Pirmajai lietuvių terminologijos disertacijai – 60

263Terminologija | 2021 | 28 doi.org/10.35321/term28-13 First Lithuanian terminology disertacijai – 60 AUŠRA RIMKUTĖ-GANUSAUSKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas ORCID id: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-7333 60 years ago – “on December 14, 1961, in the Council of the Faculty of History and Philology of the Vilnius University of Applied Sciences, as a junior research associate of the Dictionary Sector of the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature of the MA of the Lithuanian SSR” (Kronika 1963: 346) Antanas Balašaitis successfully defended his first dissertation on Lithuanian terminology, entitled History of Lithuanian Linguistic Terms. Supervisor – doc. phil. m. kand. Jonas Kruopas, official opponents – prof. Borisas Larinas, prof. Juozas Balčikonis, Ph.D. Vincas Urbutis. The dissertation is thick – more than 340 typeset pages and another 80 pages consist of two indexes: the historical index of Lithuanian linguistic terms and the alphabetical index of all the terms examined in the thesis. In describing the appearance of the dissertation, it is emphasized that it is “the first major, new, original and contentful work from the history of Lithuanian linguistic terms” (Kronika 1963: 346). It is particularly important for terminologists, because the dissertation provides a detailed overview of the history of terms in one field, shows its development, discusses the prevailing methods of creating terms. Not only that, but it is also valuable that, discussing the terms of individual branches of linguistics – accentology, dialectology, lexicology (and its branch lexicography), grammar (morphology, word formation, syntax), etc. – the author also described the emergence of these branches. Nors „oficialusis oponentas prof. dr. B. Larinas points out that the work lacks a section on stylistic terms, which would undoubtedly be important and necessary” (Kronika 1963: 346), but we must not forget that initially stylistics of the Lithuanian language was simply a part of the practical normative and organization of language, and as a separate branch of linguistics was formed only in the 1960s, so the author apparently did not dare to distinguish these terms. The dissertation History of Lithuanian Linguistic Terms for the first time examines in detail more than four centuries – 1547–1961 – of linguistic terms, collected from Lithuanian grammar, main Lithuanian 264 Aušra Rimkutė-Ganusauskienė First Lithuanian terminology dictionaries, disertacijai – 60 most important works of linguistics, articles of linguists and other sources. It consists of five parts, conclusions and annexes. The first part is devoted to grammar terms. This is a brief overview of Lithuanian grammar, starting with the first Lithuanian grammar, Grammatica Litvanica (1653) by Daniel Klein. According to the author of the work, until the beginning of the 19th century, Lithuanian grammar was published in Latin or German, using Latin terms according to the medieval Western European tradition. Simonas Daukantas' Latin Grammar (1837) outlines the most important aspects of Lithuanian language morphology and uses Lithuanian terms. In the second half of the 19th century, as A. Balašaitis writes, the terminology of Lithuanian grammar was created by Jonas Juška, Antanas Baranauskas, Kazimieras Jaunius and others. By the end of the 19th century, the main names of phonetics, parts of speech and parts of words were already in use, e.g.: vowels, diphthongs, pronouns (Kalikstas Kasakauskis); short vowels, noun, adjective, time, degree, actor (S. Daukantas); syllable, root, ending, pronoun, numerals (J. Juška); letter, spelling (A. Baranauskas); person, verb, root, prefix, suffix, compound words, verb, adverb (K. Jaunius) etc. Especially significant are the grammars of Jonas Jablonskis (1901, 1919, 1922), which had a great influence on the development of the common Lithuanian language. It can be mentioned that the names of the parts of language composed by S. Daukantas, noun, adjective, etc., as well as the name of the part of language adverb proposed by K. Jaunius or such terms proposed by J. Jablonskis himself as prepositional, conjunctive, etc., have become widely accepted. It is also interesting that J. Jablonskis chose to use J. Juška’s pronoun in the Syntax of the Lithuanian Language (1911) and thus established it in the terminology of linguistics. And such examples in the dissertation are not one! According to the author of the dissertation, almost all modern syntax and punctuation terms were also introduced after the appearance of J. Jablonski’s Lithuanian Language Syntax. To date, the following terms proposed by the linguist are used: conjunct, adverb, complement, indicator, comma, semicolon, punctuation, exclamation mark, question mark, quotation marks, impersonal sentence, subordinate sentence parts, etc. A. Balašaitis writes that in general Lithuanian grammar terminology was formed in the 19th century under complicated conditions. The authors of Lithuanian grammars created their own names spontaneously, without cooperating with each other, quite often not even following the principles of Lithuanian word formation. That is why the same things had more than one name (Балашаитис 1961: 6), for example, the term ending proposed by J. Juška and used today was called end, end, ending (S. Daukantas), wordend (J. Jablonskis) and so on. Grammatical authors instead of the term conjunction used conjunc- 265Terminologija | 2021 | 28 tojis (Kalikstas Kasakauskis), sujungis (Juozas Čiulda, Kristupas Daukša), jungė, junginė, kergė (S. Daukantas), sujungtuvas, žodjungis (J. Juška), sanjungė ir kergė (Mykolas Miežinis), „J. Jablonskis still used the term sąjunga in his grammar of 1901 and in his syntax of 1911, and since 1919 in his grammar he has used the word junktukas for the smooth verb. The second part of the dissertation briefly reviews the history of Lithuanian lexicography and lexicographic terminology. Since the first Lithuanian printed and manuscript dictionaries were called by Latin or Greek names dictionarium (Latin dictio "statement"), vocabularium (Latin vocabulum "word"), lexicon (Greek lexis "word") or clavis (Latin "key"), the term was also needed to name the dictionary itself. The author identifies the following new words in the dissertation: voodininkas, or surinktžodis (Kajetonas Nezabitauskis), voodininkas (Poška, Antanas Juška), žodinykas (Lindė, Sutkevičius), žodrodis (S. Daukantas), žodinas (Motiejus Valančius, Mikalojus Akelaitis), žodinis (Silvestras Valiūnas, Laurynas Ivinskis), žodynas (Pabrėža). A lot of attention is paid to Kazimieras Buga’s works and the linguistic terms used in them (borrowings, foreign words, personal names, place names, etc.). According to the author, the terms lexicology and lexicography were used more widely only in the middle of the 20th century. They were not as many as grammar. In addition to Lithuanian terms, international terms are also widely used, such as synonyms, antonyms, euphemisms, archaisms, active and passive vocabulary, idioms, etc. The third part examines the development of dialectology terminology and dialectology terms. A lot of attention is paid to K. Jaunius’ dialect works, which appeared in the late 19th century and which use such dialectology terms as spoken language, dialect, and preposition. One dialect of essential terms used by A. Baranauskas is also discussed. The fourth part, based on the works of Frydrich Kuršaitis, K. Jaunius and K. Buga, describes the terminology of accentology, e.g., such terms as strong beginning, strong-end preposition (A. Baranauskas), rising, falling, breaking, preand post-breaking preposition; root, terminal, reverberant, mobile interjection (K. Būga) and others. It is emphasized that such terms as left interjection, right interjection, riest interjection are established in the already mentioned grammars of J. Jablonski (1919, 1922). The fifth part focuses on common linguistic terms, more precisely, international terms used in linguistics, which are common to many languages, including the Baltic languages. At the end of the dissertation, detailed conclusions are presented, in which, based on the author's distinguished 266 Aušra Rimkutė-Ganusauskienė In the first periods of Lithuanian disertacijai – 60 terminology, the history of linguistic terms is reviewed, the sources in which they are used are discussed. The dissertation of A. Balašaitis is extremely significant in several respects. First, it describes in detail the history of Lithuanian linguistic terminology. It is possible to conclude that it was consistently created and developed in the first half of the 19th century. Although the linguistic terms in the first sources cannot be assessed according to the modern principles of term creation, they help to reveal the development of spoken terminology, show the most important ways of term creation in the period under consideration (abundance of verbs, creation of new words, international words, etc.) and, of course, usage tendencies, in some cases even certain norming principles. Secondly, the author of the dissertation had a difficult task – to understand and quite broadly explain the words, i.e. terms, representing various linguistic concepts. Although the sources and their authors are different, this task has been handled perfectly. Thirdly, in one place are meticulously registered the various terms of individual branches of linguistics, detailed indexes are provided. Thus, it is safe to say that A. Balašaitis is one of the first Lithuanian terminologists, who gave the start to researching the history of Lithuanian terminology. It is not for nothing that the linguist Jonas Klimavičius writes: “The stereotype that Balašaitis is a dictionary writer (and not the only one like him) must be refuted. Not only that! First of all, Balašaitis is a terminologist, the author of the first dissertation on terminology. And if he had been able to continue on this path, Lithuanian terminology science would have risen and matured faster and more successfully” (Klimavičius 2021: 11). Literature Balašaitis Antanas 2010: From the History of Lithuanian Linguistic Terms. – Native Language 5, 3–12. Access online: http://lituanistusamburis.lt/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/A.Bala%C5%A1aitis-GK-2010-05.pdf [viewed 2021-08-20]. Klimavičius Jonas 2021: From the heart and from the shoulder. – Antanas Balašaitis: Bibliographic Index, second revised and supplemented edition, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 9–18. Access online: http://lki.lt/wpcontent/uploads/2021/04/Balasaicio_bibliografija_2021_maketas.pdf [accessed 2021-08-25]. 1963: The Chronicle. – Linguistics 6, 341–351. Doi: 10.15388/Knygotyra.1963.18978. Online access: https://www.zurnalai.vu.lt/kalbotyra/article/view/18978 [accessed 2021-08-25]. Балашаитис Антанас 1961: История литовской лингвистической терминологии: автореф. дис. канд. филол. наук / Вильнюсский гос. ун-т им. В. Капсукаса, Вильнюс. Retrieved 2021-08-27 Aušra Rimkutė-Ganusauskienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania E-mail ausra.gan[email protected]