XIX a. pab. – XX a. pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu „liga“ ir dalyviu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis

doi.org/10.35321/term28-11 Late 19th–early 20th-century two-word compound names with the head component disease and dependent components expressed by participles PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language ORCID id: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8679-3253 A B S T R A C T I O N The article examines two-word compound names used in popular medical literature (books, booklets, and newspaper and calendar articles) in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the head component disease and dependent components expressed by participles. It explains the characteristics of the expression of these components and the semantic functions of the head component disease, and also discusses the choice of participles with different forms of expression and the terminological status of the names. The names are discussed in separate groups, distinguished according to the type (passive or active) and form (simple or pronominal) of the participles functioning as dependent components. The predominant type of expression of these components is Dlvnvk ← Dktvliga, and the subtype is Dlvnvk(ppr) ← Dktvliga. The most characteristic names have a subjective nuance: the head component disease most often functions as the subject. Most of the names are not terms, since they do not designate concepts and their dependent component denotes a temporary property. KEYWORDS: medicine, two-word compound name, term, head component, dependent component, participle, semantic function. A B S T R A C T The article analyses two-word composite names with liga as the head element and dependent elements expressed by participles, which were used in the medical texts of the late 19th century – early 20th century written in a popular scientific style (books, booklets, newspaper and calendar articles). It explains the specific features of expression of those elements and the semantic functions of the head element liga and addresses the question of the choice of the participles of different expression and the attribution of the names under analysis to terms. The names are discussed in the framework of different groups formed Terminologija | 2021 | 28 2 3 9 on the basis of the voice (passive or active) and the form of expression (simple or pronominal) of the participles, which are used as dependent elements. The dominant type of their expression is Dlvnvk ← Dktvliga, and the dominant subtype is Dlvnvk(ppr) ← Dktvliga. The names with the shade of the subject are most widespread: the head element liga usually plays the function of the subject. Most names are not terms, as they do not specify concepts, and their dependent element denotes a temporary quality. KEYWORDS: medicine, two-word composite name, term, head element, dependent element, participle, semantic function. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS This article continues the analysis of two-word compound names (hereafter, the shortened term name is used) with the head component disease, dating from the late nineteenth to early twentieth century. This time, the names discussed are those whose dependent components are expressed by participles1. The material was collected from popular medical writing of the period in question—books, booklets, and newspaper and calendar articles (see “List of Sources”). It should be recalled that, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, many non-periodical and periodical publications appeared in print, in which medical and health information was presented in popular form not only by physicians but also by representatives of other professions. They responded vividly to the realities of public health at the time, writing about issues that were then among the most pressing. One such issue was the high incidence of illness among people. It is therefore understandable that diseases were probably the most popular and sought-after topic. Consequently, the publications contain a great many disease names, which vary both in meaning and in form. The research object is limited in scope compared with names whose head component is disease and whose dependent components are expressed by adjectives. The sources mentioned above yielded 43 names (variants2 are not counted) whose dependent components are expressed by participles. The aim of the article is to identify the semantic and formal features of the dependent components of these names. To this end, the following tasks are set: 1) to collect two-word compound names with the head component disease and participle-expressed depen- 1 For two-word compound names from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries with the head component disease and adjective-expressed dependent components, see Zemlevičiūtė 2020: 233–257. 2 Variants here are taken to mean names whose dependent components are represented differently in writing, e.g.: apkrečiama / apkrečiama liga, limpančioji / limpančioji liga, užkrečiama / užkrečiama / užkrečiama liga, užsisenėjusi / užsisenėjusi liga. 240 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė XIX a. pab. – XX a. pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir dalyviu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis dent components from popular medical books, booklets, and newspaper and calendar articles from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; 2) to classify these names into groups according to the type and form of the participles expressing their dependent components; 3) to identify the types and subtypes of expression of the dependent components within these groups; 4) to determine the semantic functions performed by the head component; 5) to consider the choice of participles with different forms of expression and the question of whether the names are terms. The discussion of these names draws on descriptive-analytical, semantic, structural, and transformational analysis, as well as quantitative methods. The names are given in the original spelling with bibliographic details—the abbreviated source title, year of publication, issue number (for periodicals), and page. Names are italicized, and their dependent components are set in bold. As noted above, variants occur in the material; these are given after a slash, although only a few cases of such variation in components were found. Illustrative sentences in the text are printed in smaller type. Quantitative data are presented in a table. Excerpts from texts containing the names under investigation are included. TWO-WORD COMPOUND NAMES WITH THE HEAD COMPONENT DISEASE, WHOSE DEPENDENT COMPONENTS ARE EXPRESSED BY PARTICIPLES These names (word combinations) belong to the subtype of descriptive (characterizing) attributive combinations. In terms of their predominant semantic features, they are word combinations expressing an action-based description (Bunevičiūtė 1998: 34). The bearer of the property (the head component) is expressed by an abstract noun, while the dependent component is expressed by a participle. The primary meaning of such names is attributive; however, because of the verbal nature of the dependent component, additional subjective and objective nuances also emerge beneath the surface, becoming apparent when the noun construction is converted into a verbal one (see: LKG III 229; Bunevičiūtė 1998: 34; Bučienė 2007: 20), cf.: kimbama liga and liga kimba, limpama liga and liga limpa (subjective nuance), išgydoma liga and išgydo ligą, užsendinta liga and užsendina ligą (objective nuance). In such names, the main semantic burden falls on the dependent component (the specifying component). It distinguishes the significant features of the denotatum expressed by the head component (the specified component) (see Пуя 2012: 75). Terminologija | 2021 | 28 241 According to the voice of the participle expressing the dependent constituent, two main naming patterns are distinguished—those with dependent constituents expressed by passive and active participles; names whose dependent constituent is expressed by necessity participles form a separate pattern. The first two patterns are further subdivided into subtypes according to the form of the dependent constituent, that is, whether it is a simple or pronominal participle (see Table 1). Table 1. Patterns and subtypes of expression of the structural model Dlv ← Dktvliga, and their numerical and percentage representation PATTERNS OF EXPRESSION | SUBTYPES OF EXPRESSION | NUMERICAL AND PERCENTAGE REPRESENTATION | Dlvnvk ← Dktvliga | 22 (51%) | Dlvnvk(ppr) ← Dktvliga | 15 (68%) | Dlvnvk(įvardž) ← Dktvliga | 7 (32%) | Dlvvk ← Dktvliga | 18 (42%) | Dlvvk(ppr) ← Dktvliga | 16 (89%) | Dlvvk(įvardž) ← Dktvliga | 2 (11%) | Dlvrk ← Dktvliga | 3 (7%) 1. Compound names with liga as the head constituent and dependent constituents expressed by passive participles Twenty-two such names were found, divided into two types according to the expression of the dependent constituent. Names with dependent constituents expressed by simple and pronominal passive participles are distinguished (see Table 1). 1.1. Compound names with liga as the head constituent and dependent constituents expressed by simple passive participles. These names make up the majority—15 were found (see Table 1). Several groups are distinguished according to the function—subject, object, or circumstantial—performed by the head constituent liga in the phrase. 1.1.1. Names with a subjective nuance. The action-descriptive phrases in this subclass denote a characteristic of an entity arising from its own action. In these 242 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė XIX a. pab. – XX a. pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir dalyviu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis cases, the bearer of the characteristic is active. An entity is as it is because it acts, acted, used to act, or will act itself (Bučienė 2007: 20). Names in which the head constituent liga is the subject predominate. The disease (subject) can: infect – apkrečiama liga Svk 1921 6 2 / apkrečiama liga LtAK 1886 (1885) 86 (the disease infects), cause a rash – išberiamos ligos UL 1914 6, Vlt 1915 70 2 (the disease causes a rash), cling – kimbama liga Dž 1903 3 (the disease clings), cling – limpama liga Svk 1909 1 7, Svk 1910 11 4, Žin 1911 157, Svk 1913 2 7, Svk 1913 5 20, Gdt 1914 1 2, Gdt 1914 2 5, Gdt 1914 3 9, Gdt 1914 4 14, Gdt 1914 5 18, Gdt 1914 6 21, Gdt 1914 7 25, Svk 1914 2 7, LUL 1915 4, Kol 1915 3, Džiov 1915 4, ŽmM 1915 2, Dez 1915 3, Skarl 1915 3, ULB 1915 4, LytL 1915 6, ŽmK 1918 43, LdK 1919 51, ŽLL 1920 9, Svk 1920 1 3, Svk 1920 4 1 (the disease clings), not cling – nelimpama liga LUL 1915 5 (the disease does not cling), infect – užkrečiama liga KD 1895 32, KD 1905 41, ŽvK 1905 22, MGV 1909 204, DS 1910 6, Art 1910 19 69, DžA 1911 21, Žin 1911 130, Svk 1913 4 15, UL 1914 3, Svk 1914 3 10, Svk 1914 5 19, Vlt 1914 83 1, Vlt 1914 144 1, Vlt 1914 159 3, LUL 1915 3, Kol 1915 3, Dez 1915 3, Vlt 1915 70 2, Vlt 1915 88 2, ULB 1915 4, A₂ 1915 32 418, Gdt 1915 1 1, Gdt 1915 3 9, LytL 1915 95, ŪkK 1917 (1916) 69, ŪkK 1918 9, AVKᵥ 1918 (1917) 62, LietK 1918 74, ŽmK 1918 49, LdK 1919 52, ŪKl 1920 56 / užkrečiama liga DN 1906 78 / užkrečiama liga KD 1905 41, DMS 1912 29 (the disease infects). 1.1.2. Object-oriented designations. An object-related shade of meaning is found in those verbal descriptive word combinations that denote a property of an object arising from an action performed, completed, or required to be performed by another object. The bearer of the property does not act; it is passive, i.e., it receives the property from outside, through the action of another object (Bunevičiūtė 2007: 21). There are considerably fewer designations in which the head constituent illness is the object. An illness (the object) can be: cured – curable illness DMS 1912 89, Sif 1915 5 (cures an illness), healed – healable illness LietK 1918 77 (heals an illness), not cured – incurable illness VŽ 1906 222 3, DMS 1912 35, Svk 1912 8 32 (does not cure the illness), not counted – uncountable illnesses Žin 1911 124 (does not count illnesses), not contracted – non-contagious illness DMS 1912 62 / non-contagious illness Svk 1909 5 3 (the illness is not contracted), neglected – advanced illness RAK 1895 11 (to neglect an illness), Terminologija | 2021 | 28 243 to bring on – brought-on disease Žin 1911 127 (to bring on a disease), to become infected – contagious disease DMS 1912 89 (the disease is contagious). 1.1.3. Names with a circumstantial nuance. One name was found in which the head and dependent components are in a circumstantial relationship, e.g., fatal disease KŽP 1904 9 (a disease from which one dies, which causes death) (causal relationship). 1.2. Compound names with the head component liga and dependent components expressed by pronominal passive participles. These names were found half as often—only 7; their dependent components are expressed by pronominal passive participles (see Table 1). 1.2.1. Names with a subject-related nuance. Mostly, subject-related word combinations were found. The disease (subject) can: to break out in a rash – rash-causing disease Žin 1911 173, Šlt 1910 18 280 (the disease causes a rash), to spread – spreading disease KD 1905 41, VŽ 1905 5 2, VŽ 1908 2 1, DŽPK 1909 9, Art 1910 15 54, Art 1910 25 93, Art 1910 26 97, Art 1910 30 113, Šlt 1912 7 105, Šlt 1912 21 328, Svk 1912 7 28, Šlt 1912 40 632, Ps 1912 5 150, Šlt 1913 46 729, Vad 1913 t. 16, Nr. 62, 169, Vad 1913 16 63 277, ŽD 1913 3, Vlt 1913 62 2, LUL 1915 3, DL 1915 4, Kol 1915 3, Džiov 1915 4, Sif 1915 3, Skarl 1915 2, ULB 1915 6, ŽmK 1918 50, LdK 1919 52, LdK 1919 52, Svk 1920 3 1, Svk 1920 4 1 (the disease spreads), not to spread – non-spreading disease LytL 1915 3 (the disease does not spread), to feign – feigned disease AVKv 1919 (1918) 54 (the disease was feigned), to attack – attacking disease Svk 1913 4 13 (the disease attacks), to infect – infectious disease Šlt 1909 5 69, Art 1910 19 69, Šlt 1912 3 36, Svk 1914 3 10, UL 1914 4, Vlt 1914 101 2, LUL 1915 29, PrR 1915 3, Dez 1915 3, Skarl 1915 2, ULB 1915 12, LdK 1919 51, Vlt 1915 70 2, LA 1917 3 4, UkK 1917 (1916) 70, UkK 1918 9, AVKv 1918 (1917) 57, ŪK 1920 55 (the disease infects), 1.2.2. Names with a circumstantial nuance. One name was found in which there is a circumstantial relationship between its components, e.g., sleep-inducing disease DMS 1912 85 (a disease that induces sleep, which manifests itself as drowsiness). 2. Compound names with the head element disease, whose dependent elements are expressed by passive participles These names, like those discussed above, are divided into two types according to the expression of the dependent element (18 such names were found). The names are classified as 244 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė XIX a. pab. – XX a. pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir dalyviu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis those with dependent elements expressed by simple and pronominalized active present-tense participles (predominantly) (see Table 1). 2.1. Compound names with the head element disease and dependent elements expressed by simple active participles. Names whose dependent element is expressed by simple active participles predominate (16 such names were found) (see Table 1). 2.1.1. Names with a subjective nuance. These compounds express attributive relations with a subjective nuance (LKG III 229). The research material confirms this claim—the overwhelming majority of such names are subject–predicate phrases, that is, their head element disease is the subject. The disease (subject) can: recur – recurring disease NamG 1907 3 (the disease recurs), become entrenched – entrenched disease UK 1900 (1899) 38 (the disease becomes entrenched), become chronic – chronic disease SK 1901 25, SK 1905 10, Svk 1920 3 4 (the disease becomes chronic), take root – deep-rooted disease LP 1891 42 (the disease takes root), break out in a rash – breaking out in a rash disease VL 1890 27 5 (the disease causes a rash), take hold – taking hold disease ŠLL 1901 3, PNA 1903 116 (the disease takes hold), spread – spreading disease A 1883 4 112, LAK 1885 52, SŽL 1886 18, V 1889 X 153, U 1891 3 132, UK 1900 (1899) 38, U 1891 2 77, LtK 1892 (1892) 129, U 1892 VI/VII 230, ŽLA 1894 XI 82, Kd 1895 32, U 1897 3 41, UK 1900 (1899) 38, ŠLL 1901 35, LKal 1901 141, LieUK 1905 36, NK 1905 (1904) 24, VŽ 1905 124 4, LieUK 1905 37, DK 1908 76, VŽ 1908 194 2, MGV 1909 13, Svk 1910 3 1, DS 1910 26, DMKNY 1912 79, Svk 1914 4 15, LietK 1917 70, ŪK 1911 57, ŽmK 1918 49 (the disease spreads), not spread – not spreading disease NK 1905 (1904) 24, Svk 1910 2 6 (the disease does not spread), destroy – destroying disease SK 1905 6, Žin 1911 183 (the disease destroys), cast down – debilitating disease VL 1890 28 4 (the disease casts down), weaken – weakening disease VŽ 1905 225 4 (the disease weakens), weaken – weakening disease DK 1908 96 (the disease weakens), finish – finishing disease Žin 1911 182 (the disease finishes), grow old – grown old disease Svk 1912 8 29 (the disease grew old), become inflamed – becoming inflamed disease LP 1891 52 (the disease becomes inflamed), become chronic – become chronic disease Šlt 1914 7 102, NG 1924 100 / chronic disease DMS 1912 17 (the disease became chronic). 2.2. Compound names with the head component disease and dependent components expressed by pronominal active participles. Names of this type are uncommon – two subject-predicate word combinations were found in the sources studied, in which the head component disease is the subject. A disease (subject) can: Terminologija | 2021 | 28 245 spread by contact – contagious disease KD 1895 32, Svk 1910 4 1, LietK 1917 69 / contagious disease LAK 1885 52, V 1899 12 184 (the disease is contagious), become chronic – chronic disease DMS 1912 49 / chronic disease SK 1901 3 (the disease became chronic). Summarizing what has been said in the first and second sections of the article, it can be stated that names in which the head component disease functions as the subject predominate. A disease can perform a great many different actions—infect, recur, take root, become chronic, strike, break out in a rash, catch, destroy, (not) spread by contact, (not) infect, knock down, (not) weaken, finish off, grow old, develop, attack, become inflamed, become chronic—but most often a disease can cause a rash, spread by contact, or infect. Names in which the head component disease functions as the object can be said to be uncommon. A disease can be cured, (not) healed, counted, neglected, or allowed to become chronic. Cases in which circumstantial (causal) relations arise between the components of a name are rare. 3. Two-word compound names with the head component disease, whose dependent components are expressed by adjectivized necessitative participles with the suffix -tinas A separate type comprises names whose dependent components are expressed by adjectivized necessitative participles with the suffix -tinas (see Table 1). Necessitative participles usually denote properties arising from an action that needs to be performed; however, there are also derivatives of the aforementioned suffix that do not express the meaning of an action that needs to be performed, but simply denote properties associated with an action performed frequently or continually, or one that may be performed (LKG II 347). Combinations with a necessitative participle express attributive relations, usually with a shade of object meaning (LKG III 230). Three names could be assigned to this category, for example: mirtina liga Svk 1914 3 10, pasibjaurėtina liga DMS 1912 31, pasibaisėtina liga DMS 1912 34. 4. The choice of participles of different forms of expression as dependent components in two-word compound names with the head component disease This section discusses cases in which dependent components of names expressed by active and passive participles compete with one another, for example: išberiantį liga and išberiama liga, kimbanti liga and kimbama liga, limpanti liga and limpama liga, nelimpanti liga and nelimpama liga, as well as 246 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė XIX a. pab. – XX a. pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir dalyviu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis participles in simple and pronominal forms, for example: išberiama liga ir išberiamoji liga, limpama liga ir limpamoji liga, limpanti liga ir limpančioji liga, nelimpama liga ir nelimpamoji liga, užkrečiama liga ir užkrečiamoji liga. As the examples show, in the sources studied, the expression of dependent components functioning as participles in names for infectious diseases varied most frequently. Why did the authors of the texts choose to use participles with different forms of expression, even though the concept being named was the same? It is hardly meaningful to ask this question, for several reasons. In popular medical and health writing of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the authors’ main aim was educational: to convey specialized knowledge. The authors presumably did not consciously choose which participle to use. Most often, they wrote as best they could, perhaps even modeling their writing on the texts of other authors. What mattered especially to them was writing in a language that ordinary readers could understand—that is, in Lithuanian—while they likely gave little thought to linguistic subtleties. The authors probably chose active or passive participles, and simple or pronominal forms, spontaneously. This is shown, for example, by the fact that even in a single publication, when writing about the same disease, an author would use participles with different forms of expression (see Figs. 1, 2, and 3). Fig. 1. Excerpt with the names of an infectious disease limpamos ligos, limpamosios ligos (Kol 1915 3) Fig. 2. Excerpts with the names of an infectious disease užkrečiamoji liga, užkrečiama liga (Art 1910 19 69) Fig. 3. Excerpts with the names of an infectious disease limpančioji liga, limpanti liga (LietK 1917 69, 70) Thus, it would be difficult to discern any consistency or trend here. On the other hand, the research material contains few instances of the use of such competing participles. Terminologija | 2021 | 28 247 5. On the question of the terminological status of two-word compound names with the head component disease and dependent components expressed by participles This question was also raised in the examination of names whose dependent components are expressed by adjectives. It is no less important when discussing dependent components expressed by participles. For a word combination to be considered a term, it must name a concept belonging to a particular field of science or technology (see Каплова 2009: 254; for further discussion, see: Головин, Кобрин 1987: 43–48; Costa, Raquel 2004: 1530–1531; Манцаева 2007: 53–55; Левенкова 2015: 1394–1400; Сабанс̌иева 2016: 315–316; Подолина 2017: 84–86; Подолина 2018: 76–77; Тимофеева, Огнева 2018: 31–32). Only a few of the names under discussion met the criteria for term status. First, they name specific clinical concepts; second, they are used in texts in definite forms, although, compared with the first, this feature did not determine terminological status in texts from the period under study. One such term is the convulsive disease. It is the name of a chronic disease characterized by various seizures and certain personality changes, sometimes progressing to dementia (ME I 235) (Latin epilepsia). In the text, it is used as a synonym for epilepsy and appears alongside it in parentheses. Another name that can be considered a term is sleeping sickness. On the basis of the context, it was established that this is the name of a parasitic disease of humans and animals widespread in Africa, caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosomosa brucei (the disease is now called sleeping sickness, or African trypanosomiasis) (see VLEe), e.g.: He first succeeded in preparing a medicine for the sleeping sickness that had spread in Africa. It is caused by the bite of a certain species of fly, which injects into the blood tiny creatures called trypanosomes. As they multiply and destroy a person’s life force, each infected person becomes lethargic and drowsy, wastes away, and eventually dies completely DMS 1912 85. Names such as infectious disease, contagious disease should also be classified as terms. They name a particular kind of disease—diseases caused by pathogenic microbes (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa) that have entered the body (ME I 352). Incidentally, these diseases are still referred to by the term infectious diseases. In texts, these terms are often used in the plural, that is, they denote a collective concept, e.g.: Science has shown more than once that one can become infected with some contagious diseases through the air, water, and food Art 1910 25 93. 248 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Two-word compound names from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries with the head component disease and dependent components expressed by participles When an epidemic of some contagious diseases broke out among children, namely scarlet fever, whooping cough, and others, schoolchildren also began to fall ill with them Vlt 1914 101 2. Names whose dependent element is expressed by the simple forms of the participles mentioned above are also regarded as terms, e.g.: a transmissible disease, a contagious disease, especially since there are texts in which these forms are used interchangeably, e.g.: All pupils who have a transmissible disease and can pass it on to others must be removed from school until they no longer pose a danger of transmitting the disease to others Svk 1920 4 1. For in this way various transmissible diseases often manifest themselves—typhus, diphtheria, scarlet fever, measles, flea-borne diseases, yaws, whooping cough, influenza (irmedė), etc. Svk 1920 4 1. The name catching diseases should also be mentioned here; in some texts it denotes contagious diseases, cf. kibti 2. ‘to spread (of a contagious disease)’ LKŽe, e.g.: The first to write about consumption as a catching disease was Isocrates, a Greek doctor who worked in the time when Hippocrates lived Dž 1903 3. In the texts under study, this type of disease is often referred to by phrases whose dependent element is an active-voice participle spreading, catching, e.g.: A person who drinks alcohol is lighter in weight and also falls ill with pneumonia very quickly, catches catching diseases more readily, and in the end very often dies of heart failure DS 1910 26. When the catching disease has ended happily or the patient has died, it is our duty to thoroughly clean and disinfect the room and everything that is or was in it during the illness; it is best to disinfect all the places visited ŠLL 1901 3. In general, more than one text shows that authors use the terms mentioned above synonymously. The names eruptive diseases, eruptive diseases are also regarded as terms; they denote a type of disease whose characteristic symptom is a skin eruption, e.g.: It has been observed that some eruptive diseases, plague, scarlet fever, and consumption spread through contact and through the air, <...>, Vlt 1915 70 2. <...> in treating <...> lung diseases, chickenpox, measles, spotted typhus, and all eruptive diseases Žin 1911 173. Laimutė Bučienė, who studied word combinations with active-voice modifiers, argues that active- and passive-voice participles differ in meaning. Attributive phrases with present-tense passive participles are suitable for forming terms because they express permanent qualities characteristic of things Terminologija | 2021 | 28 2 4 9 properties, while with present-tense active participles they denote properties of things that are related to an action taking place at the time specified in the sentence (Bučienė 2007: 21). The study partly confirms this claim, since, as the material shows, in medical texts from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, phrases with active participles can also (albeit infrequently) function as terms; in other words, these participles denote permanent rather than temporary properties. All the other names discussed in the first sections of the article, which constitute the majority, are not proper terms; that is, they do not designate concepts, and their dependent constituent denotes only a temporary property of the referent expressed by the head constituent. Incidentally, the dependent constituents of such names are most often simple-form participles. CONCLUSIONS In the popular medical literature of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (books, booklets, and newspaper and calendar articles), 43 two-word compound names were found with the head constituent liga, whose dependent constituents are expressed by participles. It was established that the dependent constituents of the names under study are expressed by passive and active participles, as well as by adjectivized necessity participles with the suffix -tinas, although the latter form of expression is not characteristic. Both types of participle occur in simple and pronominal forms. Dependent constituents expressed by simple-form passive or active participles predominate. It may be said that this feature of expression somewhat distances the names under study from proper terms, since, as is known, pronominalization is characteristic of the designation of a species concept. However, these names are not word combinations from scholarly texts, and consequently instances of the scholarly feature of pronominalization are sporadic. Three types of expression for the dependent constituents were distinguished: Dlvnvk ← Dktvliga, Dlvvk ← Dktvliga, Dlvrk ← Dktvliga. The predominant type is Dlvnvk ← Dktvliga. Within the first two types, four subtypes of expression were distinguished: Dlvnvk(ppr) ← Dktvliga, Dlvnvk(įvardž) ← Dktvliga, Dlvvk(ppr) ← Dktvliga, Dlvvk(įvardž) ← Dktvliga. The predominant subtype is Dlvnvk(ppr) ← Dktvliga. It was found that the head constituent liga performs three semantic functions: subject, object, and adverbial. Phrases with a subject-related nuance predominate; in other words, the head constituent liga most often functions as the subject, that is, it occupies an active position. When the nominal constructions under study are transformed into verbal ones, it can be seen that the disease 250 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė XIX a. pab. – XX a. pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir dalyviu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis names occur with twenty intransitive verbs; the most frequent are liga lipti ir užkrėsti. Cases in which the aforementioned constituent functions as an object or adverbial are isolated. Having examined names with dependent constituents expressed by participles of different types (active and passive, simple and pronominal forms), one could argue that the authors of the texts chose which participle to use spontaneously rather than deliberately, writing mostly as they knew how or as they had seen in the texts of other authors. Their primary aim was to convey subject knowledge in language understandable to the ordinary reader; in other words, they were more concerned with content than with linguistic subtleties of form. Two groups of names are clearly distinguished in terms of terminological status. The names in the first group may be regarded as proper terms because both their semantics and their form meet the criteria for term status: they designate medical concepts, and their dependent constituent denotes a distinctive species-specific property. It is important to note that in medical texts from the period under study, phrases with dependent constituents expressed by active participles also function as terms. The names in the second group are non-terms: they have no connection with a medical concept, and their dependent constituent denotes a temporary property relevant only in the specific text. ŠALTINIAI KNYGOS IR KNYGELĖS Dez 1915 – Kas tai yra dezinfekcija ir kam ji reikalinga, Pirogovo draugijos skyriaus sveikatos žinioms platinti leidinio Nr. 22 vertimas, Maskva: Lietuvių d-ja aukštųjų maskvos m-klų moksleiviams šelpti. Leidimo komisija, (Vilnius: Martyno Kuktos sp.). DK 1908 – Daktaras kišenėje: aiškūs pamokinimai kaip užlaikyti sveikatą ir kaip nuo ligų apsiginti, su daugeliu receptų surinktų nuo geriausių daktarų, sutaisė M. Paltanavičia, Worcester, Mass: spausdinta spaustuvėje M. Paltanavičiaus. DL 1915 – Apie drugio ligą, Pirogovo draugijos skyriaus sveikatos žinioms platinti leidinio Nr. 7 vertimas, Maskva: Lietuvių d-ja aukštųjų Maskvos m-klų moksleiviams šelpti. Leidimo komisija, (Vilnius: Martyno Kuktos sp.). DMS 1912 – Daktaras bei mokslas apie sveikatą: naujausia knyga, Philadelphia, Pa.: išleido The Philadelphia Medical clinic. DN 1906 – Daktaras namuose, arba, Apraszymas ligu ir ju gydymas, pagal daktarus Basanavičiu, Vileišzi, collins, Stout ir daugelį kitu sutaisė K. W. Gedeminas, So. Boston, Mass.: [išleid. ir] spauda Gedemino ir Mickevičiaus. DS 1910 – Darbininko sveikata, pagal daktarą A. Kats’ą parašė P. Norkus, Philadelphia, Pa.: turtu ir spauda „Kovos“. Dž 1903 – Dr. S. A. Knopf, Džiova ir kova su ja: populiariškas konkursinis darbas, apdovanotas ant kongreso Berlyne (24–27 geg. 1899 m.), susirinkusio apsvarstyti kovos rankius su džiova, sutaisė D-ras A. V., Tilžėje. DžA 1911 – Džiova: referatai, surengti „Aušros“ draugijai, dr. F. Matulaitis, [JAV: s.n.] (Chicago, Ill.: spauda „Lietuvos“). Terminologija | 2021 | 28 251 Džiov 1915 – Apie dziovą, Pirogovo draugijos skyriaus sveikatos žinioms platinti leidinio Nr. 10 vertimas. Maskva: Lietuvių d-ja aukštųjų Maskvos m-klų moksleiviams šelpti. Leidimo komisija, (Vilnius: Martyno Kuktos sp.). DžPK 1909 – Dr. K. Jokanto, Džiova, jos priežastis ir kova su ja, Vilnius. KD 1895 – Ką daryti, kad sveiki būtume ir ilgai gyventume, vertė iš lenk. kalbos D-ras F. Antaniaukas, Tilžėje. KD 1905 – Kas daryti, kad sveiki būtume ir ilgai gyventume, vertė iš lenkų kalbos D-ras A. Vileišis, Vilnius. Kol 1915 – Apie kolerą ir kaip nuo jos apsisaugoti, Pirogovo draugijos skyriaus sveikatos žinioms platinti leidinio Nr. 8 vertimas, Maskva: Lietuvių d-ja aukštųjų Maskvos m-klų moksleiviams šelpti. Leidimo komisija, (Vilnius: Martyno Kuktos sp.). KŽP 1904 – Kūdikių žindymas ir penėjimas, vertė Atgalainis, Tilžėje. LytL 1915 – Lytiškos Ligos ir Kaip nuo jų apsisaugoti, parašė D-ras F. Matulaitis, antra, peržiūrėta ir pagerinta laida, So Bostona, Mass. LPr 1891 – Ligonijų prietelius: kelrodys wis iems tiems, kurie prie atsirandanczių ligų patys saw pirmąję pagalbą prisiteikti nor ir ant to geras namū pryprowas įsitiekti wėlyjas, sudarė Friedrich Adolph Richter, Leipceikėj: Richterio knyginyczia ([Rudolstadt: Richtero dukorija]). LUL 1915 – Apie limpamąsias arba užkrečiamas ligas: (daktaro pasikalbėjimas su žmonėmis), Pirogovo draugijos skyriaus sveikatos žinioms platinti leidinio Nr. 5 vertimas, Maskva: Lietuvių d-ja aukštųjų Maskvos m-klų moksleiviams šelpti. Leidimo komisija, (Vilnius: Martyno Kuktos sp.). MGV 1909 – Mano gydymas vandeniu sulig 40-metinių patyrimų, parašė kunigas S. Kneipp, iš vokiečių kalbos vertė Aguonaitis, Ryga: A. Macijausko knygynas. NamG 1907 – Naminis gydytojis, parašė A. Aitvaras, Ryga: lėšos A. Macejevskio, [i.e. 1906] (Ryga: H. Hempel ir ko). NG 1924 – Naminis gydytojas. Trumpas prasčiausių ligų aprašymas ir jų gydymas, antrasis pataisytas leidimas, Kaunas. PNA 1903 – Dr. Fr. Esmarch, Pirmoji pagelba nelaiminguose atsitikimuose, išvertė daktaras A. V., Tilžėje. PrR 1915 – Pragaro rauplė, Pirogovo draugijos skyriaus sveikatos žinioms platinti leidinio Nr. 28 vertimas. Maskva: Lietuvių d-ja aukštųjų Maskvos m-klų moksleiviams šelpti. Leidimo komisija, (Vilnius: Martyno Kuktos sp.). RAK 1895 – Rodos motinoms apie auginimą žindomų kudikių, sutaisyta pagal Michailovą; [vertė J. Račiūnas?], Tilžėje: [Ūkininkas]. Sif 1915 – Apie sifilį, Pirogovo draugijos skyriaus sveikatos žinioms platinti leidinio Nr. 3 vertimas, Maskva: Lietuvių d-ja aukštųjų Maskvos m-klų moksleiviams šelpti. Leidimo komisija, (Vilnius: Martyno Kuktos sp.). Skarl 1915 – Apie skarlatiną (karuš), Pirogovo draugijos skyriaus sveikatos žinioms platinti leidinio Nr. 14 vertimas, Maskva: Lietuvių d-ja aukštųjų Maskvos m-klų moksleiviams šelpti. Leidimo komisija, (Vilnius: Martyno Kuktos sp.). SŽL 1886 – Sunkiausios žmonių ligos, Petro Nėrio, Tilžėje. ŠLL 1901 – Trumpi šneka apie limpančias ligas ir kaip nuo jų apsiginti, parašė D-ras V. A., Tilžėje. UL 1914 – Užkrečiamosios ligos, parašė gydytojas E. D., Vilnius. ULB 1912 – Užkrečiamųjų - limpamųjų ligų išsipletojimo budai ir kova su jomis, dr. A. L. Graičiūnas, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.: „Draugo“ [išleid. ir] sp. ŽD 1913 – Kas reikia žinoti apie džiovą, iš vokiečių kalbos vertė D-ras Bagdonavičius, Vilnius. Žin 1911 – Žinynas: knyga žinių iš mitologijos, historijos, etnografijos, astronomijos, aritmetikos, medicinos ir kitų mokslų bei jų šakų, iš įvairių šaltinių surinko J. Laukis [Domininkas Keliauninkas], Chicago, Ill.: „Aušros“ knygynas, (Chicago, Ill.: „Lietuvos“ spauda). ŽLL 1920 – Kas reikia žinoti apie lyties ligas, vertė iš vokiečių kalbos D-ras J. Bagdonas, Kaunas: Vidaus reikalų ministerijos Sveikatos departamento leidinys. ŽmM 1915 – Apie žmogaus marą, Pirogovo draugijos skyriaus sveikatos žinioms platinti leidinio Nr. 14 vertimas, Maskva: Lietuvių d-ja aukštųjų Maskvos m-klų moksleiviams šelpti. Leidimo komisija, (Vilnius: Martyno Kuktos sp.). LAIKRAŠČIAI A1 – Auszra 1883 4 112 A2 – Aušra 1915 32 418 Art – Artojas 1910 15 54; 1910 19 69; 1910 25 93; 1910 26 97; 1910 30 113 Gdt – Gydytojas 1914 1 2; 1914 2 5; 1914 3 9; 1914 4 14; 1914 5 18; 1914 6 21; 1914 7 25; 1915 1 1; 1915 3 9 252 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė XIX a. pab. – XX a. pr. dv žodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir dalyviu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis LA – Lietuvos aidas 1917 3 4 Ps – Pasiuntinys 1912 5 150 Svk – Sveikata 1909 1 7; 1909 5 3; 1910 2 6; 1910 3 1; 1910 4 1; 1910 11 4; 1912 7 28; 1912 8 29, 32; 1913 2 7; 1913 4 13, 15; 1913 5 20; 1914 2 7; 1914 3 10; 1914 4 15; 1914 5 19; 1920 1 3; 1920 3 1, 4; 1920 4 1; 1921 6 2 Šlt – Šaltinis 1909 5 69; 1910 18 280; 1912 3 36; 1912 21 328; 1912 40 632; 1913 46 729; 1914 7 102 U – Ūkininkas 1891 2 77; 1891 3 132; 1892 VI/VII 230; 1897 3 41 V – Varpas 1889 X 153; 1899 12 184 Vad – Vadovas 1913 16 62, 169; 1913 16 63, 277 VL – Vienybė lietuvininkų 1890 27 5; 1890 28 4 Vlt – Viltis 1913 62 2; 1914 83 1; 1914 101 2; 1914 144 1; 1914 159 3; 1915 70 2; 1915 88 2 VŽ – Vilniaus žinios 1905 5 2; 1905 124 4; 1905 225 4; 1906 222 3; 1908 2 1 ŽLA – Žemaičių ir Lietuvos apžvalga 1894 XI 82 K A L E N D O R I A I AVKV 1918 (1917) – Aušros Vartų kalendorius 1918, Vilniuje, 1917. AVKV 1919 (1918) – Aušros Vartų kalendorius 1919, Vilniuje, 1918. DMKNY 1911 – Didysis Marijos kalendorius Lietuvos ir Žemaičių katalikams 1912 metams, New – York. LAK 1885 – Lietuwiszkas Auszros kalendorius ant metu 1885, Bitėnai. LdK 1919 – Liaudies kalendorius Kaimynas 1919, Vilniuje. LietK 1917 – Lietuvos kalendorius 1917 metams, Vilniuje. LietK 1918 – Lietuvos kalendorius 1918 metams, Vilniuje. LieUK 1905 – Lietuvių ūkininkų kalendorius ant metų 1905, S.–Peterburgas. LKal 1901 – Lietuwißkos kalendros metui 1901, Tilžėje. LtAK 1886 (1885) – Lietuwiszkas Auszros kalendorius ant metu 1886, Tilžėje, 1885. LtK 1892 (1892) – Lietuwißkos kalendros pridėlio metui 1892, Tilžėje, 1892. NK 1905 (1904) – Naujas kalendorius 1905 metams, Tilžėje, 1904. SK 1901 – Severos kalendorius lietuviams metui 1901, W. F. Severa, cedar Rapids Iowa. SK 1905 – Severos kalendorius dėlėi Lietuviui, W. F. Severa co. cedar Rapids, Iowa. UK 1900 (1899) – Ūkiškasis kalendorius ant metų 1900, Vilniuje, 1899. UkK 1917 (1916) – Ūkininkų kalendorius 1917 metams, Vilniuje 1916. UkK 1918 – Ūkininkų kalendorius 1918 metams, Vilnius. ŪK 1911 – Ūkiškasis kalendorius 1911 metams, Brooklyn, N. Y. ŪKl 1920 – Ūkininkų kalendorius 1920 metams, Berlin. ŽmK 1919 – Žemaičių kalendorius Tilžės keleivio 1919 metams, Tilžėje. ŽvK 1905 – Katalikiško laikraszczio Žvaigždės kalendorius 1905 metams, Shenandoah, Pa. LITERATŪRA Bučienė Laimutė 2007: Veiksminio apibūdinimo atributiniai junginiai. – Žmogus ir žodis 1, 19–23. Bunevičiūtė Laimutė 1998: Atributinių junginių samprata, aprašymo galimybės ir kai kurie požymiai. – Kalbotyra XLVII(1), 29–42. Costa Rute, Raquel Silva 2004: The Verb in the Terminological Collocations Contribution to the Development of a Morphological Analyser MorphoComp, 1531–1534. Prieiga internete: http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2004/pdf/795.pdf. LKG II – Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 2, Vilnius: Mintis, 1971. LKG III – Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 3, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1976. ME I – Medicinos enciklopedija 1, Vilnius: Valstybinė enciklopedijų leidykla, 1991. VLEe – Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija. Prieiga internete: https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/mieglige/. Zemlevičiūtė Palmira 2020: XIX a. pab.–XX a. pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir būdvardžiu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis. – Terminologija 27, 233–257. Головин Борис Николаевич Кобрин Рафаил Юрьевич 1987: Лингвистические основы учения о терминах, Москва: Высшая школа. Terminologija | 2021 | 28 253 Карлова Татьяна Михайловна 2009: Особенности перевода терминологических атрибутивных словосочетаний в технических текстах. – Научные чтения. Сборник материалов научно-практической конференции профессорско-преподавательского состава Сыктывкарского лесного института по итогам научно-исследовательской работы в 2008 году, ответственный редактор В. В. Жиделева, ответственная за выпуск А. М. Попова, Санкт-Петербург: Сыктывкарский лесной институт – филиал государственного образовательного учреждения высшего профессионального образования «Санкт-Петербургская государственная лесотехническая академия имени С. М. Кирова», 254–258. Prieiga internete: https://www.elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_25434368_58853127.pdf. Левенкова Анна Юрьевна 2015: Степень устойчивости терминологического словосочетания. – Научный альманах 7(9), Тамбов: ООО «Консалтинговая компания Юком», 1394–1400. Prieiga internete: https://www.elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_24068596_53596169.pdf. Манцаева Айна Норвдиевна 2007: Терминологические словосочетания. – Lingva-Universum 1, Грозный: Научно-исследовательский кружок Lingua-universum, 53–55. Prieiga internete: https://www.elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_26258070_59569985.pdf. Подолина Оксана Владимировна 2017: К вопросу о специфике термина и особенностях его функционирования в языке. – Проблемы модернизации современного высшего образования: лингвистические аспекты: материалы III Международной научно-методической конференции: в 2 томах, Омский автобронетанковый инженерный институт, Москва: ООО «Издательство Импилотова», 84–88. Prieiga internete: https://www.elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_29175260_13434274.pdf. Подолина Оксана Владимировна 2018: Аспекты изучения терминологических словосочетаний (ТС) в лингвистической литературе. – Проблемы модернизации современного высшего образования: лингвистические аспекты: материалы IV Международной научно-методической конференции, Омск: ООО «Издательство Импилотова», 75–79. Prieiga internete: https://www.elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_34890372_50252206.pdf. Пуя Фазели 2012: Синтаксический способ образования политических терминов в современном русском языке. – Веснік БДУ. Серия 4: Філалогія. Журналістыка. Педагогіка 1, Минск: Белорусский государственный университет, 74–78. Prieiga internete: https://www.elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_21812920_82597329.pdf. Сабанчиева Асиат Камиловна 2016: Особенности терминов как специальных лексических единиц (на примере терминов сферы астрономии). – Филология: научные исследования 4, 314–324. DOI: 10.7256/2305-6177.2016.4.20476. Prieiga internete: https://nbpublish.com/library_get_pdf.php?id=39409. Тимофеева Надежда Павловна, Огнева Татьяна Николаевна 2018: Особенности синтаксической деривации в отраслевой терминологии. – Язык и мир изучаемого языка: сборник научных статей, ред. совет: А. А. Зарайский, Е. А. Елина, С. П. Хижняк, Саратов: Саратовский социально-экономический институт (филиал) федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Российский экономический университет им. Г. В. Плеханова», 29–38. Prieiga internete: https://www.elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_35002042_35737893.pdf. TWO-WORD COMPOSITE NAMES OF LATE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURY WITH LIGA AS HEAD ELEMENT AND DEPENDENT ELEMENTS EXPRESSED BY PARTICIPLES S u m m a r y The article analyses two-word composite names with liga as the head element and dependent elements expressed by participles, which were used in the medical texts of the late 19ᵗʰ century – early 20ᵗʰ century written in a popular scientific style (books, booklets, newspaper and calendar articles). It was found that the dependent elements of those names are expressed by passive and active participles, as well as the adjectivized participles of necessity with the suffix -tinas, but the latter form of expression is not very common. The participles of both types are expressed by simple and pronominal forms. Dependent elements expressed by simple passive or active participles prevail. 254 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | XIX a. pab. – XX a. pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir dalyviu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis Three types of expression of dependent elements were singled out: Dlvnvk ← Dktvliga, Dlvvk ← Dktvliga, Dlvrk ← Dktvliga. The dominant type is Dlvnvk ← Dktvliga. Four subtypes of expression were distinguished within the first two types: Dlvnvk(ppr) ← Dktvliga, Dlvnvk(ivardž) ← Dktvliga, Dlvvk(ppr) ← Dktvliga, Dlvvk(ivardž) ← Dktvliga. The dominant subtype is Dlvnvk(ppr) ← Dktvliga. It was ascertained that the head element liga plays three semantic – subject, object and adverbial modifier – functions. The word phrases with the shade of the subject prevail. In other words, the head element liga usually plays the function of the subject, i.e., it takes an active position. After we transform the noun constructions under analysis into verbal ones, we can see that liga is used in combination with twenty intransitive verbs; lipti and užkresti are most common. Cases where the abovementioned element plays the function of the object or adverbial modifier are individual only. The analysis of the names with the participles of different expression (active and passive voice, simple and pronominal form) as their dependent elements presupposes that the authors of the texts in question chose specific participles spontaneously rather than consciously; they usually wrote as they knew or saw in the texts of other authors. Their principal aim was to render subject-specific knowledge to an ordinary reader in the understandable language or, in other words, they were more preoccupied with the content rather than form related linguistic subtleties. As regards the attribution of names to terms, two groups of names stand out. The names of the first group can be considered proper terms, as they denote medical concepts and their dependent element expresses a distinctive specific quality. The phrases with the dependent elements expressed by active participles used in the medical texts of the period under analysis can be attributed to terms as well. The terms comprising the second group are improper terms; they have no connection with the medical concept, whereas their dependent element denotes a temporary quality, which is only relevant in a specific text. Gauta 2021-04-19 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected] Terminologija | 2021 | 28 255