The Main Principles of the Terminology Work of Old Georgian Translators in the 10th–11th Centuries

228 Lia Ka osanidze The Main P inciples o he Te minology Wo k o Old Geo gian T ansla o s in he 10 h–11 h Cen u ies doi.o g/10.35321/ e m26-11 The Main P inciples o he Te minology Wo k o Old Geo gian T ansla o s in he 10 h11 h Cen u ies Lia Ka osanidze A n. Chikoba a Ins i u e o Linguis ics a I ane Ja akhish ili Tbilisi S a e Uni e si y, Geo gia AbsT ACT The Geo gian e minology wo k has i s own long his o y bu i has no been ye s udied ho oughly. The basic p inciples o he Old e minology wo k ollowed by he medie al schola s, à sa oi : deep and ho ough knowledge o he main no ion deno ed by a e m o ende i p ope ly; a oid he no ms which a e no na u al o he Geo gian language; essaye d'app end e ho oughly he s uc u es o bo h languages and make hem close , o de e mine he ules which hose languages ollow, ind igh co espondences and no o make mechanical calques; c ea e he Geo gian e ms wi h Geo gian oo s and Geo gian de i a i e means; gi e p ecise and us ul de ini ions. The heo ies o he old Geo gian ansla o s a e ac ual and impo an up oday. Keywo ds: e minology, old Geo gian ansla o s, old Geo gian e minology, g amma ical e minology, Dionysius Th ax. AnOTACijA Ce e La his oi e de la e minologie géo gines es ieille, seulemen elle n'es pas dé aillémen é udiinėjama. Les p incipaux sa an s médié aux applique l'ancienne e minologie p incipes: examine dé aillémen le e me ma qués concep essence, pou que soi possible le concep de ansme e co ec emen , é i e ou ni aux langues géo giennes des no mes inhabi uelles, s'e o ce au an que possible de pe ce g as i des deux langues s uc u es e les app oche , é abli des ègles p op es à oms langues, che che des co espondances e des non-cu ies aleu s, c ée g uziniškus e mes a ec g uziniškomis shaknimis e moyens de ma iage, p écis e iable. Tokies anciennes aduc eu s de la langue géo gines appliquées disposi ions héo iques ac uelles e impo an es e aujou d'hui. des mo s esminiaux: e minologija, ieosios g uzinų kalbos e ėjai, ieoji g uzinų e minologija, g amma ikos e minija, Dionisijas T akie is. 229Te minologie | 2019 | 26 inT ODUCTiOn The whole his o y o he Geo gian language wi h i s scien i ic and g amma ical compe ence le el p o es ha he e ha e always been pe ma he his o ical nen and pu pose ul e minological esea ches p o ided. Alongside wi h e en quand Ch is iani é a é é in odui as he o icial eligion in Geo gia, scien i ic wo k on Geo gian e minology became necessa y simul aneously wi h he demand o ansla ing he Ch is ian li e a u e skill ully, in p ope scien i ic language. De elopmen o gene al li e acy and compe ence na u ally condi ionned he necessi y o well-de eloped lexicog aphy wi hou which he ansla ion wo k would ha e been impossible o be done. in i s u n, as he ansla ion wo k was de eloping g adually, i became necessa y o sol e he p oblems o de eloping he pe pe ual e minological esea ches and compiling he necessa y dic iona ies. The Geo gian cle gymen, wo king on ansla ions in he monas e ies go hei educa ion mainly in G eece. Thei high-le el knowledge in heology and ansla ing skills p o ided he high-le el ansla ions and e minology wo k as a whole. s udying he e minology wo k me hods shows clea ly ha he me hodology chosen by he Geo gian au ho s and ansla o s do no di e om he e minology wo k de ined by he mode n s anda ds. 1. OLD GEO GiAn EDUCATiOnAL AnD sCiEnTiFiC CEnTE s The le el o he scien i ic wo k done in a coun y in such ields as e minology, ansla ion and lexicog aphy depend on poli ical s abili y in he gi en coun y and on he coun ys aspi a ion o cul u al de elopmen . Th ough all i s his o y o i s exis ence educa ion always ha e been he main o ien ing poin . Geo gian kings ne e e e had ich palaces bu he ac is ha he e a e no so many coun ies ha ing so many educa ional cen e s wi hin a coun y o ou o i s bo de s, as Geo gia used o ha e in hose imes. As soon as Ch is iani y was in oduced, in he 5 h6 h cen u ies, he e eme ged elemen a y schools in Geo gia whe e i s o all he Holy bible was augh and he cle gymen we e ained. The schools became especially popula since he ime when he Geo gians became amilia wi h he byzan ine school. i is well known ha Geo gia had close ies wi h byzan ium since he 10 h cen u y when a s ong cul u al-edu- 230 Lia Ka osanidze The Main P inciples o he Te minology Wo k o Old ca ional Geo gian T ansla o s in he 10 h–11 h Cen u ies mo emen began. Tha was exac ly he ime when he g ea cul u al and educa ional enaissance began. Beaucoup Geo gians, especially om noble amilies, wen o byzan ium empo a ily o ge good educa ion o some imes s ayed he e o all hei li es. Plus a d, in he 11 h cen u y, Cons an ine Monomachos ounded he Academy which became a place o s udy o some o he wo lds bes scien i ic hinke s in his epoch. The cul u al-educa ional mo emen b oke h ough he bo de s o Cons an inople and byzan ium as a whole and in ol ed hose who we e called a hose imes Ch is ian ba ba ians, abso bing hei i id c ea i e o ces. Many c ea i e people om he Eas o Wes we e making hei way o Cons an inople. The e ils abso bè en leu cul u e and made hei own con ibu ion o i s g ow h and de elopmen . Geo gia could no be and eally was no an excep ion om his p ocess; in he 9 h10 h cen u ies Geo gia o en in e sec ed wi h G eek cul u e on he pe iphe ies, and in he 10 h11 h cen u ies, i suddenly ushed igh o he cen e o byzan ine cul u e h ough i i on, Pe i soni and o he monas e ies. Geo gia could now di ec ly see he p ocesses which in e es ed all he Ch is ian na ions (Kekelidze 1960: 6166). The schola s who became leade s o he cul u al-educa ional p ocesses in ha pe iod, all had go an educa ion in ha Academy. The 10 h11 h Cen u ies ha e ma ked a e y impo an his o ical achie emen wi h he ounda ion and es ablishmen o he educa ional and scien i ic cen e s a he Gela i and ikal o Academies. bo h cen e s we e s ong hubs highe lea ning ocusing on subjec s including science as philosophy, his o y, he o ic, and g amma we e augh and esea ched alongside geome y, a i hme ic, as onomy, music, and medicine. such ade c a s as o ging, ce amics, wine a ming and in ing (Te zish ili 1938: 45). Academician s. Kaukhchish ili a gued ha A o G amma by Dionysius Th ax was known among he g amma ical schools unc ioning in Geo gia. Kaukhchish ili ounded his opinion on he ac ha he Sha be di Codex was w i en in he 10 h cen u y and his book included some heses w i en by Diomedes, a g amma schola o he A o G amma by Dionysius Th ax, and he chap e conce ning he G eek alphabe was w i en in acco dance wi h hem (Kaukhchish ili 1923: 178184). The e a e many ex s o di e en ypes compiled oge he in he Sha be di Collec ion: heological, his o ical, g amma ical and o he s. The pu - 231Te minologija | 2019 | 26 pose o his mani old manual is only one: i s compile wan ed o ga he such scien i ic wo ks which in his opinion had ce ain comp ehensi e educa ional signi icance. The Sha be di Collec ion con ains he u o ial ex s in such b anches as ch onology, g amma , na u al science, heology, and o he s. This collec ion is he mos cha ac e is ic among o he manuepoch and o he social laye whe e i was sc ip s o such ype. i shows he le el o knowledge and in e es s o he c ea ed and o which i was designed (sha be di 1979: 9). A special posi ion named as eache o eache s [modzgh a -modzgh a i] exis ing in he 11 h c. in Geo gia also e lec s he special a i ude o educa ion as some hing impo an in Geo gia. Acco ding o he Geo gian S a e Cou ju isdic ion in ha ime, his posi ion was mo e hono able han he eligious posi ion o Ca holicos. The pe son in his posi ion li ed in Gela i and go e ned all he issues and p ocesses ela ed o educa ion. in he mode n sense o he e m, his pe son was in posi ion o he mode n imes minis e o educa ion. such espec shows how much a en ion was paid o educa ional p ocesses in Geo gia in hose imes. 2. THE OLD GEO GiAn TE MinOLOGY sCHOOL in he 10 h12 h cen u ies when Geo gia was poli ically uni ed and s ong he na ional sel -awa eness ose up. na ional awa eness usually is e ealed in he p ocess o ansla ing and in i s cha ac e is ic ea u es. When ansla ing he ecclesias ic books, he Geo gian ansla o s used o supply he books wi h hei commen s; hey did no ansla e li e ally wo d by wo d bu hei ansla ion was c ea i e. Ils appo en he ansla ed ma e ial o hei chu ch and i s adi ions ou on ajou é some ma e ial which hey had go as a he i age om he p e ious cen u ies‘ adi ions. Pa ois he ex s we e ab idged, o jus he opposi e widened wi h he ma e ial which hey had go as a he i age om he ea lie expe iences and adi ions, so ex s unde wen a so o edi o ial wo k. This is he eason ha some w i ings ansla ed om G eek, being cle ical o o he , we e ecognized as Geo gian w i ings, and no ansla ed ones. i also should be no ed ha he Geo gian-byzan ine ela ions we e no unila e al. Geo gian li e a u e in i s u n somehow in luenced and en iched he byzan ine li e a u e: 1. The e a e some w i ings, some byzan ine ex s p ese ed only in Geo gian as he o iginal G eek ex s a e los ; so hey 232 Lia Ka osanidze The Main P inciples o he Te minology Wo k o Old could be Geo gian T ansla o s in he 10 h–11 h Cen u ies ead-only as ansla ed in o Geo gian; 2. The e is such in o ma ion abou some Old byzan ine w i e s kep in he Old Geo gian w i ings which add new in o ma ion o show new poin o iew conce ning hei li e and hei c ea i e wo k; 3. Old Geo gian ansla ed li e a u e keeps he in o ma ion e en abou he w i e s who a e no well known in he his o y o he byzan ine li e a u e; 4. The wo ks ansla ed by Old Geo gian ansla o s en iched byzan ine li e a u e wi h he w i ings ansla ed om Old Geo gian; 5. Geo gian w i e s e en w o e some wo ks o iginally in G eek (Kekelidze 1960: 5556). The de elopmen o li e acy i sel de e mined he necessi y o lexicog aphic wo k. i was necessa y o lead ansla ional ac i i ies. in i s u n, ansla ional ac i i ies s ongly equi ed explana o y, bilingual and encyclopedic dic iona ies o be compiled; i was a despe a e need. Each ansla o and e en sc ibes should ha e known Geo gian language lexis and he ules o wo d de i a ion undamen ally, o he same ex en as i was necessa y o he au ho s o he o iginal ex s. Thus we shall look o he oo s o he Geo gian lexicog aphy in he w i ings o he old imes Geo gian ansla o s. Undoub edly, he i s Geo gian lexicog aphe , in he jus speci ic meaning o he wo d, mus ha e been he i s au ho - ansla o . The scholium and ma ginal commen s added o he old ansla ion wo ks p o ide us wi h he p ecious lexicog aphic no es. His o iquemen , le dé eloppemen cul u el e éduca i o Geo gia was ied o he g ea successes o he coun ys his o ical pe sons wo king in he scien i ic and cul u al ields. One such g oup a e he ounde s o he A honi e Monas e y o i i on: ioane M a smindeli (9201005) and Eq ime M a smindeli (9551028) along wi h Gio gi M a smindeli (1009 1065) which we e ins umen al in se ing up es ablished scien i ic s anda ds and p ac ices o ha ime. Aussi, il es impo an de no e he wo k o Eph em M si e, a Geo gian philologis and philosophe o he second pa o he 11 h cen u y, who de eloped heo ies o ansla ion; ioane Pe i si (11 h12 h cen u ies), who ounded he Pe i soni school; and A sen ikal oeli, he i s ec o o he ikal o Academy. Obse ing he oldes documen s and c ea i e wo ks o he men ioned scien is s, we will become su e ha hey we e well educa ed in lexicog aphy. The wo ks by Eph em M si e and ioane Pe i si show us he highes le el o educa ion and scien i ic skills o hei au ho s. Thei o iginal 233Te minologija | 2019 | 26 gian lexis, i s s udy, and de elopmen . These wo ks and ansla ions ep esen he models o p ope wo k on he Geo - wo ks a e a kind o lexicog aphic handbook, ull o new e minology. The exis ing le el o e minology wo k is a di ec indica o o he de elopmen le el o any gi en b anch o science. De eloped e minology Te minology needs sys ema ic wo k on i s en ichmen and imp o emen which allows is a p econdi ion o a b anch o science o de elop and each pe ec ion. ha ing scien i ically ich and alid o iginal o ansla ed scien i ic wo ks. The scien i ic-philosophical e minology was going on i s way o de elopmen du ing cen u ies. Les e ms deno ing he no ions belonging o di e en b anches o philosophy, heology o na u al sciences a e o en used in he w i ings o se e al gen es bu hose e ms we e c ea ed in di e en imes by di e en au ho s and i was necessa y o es ablish consis en e minology sys ems o di e en b anches. The ules de eloped and used by G eek schola s p esen ed a model o he Geo gian ansla o s hough hey did no e e blindly ollow hem. The i s name which we me when looking h ough he long way o Geo gian e minology c ea ion and de elopmen is Gio gi M a smindeli, one o he Geo gian eligious pe sons and ansla o s. When compa ing his ansla ion wo ks wi h all o he s i becomes clea how la ge and se ious his con ibu ion is in he de elopmen o Geo gian philosophical and na u al sciences e minology. Unlike he ins an s whe e he no ions a e ende ed by ph aseology, Gio gi M a smindeli p o ides one-wo d e ms. He o en uses he G eek language e m cons uc ion bu he uses Geo gian ules o wo d o ma ion and ende s he no ion con en o he G eek e m in Geo gian. Eph em M si e ga e special impo ance o he exac ansla ion o a e m. This can be seen om he ac ha he conside ed i necessa y o show he explana ion o he wo ds on he ma gins o he manusc ip s in o de o acili a e inding o he needed e m-wo d o he eade . The Old Geo gian schola s app oached he p oblem wi h g ea esponsibili y aking in o conside a ion e ymology o he G eek lexemes s udied hei meaning ho oughly and ga e he exac basic o con ex ual co espondences in Geo gian. The special ole in c ea ion Geo gian philosophical e minology belongs o ioane Pe i si he schola who de e mined his me hods o he e minological wo k: he c ea ed scien i ic e minology based on he popula language 234 Lia Ka osanidze The Main P inciples o he Te minology Wo k o Old Geo gian T ansla o s in he 10 h–11 h Cen u ies ma e ial al hough conside ing ha hose e ms should ha e been di e en om colloquial lexis by hei o ms and de i a i e means. ioane Pe i si absolu ely excluded mixed ypes in eg a ion o he G eek de i a i es and Geo gian oo s. This eques ed scien i ic b a e y qui e ich and mul i unc ional ools o de i a ion in Geo gian should ha e been gi en la ge oppo uni ies; leu s capaci és would become clea and well known o he use s; he migh y o he Geo gian language no only as he language o poe y bu as mul i unc ional language good o scien i ic wo k would be shown; d'ailleu s, many a chaic o ms would ein o ce and a he same ime i id and pe spec i e wo d o ms would also ind hei way in e minology. The mos impo an ac is ha Geo gian ansla o s o hose imes had excellen knowledge o Geo gian g amma ical s uc u e, lexis and he sys em o wo d- o ma ion; hey ied o en ich he Geo gian language wi h new wo ds and exp essions. The Old Geo gian ansla o s demons a ed b oad knowledge in lexicog aphy, i s adi ions and in la ge ma e ial accumula ed in he wo ks o he G eek and byzan ine lexicog aphy. The well-known Geo gian lexicog aphe o he 20 h cen u y, Alexand e Glon i named he scien i ic wo ks by Geo gian lexicog aphe Eph em M si e alongside wi h such g ea Geo gian schola s as ioane Pe i si, Ek ime M a smindeli and Gio gi M a smindeli and o he s, as he sou ce o he Geo gian lexicog aphy. The i s known Geo gian Explana o y Dic iona y is compiled by Eph em M si e. i is enclosed in o he Geo gian ansla ion o psalms as an in oduc ion. The middle pa o he in oduc ion o he psalms collec ion ansla ed in o Geo gian can be conside ed he i s dic iona y compiled in Geo gia (Glon i 1955: 3537). F om he e minology wo k iewpoin , he ole o Gela i monas e y school is special among o he s in he his o y o he Geo gian li e a u escien i ic language de elopmen . The An ic and Ch is ian cul u al adi ions happened o me ge oge he in Gela i. The well-a anged sys em o he Geo gian philosophic- heological e minology was de eloped he e. Gela i Academy was a ypical educa ional cen e o he medie al cen u ies whe e he byzan ine in ellec ual hinking o he enaissance epoch cons ood on he mainline which a li le la e was ollowed inued i s de elopmen based on he Geo gian adi ions. This school by he whole Eu opean wo ld (Melikish ili 1999). Gela i school w i e s ga e way o he changes aking place in he i id speech o low in o hei ansla ion heo y and p ac ice making he lan- 235Te minologija | 2019 | 26 guage mo e easy and unde s andable o common people. G adually, he language s yle o Gela i, so-called Gela u i, ha e been clea ly de eloped, i s heo e ical linguis ic base c ea ed by ioane Pe i si. in his s yle o w i ings, we see and eel c ea i e boldness and wide scope o knowledge, c ea i e language skills, es he ical hinking, knowledge in philosophy and heology all in ha mony. We should eel g a i ude o ioane Pe i si and his school o philosophy e minology exis ing in Geo gian, based mainly on he wo d s ems and oo s o he Geo gian o igin while in Eu opean languages hose e ms mainly ha e G eek o La in oo s. F om he philosophical iewpoin he Hellenic language was ich and ioane Pe i si ied o equalize Geo gian language lexical-g amma ical possibili ies o i while no mechanically ansla ing he e ms bu c ea ing and ounding Geo gian e minology o deli e he essence o he philosophical e ms (Glon i 1983: 75). Te minological accu acy always was especially impo an when ansla ing heological wo ks. su ely, he Geo gian ansla o s knew abou he accusa ions b ough o ioane i alos by he cou . One o hose accusa ions conce ned his inaccu acy owa ds he e minology de e mined by he Chu ch. He was accused o using no exac ly he wo d-ph ases which we e de e mined by he cle icals o be used in he ield o o hodox eligious w i ings (Melikish ili 1999: 23). Il y a ai deux p incipaux p oblèmes debou en ace des aduc eu s géo giens: de un cô é il é ai clai que la dé ia ion de les ègles de la langue g ecque, de la e minologie laquelle ils a aien dé e miné, pou ai a oi é é considé ée comme hé èsie e de l'au e cô é making he jus wo d-by-wo d ansla ion would ha e p o ec ed he ansla o om accusa ion bu could damage he Geo gian language peculia cha ac e imposing he o ms unna u al o i s g amma . One o he p oblems which he Geo gian ansla o s aced was abou he a icles. The e is no a icle in Geo gian. Using he wo d God wi hou a icle caused a nega i e a i ude among he G eek cle icals and specialis s and hey accused Geo gian ansla o s o he esy. so, i was he di icul oad ha he Geo gian ancien ansla o s o e came success ully. The Geo gian ansla o s o he Ch is ian li e a u e ollowed he eligious dogmas and a he same ime, hey p incipalemen se enaien con e he g amma ical in luences o he o he language (Ka osanidze 2017: 104). 236 Lia Ka osanidze The Main P inciples o he Te minology Wo k o Old Geo gian T ansla o s in he 10 h–11 h Cen u ies 3. THE GEORGiAn G amma iCAL TE Ms in THE 11TH CENTURY The educa ion ob ained in G eece na u ally included g amma ical knowledge as well. And i is p ecisely he ho ough s udy o G eek g amma ical hough and examina ion o Geo gian g amma h ough his pe spec i e which unde lies and is cha ac e is ic o he wo ks o Geo gian scien is s in he 10 h11 h cen u ies. i is clea ha he 10 h12 h cen u ies a e cu en ly conside ed o ma k he beginning o he his o y o Geo gian g amma ical hinking only since he wo k da ed ea lie has ye o be ound. The Geo gian li e a y he i age, ansla ed and o iginal wo ks, clea ly indica e he exis ence o g ea expe ience and knowledge, and Geo gian g amma ical hough as a b anch o science is na u ellemen supposed o be pa o his he i age. Today we can su ely say ha he A o G amma by Dionysius Th ax which is supposed o be he ounda ion o all-Eu opean g amma ical hough , mus ha e been well known as an o iginal o h ough some commen a ies, in he Old Geo gian li e a u e. Though we do no ha e he ull ansla ion o he ex , i can be con i med by se e al ac s ha G eek g amma ical heo ies we e no un amilie o Geo gian schola s, and hei philological p ac ice in ol ed he necessa y knowledge which was mean by he byzan ine educa ional sys em o hose imes (Ka osanidze 1998: 15). Malg é le ai que some in o ma ion o g amma ical cha ac e s ill need o be ound and e idenced in Geo gian li e a u e, he ma e ial which is al eady ob ained allows o imagine he le el o g amma knowledge among he Geo gian ansla o s o he Old imes. Geo gian linguis Mzekala shanidze ela es he oldes o iginal Geo gian g amma ea ise (wi h he manusc ip s da ed back o 12 h13 h and 14 h cen u ies h-6, sh-312), named Abou A icles o he li e a y school o Eph em M si e. i is one o he mos impo an w i en monumen s acco ding o which he beginning o he Geo gian g amma ical hinking ic esea ches o he 17 h18 h cen u ies on he linguis ic adi ions exis ing in Geo gia in he 10 h11 h cen u ies which in goes back o he 6 h–7 h cen u ies and decisi ely p o ed ha he linguis- hei u n ela e o he G eek linguis ic adi ions. Though he eason o his ea ise o be w i en as a p ac ical ype issue which eme ged when ansla ing a eligious ex , Abou A icles i sel ep esen s a sepa a e scien i ic wo k. i is an o iginal eligious ea ise 243Te minologie | 2019 | 26 Ka osanidze L., Khu sila a A. 2015: Fo In e na ional loanwo ds in Technical Te minology Dic iona y, A n. Chikoba a Readings XXVi, Ma e ials, Tbilisi: TsU Publishing House. Ka osanidze L., Khu sila a A. 2017: The P oblems o Geo gian Te minology (His o y and Mode ni y), Tbilisi: TsU Publishing House. Kaukhichish ili s. 1923: Manual o Sha be di Tex s Collec ion, Moambe III, Tbilisi. Kekelidze K. 1960: His o y o he Geo gian Li e a u e, ol. 1, Tbilisi: sabcho a saka e lo. Melikish ili D. 1986: Gela i School and he Issues o De elopmen o Geo gian Scien i ic Language, P oceedings o i . ja akhish ili Tbilisi s a e Uni e si y. Linguis ics 10, Tbilisi. Melikish ili D. 1988: Li e a u e School o Gela i and he Ways o De elopmen o Geo gian Philosophical Language, Tbilisi. Melikish ili D. 1999: F om he His o y o Old Geo gian Philosophical-Theological Te minology, Tbilisi. Melikish ili D. (ed.) 20092010: Old Geo gian-Old G eek Philosophical-Theological Documen ed Dic iona y i, ii. Il a é é publié en 2009 e es publié en 2010. Compiled by A. Kha anauli, D. Melikish ili, M. apa a, V. jugheli, L. Gigineish ili, n. Chik a ia, n. M e lish ili, Tbilisi. shanidze M. 1968: in oduc ion o he T ansla ion o Psalms by Eph em M si e ( ex s and ema ks). TSU, Wo ks o he Old Geo gian Academic Depa men 11, 72122. shanidze M. 1990: Abou A icle he Old Geo gian G amma T ea ise, Tbilisi. sha be di 1979: Sha be di Collec ion o 10 h cen u y. b. Gigineish ili, E. Giunash ili (eds.), Tbilisi. Te zish ili G. 1938: Abou he Highe Educa ion in Geo gia, Tbilisi: sabcho a saka elo. Uhlig G. 1883: Dionysii Th acis, A s G amma ica, Lipsiae. ieuses gézines Les langues aduc eu s XXi a. aiKy i e minologies p inCipai ésumua Comme œu es scien i iques mé hodes es basée des géo gines e minologie, oi de p emie s géo gines langue aduc eu s a aux. Tų Te minologijos p adininkų dans les a aux éme geai deux p incipes p incipaux: 1) examine en dé ail les concep s, cla i ie leu essence e l'his oi e d'appa i ion; 2) a oi beaucoup de connaissances, p end e en comp e les pa icula i és de la langue e ses o es de possibili és ai e ai e de nou eaux edinių. Seulemen ainsi possible é imas, dans un au e en i onnemen c éé un concep con iablemen ansmisiki des mo s co espondan s de doybos possibili és con enčia gim ąja langue. Les che cheu s de e minologie ou de langue geozine son d'acco d que XXII a. de nou eaux e mes ai ai un p oduc i e a ancé p ocessus e nous de ces empses expé iences pou ons beaucoup ce qu'app end e. Minimasis pé iode se dis ingue en ce que la cul u e de Byzance, considé ée de ous les pays eu opéens cul u e, science e e minologie ondamen ale, en gézines langue a é é ans é ée aux aduc eu s sans oublie les p incipales p op es ca ac é is iques de langue. Combine des g ecques e des géo giennes langues ca ac é is iques el é ai le scien i ique des aduc eu s géo giens e philologues a aill o p incipe de a ail. Ce poin de ue lėmė, que la cul u e de Byzan ija G uzija sleidė conse augo ama saąją. Les héo ies appliquées des ieusses aduc eu s de la langue géo gines ac uelles e impo an es e aujou d'hui. Reçu 2019-08-10 Lia Ka osanidze Mi ske ichi s .18, l. 10, Tbilisi, Geo gia E-mail [email p o ec ed]