles) from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. The meanings of these names are determined based on the context of their use and, if necessary, deminiu lietuvių kalbos žodynu, anatomijos literatūra), išsiaiškinami pavadinimų kilmės šaltiniai (gyvoji kalba, rašomoji kalba, svetimos kalbos), svarstoother sources (e.g., the relationship between native and foreign terms, the formation of new terms, the problematic meanings of some terms, terminology, euphemism, connotation. KEY WORDS: term, name, taboo, euphemism, medicine, health, genital organ, living language, written language, meaning, origin. ABSTRACT The article analyses common names of human genitals used by Lithuanian medical doctors in the popularized medical writings (books, booklets and articles) of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The meanings of these names are identified based on the context of their use and other sources (the Academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, anatomy literature), and the etymological sources are determined (colloquial, written and foreign languages). Questions of the relationship between endogenous and exogenous terms, creation of new terms, problematic meanings of some terms, connotations, terminologization, and euphemization are discussed. KEYWORDS: term, name, taboo, euphemism, medicine, health, genitals, colloquial language, written language, meaning, origin. 245Terminology | 2019 | 26 Over the centuries, deep silence has covered everything concerning sex The Prophet, PV 1919 7 INTRODUCTION The late 19th and early 20th centuries were a time of breakthrough for popular medical press. Prominent Lithuanian social figures of the time wrote extensively on diseases and their treatment and prevention, hygiene, sanitation and other issues, including doctors Petras Avižonis (1875–1939), Juozas Bagdonas (1866–1950), Jonas Basanavičius (1851–1927), Eliziejus Draugelis (1888–1899), Kazys Grinius (1866–1950), Vincas Kudirka (1858–1859), Stasys Matulaitis (1866–1956), Antanas Vileišis (1856–1919) and others. Original and translated medical books of various volumes were printed, and the periodical press was overflowing with articles on all kinds of sensitive health issues at the time. The topics of the advertisements were very broad – written about infectious, surgical and traumatological, digestive organs, skin, nerves, ears, nose and throat, respiratory organs, eyes, gynecological and obstetric, mental, cardiovascular, dental and oral cavity and other human diseases, their causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention, nursing of sick people, folk medicine and home treatment, baby rearing and care, obstetrics, gynecology, anatomy, physiology, homeopathy, etc. The advertisements about infectious diseases and hygiene and sanitation were abundant – these were one of the biggest and most acute problems of the country’s health sector at the time. Quite topical was the problem of the harm of alcohol and tobacco to human health. Other topics are slightly less written. Gender issues were one of those relatively rare topics that were discussed at the time. Pranas Matulaitis (1876–1951), a Lithuanian public figure in the United States of America, a bookseller and doctor, wrote in his booklet Sexual Diseases and How to Protect from Them, published in Boston in 1910: “Sexual issues are not suitable to discuss in the press. These things are kept under the veil of ignorance for many years: fathers do not talk about them to their children, teachers do not talk about them to their pupils, young people only learn about them from dirty sources, from older whores, from their perverse friends. Such a delay in society towards an important question is very harmful to society”1 (LytL 1910: 3). A decade later, in Dr. Antanas Karalius’s book Lyties mokslas (1921), we read that “the subject of sex was and still is a cliff, into which it is scary to enter, and most of which have gone away 1 The language of the sources cited in the article is presented in authentic and uncorrected form. 246 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Common names of human genital organs XIX a. pab.–XX a. pr. lietuvių gydytojų populiarinamuosiuose medicinos raštuose He's scared. The sex was always covered with all kinds of veils; da and today we have to raise that curtain quite carefully, because da people are afraid to speak openly about gender matters“ (LM 1921: 1). Thus, gender and related medical and health issues have long been an unwritten taboo2. Often the sexual organs, the physiological processes or sexual diseases associated with them are named indirectly, replaced by other words, for example, the sexual organs are called parts of shame, uterus – mother, tuber, menstrual – red disease, rings, laundry, syphilis – bad, evil, ugly, bad disease, gonorrhea – wart, etc., in other words, euphemisms3 (for more about the euphemisms of female and male sexual organs see. Smetona 2015: 122–131; for euphemisms of sexual disorders and diseases see. We-- tona 2015: 131–137), stigmatizuojami (plačiau apie kalbines stigmas žr. Солодилова, Соколова 2017: 75–77). It should be noted that even the doctors themselves avoided writing on these issues. When looking through the popularization of medical literature of the present-day, it was noticed that there was no mention of the system of the sexual organs at all, although in the booklets of the relevant topic were discussed all other human organs, the senses or organs of sensation, the devices for grinding food, the blood and how it flows nai ir jų sistemos. Pavyzdžiui, Stasio Matulaičio knygelėje Kaip sutaisytas żmogaus kunas (1901) yra tokie skyriai: Kaulai, Raumens, Smegens ir nerunder the anus, the lungs and breathing, how our anus works.2 For moral, religious and other (non-verbal) reasons, there was a prohibition or avoidance of calling certain concepts (tabuist concepts) by their real names. The latter are usually replaced by other words – euphemisms (KWT 1975: 266–267; LST 1988: 242; KTZ 1990: 203; also cf. SLT 2005: 467; see for details. КРР 2003: 700–701). 3 Euphemism is an indirect, neutral, gentler word used to name an object or phenomenon, avoiding the direct name of the object or phenomenon that is considered unpleasant, ugly, rude, rough, indecent, etc. (Pikčilingis 1975: 21; KWT 1975: 79; LST 1988: 68; KTŽ 1990: 61; CODL 1997: 119; LKE 1999: 188; EDEL 1999: 201; СЛТ 2005: 521; DU 2007: 530; Jakaitienė 2009: 162; for more on euphemisms see. CRP 2003: 757-758; DE 2003: viii-xi; 2005: 55–61; Nikitin 2015: 101– 107; Пастухова 2017: 141–144). The direct names of objects and phenomena that are negatively valued are avoided, they become prohibited and therefore replaced by more acceptable ones due to psychological, social, religious, moral and other factors. The euphemism, a new name, neutralizes the real name of the object or phenomenon, causing a negative emotion (Никитина 2015: 102–103). Euphemism is characterized by semantic ambiguity, which mitigates the negative evaluation of the subject of the euphemism (Солодилова, Соколова 2017: 74). Euphemisms perform the function of a so-called protective mechanism. In one case, it is a psychological protective mechanism that softens the negative reaction (perception) with words of broader semantics. Otherwise, it is an associative protective mechanism that allows to divert attention from the undesirable thing. Although not all euphemisms can be considered terms, within the limits of a certain system of terminology, being part of the periphery of that system, they also have their place in that system. Once in the system of terminology, euphemism loses its “euphemism” and becomes the direct name of an unpleasant object or phenomenon (Madjaeva 2010: 57, 60). 247Terminology | 2019 | 26 removes unnecessary waste?, Hull. Thus, as can be seen from the titles of the sections, almost all vitally important human organ systems are discussed – the muscular, muscular, nervous, digestive, cardiovascular, respiratory, urine, sensory, general covering, but the genital system is not obstructed, it is bent. It is true, perhaps a little more names of female genital organs occur in those prints. This could not be avoided when writing about female physiology, diseases, pregnancy and childbirth. The main contributor was Dr. A. Vileišis, who translated the booklet Patarmēs moterims, kurios nori buti sveikos (1899), which was in demand at the time, as its second edition appeared in 1906. Another name of the genitals has leaked in advertisements for various other diseases. At least somewhat the topic of discussion was obstructed by doctors who wrote articles or booklets exclusively about sexually transmitted diseases. When writing about them, of course, they could not do without the names of the genitals, but, it must be said, they managed to bypass these names altogether, i.e., they almost did not mention them or at least did not specify them. For example, A. Vileišis in his booklet About bad disease or syphilis (prancus) (1904) mainly uses the general names of parts of shame (mostly) and places of shame. In the book What You Need to Know About Sexual Diseases (1921) by J. Bagdon, only the names of the sexes are mentioned. K. Grinius was the doctor who broke the aforementioned taboo, popularly writing not only about sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis and tripper, but also about, in his own words, one of the “most ugly habits” – masturbation, which at that time was a fairly common cause of concern. The article he prepared on the verbal inducement of artificial sexual arousal or satisfaction by hand stimulation of the genitals uses more names of male and female genitals than in the aforementioned medical handbooks. Among the questions about various health issues printed in the newspaper Health edited by this doctor, there have been a number of questions about gender issues. Thus, it can be said that the readers of the newspaper dictated the topics at least to some extent. As already mentioned, gender issues in the popularized medical press of the time were one way or another avoided, silenced, and therefore there are not many terms in this field. At least some of them are selected from books or articles about sexually transmitted diseases. The original books about these diseases were published by doctors Antanas Karalius (Men: What every man should know about his sexual affairs, 1918), Agnietė Ambraziejūtė-Steponaitienė (Sexual Diseases, 1919). Several books were translated. In 1912, Oker-Blomo published What Uncle Dr. Told a Child-Relative (Initial Knowledge of the Field of the Gender Question). In 1919, the Prophet4 translated Advice to Men on Gender Matters / With Instructions on How to Explain Gender Manifestations to Children. In 1901, J. Laukis translated Ida C. 248 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Common names of human genital organs XIX a. pab.–XX a. pr. lietuvių gydytojų populiarinamuosiuose medicinos raštuose Craddock's Tikras šeenybinis gyvenimas. This book was written by Mr. Avižonis. In 1904, A. Vileišis published About the Bad Disease (Syphilis) or Prancus, in 1915 – Pr. Matulaičio Sexually transmitted diseases and how to protect yourself from them (see figure 1) and in 1920 – J. Bagdonas What you need to know about sexually transmitted diseases (see figure 2). In 1910–1911, K. Grinius published articles "Apie onanizmą", "Syphilis and 606", "Triperis". The names of female genital organs are found in A. Vileišis' booklet Advice for women who want to be healthy. 4 Antanas Karalius (1890–1932), a Lithuanian physician and popularizer of medical science, who left for the United States in 1909, used this pseudonym. He wrote mostly on medical and hygiene issues, and wrote and translated medical books (see LE X: 512). Figure 1. Cover of the booklet Sexually Transmitted Diseases and How to Prevent Them (1910) 249Terminology | 2019 | 26 2 pav. Knygelės Kas reikia žinoti apie lyties ligas (1921) viršelis Atskirai reikėtų paminėti beveik 400 puslapių A. Karaliaus knygą Lyties science, published in Chicago in 1921. The author himself said about it: “To appear to Lithuanians with such a book, of course, required a lot of courage” (p. ix). And he anticipates the price of his courage: "And I know that I will not receive praise: I do not expect it. <...>” (p. ix). “I wrote this book because it is time for Lithuanians to take an interest in sex matters, in which the whole senai susidomējo. Bandžiau rašyti taip, kad suprastų tie, kuriems šitą knygą skiriu, – paprastiems žmonēms, kurie manęs nuolatos laiškais ir asmeworld is already asking for advice in sex matters” (p. x). The object of this article consists of generic names of male and female genital organs used in popular medical writings (books, brochures and articles) by Lithuanian doctors from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th 250 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Common names of human genital organs XIX a. pab.–XX a. pr. lietuvių gydytojų populiarinamuosiuose medicinos raštuose century. The aim of the article is to determine the meanings of these names and to clarify their sources of origin. Based on the context of the use of the names and, if necessary, other sources (academic dictionary of Lithuanian language, anatomy literature), to determine which common male and female sexual organs are named by these names; clarify the terminological words of the living language and possible newly formed terms; to consider the relationship of native and foreign terms, the problematic medical meanings of some terms, euphemisms, connotations. The descriptive analytical and comparative methods are used to examine the names of the genital organs. These names are presented in context – in the sentence and in the corresponding tables. The latter visually show all the discussed names and their chronological development. The tables, in addition to the names of the study period, indicate the Latin and current names of the genitals. For the sake of visibility, there are also pictures – covers of some books (or booklets), pages of those books (or booklets) or articles with the terms in question fixed in them. GENERAL MAN AND WOMAN NAME OF LYMPH ORGANISMS All the systems of the human organism, essentially both male and female, although they have slight or more pronounced sexual differences, are the same, except for the system of the sexual organs. The reproductive systems of men and women are completely different (ZA 2005: 205). These systems, or rather their names, should be considered separately. This time we will limit ourselves to the general names of these systems, although they are not abundant. The most important concerns here are the questions of the meaning and origin of those names. Therefore, names of purely Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian (foreign) origin are distinguished. The first ones, in turn, are divided according to the sources – living or written language – in which the words are recorded in the medical meanings used by doctors. Names of Lithuanian origin They are dual – it depends on the source of origin of these names. There is a distinction between living and written language names. There is another group of conditional – composite names. The sources of the origin of the elements of these names are different – one can be taken from the living language, the other – from the written language. 251Terminology | 2019 | 26 THE NAME OF THE LIVING LANGUAGE Their doctors used most abundantly. This, of course, was due to the addressee of the advertisements – a simple, medically uneducated man. Doctors sought to present medical knowledge in a popular, clear way, in other words, they had to use as many words as possible that would be known and understood by the readers of their texts. The doctors called the human sexual organs (Latin: organa genitalia) several times in their texts, usually by composite two-word names. Parts of the shame (see table 1) were discovered in A. Vileišis’ 1904 booklet on syphilis: “If anyone dares to have sex with such a woman who is completely unknown to him, he must, in every case, before having sex, look carefully at his g ė d o s d a l i, whether there are no cracks or wounds on her, and if there are, it is better not to have sex at all; “And when so bound with them, the pools with poison from the painkillers, which, when the bad illness occurs, are often on the legs, fall on the legs of the man, who gets the bad illness, if there is a tear or a wound on these parts of him” BL 1904 9 (see figure 3). This name, by the way, is found only in his work, although the uniform term of shame in the meaning of "female external genital organs" has still been used by St. Matulaitis in 1913 in the article "Anatomy, physiogans" published in Medicine and Nature. Doctors have logijos, patologijos bei chemijos lietuviška terminologija“. Šis žodis gyvojoje kalboje (Karklėnai, Salamiestis, Grūžiai) žinomas „išorinių lyties orterminated the spoken dialect word. The word shame is an obvious euphemism. This word replaces the real name of the organs, because the latter term was still considered as vulgar, shameful, indecent and so on. As noted by Evalda Jakaitienė, in many languages vulgarisms are considered to be the names of certain organs, physiological processes (Jakaitienė 2009: 161). In this case, too, shame is a word of negative emotional assessment5, but on the other hand, it is a gentler one, “not breaking the decent ear” (Jakaitienė 2009: 161). 5 For more on the emotional component of words, see 2007: 83–89. Figure 3. The term shame parts in A. Vileišis booklet About bad disease or syphilis (prancus) (1904) 252 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Common names of human genital organs XIX a. pab.–XX a. pr. lietuvių gydytojų populiarinamuosiuose medicinos raštuose J. Bagdonas, A. Karalius named the genital organs as “genitālās daļas” (see table 1), and A. Ambraziejūtė-Steponaitienė – “genitālās daļas” (see table 1): “Abelnas strengthening of the muscular system, cold baths, washing of the genitals with cold heavily-heavy baths and dēvējimas appropriately adapted mašnelei prilaikyti maišiuko (suspensory) – tai visa, kas reikalinga daryti“ PV 1919 176; “To protect health, it is necessary to keep l y t i e s d a l y s clean” LytLig 1921 4; “Triper appears after a few days of infection and is manifested by the fact that pus begins to flow from the urinary tract of men and l y t i e s d a l i s of women, often with pain, burning and itching, and sometimes without them” LytLig 1921 3; After infection, the disease begins from the place where the syphilis seeds penetrated under the skin. If it happened on the genitals, then LL 1919 7 begins from the genitals. The term is also used by other medical practitioners. In terms of the meaning of “organ”, K. Grinius’ advertisements recorded the varying terms įtaisai, inaisai, intaisos, įtaisos, A. Vileišis’ – įtaisai. The meaning of the device "what is inserted" doctors specialized in adapting to the need of anatomy. The mentioned varying affine elements usually go with the species element gender: gender initials, gender devices (see Figure 4), gender corrections, gender devices (see Table 1): “Of course, the mating of a male and a female is for the sake of reproduction of the human race. For this there are also the means of sex” Svk 1910 12 2; “Man, and also some of the animals, repeatedly try to capture nature, want to have from the means of sex only a source of pleasures, well, and be punished for this” Svk 1910 12 2; "They, so to speak, themselves make fun of themselves by stripping the genitals with their hands or other objects" Svk 1910 12 2; "There is no need to touch the genitals, the trouser pockets are closed" Svk 1910 12 5; "Be clean in everything. "There's no need to worry about the dust and the dirt in the air," he said in a 1961 interview. Figure 4. The term genital devices in J. Bagdon's article "French flu or evil disease (in Latin – syphilis)" 259Terminology | 2019 | 26 “Nature seems to have made an inexcusable mistake by placing such precious organs, which are absolutely necessary for the maintenance of the race, in such an unprotected place. They should be placed in a well-protected place, just as the female reproductive organs, the ovaries, are placed” PV 1919 20. I would like to draw attention to the terms sexual system and sex apparatus used in different texts by the same author (A. Karalius) in 1919 and 1921 and their relationship. From the illustrative sentence given, it can be inferred that the term sexual system is used in the meaning of "genital system". And what about the sex machine? In the 1921 book Lyties mokslas, the terms male sex apparatus and female sex apparatus go along with the titles of the chapters of the book. Can it be said that the author used the machine as a synonym for the system? Manding, it is possible, if we rely on current encyclopedic data, cf. apparatus – a set of human organs for one or another purpose (VLE 2001: 631). But, on the other hand, there is another idea, namely, that the author could have called both male and female sexual organs male and female sexual organs by the terms male sex apparatus and female sex apparatus. From what has been said, it is clear that the borrowed terms were not yet typical of the microsystem of common names of male and female genital organs of the investigated period. The doctors tried to translate the vocabulary of their own language and they succeeded perfectly. CONCLUSIONS 1. From the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, Lithuanian physicians wrote extensively on various diseases and their treatment and prevention, hygiene, sanitation and other sensitive health issues in books, brochures and periodicals. The genital system and its diseases were one of those rare taboo topics on which even doctors themselves avoided writing. There are only a few books, booklets and articles about sexually transmitted diseases that use the names of the genital organs. In the medical press of that time, gender and all related questions were as if unwritten taboos, they were circumvented, often even the sexual organs, the physiological processes related to them or sexual diseases were named indirectly (euphemistically), stigmatized. This led to the emergence of emotional-expressively connoted names and metaphors. In general, there was no detailed writing about the reproductive system at all, although all other vital human organs and their systems were discussed in the relevant booklets. Gender issues were in one way or another silenced in the popularized medical press at the time, so there are not many terms in this field. 260 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Common names of human genital organs XIX a. pab.–XX a. pr. lietuvių gydytojų populiarinamuosiuose medicinos raštuose 2.In seventeen sources of different volumes (books, brochures, articles) we found about two dozen, mostly composite, names (including their variants), by which doctors refer to the common male and female sexual organs. These names refer to four anatomy concepts: organa genitalia, perineum, glandula genitalis, gamete. 3. Gydytojams, rašiusiems kalbamąja tema, iškilo nelengvas uždavinys – visų pirma terminų paieška ir jų atranka. Pirmiausia gydytojai, žinoma, turned to the living language and looked for suitable words to name the desired concepts. Live language was the main source of Lithuanian common names for male and female genital organs. Some of the words in that language have been terminologized by doctors, for example, shame (the term shame parts “genitals”), device (the term gender devices “genitals”), device (the terms male sex4. Another linės įtaisos „vyro lytiniai organai“, moterų veislinės įtaisos „moters lytiniai organai“), narvelis (terminas veislinis narvelis „gameta“). important source of research names was the written language. For the sake of some terminology, doctors borrowed words from written sources, for example, gile (the term sexual gile "reproductive system gland, sexual gland"). The non-Lithuanian colloquial names are almost uncharacteristic – only three borrowed words were found – system (the term seksualinė sistema) and organas (the terms genties organai, lytiniai organai, lytiški organai, reprodukciniai organai) of Greek origin and aparatas (the term lytinis aparatas) of Latin origin, which follow the main elements of the compound terms. It should be noted that the doctors found their own, Lithuanian, substitutes for the borrowed organ, which were used much more often than the aforementioned borrowed organ. This was undoubtedly influenced by the recipient – a medically immature reader, so in order for him to understand the medical text addressed to him, doctors probably tried to choose such words that would be familiar and understood by the majority. 6. not finding suitable words in the living or written, or even in foreign languages, to name the sexual organs, the physicians invented their own terms. It is difficult to decide on the authorship of one or another term mentioned in this article, but from such newly coined terms it would be possible to mention the part of shame used by A. Vileišis, the breeding cage of K. Grinius, Pr. Matulaičio – sexual depth. 7.The researched doctors’ writings from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, the manding, were perhaps the first popularized sources of medical science, breaking down the veil of secrecy, fear, indecency, which for many centuries covered everything related to sex. In oral literature, Lithuanian doctors educated the ordinary reader on gender issues. In them, common names of male and female genitals appeared. Of course, most of those names remained immortalized 261Terminology | 2019 | 26 pages of these writings, and this is part of the terminology of historical medicine, but the term genital organ has become well established and is still used in the current nomenclature of anatomy. ŠALTINIAI AK – [Vaistininkas (Daktaras)]. Apie kolerą. – Kaip atsiginti nů Koleros ir kiti Naudingi skaitymai, Tilžė, 1893, 14–27. BL – Apie blogąją ligą arba syfilį (prancus). Pagal d-ro M. Člėnovo veikalėlį sutaisė d-ras A. V., Tilžėje, 1904. LytL – [D-ras F. Matulaitis]. Lytiškos Ligos ir Kaip nuo jų apsisaugoti. Parašē D-ras F. Matulaitis. Antra, peržiurēta ir pagerinta laida, So Boston, Mass, 1910. [D-ras F. Matulaitis]. Lytiškos Ligos ir Kaip nuo jų apsisaugoti. Parašē D-ras F. Matulaitis. Antra, peržiurēta ir pagerinta laida, So Boston, Mass, 1915. LytLig – Kas reikia žinoti apie lyties ligas. Vertė iš vokiečių kalbos D-ras J. Bagdonas, Kaunas, 1920. LL – D-ras AS-nė. Lyties ligos, Kaunas, 1919. LM – Lyties mokslas. Parašē A. J. Karalius, M. D., Chicago, Ill.: West Side Press, 1921. NG – Naminis gydytojas: Trumpas aprašymas prasčiausių ligų ir prasčiausių vaistų kovoje su jomis. D. 1. Apie žmonių ligas ir jų gydymą. Sutaisė D-ras A. Vileišis, Seinai, 1908. PD – D-ras Oker-Blom. Ką pasakojo dėdė daktaras vaikui-giminaičiui. (Pradinės lyties klausimo srities žinios), Vilnius, 1912. PM – Antanas Vileišis. Patarmės moterims, kurios nori buti sveikos. Pagal Zielčaka parašē Dr. A. V., Tilžēje, 1899. Patarmės moterims, kurios nori buti sveikos. Pagal Zielčaka parašė dr. A. Vileišis. 2-oji laida, Vilnius, 1906. Psnt – [D-ras A. Sketeris]. Švarumas ir sveikata. – Pasiuntinys 6, 1912, 184–186. PV – Wm. J. Robinson, M. D. Patarimai vyrams apie lyties dalykus. Su pamokinimais, kaip aiškinti vaikams lyties apsireiškimus. Autoriui leidus vertē Pranašas, New York, 1919. Svk – [D-ras K. Grinius]. Apie onanizmą. – Sveikata 12, 1910, 1–6. [D-ras K. Grinius]. Sifilis ir „606“. – Sveikata 1, 1911, 1–8. U – [J. Slibinas]. Prancuzligė arba piktoji liga (lotyniszkai – syphilis). – Ukinįkas 6 ir 7, 1892, 230–237. Vrp – [Hygiėnos tarnas]. Alkogolis ir alkogolizmas. – Varpas 9 ir 10, 1895, 155–157. LITTERACY CODL 1997: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics. P. H. Matthews, Oxford, New York. DE 2003: A Dictionary of Euphemisms. How not to say what you mean. R. W. Holder, New York: Oxford University Press. DU 2007: Duden German Universal Dictionary 6th revised and expanded edition. 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Access via Internet: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=32274049. COMMON NAMES Of HuMAN GENITALS IN THE POPuLAR MEDICAL WRITINGS BY LITHuANIAN MEDICAL DOCTORS Of THE LATE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTuRIES Summary The article analyses common names of male and female genitals used by Lithuanian medical doctors in the popular medical writings (books, booklets and articles) of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The meanings of these names are identified based on the context of their use and other sources (the Academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, anatomy literature), and the etymological sources are determined. In this period, Lithuanian medical doctors wrote a lot about various diseases, their treatment and prevention, hygiene, sanitation, and other delicate health issues of the time. However, the genital system and its diseases was one of few taboo topics that even doctors avoided writing to write about. Therefore, the terminology of this field is scarce. Only few publications about genital diseases used some names of genitals. Authors often named these organs and related physiological processes or genital diseases indirectly (euphemized them), and stigmatized them. 263Terminology | 2019 | 26 In seventeen sources studied, around twenty mostly composite names (including their variations) were found that doctors used to name general male and female genitals. They named four anatomical concepts – organa genitalia, perineum, glandula genitalis, gameta. Doctors writing about this topic faced a challenge in searching and selecting the terms. The main source of the Lithuanian common names of male and female genitals was colloquial language. Doctors terminologized a part of the words of the colloquial language, e.g., shame (term shame parts “genitalsˮ), device (term gender devices “genitalsˮ), device (terms male reproductive devices, female reproductive devices), cage (term breeding cage “gamete (a mature reproductive cell)ˮ). Another important source of those names was written language. Doctors adopted some terminology from written sources, e.g. gilė (term lytiška gilė “reproductive system gland, gonadˮ). The genital names of non-Lithuanian origin were rather uncommon. Only three loanwords – of Greek origin, sistema (term lytiška sistema) and organas (terms lyties organai, lytiniai organai, lytiški organai, veisimosi organai), and Latin origin, aparatas ganas and used them (term lyties aparatas) – were found that serve as main components of composite terms. It is noteworthy that doctors found Lithuanian substitutes for the loanword ormore often than the latter. This was mainly due to the medical illiteracy of the readers of their texts. Authors, very likely, attempted to select words that the majority of readers would recognize and comprehend. If doctors could not find suitable words to name genitals in colloquial, written or foreign language, they created the terms themselves. Examples of such newly made terms are gėdos dalis “genitalsˮ by Antanas Vileišis, veislinis narvelis “gameteˮ by Kazys Grinius, and lytiška gilė “gonadˮ by Pranas Matulaitis. The writings of doctors of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were some of the first popular sources of medical science that disrupted secrecy, fear, and indecency accompanying all questions related to sexual health. In these writings, doctors were educating their ordinary readers on sexual health. In these writings, the first common names of male and female genitals appeared. Although most of those terms have not became established and have remained part of historical medical terminology, the term lyties organas is still used in the contemporary anatomical nomenclature. Retrieved 2019-09-18 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania Email: [email protected]