Terminai internetinėje žiniasklaidoje (žvalgomasis tyrimas)

108 Asta Mitkevičienė Terms in online media (žvalgomasis tyrimas) doi.org/10.35321/term27-05 Terms in online media (žvalgomasis tyrimas) ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas ANNOTATION The aim of the article is to determine which fields of terms are most frequently used in the daily online media and whether these popular terms change more sharply (variation of terms, determinologization is discussed). The object of the investigation is the two-word terms in the publicly available DELFI.lt textbook, which consists of texts published in the news portal of the same name in 2014–2016. The methodology used, although it has its shortcomings, allows (as far as possible) to analyze terms without preconceptions – without anticipating either the field or specific terms. KEY WORDS: compound term, variant, synonym, determinologization, online media, textbook, constant compound ABSTRACT The article attempts to determine the domains from which terms usually get into the daily online media and whether the most popular terms undergo any more prominent changes (terminological variation, determinologization are discussed). The pilot study focuses on two-word terms found in the publicly available DELFI.lt corpus, which is composed of the texts published in the news portal under the same title in the period between 2014 and 2016. Though the methodology applied has certain weaknesses, it enables us (as pating the domain much as possible) to analyse terms without any prejudices, i.e., by not anticior specific terms. KEYWORDS: complex term, variant, synonym, determinologization, online media, corpus, multi-word expression It is well known that some terms are used not only in scientific communication, but also in general usage. The remarkably increased number of terms in everyday communication is associated with the information age, the knowledge society, the technological revolution (see Meyer et al. 1998: 645; Kageura 2002: 15; Geeraerts 2015: XVII–XIX et al.). 109Terminology | 2020 | 27 One of the important ways in which terms reach non-specialist audiences is through the media. The media both brings into general usage and helps to popularize some of the terms of relevant areas. And when the terms are widespread and known not only to specialists, the possibility of determinologization arises (Gaivenis 2014: 242). This article tries to determine which fields of terms are most frequently used in the daily online media and whether these popular terms change more markedly (variation of terms, determinologization is discussed). The object of the study – ambiguous terms used in the news portal DELFI.lt. The two-word terms are chosen for several reasons. Firstly, they are the most common1 (or at least one of the most common – depending on the field) types of terms, secondly, their extension is narrower and intensity wider than that of single-word terms of the higher hierarchical level of the same system, and therefore they are easier to recognize. This is the first study of the usage of terms in the media that is not limited to a single field and does not have a predefined list of terms. The investigation is reconnaissance. Kazimieras Župerka has analyzed the use of linguistic terms in publications. According to the usage, he distinguished two functional semantic groups of them. The first group includes those used as terms (both in precise and approximate or even imprecise meaning), the second – determinological (some used in systematic figurative meaning, others – in individual figurative meaning, as a means of style) (Župerka 2000). This classification is a useful support for the use of terms from other fields outside their usual environment (scientific and administraciniame stiliuje) aptarti. Cognitive psychology and philosophy emphasize that it is difficult to draw a clear line between general knowledge and special knowledge, and linguistics doubts the strict separation between general and special language (Cabré Castellví 2003: 171). Therefore, a non-specialist may consider a word to be a term, and the terms used by specialists are not discussed more broadly in ditorijoje laikyti bendrosios kalbos žodžiais (Kageura 2012: 12). Taigi ir the non-specialist dialect. In order to obtain the fastest possible results, the DELFI.lt textbook (http://tekstynas.mwe.lt/), which consists of 70 million words, was used for the research of terms in the media. This is an online publicistic textbook, in 1 See. Umbrasas 2013: 113, 117; Bielinskienė et al. 2015: 65 et al. 110 Asta Mitkevičienė Terms in online media (žvalgomasis tyrimas) which included texts published on the DELFI.lt website in 2014–2016, assigned 12 categories: DELFI Faces, Projects, DELFI Science, DELFI Auto, Sport, DELFI Life, DELFI People, DELFI Citizen, Business, DELFI FIT, DELFI Knowledge and an unidentified category (for more information about the textbook, see LKKŽ 2019: 14–15). Thus, some texts belong to the subjective categories, are of an informative or analytical style, while others are intended for entertainment and have a more free – expressive – style2. Readers' comments were not included in the textbook. Publicly available are the n-grams and their frequencies obtained from this textbook (http://resursai.mwe.lt/atsisiunti). A bigram list was used for this study. An additional source is the database of constant word combinations of Lithuanian language (PJB), which includes about 12 thousand twoand three-word constant word combinations, formed with 97 nouns most often included in such combinations. If it contains the term of interest, the frequency of the lemma or form, variants are specified. The study was conducted in several stages. First of all, the list of bigrams was reviewed and two-word terms were defined in it (more precisely, the forms of terms, since the list is not deterministic). Due to the particularly abundant material, it was decided to take only those two-word terms whose frequency of at least one form is greater than the selected terms divided by fields. Finally, the concordances of selected compound terms in the text are analyzed. A total of 461 two-word forms of terms were selected – that is, 317 different terms. as many as six of the plural forms of the compound supermarket were used more than 500 times (PJB indicates the frequency of this lemma as 7118). A terminologically significant shortcoming of the methodology is that selected two-word terms are used in 500 (tam reikėjo peržiūrėti daugiau nei 7000 dažniausių bigramų3). Tada the media not only as independent terms, but also as part of longer terms, e.g. in the close environment and violence in the close environment. The fact that the two-word term is only a part of the term is not surprising2. K. Župerka distinguishes three types of journalistic style: informational, analytical and expressive (Župerka 2001: 87), Audronė Bitinienė – four: informational, analytical, expressive and dialogical (Bitinienė 2007). 3 The most common bigram that can be considered a term is US dollars (almost 10 thousand use cases), but it did not enter the list of selected two-word terms, because the first dot is not an independent word, but an acronym. This is a conventional matter – there are studies (e.g. Boizou et al. 2015) where an acronym in a compound is equated to a single word accent. aplinkoje, pridėtinės vertės ir pridėtinės vertės mokestis. Vis dėlto nuspręsta, 111Terminology | 2020 | 27 knows its terminology and frequency of use. This choice is supported by the proper names: when the term is used in compound names, it remains a term (Vilnius Wildlife Protection Inspection). Due to the specificity of its selection, these terms were not included in the study material. In addition, some of the selected biword forms in individual lines of vartojimo atvejai, kai terminų dėmenis nutolino tarp jų įsiterpę kiti žothe concordance simply coincided formally with the researched terms, and there are also examples of non-terminal – transitive usage (see below). For this reason, the frequency of use of the terms in the text can only be considered approximate. IDENTIFICATION OF TERMS It is well known that composite terms do not have a distinctive form that would allow them to be easily distinguished from word combinations (or longer syntactic constructions), although some forms are more typical, e.g., attributive combinations with the noun’s origin, with the suffix –inis adjective, with the noun adjective, etc.4 “It is almost impossible to automatically determine which combination is a collocation and which term” (rimkutė et al. 2017: 15). If the two-word collocation is a noun compound, one can assume that it will often be a term (or at least a part of a term). For example, when PJB looks at the 50 most common combinations of attributive diphthongs, more than 60 percent could be considered terms of one or another field. A similar number of terms was obtained among the 50 most common biword combinations of that database, regardless of the semantic relationship of their elements. In order to decide more objectively whether the collocation is a term, first of all, we tried to search for such a language unit in term databases, dictionaries; the fact that terms may have variants and synonyms is taken into account. Of course, not all, even the most popular terms, are included in terminology, and not all fields have terminological resources, which sometimes include other language units, such as proper names. It would be ideal if the thermality of compounds is assessed by a specialist in the relevant subject (the contribution of a specialist in the subject is emphasized in various studies of automatic term recognition), but in this case there are more than one such fields and they are quite diverse. Another difficult issue is the time limits. This problem arises when trying to define the boundaries not only of terms, but also of other constant compounds. 4 For more on the structural models of biword terms see. Gaivenis 2014 [1975]: 64-70; Akelaitis 2008: 6–8; Drukteinis 2011: 239–241; Bielinskienė et al. 2015: 62; Mockienė 2016: 109–111 et al. 112 Asta Mitkevičienė Terms in online media (žvalgomasis tyrimas) (see Bielinskienė et al. 2017: 86). If a compound is merely part of a longer term, it can function as a contextual synonym of the term. For example, the terms African swine fever and classical swine fever (included in TB, IATE) are contextually synonymous with swine fever, see examples from the textbook: According to A. Baravykas, the insurers compared swine fever to war and stated that during war they will not insure against war, which means that they will probably refuse to insure against African and classical swine fever. [Business] Swine fever recorded in Lithuania last week will bring huge losses. [Business] The term swine fever is not an independent term, but refers to one of two diseases or both. In terms of form, this two-word compound and the aforementioned three-word terms resemble typical genus and species terms5. TERMS BY CATEGORY In order to avoid subjectivity as much as possible, the terms were divided by fields based on the European Union multilingual multidisciplinary thesaurus EuroVoc and the Lithuanian term bank (TB). It should be noted that TB terms are assigned to one or another field according to their source, therefore the term is presented in the same or very close meaning employment and kaip skirtingų sričių terminas, pavyzdžiui, termino valstybė narė sritys – viešasis saugumas, gynyba, teisė, ekonomika, finansai, socialinė apsauga, working conditions, health. As a result, TB and EuroVoc are sometimes very different, for example, the term national minority is in TB for culture and in Eurovoc for law. In such cases, the context is considered. Since the classification of areas in both resources has both similarities and differences, this article attempted to harmonize them both, although preference was given to TB classification, which more reflects Lithuanian realities. In addition, the focus was only on the largest areas, in order to obtain a more general picture of the areas. The group of occupations and positions is distinguished separately – it is very prominent in the research material and is abundant (if we classify the terms of this group into the field of social security, employment and working conditions, this would lead in terms of number of terms). 5 In the VLEe article “Animal plague”, its author Vytautas Štuigys states that “the following diseases called plague are known: cattle plague, small ruminant plague, African horse plague (African disease), African swine plague and classical swine plague, dog plague, bird plague (influenza), salmon plague, pike plague, crab plague.” Classical swine fever and African swine fever are contagious viral diseases of pigs (see TB). 113Terminology | 2020 | 27 Dėl medžiagos gausos itin sudėtinga išnagrinėti kiekvieną konkordanso line, so it may be that the term is not used with the same meaning in all and therefore belongs to more than one field. However, based on the assumption kad populiariausių žiniasklaidos terminų bent jau bendriausia sritis turi būti nesunkiai nustatoma. Kai terminas skirtingomis reikšmėmis priklauso kelioms (dažniausiai of two) fields, it is classified in the study as a group of terms in several fields. Usually, one of the meanings and areas obviously dominates. For example, third country (the most popular form of third countries) is more often used as a term of international relations than as a legal term: Compared to last year, imports from third countries increased by 5.4%. [Business] The two-word terms used in the media belong to a wide range of fields (see Figure 1 and Table 1). This is undoubtedly determined by extralinguistic reasons – media topics, thematic texts. Figure 1. Most common (one of the forms used more than 500 times) two-word terms and their forms6 in DELFI.lt text by fields 6 The frequencies indicated in the bigram set do not always coincide with the textbook search result, but this deviation is not large and is not considered significant. Quantitative data in the chart are taken from the primary source of the research – the set of bigrams. The frequency of the terms (lemmas) discussed in the other subsections of the article was checked in the text and, if available, in the PJB. 114 Asta Mitkevičienė Terms in online media (žvalgomasis tyrimas) Table 1. Most common (one of the forms used more than 500 times) two-word terms in DELFI.lt text by fields SRITIS PAVyzDŽIAI TErMInų NUMBER physical culture and sport qualification competitions, athletics, ranking-44 go points, sport profession and position Seimas communication website, news agency, press-26 dos spokesman, company manager, police 30 officer, member of the conference, video law appeal court, equal opportunities, law 24 act, government council, ruling coalition social protection, court decision policy amendment of law, election campaign, self-23 employmentwages, nursing homes, unemployment 20 values and rate, securities 19 public security traffic accident, criminal working conditions level, trade union finance euro area, interest offence, police 19 commissariat environment waste management, inspection, public trans-18 port economy economic growth, retail national park, weather 19 forecast transport airport, technical trade, 13 value added defence armed forces, military equipment, war protection international relations humanitarian aid, summit 7 service 11 health medical assistance, healthy nutrition, health 10 education and science higher school, research 7 agriculture and food olive oil, dairy products 6 energy natural gas, electricity 6 115Terminology | 2020 | 27 SRITIS PAVyzDŽIAI TErMInų NUMBER culture cultural heritage 4 standardization cubic meter 3 and metrology statistics household 1 As already mentioned in the introductory part, the most common forms of terms in the text were frequencies, it is expected that the areas will be arranged differently selected for the study. Having a lemmatized list of terms with according to the number and frequency of terms. A number of terms can kelios sritys trečioji šalis, viešoji erdvė 7 be considered frequent in non-artistic communication, because they enter the media as part of real names that are more important to the public or to a separate group of it. For example, the term form automobilių mo Lietuvos automobilių kelių direkcija part. The second most frequent form of the same term – automobilų keliuose (frequency greater than 180) – is also most often included in the composite name (Saugaus eismo automobilių keliuose įstatymas). In comparison, the pronoun is used only a few times on kelių tekstyne pavartota per 700 kartų, tačiau dažniausiai kaip pavadinimotor roads. However, there is no greater doubt about the termality of the compound car road, the term is included in TB. Similar examples can be given with some other terms (see also the next section). Another example of this type is the term stock market (frequency 2382 PJB). Its most common forms are the substitute stock markets (774) and syncretic stock markets (526). Both these forms, as well as the compound itself, are most commonly used in general names of markets of a particular region or country (e.g., Asian stock markets, US stock markets, etc.), cf. : On Thursday, the Baltic stock markets were flooded with large deals. [Business] Activated trading in the Baltic stock markets was determined by company news. [Business] nesnis (lemma frequency in text 1697) than synonym nuclear power plant (frequency 58)8. Of course, the first term has a 116 Asta Mitkevičienė Terms in online media (žvalgomasis tyrimas) Synonyms, Periphrases, Variants A review of selected media terms revealed synonyms, perphrases and variants7. Among the most common bigrams were synonyms in the field of communication. One of the synonym pairs is press release and media release (frequency 4437 and 1340, the most common singular pronoun forms of both terms), the first term can be found in EuroVoc and IATE, where it is rated as very reliable. Most of the less popular tert", also stands out as "Science", so mino pranešimas žiniasklaidai konkordanso eilučių priklauso rubrikai „Auhere it is possible to see the subjective tendencies of the recipients, which can also be influenced by the sources of publications. The latest public relations dictionary (rVZ 2018) includes both terms, with the preference given to press release. Another pair of synonyms, both members of which are frequently used in the media, are public opinion (frequency of the lemma 1217, the most common form of public opinion) and public opinion (frequency of the lemma 742, including the unnamed variant, the most common form of public opinion). In the aforementioned dictionary of public relations terms, the order of synonyms – public opinion, public opinion – corresponds to the prevalence of these terms in the media. No major differences in usage were observed, except that one synonym is used more frequently with the names of some public opinion research institutions and another with others. This can partly explain why the public opinion poll is more frequent in the text than the public opinion poll (frequency 265 and 146 PJB). Energetikos srities terminas atominė elektrinė žiniasklaidoje daug dažlonger tradition of use, but what is important is that it is included in composite names, e.g. : Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant, Astravo Nuclear Power Plant (official name Belarusian Nuclear Power Plant, see VLEe), which helps to spread in the broad usage7 here the narrow concept of term variants (different forms of the same term) is observed. Agnė Bielinskienė and co-authors (2019) write about the grammatical variantity of constant compounds, including those that go with terms, in DELFI.lt text. In that article, the concept of option is broader, for example, such combinations as reasonable decision – unreasonable decision, increase price – price increase are considered options. 8 VLEe – nuclear power plant, atomic power plant. The order of synonyms in the TB sources is not the same, for example, in the Nuclear (Atomic) Power Plant Act of the Republic of Lithuania, in the defence dictionaries preference is given to the term nuclear power plant, in the thermal and nuclear technology dictionary, in the physics dictionary – atomic power plant, in others (e.g., in the automation dictionary) they are presented as non-synonymous terms. 123Terminology | 2020 | 27 Pharmaceutical companies are racing with each other to be the first to offer a new class of drugs that regulate cholesterol levels in the bloodstream. It is expected that at least some companies will cross the finish line this year. [Science] It has already been written that the sport term red card has a transterminological meaning. Here we can also add that several examples of usage show the determinologization of this compound (the precondition was that such cases would be more): Thousands of Czechs symbolically showed the current president of the country Miloš Zeman a “red card”. [Knowledge] Another example of determination is a headache. Although it formally entered the material of this study as one of the more frequent two-word terms, the terminological use in concordance is less frequent than the transitive („care“) – it constitutes about 40 percent of all recorded cases, cf. : At the time, Ukraine’s borrowing rating was already causing considerable headaches. [Business] General reactions such as fever, headache and rash are rare. [Life] giskaitos form. Such a frequency of the form could be considered as a peculiarity of Apie 40 proc. šio junginio pavartojimų pagrindine reikšme13 yra dauthe use of the term in the media, but also in the scientific style, as Google Scholar search shows, plural is not avoided (see the title of one of the publications: „Heaves: Diagnosis and Treatment. Methodical Aid” (2017). In most cases, the usage of figurative terms can be regarded as a matter of style rather than a systemic matter of language. And even in the general Lithuanian language dictionary (BŽ) the finish line, earthquake has entered only in the literal sense. However, the headache "anxiety" (cf. heartache "sadness, heartache" in LKŽe) could be considered a separate meaning of the compound. CONCLUSIONS Although the research is only exploratory, it is possible to perceive certain tendencies in the usage of terms in the media. The most common media ambiguous terms are subjectively diverse – they belong to more than twenty fields. These results were obtained by limiting the survey to the largest areas. 13 Motivated plural forms (abdominal and headache) do not fall into this number. 124 Asta Mitkevičienė Terms in online media (žvalgomasis tyrimas) The popularity of some terms in the media is increased by their actual composite names. net ir žiniasklaidos populiariesiems terminams būdingas formalusis varijavimas bei sinonimija. Tai pareina ir iš atitinkamos dalykinės srities terminijos, kurioje sąvoka įvardijama nevienopai, taip pat įtakos turi ir stilisfactors. inattentiveness to expression can explain unmotivated variation. it is not possible to say that the consistent use of some terms in a different form than that provided in terminography is a feature of the use of terms in the media – they could have entered the media directly from the discourse of specialists (including the verbal one). 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Online access: https://www.vle.lt/ [accessed July 2020]. "Dictionary of Business Knowledge". Online access: http://zodynas.vz.lt/ [accessed May 2020]. 2000: The 2000s: A History of Public Relations. – Works and Days 24, 175–182. Online access: http://donelaitis.vdu.lt/publikacijos/zuperka.pdf. 2001. "Stylistikai", Šiauliai: Šiaulių universitetas. TERMS IN ONLINE MEDIA (PILOT STUDY) Summary Media is one of the major ways through which terms reach a non-professional audience. The article attempts to determine the domains from which terms usually get into the daily online media and whether the most popular terms undergo any more prominent changes (terminological variation, determinologization are discussed). The research focuses on two-word terms. The study on the terms used in the media is based on the corpus of the news portal DELFI.lt (http://tekstynas.mwe.lt/). The research was carried out in several stages. First of all, the list of bigrams gathered from the corpus (http://resursai.mwe. lt/atsisiusti) was reviewed and two-word terms (to be more precise, the forms of terms, because the list is not lemmatized) where at least one form demonstrates the frequency higher than 500 were identified. In this way, 461 two-word term forms were selected, resulting in 317 different terms. The selected terms were then divided by domain. Finally, the concordances of the chosen composite terms in the corpus were analysed. Though such methodology has certain weaknesses, it enabled us (as much as possible) to analyse terms without any prejudices, i.e., by not anticipating the field or specific terms. 127Terminologija | 2020 | 27 Though it is only a pilot study, we can nevertheless grasp certain tendencies of term usage in the media: 1) The most common two-word terms used in the media are varied subject-wise – they belong to over twenty domains. Such findings were received by limiting with the largest domains only. 2) The popularity of a part of the terms in the media is increased by composite proper names relevant to it. 3) Even popular media terms demonstrate formal variation and synonymy. It also pertains to the terminology coming from the respective domain in which a concept is named in multiple ways; stylistic factors play a role as well. Unmotivated variation may be explained by inadequate attention to expression. 4) We cannot say that the consistent use of certain terms in a different form than provided in terminography is a characteristic feature defining the usage of terms in the media – they could have come into the media in such a form straight from professional discourse (including spoken). 5) Cases of determinologization were identified among the two-word terms which are popular in the media, which means that the audience of the online media is well familiar with them. Retrieved 2020-08-28. Asta Mitkevičienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania E-mail asta.mitke[email protected]