Neologijos terminija ir „Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyno“ praktika

8 1Terminology | 2020 | 27 doi.org/10.35321/term27-04 Neology terminology and the practice of the Lithuanian language new words database Rita Miliūnaitė Institute of Lithuanian Language ANNOTATION With the activation of research on new words in Lithuania, new terms are needed to describe them, which have not been used in Lithuanian linguistics or used only by individual authors, not included in dictionaries, but spread in foreign literature. The article examines how the concept of new word is defined in the main works of Lithuanian linguistics and what are the essential semantic elements that make it up. New word, neologism, protologism, content of terms okazionalizmas, efemerizmas, paleologizmas ir kelių kitų su neologija susijusių of linguistics are revealed. It is based on foreign lexicographical sources and neology studies in this field, as well as on the experience of managing the online Lithuanian language new words database. KEY WORDS: new word, neologism, neology, linguistic terminology, new word database ABSTRACT As the research of neologisms is gathering pace in Lithuania, their description requires new terms, which have not until now been used in Lithuanian linguistics or have been used by individual authors only and are not yet included in dictionaries but are widespread in foreign studies. The article investigates how the concept of neologism (Lithuanian: naujažodis) is defined in the major studies of Lithuanian linguistics and what its principal semantic components are. It reveals the content of linguistic terms newword, neologism, protologism, okazionalism, ephemerism, paleologism and several other neology related terms. It builds upon foreign lexicographical sources of this field and the research in neology, as well as the experience of managing the Database of Lithuanian Neologisms. KEYWORDS: neologism, neology, terminology of linguistics, database of neologisms 8 2 Rita Miliūnaitė Terminology of Neology and Lithuanian naujažodžių duomenyno praktika Language INTRODUCTION Studies of current lexicon show that the vocabulary of various languages has expanded in recent decades as never before in previous times. This intense phenomenon is often referred to as the neological boom. see. Zabotkina 1989; Girčienė 2005: 78; Putilina 2013; Behera, Mishra 2013: emergence 25; Кольцова 2017: 604–613; Martseva et al. 2018: 266). Jį lemia naujų of ideas and values, rapid progress in science, information technologies, as well as increased multifaceted activities of society, development of social networks and other electronic communication. The electronic medium, in which online media, discussion forums, social networks exist, has become a virtual place of rapid language innovations and their rapid spread. There are also qualitative changes in the lexicon: some formerly marginal ways of renewing the lexicon have become active and common (Lehrer 2006: 590). New lexical phenomena are studied and described by neology and neography, and new terms are studied by neonymy. This work requires the terminology of neology, but it varies considerably in both Lithuanian and foreign works and does not form a clear system. In Lithuanian linguistics, the term neology itself is not yet very widespread and occurs at least in higher school textbooks (see Jakaitienė 2005: 251), and in some rare research papers on new words (see Mikelionienė 2000: 65; Aleksaitė, Murmulaitytė 2018: 238–239). In foreign linguistics, neology is usually understood in two ways: 1) a set of internal and external processes of renewal of the lexicon with words and their meanings; 2) the branch of lexicology that studies these processes – that which relates to neologisms (cf. Druţă 2013: 749). There was also a broader concept of neology (primarily in French linguistics), which encompasses the totality of the various language innovations (including phonetics, morphology, syntax, etc.) occurring in a given period, but it has gradually become limited to the lexical level. Another direction of the expansion of the concept of neology is various activities related to lexical innovations and their functioning in society (practical creation of new words, collection, registration, implementation in usage of language innovations based on language technologies, etc., for more details see Druţă 2013: 750 and the literature cited there). Another term related to neology that should be briefly described is neonymy. It is used to refer to the renewal of terminology. At the same time, the difference between neonymia and general lexical innovations is emphasized. New terms usually arise as a result of deliberate decisions of specialists in a particular field. 8 3Terminology | 2020 | 27 The definition of a term is based on the need to name a new thing or phenomenon and on the systematics of existing terms (Druţă 2013: 753–754; Humbley 2018: 437– 452). Plg. Continuously approved by the State Lithuanian Language Commission invaiveltiniuotė, vilnuotė, šeriuotė; mushroom, rių sričių terminų sąrašus, pavyzdžiui, lietuviškus grybų pavadinimus: green mushroom, crystal mushroom, bright mushroom, etc.1. Such lexical units are more stable than new words of the general lexicon, some of which appear spontaneously as a result of individual creation and can function in various variants of expression, including those with stylistic connotations. Cf. the equivalents of the borrowed influencer, ‑ė2 fixed in usage: įtakdarys, ‑ė, įtakininkas, ‑ė, įtakotojas, ‑a, įtakiukas, ‑ė, įtakotukas, ‑ė, įtakonešis, ‑ė; opinion maker, ‑a, opinion leader, ‑ė. Neology is closely related to neography (or neolography, see Jakaitienė 2005: 251), or lexicography of neology – the study, systematisation and description of changes in the vocabulary (see Fjeld, Nygaard 2012: 221). There are no dictionaries of the Lithuanian language for pat dar reti terminai lietuvių neologijos tyrimuose, nes specialiai naujathese words. E.g.: the beginning of neography in Europe is considered to be the dictionary of French neologisms published in 1801 (see Jakaitienė 2005: 251); Beginning of English neography – 50s of the 20th century (see section 4.4). Barnhart R., Barnhart C. 1990: 1162–1163; Zabotkina 1989); the first dictionary of Russian neologisms was published in 1971 (see Ефремов 2014: 14); Norwegian – 1982 (see Fjeld, Nygaard 2012: 231). In the early 21st century, digital databases of lexical innovations and dictionaries were created, for which data from textbooks or various Internet sources are automatically selected. In some cases, a new word may be added to the existing word. In Lithuanian linguistic studies this process and the field of research is sometimes referred to as novadara3. If it were used more frequently, it would probably become a term. 1 See : Recommendation on Lithuanian names of fungi (inopercular discomycetes). – Protocol resolution No. PN-8 of the State Lithuanian Language Commission of 7 May 2020. Online access: https://eseimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/7aac9992937511eaa51db668f0092944?positionInSearchResults=0&- se archModelUUID=d26e15e8-65ed-4e77-92ec-5e1aeb2010e2 2 Influencer, ‑e „a person operating in marketing, who influences buyers’ choices through his or her reputation; a well-known person, an opinion maker, often used to spread someone’s ideas, especially on social networks and media” (ND). 3 This new word was used for the first time in 2004 at the conference of Jonas Jablonskis, which, at the suggestion of the terminologist Jonas Klimavičius, was named “Lietuvių kalbos atnaujinimas” (Lithuanian language renewal). Daiva Murmulaitytė's article "Reformation of compound nouns in Lithuanian language and general language norms". – Baltic Philology 28(2), 2019, 107–122). Since 2011, the Institute of Lithuanian Language has been compiling (though naujažodžių duomenyno praktika manually) and immediately publishing on the Internet a database of new words in the Lithuanian language reflecting the new lexicon of the 21st century (hereinafter referred to as the ND; for more information about the new words collected in the database, their presentation order and search options in the database, see Miliūnaitė 2015: 161–184; Miliūnaitė 2018: 1–21). Spring 2020 The ND has more than 6,000 heading words lexicographically described and provided with examples of use. With increasing data on Lithuanian new words and their use, their research is intensifying. Students are also writing research papers, new words are being discussed more in general education schools and in the media. In order to better understand the process of neology, deepening into the ways of emergence of new words, selection criteria and classification possibilities, semantic changes and peculiarities of production, the lack of terminology and uncertainty of neology are also encountered. The fact that the terminology base of this relatively young branch of linguistics is not yet established is recognized as one of the problems of neology itself (cf. The problem of neology terminology is also discussed in this article. The experience of neology terminology used in other languages with more extensive studies of new words is useful here. The aim of this article is to look at the concept of new lexical unit from today’s point of view and to discuss its essential characteristics, which are often highlighted not only by the main term of neology new word (neologism), but also by other partial terms. At the same time, the aim is to raise new needs of this terminology in the practical work of Lithuanian language new words. This should encourage the updating of Lithuanian neology terminology, facilitate communication when examining the problems of neography. 1) to examine how new words are defined in selected Lithuanian and foreign lexicographic sources; 2) based on Lithuanian and foreign linguistic literature and empirical data on new words, to determine the essential characteristics forming the concept of new word; 3) to reveal the content of neology terms newword, neologism, protologizmas, prelogizmas, okazionalizmas, ephemerism, paleologizmas and several others, to show their diversity and problems of use, taking into account the practical needs of the Lithuanian language new words. 8 5Terminology | 2020 | 27 Although the naming of different types of new words is closely related to the problem of structural classification of new words (according to the methods of emergence or formation of new words), the article does not discuss it more extensively, because it relies on the traditional terminology used to describe language phenomena (e.g.: borrowed, valued, abbreviated, etc.). The methods used in the article are analytical, comparative and descriptive. The main data source for new words is the aforementioned ND compiled by the author of the article and constantly updated together with Agne Aleksaite. The article could be useful not only for researchers of new lexicon and word formation tendencies who use this database, but also for terminology researchers of various fields, terminographers, because the renewed vienos kalbos ar srities terminija patenka į neologijos valdas. quantity of information is constantly updated. The article consists of four parts, in which the terms used to name new words are examined according to various characteristics of new words. 1. Definitions and references The most common term for naming new lexical units in Lithuanian is newword and its international equivalent, the absolute synonym (duble) – neologism. Admittedly, new words are considered as part of an even higher systemic category – lexical innovations – in an attempt to distinguish between true new words, which eventually become established in the lexical system of language, and individual lexical units created for a specific situation in speech and disappearing after some time, as well as other random lexical innovations (see Dzhabrailova, Rybakova 2019: 20). Such a narrower concept of a new word makes sense when looking at the neology process diachronically, when the whole path of a new word from its emergence to inclusion in dictionaries is already clear. Synchronically it is often impossible to predict what the future fate of a newly created lexical unit will be, so the article is based on a broader concept of a new word, without separating itself from individual, situational new words. By the way, when applying the automatic selection of new words from large data sets mentioned in the introduction of the article, the lexical units presented in the preliminary results of the selection, not yet reviewed by researchers, are usually referred to as candidates for new words in both foreign and Lithuanian neology. The word neologism came to the Lithuanian language through intermediate languages from the late 18th century French language, in which the word néologisme was fixed in its 8 6 Rita Miliūnaitė Terminology of neology and Lithuanian language in turn naujažodžių duomenyno praktika derives from the Greek language: neos “new”, logos “word” (see MW; OLD). Thus, etymologically, a neologism, or new word, can be defined as any "new word that has appeared in the language". The problem is not the expression of the term new word (neologism), but its content. In foreign linguistic studies devoted to neology it is unanimously acknowledged that the very concept of a new word has changed over time – from a newly-emerged word naming a new reality to a complex new socio-psycho-linguistic phenomenon – and to this day remains vague, imprecise, unevenly understood (cf. Fjeld, Nygaard 2012: 222; Druţă 2013: 751). Therefore, it is not surprising that the new word is defined similarly in many sources (not far from the original etymological meaning), but the content of the concept called it is interpreted differently, and sometimes occurs in each other prieštaraujančių nuostatų. Let us consider how the main sources of Lithuanian lexicography (see table 1) and several other linguistic works describe neologisms. (new words). Table 1. Definitions of the terms neologism and new word in Lithuanian lexicographic sources (they are presented in alphabetical order according to abbreviations) ŠALTINIAI NeOLOgIzmO APIBRĖŽTYS NAUJAŽODŽIO APIBRĖŽTYS DLKŽ7i (2015) Lingv. new word new word (1) loan), lingv. new word (new neologism word or neologism (2) KTŽ neologism, (1990) gizm, new word (neoloneologism) A new word of the language, which has arisen by morphological word formation (ansamblietis, mėnuleigis, preoperacinis, ‑ė, puolùs, ‑ų), by making abbreviations (autostradas, pramprekyba, telelaida), borrowing a lexicon from other languages lavsanas, mazeris, telereportažas) (kosmonautas, etc. <…>4. for the new word, see neologism. 4 This definition is further expanded in the CLS by a more detailed explanation of how neologisms arise, how they function in usage, etc. 8 7Terminology | 2020 | 27 LKE ŠALTINIAI NeOLOgIzmO APIBRĖŽTYS NAUJAŽODŽIO APIBRĖŽTYS neologism, new word, – how muchis either a ↗newcomer (e.g., (2008) one new word. Most often it ãtmušas ‘support to hold wagons at the end of the road’, punrinis ‘compound word’ <…>), or a new ↗borrower (e.g., bionics ‘science of applying the principles of organisms’ <…>).5 [There is no separate article, the new word is presented only in the neologism article as a synonym. – Aut. past.] LKŽ6neologijzmas sm. (2) DŽ lingv. newly appeared but not in force boje word, new.7 ñdaras sm. kal-EncV309 see novelty 1. (1) word sm. (1) K. Būg, NdŽ; 1. Jn lingv. newly formed, but not in force in the language word, neologism SŽe neologism 2 → new word (2015) ñdaras 1 (newly word 1 → new word created word) – neologism, ñword in books. [↗ neo + gr. logos –[New synonym 2-a and 3-ia word used as neoloreikš1. new addition, in the new word or word combination 2. psych. meaningless new word made by a mentally ill person 3. a new word created by children aged 3-5 to describe phenomena they are not yet familiar with. (2013) word] gizmo language me. – Aut. past.] 5 A broader explanation of this definition is given: “Relatively random are only words that have arisen in another way – either because of a marked semantic development (then semantic homonyms are formed <…>), dėl žodžių kūrybos (tai onomatopėjiniai, garsų mėgdžiojamieji žodžiai; prie jų būtų galima skirti ir dirbor those created by combining individual sounds of the language, or because of ↗contamination. For others, [neologism] can also be a new, constant combination of words, a phraseology. Sometimes the term [neologism] is used even more broadly – it refers to every language innovation, and then it becomes a synonym of the term ↗innovation (language, linguistic).” (ECJ 2008: 369). 6 In the book edition of this source, articles on neologism and new word are presented in volume 8 (1970). 7 By the way, in the LKŽ (digital format) article on neologisms, the word „naujadaras“ is separated by a comma rather than a semicolon (most likely due to a scanning error). However, in definitions in such cases, the comma and the semicolon can be interpreted differently: the comma usually distinguishes close synonyms, the semicolon – more semantically distant (may have different shades) meaningful elements of the definition. 8 8 Rita Miliūnaitė Terminology of Neology and Lithuanian Language naujažodžių duomenyno praktika Explaining the concept of new word, it is worth looking at several works of often cited authoritative authors. In Vincas Urbutis’ monograph The Theory of Word Formation it is stated that “[e]very newly appeared word can be called a new word, or a neologism. But not every new word is a new creation." The following briefly describes the main ways of emergence of new words – borrowing, semantic development and the formation of new words (new words) from already existing other words (Urbutis 2009: 36). Evalda Jakaitienė in the study book Leksikografija (Jakaitienė 2005: 250– 251) new words are defined as follows: New words, or neologisms, are words, their separate meanings or combinations of words that arise as a result of changes in social relations, science, technology, cultural progress and society perceives as new, unusual, not yet acquired and not widespread. Those of them that prove necessary and best correspond to the laws of language spread, enter into active use and cease to be neologisms.8 First of all, in the mentioned Lithuanian sources, the uneven relationship of the terms new word – neologism – new word is noticeable. In most cases, the new word and the neologism are presented as absolute synonyms (dublets), of which the Lithuanian new word is preferred, and the term marked by the neologism is considered to be of a lower level, i.e. it is part of the wider concept of the new word. Only in two earlier sources – LKŽ and SŽe (1st edition of the book version, 1981), as far as it can be deduced from the presentation of the articles, the new word (neologism) and the new word are considered to be concepts of equivalent scope. This is not true. Ką rodo minėtų šaltinių duomenys apie naujažodžio sampratą? ApibrėKnowing the new word, the following most important aspects of this concept are highlighted: 1) the novelty of the new word as a linguistic phenomenon, unusualness for the linguistic community; 2) the form of the new word as a lexical unit; 3) features of the functioning of new words (causes, ways, functional characteristics). The short definition of a new word usually consists of three semantic elements: what? (a certain lexical unit) + what? (new) + 8 The following is a classification of new words according to the types of innovation, origin, formation, function and usage. 8 9Terminology | 2020 | 27 how it came about? (by way of borrowing, value, creation or semantic development). In encyclopedic definitions, these features are explained in more detail. In foreign lexicographic sources and in literature devoted to neology, the concept of new word (neologism) does not differ fundamentally from Lithuanian sources (see Table 2). Table 2. Definitions of the term neologism in digital sources of foreign lexicography CED neologism 1. a newly coined word, or a phrase or familiar word used in a new sense 2. the practice of using or introducing neologisms (Collins english Dictionary) neologism A neologism is a new word or expression in a language, or a new meaning for an existing word or expression. Synonyms: new word, buzz word [informal], coinage, new phrase (COBUILD Advanced english Dictionary) MD neologism a new word or expression, or an existing word used with a new meaning MW neologism 1. a new word, usage, or expression // technological neologisms 2. psychology: a new word that is coined especially by a person affected with schizophrenia and is meaningless except to the coiner, and is typically a combination of two existing words or a shortening or distortion of an existing word OLD neologism a new word or expression, or a new meaning of a word VPSV neoloģisms cf. jaunvārds jaunvārds, neoloģisms A word, usually made to name a previously unknown or foreign-origin term, relevant to a particular period of language use.9 9 Thanks to Daiva Murmulaityte for translating the definition from Latvian. The following article of this dictionary gives examples of new words typical of different periods, shows their dynamics and the areas of use of the language where new words appear most often. 9 6 Rita Miliūnaitė Terminology of Neology and Lithuanian Languages Similar naujažodžių duomenyno praktika lexicographic gaps have also been found for words whose use is documented much earlier than in the 21st century: geoglyph “an ancient drawing preserved on the hardened surface of the earth”, pareidolia “a psychological phenomenon when the form or sound of some known phenomenon is attributed to natural phenomena, random images, sounds, objects”, homeopathy “a science studying the history of dwellings (especially rural ones), air freshener “a means of refreshing the air, giving it a fresh, fresh smell”, etc. In addition, the words that have the ND mark "reborn" may be included among the false new words. Since the status of a new word is associated with the functioning of the word for a defined period of time, it happens that a much earlier used word has retreated into passive use for a longer period of time. It is forgotten by consumers as obsolete (for example, when some reality of life disappears), but when favorable circumstances arise, it revives or is borrowed again, sometimes acquiring new shades, and then perceived as new. This differs from the usage of palaeologisms, which have not been discontinued. Can revived words be considered new words? In foreign linguistics, this question is usually answered in the affirmative (see Barnhart R., Barnhart C. 1990: 1160; Fjeld, Nygaard 2012: 223), noting that such a word, viewed synchronously, fits as a new word in a dictionary that describes the current (present) state of the language, especially if it has not been added to the main dictionaries for some time. A good example is the word mokslintojas, ‑a, known in interwar Lithuania in the meaning of “the spreader of science” – used in 1936 by Juozas Šalkauskas, but not recorded in dictionaries, and in recent years purposefully revived by a journalist who was looking for a one-word term for the popularizer of science (science communicator) (see ND for more). Of course, it is sometimes difficult to determine whether a word has really been revived, or whether it has been remade according to a typical model of making and adapted to new needs, sometimes with some modification of the meaning. For example, the recent use of the verb amžinėti as a synonym of the verb seni, euphemistically avoiding direct associations with old age, and the medical term ageing made from it sounds new to current language users. However, in the supplementary card of the Lithuanian language dictionary there are two vocabulary cards with examples written from the living language: to perpetuate “susenti” and to perpetuate with a similar meaning “senstant vaikėti” (see figure 2). 9 7Terminology | 2020 | 27 2 pav. Žodžių įamžėti ir suamžėti kortelės Lietuvių kalbos žodyno papildymų kartotekoje (https://ekalba.lt) Neology has different views on the important question of when a word can be considered a new word: already when it is created, used, or only when it begins to spread in usage? E. Jakaitienė points out that new words belong to those lexical units that have “just appeared and are not yet widely used”, while “[w]ords that have entered active use are no longer considered neologisms” (Jakaitienė 2010: 203, 205–206). In this way, the word is considered a new word from the beginning of its appearance and retains the status of novelty until it has entered into use. According to another view, a newly created word is not considered a new word until it is used independently of its author, in other words, until the public does not show a need to use and spread the word. For such words, 9 8 Rita Miliūnaitė Terminology of neology and the Lithuanian language A special naujažodžių duomenyno praktika term protologizmas16 is used to describe words in the Lithuanian language that have not yet acquired the status of true new words and are not widely used, used only by their authors. 21st Century. The term was invented in the 1950s by the Russian-born British professor Mikhail Epstein (see MD: protologism). Drawing a more pronounced distinction between protologism and neologism, it mas yra tik galimas naujažodis („hipotetinė projekcija“), t. y. autoriaus should be said that protologismthe word was created in the hope that it would be used in a real life situation. Being a relatively new word, protologizmas as a term in Lithuanian linguistics is still a new word itself – it has almost no tradition of use, but with the intensification of research on new words, it has already begun to be used more frequently in recent years (cf. Aleksaitė 2018: 5–6). An even more rare term, which is used in foreign neology works in isolated cases to describe newly appeared words that have already passed the protologism phase, but have not yet established themselves as new words, is prelogism (see Anesa 2018: 41). ND readers often take advantage of the opportunity to suggest a new word they have discovered in some sources. Among the suggestions there are also words invented by the readers themselves, which are not documented anywhere else and are not written as a fact of usage, but simply as the aforementioned “hypo-proclaimed publicly”), tetinė projekcija“. Tokie žodžiai ir lieka tik siūlymų sąraše (jis taip pat but do not fall among the ND new words. For example, izmafon "smartphone"; a stroke ‘underscore (usually used instead of space in programming)’; passenger ‘bus’; flies "pop-up advertising" etc. They are given the status of "not approved in use", without ruling out the possibility of spreading at some point. Parents of ND readers sometimes suggest to include in it their children’s Neologijoje įprasta prie naujažodžių neskirti vaikų sukurtų žodžių. Nors words (e.g., glanis “friend, buddy”; sausryčiai “dry breakfast”, etc.), but this is a completely separate phenomenon and a field of research, bordering on developmental psychology and pedagogy. 3. THE FORM OF THE NEW WORD AS A LEXICAL UNIT Alongside the question of how the novelty of a new word is understood, another, no less important one arises – which language units are considered new words in neology? As can be seen from the definitions of the new word presented in Tables 1 and 2,16 Protologism is derived from the Greek prōtos “first, primary” + logos “word”. 9 9Terminology | 2020 | 27 drawings, in different sources new words are usually assigned not only to individual words (lexeme), as it should be according to the etymological meaning of the new word, but also to more complex lexical units: stable word combinations (both compound terms and phraseologisms), less often – abbreviations. Thus, the narrower or broader concept of the new word is a matter of agreement and depends on the objectives of the researchers. There are usually three types of new words according to their form: 1) word (e.g., aerogel, tenesinas, sąsvelnis, paddleboard); 2) compound, or neophraseme (see Fjeld, Nygaard 2012: 225–226) (e.g. social dumping, fitness); 3) abbreviation (e.g.: CeO, STem, Wi‑Fi, GDPR). According to the types of lexical innovations, new words (lexeme) and new meanings of words (sememe) are distinguished (Jakaitienė 2005: 250). The ND also includes not only new lexical units (tweet, selfie), but also new meanings of already existing lexical units (e.g., in business unicorn “an innovative start-up company that, due to rapid growth and attracted investments, grows to a value of more than 1 billion dollars). a US$ 100 million company’; phoenix "a dishonest company that deliberately causes bankruptcy in order to avoid financial liabilities and "resurrects" under a new name"). Words that have acquired new meanings are sometimes referred to as new semes (Jakaitienė 2005: 251), semantic remaking (Jakaitienė 2010: 211), neosemanticisms (Fjeld, Nygaard 2012: 224–226) or neosems (Druţă 2013: 756). 4. FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW WORDS Newly-emerged words, like the entire lexicon, function as neutral terms, i.e. kalbos vienetai (tai būdinga ir specialiosios leksikos sluoksniui – naujajai neonyms, or otherwise – neoterms17, or acquire additional functional and stylistic characteristics. Some functional and stylistically marked new words are named by separate terms (see Aleksaitė 2018: 5), but they are not established in foreign or Lithuanian linguistic works. Furthermore, it is important on what logical basis they are distinguished and what – narrower or broader – concept of the new word is used. 17 These or similar new words were not found in Lithuanian linguistics; cf. the Latvian term jauntermins according to the English term neoterm (see VPSV). 100 Rita Miliūnaitė Terminology of Neology and Lithuanian Language naujažodžių duomenyno praktika As types of new words (usually – new creations) or concepts close to new words, stylistic new creations, occasionalisms, authorial new creations, individual new creations, situational new creations, ephemerisms and potentialisms are most often referred to. However, their relationships are described quite confusingly, because the same term can be used to name different types of new words, or the same new word can be called by several terms according to different characteristics. In the KTŽ article, neologism (whose equivalents in other languages are given a broader meaning than is currently usual, i.e. Russian neологизм, English neologism18) separately describes stylistic neologism (and its synonyms individual neologism, authorial neologism) as “[a] new word formed in a particular work by a particular author, which is not usually used elsewhere”. Thus, stylistic new words are created and used in order to achieve expressiveness (by the way, in the current usage of the Lithuanian language, this function is increasingly performed by new English borrowings, when they are inserted into the text as quotations, not because of the lack of Lithuanian equivalents, but allegedly because of their eloquence). This dictionary does not classify occasionalisms as stylistic innovations and only describes them separately, although they can also be considered stylistic innovations in a considerable part. Occasionalisms (or occasional novelties) are called "usually unusual works, one-time creations, created for the purposes of artistic typification, stylization or just entertainment; their appearance is determined by the quest for unusualness, strangeness” (Jakaitienė 2005: 250–251), “they are only words of a certain context, they seem to freeze in the text (conversation or work) in which they were used” (Jakaitienė 2010: 207). V. Urbutis notes that occasional derivatives are kalboje veikiančios darybos sistemos: vieni iš jų prasilenkia su darybos “more or less distant from the type requirements <...>, others differ only in that they are made according to unproductive or low-productive types” (see Urbutis 2009: 322–327). E. Jakaitienė discusses occasionalism in the context of new words (neologisms) and new creations, and the occasionalisms of the KTŽ are not associated with new words at all: okazionalumas 2, occasional word – оказионализм A word or combination of words that is not typical of general language use and occurs only once in a certain context. In terms of work, occasionalisms are atypical, individual <...>. 18 See for more precise equivalents of the Lithuanian term novadaras: Russian novoobrazovanie, English (new-word) coinage. 101Terminology | 2020 | 27 The term authorial novelties refers to newly created words – novelties – according to their creator (see Jakaitienė 2010: 207). Of course, it is not always possible to determine who first invented a new word, but this applies especially to innovations in artistic texts, where the author is clear. Thus, it would seem that occasionalisms and authorial novelties essentially name the same object – a newly created word, only highlighting its different characteristics. However, there are also partial structural differences: occasionalisms are made either on the basis of non-productive types of word formation, or with marked deviations from regular word formation (Martseva et al. 2018: 270). Authorial new creations can also be created according to the patterns of regular word formation. Some authorial new words enter the lexical system of language, but they are considered rather exceptions. For example, the word laikraštiena “low-value, often tabloid print media”, according to ND, created in 1990 by the poet Jonas Juškaitis, over time spread and established in usage so much that it was included in the BŽ. With the retreat of newspaper press, this word may go into the passive lexical layer, but according to this model of creation, ND has also recorded new creations applied to digital press: internet, portal, etc. Authorial innovations are also called individual neologisms, emphasizing their uniqueness and originality. They are described as words that are not a phenomenon of language but of speech and are created by the author for specific purposes – to express new thought and connotations (Martseva et al. 2018: 270)19. In ND, in cases where it is clearly known who is the author of the new word (not necessarily the creator of the new word – there may also be authorial borrowed words from another language that have come into the Lithuanian language), the word is marked as “authorial”. For example, bàslikas, ‑à "slipped (i.e., powerlessly stretched out) like a bass"; suulbingala ‘suulbanti lehštingala (name of the carved work of art)’; glostinukas “a small piece of art sculpted by special hand movements stroking clay”; sveikoninė “another name for a hospital – when it is more important to emphasize recovery and health”. Nonce-formation, nonce-word, or situational nonce-formation is a context-dependent new word created for a specific case. Sometimes individual neologisms are also referred to as hapax legomena, a term used in textbook linguistics, which means that a word has occurred only once in a text or a collection of texts. Hapax legomenon in Greek means "said once". 102 Rita Miliūnaitė Neology terminology and Lithuanian language nas naujažodžių duomenyno praktika emphasize not the authorship aspect of the new word, but the circumstances of its creation. Sometimes situational new words are not considered true new words (cf. Štekauer 2002: 97). Atypical, once used new words are assigned to ND with the label “individual” and if the author is known – also with the label “authorial”. The author's new word can therefore be individual if it does not spread beyond the author's texts. Ephemerisms20 can be added to the stylistic innovations. These are new words that are characteristic of certain periods of social development, usually associated with the names of well-known political or other actors, with a pronounced, more often negative stylistic charge (see Zabotkina 1989; Kostanian 2015: 3–9). They exist as long as the person from whom the surnames are made new words is active, but it is important that the understanding of ekstralingvistinė kompetencija – orientavimasis konkretaus laiko politinėephemerisms is necessary in se or in the actualities of other areas (Kostanian 2015: 8). Sometimes ephemerisms are understood more broadly – their content is associated not only with political actors, but also with significant events of a particular time (Заботкина 1989: 24). ND has recorded a considerable number of borrowed ephemerisms related to well-known foreign actors or events mas, okupendumas, Lukašesku ir pan.), tiek lietuviškų, padarytų daugiau- (e.g.: trampokalipsė, putinomika, putirendėjusi iš politinių veikėjų vardų (e.g., from the surname of the Health Minister Aurelijus Veryga, famous for his unpopular strict decisions on alcohol control, stopping the coronavirus pandemic: veryganas, ‑ė; the thief, ‑ė; verification; verygizatorius, ‑ė; verygmarinas; Verygmetis; verygvalda et al. ). In the works of colloquiology, potentialisms (or potential novels, potential derivatives), which can be considered as the opposite of occasional derivatives, are viewed differently. According to V. Urbutis, “[p]otential constructions are such words of very regular and productive types of construction, which do not enter into speech as separate lexical units, but are only fully anticipated by those types and can be realized in speech at any moment whenever they are needed”, moreover, such construction is “so natural and understandable that it is usually not perceived as a new mirksniu“ (Urbutis 2009: 316–317). Gal dėl tos priežasties potencionalizconstruction even from the eyes of its first appearance in speech. However, V. Urbutis also acknowledges that “there are stricter boundaries between potential and all other typical 20 ephemeras. 103Terminologija | 2020 | 27 structures are not really there”, as there are no “objective criteria that allow to enter into the language” abejotinais atvejais pasakyti, ar žodis priklauso vien kalbėjimui, ar jau (Urbutis 2009: 316, 318). The ND does not aim to record every potentialism, as this would greatly expand the database and there would be insufficient capacity to process this data. However, it is possible to select those potential derivatives that have some additional characteristics. For example, the proliferation of nouns with the suffix ‑inė, with which local names are made, indicates the expansion of the business – the proliferation of various snack bars with food marked with the base word: sausage, falafel, yoghurt, kebab, spragėsinė, etc., and the proliferation of nouns with the suffix ‑iena, with which meat names are made, indicates the proliferation of exotic animal meat, not previously recorded in dictionaries: buffalo meat, kangaroo meat, crocodile meat, snail meat, bat meat, insect meat. The variety of names of newly emerging lexical units and their use shows that the boundary between true new words and false new words is very blurred and changes over time. The concept of ND newword includes not only true newwords, but also most of the traditionally understood false newwords. Such a broad concept is appropriate, taking into account the specifics of database creation. ND synchronously covers a period of two decades of the existence of the Lithuanian language, therefore it is possible to observe some dynamics of new words: some new words are recorded only once, others gradually spread in usage and after some time can already be considered as having lost their status of novelty (for example, they enter the General Lithuanian Language Dictionary (GLD) that is being prepared and published in parts, cf.: newsletter, reader, side-slider, etc., so ND is practically one of the sources of the new vocabulary covered by the GLD). The phenomenon of new vocabulary itself is very diverse and can be described by revealing different content, form and functional characteristics of new lexical units. The ND search options allow to filter new words from the database according to various sections and combinations of these characteristics, and as the data increases – to form a more detailed picture of this interesting layer of constantly changing lexicon, while looking for new classification bases and improving the terminology of Lithuanian neology. CONCLUSIONS With the rapid development of various fields of science, which promotes the progress of information technologies, as well as the activation of diverse activities of society, the development of social networks and other electronic communications, 104 Rita Miliūnaitė Neology terminology and the Lithuanian language The naujažodžių duomenyno praktika Lithuanian language is constantly renewed and the lexical layer of modern languages is renewed. Neology and neography, which investigate and describe new lexical phenomena, are becoming more and more promising branches of lexicology and lexicography that are of great interest not only to science but also to society, and the emergence of new terms (neonyms) encourages the research of neonymy. These studies in turn require terminology of neology, but it varies considerably in both Lithuanian and foreign works and does not form a clear system. 1.Analyzing the most important concept of neology – the new word, or neologism, in Lithuanian and foreign linguistic literature and dictionaries, it is clear that the synonymous terms that form it hide several išorines prieštaras. Pati sąvoka nėra aiškiai apibrėžta ir priklauso nuo tyrėjų internal and external aspects of the lexical form and content that it encompasses: 1.1. new words are generally considered not only new words, but also other lexical units, such as word combinations, abbreviations; Also, most often new words include existing words that have acquired new meanings – neosemantics; 1.2. the essential semantic element of the concept of a new word is novelty, but it gives the lexical unit only a temporary status, until that lexical unit has not yet entered either into active use or into the general dictionaries of the language and language users feel its unusualness; both the category of ‘novelty’ itself and the additional elements of the concept of a new word can be defined only in the light of the specific, time-bound context in which that concept is used; 1.3. in traditional lexicography new words are viewed static – as the result of a certain period of language development, therefore true new words are distinguished, which are eventually accepted by society, established in usage and become normal units of the lexical system, and false new words are distinguished from them, which are only a speech phenomenon. 2.Essential characteristics forming the concept of a new word and its partial manifestations emerge in the search for an answer to the questions, which language units are considered new words in neology, what is the starting point of the novelty of a lexical unit, how long this novelty lasts and when it ends, what are the most important functional characteristics of new words. The nature of the ND data, which has been collected and constantly updated on the Internet at the Lithuanian Language Institute since 2011, and the practice of their processing show that in modern digital neography the traditional concept of new word is per siaura. Kadangi ND sinchroniškai fiksuojamas gyvas neologijos pro- 105Terminology | 2020 | 27 In the case of newly discovered lexical units, it is often not clear what will be the future fate of the unit – whether it will remain only a one-day, situational phenomenon, or eventually become part of everyday lexicon, activate a whole pattern of production, be included in the general dictionaries of the language, etc. Therefore, ND purposefully chose the broadest concept of a new word as a newly created lexical unit. 4. According to the traditional concept of new words, new words that function only in speech can be distinguished from true new words by various features of different logical basis (time of appearance, structural, stylistic characteristics, etc.): protologisms, prelogisms, occasionalisms, ephemerisms, paleologisms, stylistic, authorial, situational new words, potentialisms, etc. They can be considered to be a kind of broadly understood new words. 5.With the increase of data and the application of new language technologies (automatic selection of new words from large data sets), digital neography allows to form a more complete picture of this interesting layer of constantly changing lexicon, while looking for new classification bases and improving the terminology of neology. ŠALTINIAI BŽ – Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, vyr. red. Danutė Liutkevičienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://bkz.lki.lt; https://ekalba.lt CED – Collins english Dictionary. Prieiga internete: www.collinsdictionary.com DLKT – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas, Kaunas: Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas. Prieiga internete: http://tekstynas.vdu.lt DLKŽ – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, vyr. red. St. Keinys, 7-asis patais. ir papild. leid., e. variantas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2015 (atnaujinta versija, 2017). Prieiga internete: https://lkiis.lki.lt, https://ekalba.lt KTŽ – Kalbotyros terminų žodynas, sud. K. Gaivenis, St. Keinys, red. K. Morkūnas, Kaunas: Šviesa, 1990. LKE – Lietuvių kalbos enciklopedija, par. K. Morkūnas, red. V. Ambrazas, 2-asis patiksl. ir papild. leid., Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2008. LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (I–XX, 1941–2002), e. variantas, vyr. red. G. Naktinienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://www.lkz.lt MD – macmillan Dictionary. Prieiga internete: www.macmillandictionary.com MW – merriam‑Webster dictionary. Prieiga internete: www.merriam-webster.com ND – Miliūnaitė Rita, Aleksaitė Agnė. Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas: tęstinis internetinis žinynas nuo 2011 m., sud. ir ats. red. R. Miliūnaitė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: https://naujazodziai.lki.lt, https://ekalba.lki.lt/naujazodziai OLD – Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries. Prieiga internete: www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com SŽe – Lyberis Antanas. Sinonimų žodynas, 2-as patais. leid., e. variantas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2002 (atnaujinta versija, 2015). Prieiga internete: https://lkiis.lki.lt, https://ekalba.lt TŽŽ – Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, Vilnius: Alma littera, 2013. VPSV – Valodniecības pamatterminu skaidrojošā vārdnīca, Rīgā: LU Latviešu valodas institūts, 2007. НСИС – Е. Н. Захаренко, Л. Н. Комарова, И. В. Нечаева. Новый словарь иностранных слов, э. ресурс, Москва: Азбуковник, 2003. URL: www.slovari.ru СЛТ – Ахманова Ольга Сергеевна. Словарь лингвистических терминов, 2-е изд., Москва: УРСС: Едиториал УРСС, 2004. URL: classes.ru/grammar/174.Akhmanova/source/worddocuments/h.htm ТС – Толковый словарь русского языка, э. ресурс, ред. С. И. Ожегов, Н. Ю. Шведова, Москва, 1992. URL: www.slovari.ru