Pirmajai lietuvių terminologijos disertacijai – 60

doi.org/10.35321/term28-13 60 Years Since the First Dissertation on Lithuanian Terminology AUŠRA RIMKUTĖ-GANUSAUSKIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language ORCID id: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-7333 60 years ago—“On December 14, 1961, at a meeting of the Council of the Faculty of History and Philology of VVU, the junior research associate of the Dictionary Sector of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature of the LSSR Academy of Sciences” (Kronika 1963: 346), Antanas Balašaitis successfully defended the first dissertation on Lithuanian terminology, History of Lithuanian Linguistic Terms. The supervisor was Associate Professor, Candidate of Philological Sciences Jonas Kruopas; the official opponents were Professor Boris Larin, Professor Juozas Balčikonis, and Candidate of Philological Sciences Vincas Urbutis. The dissertation is substantial—more than 340 typescript pages, with another 80 pages comprising two indexes: a historical index of Lithuanian linguistic terms and an alphabetical index of all the terms examined in the work. In describing the dissertation’s publication, it is emphasized that this is “the first major, new, original, and substantive work on the history of Lithuanian linguistic terms” (Kronika 1963: 346). It is especially significant for terminologists because the dissertation provides a detailed survey of the history of terms in one field, traces its development, and discusses the prevailing methods of term formation. Moreover, it is also valuable that, while discussing the terms of individual branches of linguistics—accentology, dialectology, lexicology (and its subfield of lexicography), grammar (morphology, word formation, and syntax), etc.—the author also described the emergence of those branches. Although “the official opponent, Professor Dr. B. Larin, points out that the work lacks a section on stylistic terms, which would, of course, be important and necessary” (Kronika 1963: 346), it should also be remembered that, initially, Lithuanian stylistics was simply part of practical language standardization and regulation, and became established as a separate branch of linguistics only in the 1960s; the author therefore apparently did not venture to distinguish these terms. In the dissertation History of Lithuanian Linguistic Terms, linguistic terms spanning more than four centuries—1547–1961—are examined in detail for the first time. They were collected from Lithuanian grammars, the principal dictionaries of the Lithuanian language Terminologija | 2021 | 28 263 and the most important works on linguistics, articles by linguists, and other sources. It consists of five parts, conclusions, and appendices. The first part is devoted to grammatical terms. It briefly surveys Lithuanian grammars, beginning with Danielius Klein’s first Lithuanian grammar, Grammatica Litvanica (1653). According to the author, until the beginning of the 19th century Lithuanian grammars were published in Latin or German and, following the medieval Western European tradition, used Latin terms. The Latin grammar prepared by Simonas Daukantas (1837) set out the main topics of Lithuanian morphology and used Lithuanian terms. In the second half of the 19th century, as A. Balašaitis writes, Jonas J uška, Antanas Baranauskas, Kazimieras Jaunius, and others developed Lithuanian grammatical terminology. By the end of the 19th century, the principal names for phonetic phenomena, parts of speech, and word parts were already in use, for example: vowels, diphthongs, adverb (Kalikstas Kasakauskis); short vowels, noun, adjective, tense, degree, agent (S. Daukantas); syllable, root, ending, pronoun, numeral (J. Juška); letter, spelling (A. Baranauskas); person, case, stem, prefix, suffix, compound words, verb, adverb (K. Jaunius), and others. The grammars of Jonas Jablonskis (1901, 1919, 1922), which had a major influence on the development of standard Lithuanian, were especially significant. It may be noted that the names for parts of speech coined by S. Daukantas—noun, adjective, among others—as well as the name for a part of speech proposed by K. Jaunius, adverb, and terms proposed by J. Jablonskis himself, such as preposition, postposition, became universally established in these grammars. It is also interesting that in Lithuanian Syntax (1911), J. Jablonskis chose to use J. Juška’s neologism pronoun, thereby establishing it in linguistic terminology. The dissertation contains many such examples! According to the dissertation’s author, nearly all modern terms for syntax and punctuation also came into use after the publication of J. Jablonskis’s Lithuanian Syntax. The terms proposed by the linguist that are still in use include predicate, vocative, object, attribute, ellipsis, semicolon, punctuation, exclamation mark, question mark, quotation marks, impersonal sentence, secondary sentence elements, and others. A. Balašaitis writes that Lithuanian grammatical terminology in general took shape under difficult conditions in the 19th century. The authors of Lithuanian grammars developed their own names haphazardly, without collaborating with one another, and quite often without even observing the principles of Lithuanian word formation. As a result, the same concepts had more than one designation (Балашаитис 1961: 6); for example, the term ending, proposed by J. Juška and used today, was also called end, extremity, completion (S. Daukantas), word-end (J. Jablonskis), and so on. Instead of the term conjunction, grammar authors used conjunc- 264 Aušra Rimkutė-Ganusauskienė Pirmoji lietuvių terminologijos disertacijai – 60 tojis (Kalikstas Kasakauskis), sujungis (Juozas Čiulda, Kristupas Daukša), jungė, junginė, kergė (S. Daukantas), sujungtuvas, žodjungis (J. Juška), sanjungė and kergė (Mykolas Miežinis), “In his 1901 grammar and 1911 syntax, J. Jablonskis still used the term sąjunga, whereas from the 1919 grammar onward he used the smoothly formed calque jungtukas” (Balašaitis 2010: 5). The second part of the dissertation briefly surveys the history of Lithuanian lexicography and its terminology. Since the first Lithuanian printed and manuscript dictionaries were called by names of Latin or Greek origin—dictionarium (Latin dictio, “utterance”), vocabularium (Latin vocabulum, “word”), lexicon (Greek lexis, “word”), or clavis (Latin, “key”)—a term was also needed to name the dictionary itself. The author records the following neologisms in the dissertation: žodininkas, arba surinktžodis (Kajetonas Nezabitauskis), žodininkas (Poška, Antanas Juška), žodinynkas (Lindė, Sutkevičius), žodrodīs (S. Daukantas), žodinas (Motiejus Valančius, Mikalojus Akelaitis), žodinis (Silvestras Valiūnas, Laurynas Ivinskis), žodynas (Pabrėža). Much attention is given to the work of Kazimieras Būga and the linguistic designations used in it (skoliniai, svetimybės, asmenvardžiai, vietovardžiai, etc.). According to the author, terms in lexicology and lexicography came into wider use only around the middle of the 20th century. There were not as many of them as there were grammatical terms. In addition to Lithuanian terms, international terms were also widely used, for example, sinonimai, antonimai, eufemizmai, archaizmai, aktyvioji, pasyvioji leksika, idiomos, and others. The third part examines the development of dialectological terminology and dialectology terms. Much attention is given to K. Jaunius’s dialect studies, which appeared at the end of the 19th century and used such dialectological terms as šnektą, patarmė, priegaidė. It also discusses one of the key terms, tarmė, used by A. Baranauskas. The fourth part describes accentological terminology, drawing on the works of Friedrich Kurschat, K. Jaunius, and K. Būga; examples include terms such as tvirtapradė, tvirtagalė priegaidė (A. Baranauskas), kylančioji, krintančioji, laužtinė, prieškitinė, pokirtinė priegaidė; šaknin is, galūninis, atkeltinis, kilnojamasis kirtis (K. Būga), and others. It is emphasized that terms such as kairinis kirtis, dešininis kirtis, riestinis kirtis had already been established in the aforementioned grammars by J. Jablonskis (1919, 1922). The fifth part focuses chiefly on general linguistic terms, more precisely, on international terms used in linguistics that are common to many languages, including the Baltic languages. At the end of the dissertation, detailed conclusions are presented, systematically surveying the history of linguistic terms on the basis of the periods of their emergence and use identified by the author Terminologija | 2021 | 28 265 and reviewing the sources in which they are used. A. Balašaitis’s dissertation is extremely significant in several respects. First, it provides a detailed account of the history of Lithuanian linguistic terminology. It concludes that this terminology began to be systematically developed in the first half of the 19th century. Although the linguistic terms found in the earliest sources cannot be assessed according to contemporary principles of term formation, they help reveal the development of the terminology in question, show the principal methods of term formation in the period under discussion (the abundance of calques, the creation of neologisms, international words, etc.) and, of course, usage tendencies, and in some cases even certain principles of standardization. Second, the dissertation’s author faced the challenging task of understanding and explaining at considerable length words denoting various linguistic concepts, that is, terms. Although the sources and their authors vary, this task was handled excellently. Third, terms from different branches of linguistics, including their variants, have been diligently catalogued in one place, and comprehensive indexes have been provided. Thus, it can confidently be stated that A. Balašaitis is one of Lithuania’s first terminologists, laying the foundations for research into the history of Lithuanian terminology. It is no coincidence that the linguist Jonas Klimavičius writes: “The stereotype Balašaitis – žodynininkas (he is not the only one to have been given such a label) must be emphatically rejected. Not only that! First and foremost, Balašaitis – terminologas, the author of the first dissertation on terminology. And had he been able to continue along this path, the science of Lithuanian terminology would have developed and matured more rapidly and successfully” (Klimavičius 2021: 11). LITERATŪRA Balašaitis Antanas 2010: Iš lietuviškų kalbotyros terminų istorijos. – Gimtoji kalba 5, 3–12. Prieiga internete: http://liutisanusamburis.lt/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/A.Bala%C5%A1aitis-GK-2010-05.pdf [žiūrėta 2021-08-20]. Klimavičius Jonas 2021: Iš širdies ir iš peties. – Antanas Balašaitis: bibliografijos rodyklė, antrasis patikslintas ir papildytas leidimas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 9–18. Prieiga internete: http://lki.lt/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Balasacio_bibliografija_2021_maketas.pdf [žiūrėta 2021-08-25]. Kronika 1963: Kronika. – Kalbotyra 6, 341–351. Doi: 10.15388/Knygotyra.1963.18978. Prieiga internete: https://www.zurnalai.vu.lt/kalbotyra/article/view/18978 [žiūrėta 2021-08-25]. Балашаитис Антанас 1961: История литовской лингвистической терминологии: автореф. дис. канд. филол. наук / Вильнюсский гос. ун-т им. В. Капсукаса, Вильнюс. Gauta 2021-08-27 Aušra Rimkutė-Ganusauskienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected] 266 Aušra Rimkutė-Ganusauskienė Pirmoji lietuvių terminologijos disertacijai – 60