Sinoniminės raiškos astrologijos terminijoje priežastys

192 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Reasons for synonymous expressions in astrological terminology doi.org/10.35321/term28-09 Reasons for synonymous expression in astrological terminology RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas ORCID id: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6063-9699 ANNOTATION The synonymy of terms is one of the most discussed issues in terminology. As can be seen from the works of an empirical nature, it can be both an object of study and a certain aspect of the study. When examining one or another area of terminology usage from this point of view, the prevalence of synonyms often determines what stage of development the terminology of that area has reached: still forming, advanced, or perhaps more or less established. This article, which is also an empirical work, focuses on the subject of synonymy researchers’ attention – the cause of synonymy. When discussing typical and atypical cases of synonymous expression in astrological terminology, it is examined to what extent they can be explained by the set of reasons indicated in terminology works and to what extent that set could be clarified or supplemented on the basis of this terminology. KEY WORDS: terms, astrology, synonyms of terms of different origins, synonyms of terms of one origin, monosyllabic terms, polysyllabic terms, textual usage. ABSTRACT Synonyms of terms is one of the most widely discussed topics of terminology. As illustrated by empirical studies, it can be both a research object and a certain aspect of research. When addressing one or another field of the use of terms from this perspective, the level of the spread of synonyms is often identified as the factor showing the stage of development in which the terminology of a particular sphere actually is: still developing, advanced or perhaps more or less settled. This article, which is also an empirical study, focuses on the reasons of synonymy, which have so far received far less attention from the researchers specializing in the synonyms of terms. By discussing the typical and atypical cases of synonymous expression in the terminology of astrology, the article investigates to what extent they can be explained by the set of reasons specified in terminological works and how much the given set of reasons could be revised and supplemented on the basis of the terminology of this particular field. KEYWORDS: terms, astrology, heterogeneous synonymous terms, homogeneous synonymous terms, one-word terms, multi-word terms, textual usage. 193Terminology | 2021 | 28 INTRODUCTION Synonymy of terms, which for economic reasons will be referred to as synonymy, and synonyms of terms as synonyms, is undoubtedly one of the most discussed terminology issues. It is true, that the theoretical considerations of this issue in Lithuanian terminology are much less than the empirical researches. It would be difficult to list all of the latter, but there is no need to do so, since reviews of these works are provided by other researchers (Zemlevičiūtė 2001: 35–38; Mitkevičienė 2015a, 2020; Auksoriūtė 2018: 247–248). So, for now, it will be enough to mention only the main areas studied from the synonymic point of view. These are physics and technology, computer science and information technology, literature and linguistics, philosophy and religion, construction and architecture, medicine and botany, economics and law, stuck and chemistry. This article is about astrology. However, the objective is somewhat different from the usual one in empirical synonymy studies. Many of these works examine synonyms used in one or another field: their types are discussed, the number of synonym strings, their composition, length, etc. are calculated (e.g.: Kitkauskienė 2005; Šilobritaitė 2007; Stunžinas 2010). In other works, the prevalence of synonyms is evaluated and the stage of development of terminology is determined (e.g.: Kaulakienė 2002, 2003, 2006; Kaulakienė, Rimkutė 2008). It has been observed for a long time that synonyms are abundant in the initial stage of terminology formation, and they decrease as terminology develops (e.g.: Kaulakienė 1994b: 51; Gaivenis 2002: 125), so, based on this law, the prevalence of synonyms is used to determine whether terminology in a certain field is still forming or has already reached a more mature, or even mature, stage of development. This article focuses on another, much less important object of synonymy researchers – the cause of synonymy. It is not that these reasons are not mentioned at all. There are several terminology issues. However, in the few theoretical considerations on this issue, the reasons are only listed (e.g.: Keinys 1980: 98– 102; 2005a: 45–46), and in the empirical works they are also mentioned as general, often – even before beginning to examine synonyms (e.g.: Kvašytė 2000: 76; Stankevičienė 2012: 22), and rarely one more statement is given among other conclusions, which led to the synonymy of the terms of the investigated field. The works usually do not aim to determine this. In fact, it was not possible to find any work of an empirical nature in which it would be formulated. The aim of this paper is to investigate the reasons for the synonymous expression of astrological terminology. 194 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Reasons for synonymous expressions in astrological terminology In order to judge about the reasons, it is necessary to examine the facts themselves, i.e. the synonymous expression. However, focusing on the causes, it is not necessary to mention every case of synonymy occurred in the source under investigation, each type of synonym string, naming its length and composition. Only the most typical cases of synonymous expression will be examined. Examining them is one of the tasks of this thesis and is undertaken in the second and third chapters of the thesis. Another task, which will be solved first (in the first chapter), is to review the reasons for synonymy most often cited in terminology works. By compiling a certain set of them and analyzing the synonymy of a particular field, it will be possible to decide which of these reasons can be used to explain the synonymous expression of astrological terms, and perhaps it will become clear which of the reasons listed in the terminology works could be clarified or supplemented on the basis of this terminology. This should be reflected in the conclusions. The main methods used in this thesis are: analysis, comparative method and synthesis. It should be noted that it examines Lithuanian terminology in astrology and focuses on a set of synonymy causes that emerge in Lithuanian terminology works. Both the synonymous expression itself and the comparison of its causes with the data of foreign languages and linguistics would be the subjects of separate works. The research source is the same as the one used in the previous issue of Terminology to examine astrological terms according to their origin (Vaskelaitė 2020). This is twelve websites on the subject of Western astrology (ananta.lt; antropoteoas sofineastrologija.lt; astrodaiva.com; astrologe.weebly.com; astrologijosmo kykas la.lt; dharma.lt; sadhanacentras.lt; uranija.lt; vidineastrologija.lt; wolmer.lt; zachh.lt; zodiakas.com)1. Two of them, namely zodiakas.com and ananta.lt, contain small glossaries of terms: respectively, Asas trologijos sąvokos (hereinafter – AS) and Astrologijos terminų žodynas (hereinafter – ATŽ). However, time has passed since the submission of the previous article, and new texts have been published on some websites during it, so the previous sample is supplemented with new material (published before June 20, 2021). As before, websites are referred to as websites for the sake of brevity and are marked with the same abbreviations. Their explanation is given in the list of sources. The choice of the source of research is essentially determined by the already highlighted factor – the complexity of astrology’s relationship with science (Vaskelaitė 2020: 129). Before 1 Some websites also publish texts from other fields (ananta.lt; antropoteosofineastrologija.lt; dharma.lt; sadhanacentras.lt; uranija.lt; wolmer.lt; zachh.lt) – from them only texts from the field of astrology are selected. 195Terminology | 2021 | 28 For several centuries astrology has been taught in universities, but at present, at least in Lithuania, astrology is not recognized as a science, so there are no scientific studies in this field, textbooks for higher schools, as well as Lithuanian dictionaries of astrological terms. Websites are perhaps the main written source of terminology development in this field. The terms in them, as revealed by the single word terminology already examined, are used abundantly, they are defined and explained, so astrology websites are quite a handy source for terminological research. 1. REASONS FOR THE SYNONYMY One reason for synonymy can be inferred from the statements already mentioned, that synonyms are most typical for the initial stage of terminology formation, and they decrease over time. Such development in Lithuanian linguistics has perhaps been mainly observed in terms of physics and computer science (Kaulakienė 1994a, b, 1997a, b, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2009; Kaulakienė, Rimkutė 2008; Auksoriūtė 2018), finding many facts confirming it in these fields. However, it is also confirmed by thermological studies in other fields. For example, in the sources of the earlier historical period, when Lithuanian terminology in many fields was still forming, a large number of synonyms are found (e.g.: Zemlevičiūtė 2003, 2004, 2018b; Mitkevičienė 2007, 2014, 2015b), while the research of newer sources or their comparison with older ones reveals the transition to a smaller number of synonyms (e.g.: Zemlevičiūtė 2001; Vladarskienė 2015; Auksoriūtė 2018). Based on these studies, it could be assumed that if there are already many synonyms in the unformed terminology, the reason for the synonymy should be the non-formation of the term, the non-establishment. However, it is not even necessary to raise this question, because it is often named directly by synonymy researchers, for example, from the abundant use of synonyms in computer terminology it is concluded that terminology “is not completely established and formed” (Celiešienė 2011: 29). This reason is not discussed in more detail. Only in a couple of articles it is explained that the synonymy of the initial stage of terminology formation shows that not only the terms, but also the concepts themselves and their scope are not yet sufficiently clear (Kaulakienė 1994b: 51; Kvašytė 2000: 76), that it is a manifestation of the diversification of the nomenclature (Kaulakienė 1994a: 140). However, the abundance of synonyms is revealed not only by the research of the terminology of previous periods, but also by more than one field or subfield of the current terminology: cybersecurity (Stunžinas 2017), cryptocurrencies names (Stunžinas 2017). 196 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Causes of synonymous expressions in astrology terminology consumer environment (Stunžinas 2018), economy in the broad sense (Stankevičienė 2016). Of course, the current terminology can also be still forming or, as the abundance of synonyms suggests about economic terminology, still forming: “<...> economic terminology, although it has old traditions, is still being created and refined” (Stankevičienė 2016: 69). However, it cannot be the case that the terminology of all areas is still in the making or is still in the making. However, synonyms can be found in almost all fields, provided that they are studied from a synonymic point of view. Moreover, some works reveal that synonyms only increase over time (Gaivenytė 2000; Kazlauskaitė 2000), and do not appear in other languages either (Kvašytė 2000; Stankevičienė 2012), which would already contradict the theory of spontaneous decrease and raise questions about the klausimą dėl daugėjimo priežasties. Tačiau ši sinonimijos priežastis straipsniuose taip pat įvardijama – kaip mokslo ar mokslo kalbos raida. meaning of synonyms. 20th century phonetics terms from the point of view of synonymy and the spread of synonyms in the second half of the 20th century, it is explained by the growth of the phonetic science itself, which determines the need for new terms (Kazlauskaitė 2000: 28). When comparing physics terms in two dictionaries of physics terms and observing that in the newer one some synonyms disappeared, but new ones appeared, the reason for this increase is not the development of science, but the development of the language of science (Gaivenytė 2000: 66). After examining synonyms and variants Juozo In Balčikonis’s Selected Writings, which comprise the linguist’s entire lifetime of work, and in his later works, the reason for their discovery is given as the development of science: the Lithuanian language science changed greatly during that time, traditional directions were developed, new theories and rules were created, and new aspects of language research were discovered (Andriuškaitė 2000: 68). Jonas Klimavičius also mentioned the tendency of the scientific language towards international terms as the basis for the emergence of bilingual synonyms (1975: 91). Another direct reason for synonymy is mentioned – language contacts (Stankevičienė 2016: 66–67). Based on the data of the contemporary Lithuanian language, it is obvious that it is more often necessary to establish not mutual contacts, but the influence of one language – English. Examining the terms of computer science, it is pointed out that their synonymy is determined by the abundance of English synonyms and the huge flow of new concepts, that in England and the USA there are no state institutions for the standardization of the language of science and technology, that many of the same or very similar concepts are created in many scientific centers at the same time and are often named differently (Kaulakienė 2000: 53; 2006: 23; Grigas 2008: 33; Kaulakienė, Rimkutė 2008: 34). 197Terminology | 2021 | 28 The development of terminology towards the decrease of synonyms highlighted in the papers would indicate the spontaneity, self-regulation of the process, but in many papers the decrease of synonyms is also associated with the 2007: 108; Šilobritaitė 2007: 155; 2010: 77), o tai jau būtų poveikį iš šalies rodantis veiksnys. Šio veiksnio minėjimas, suprantama, iškelia klausimą, management and standardization of terms (Kaulakienė, 2009). However, at least historical terminology studies would show that they should not contradict each other. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, medical terminology was no longer being developed, and at the same time, during the national revival movement, the aim was to use Lithuanian terms, so terminology was deliberately organized, probably because of this many synonyms are not found in the Varpa published in 1889–1906 (Zemlevičiūtė 2009). And the very principle of terminology “one term – one concept” may have been found to be in harmony with the apparent tendency of the natural decrease of synonyms. Another question is how much of this principle can be realized in practice, if synonymy is encouraged by such objective reasons as the development of science, language contacts. Perhaps this is why in recent times, with the development of science being really intense and the influence of the English language being extremely strong, the principle of one term for one concept is being debated more and more (see Mitkevičienė 2020). However, terminology and standardization are not only cited as the reason for the decline of synonymy, but also as its origin. For example, such a reason is indicated when examining the terms of both the 16th century and the late 19th and early 20th century catechisms, and is specified as the authors’ effort to purify the language (Rimkutė 2007: 143). Such a reason would also be highlighted by the analysis of medical terms used in Antanas Vileišis’ articles (Zemlevičiūtė 2003: 103), and Asta Mitkevičienė, having examined literature terms, clearly formulates the idea that “synonymous terms are both the reason for the organization of terms (the search for the most appropriate term) and the result (for some time, usually in different sources, several terms are used to name the same concept)” (Mitkevičienė 2015b: 19). This idea is further developed in a theoretical work on synonymy (Mitkevičienė 2020). It is true that it is not always clear what the authors consider to be terminology management and what – normization, but in a couple of works mentions the disagreement or unwillingness of the specialists creating terms to agree on what and how to Lithuanianize (Kaulakienė 2006: 24; Kaulakienė, Rimkutė 2008: 34), probably related to terminology management. 198 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Reasons for synonymous expressions in astrological terminology The desire mentioned in other articles to name the concept much more rationally than so far (Kaulakienė 1994b: 53; Stunžinas 2005: 15) should probably be linked to the creation or use of terms. Similar reasons were listed by Stasys Keinys: “<...> due to ignorance of the terms used by other authors, their unreliability or unreliability, their own terms are drawn up” (Keinys 1980: 98); “<...> some prefer one term, while others tend to use another for the same purpose” (Keinys 2005b: 255); there are differences “because of the user’s preferences, knowledge of the language or other reasons, such as the familiarity of the word (from the native dialect or not)”; new works are created or values are added (Keinys 1980: 100–101; 2005b: 255). Kazimieras Gaivenis, mentioning in one of his articles the two most common reasons for synonyms in the scientific language, also pointed out one of them as related to usage: synonyms appear as a secondary means of designation when the author does not know or hesitates which term should be chosen (Gaivenis 2005: 201). It is true that when listing the reasons related to the creation or use of terms, attention is usually not paid to the fact that the users of terms (and the creators, if they are not terminologists) may lack knowledge of terminology. It seems that this has been more or less grasped only in the study of the naming of cryptographic currencies, indicating such reasons for the diversity manifested in this field as a lack of understanding of the essential distinctive features, an attempt to evaluate English terms, the use of terms with other meanings than their own (Stunžinas 2018: 142). The fact that these are shortcomings in the creation or use of terminology is obvious to terminologists, but it may not be so clear to specialists in a particular field who are looking for an equivalent to replace an English term, especially for ordinary language users. The above mentioned reasons are mentioned directly in the terminology works. Others are only emerging, and one of these emerging causes could be summarized as the addressee factor. For example, in the aforementioned study of the terms of catechisms, when discussing cases where a loanword is presented next to a Lithuanian word, e.g.: duona (ostija), stebuklas (čiūdas), it is considered that this was probably intended to offer equivalents that would be understandable to everyone (Rimkutė 2007: 139). After examining the synonymous expression in the newspaper supplement Sveikata, attention is drawn to the fact that this supplement was intended for the general public and published for the purpose of popularizing medical knowledge, probably that is why the authors did not try to avoid synonyms (Zemlevičiūtė 2004: 98). Discussion of ways of interpretation of terms that indicate the addressee factor indirectly and that are typical of science popularizing texts – as one of the ways of interpretation for readers 199Terminology | 2021 | 28 ways to mention the use of synonyms (Petrėnienė 2003: 49). And when reviewing the synonyms of terms in popularization publications published in the Lithuanian periodical press in 1918, the addressee factor is indicated quite directly: “Authors writing on the topics of medicine, health and treatment had to imagine their addressee – the ordinary Lithuanian reader, so they had to present factual information in a popular and understandable way, use more Lithuanian terms that would be known and clear to the reader” (Zemlevičiūtė 2018b: 193). K. Gaivenis, in addition to the already mentioned reason for the synonymy of terms, mentioned that synonyms can be provided as sources of the history of terms, i.e., in addition to the normative ones, those used in the past by prominent scholars are mentioned (Gaivenis 2005: 201). Such a reason could also be linked to the addressee factor, only in this case it is probably oriented not to the ordinary reader, but to the expert of the subject, the addressee with special knowledge or their need. Synonymy is studied on the basis of both texts and dictionaries of terms, but the influence of the media of presentation of these terms on the frequency or number of synonyms is not compared by researchers. The influence of textual usage is mentioned only in a few works. For example, J. Klimavičius, examining synonyms in dictionaries, has stated that “the use of synonyms of international and Lithuanian terms in texts of scientific works has its own specificity. In the texts there are more borrowed words from the language system that have already been pushed out, new ones that are only just coming into use, in general, more diversity, fluctuations and dynamics of changes” (Klimavičius 1975: 93). S. Keinys has also pointed out that “it is not difficult to understand that it is much easier to standardize and unify terms in dictionaries (and, if desired, to eliminate synonyms altogether) than to achieve that at least in the entire literature of the subject only the terms provided by the dictionary are used” (Keinys 2005b: 255). A. Mitkevičienė (2015b: 18) in an empirical work has made the statement that synonyms are more common in texts than in dictionaries, and in another work, which is of a theoretical nature, she discusses the problems of synonym recognition separately and indirectly reveals the possible influence of textual usage compared to non-textual usage (Mitkevičienė 2015a: 51–56). In other works, such influence is not emphasized, even less attention is paid to the influence of genre or functional style, although the effort to write in a comprehensible way, to explain terms should be more characteristic of science popularization or publicistic works than of scientific works. This reason for synonymy can also be seen more indirectly. Here is the terminology that represents the living language – in Mykolas Miežinis’s quadrlingual dictionary (Labanauskienė 2014) and in two dictionaries by Jurgis Pabrėža (Labanauskienė 2015). 200 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Reasons for synonymous expressions in astrological terminology 2004) – many synonyms are found and the characteristics of living language (visuality, expression) are even mentioned as a source of synonymy (Labanauskienė 2004: 154). That synonymy is a characteristic feature of folk terms is revealed by the study of construction terms by Roberto Stunžinas (2010). But in general, the set of reasons for synonymy emerges relatively sparse. In addition, the reasons are usually cited as common to the synonymy in general, although the synonymy itself is divided into different types. For example, there are constructive and lexical synonyms (Mikelionienė 2004: 273; Keinys 2005b; Stunžinas 2010), co-rooted and non-co-rooted synonyms (Umbrasas 2004; Mitkevičienė 2014, 2015b, 2018), by composition – synonyms of single words and compound terms (Zemlevičiūtė 2001; Mitkevičienė 2005). Often, the term’s origin is used to distinguish between synonyms of international and Lithuanian origin (Klimavičius 1975; Kazlauskaitė 2000; Zemlevičiūtė 2001, 2004, 2018b), and if not only international words are covered, but also other borrowings, synonyms of terms of different origins are distinguished as opposed to synonyms of monophyletic terms (e.g.: Andriuškaitė 2000; Šilobritaitė 2007, 2008, 2009). When analyzing synonyms, hybrid terms of non-Lithuanian roots are often included in the category of borrowed terms (Stunžinas 2010; Mitkevičienė 2015b; Stankevičienė 2016), although in terms of the origin of terms, it makes sense to distinguish between borrowed and hybrid terms. It is true that some works deal only with one type of synonymy, so the conclusions drawn on the basis of such an analysis seem to be related only to that type. For example, when analyzing the synonymy of international and Lithuanian terms, it is concluded that it was determined by the development of phonetic science. (Kazlauskaitė 2000: 28), elsewhere synonyms of terms of various origins are associated with norming (Rimkutė 2007: 143), with the addressee factor (Rimkutė 2007: 139). However, the same reasons are also mentioned in works that deal not only with synonyms of terms of various origins. For example, the development of science is mentioned as a reason after examining those cases where mononymous (Lithuanian) terms are used synonymously (Andriuškaitė 2000: 68). Or, Vilija Celiešienė explains the diverse synonymy of terminology in the Encyclopedic Computer Dictionary by the influence of English (Celiešienė 2011: 28), while Gintautas Grigas draws attention to cases when several Lithuanian terms are created for one English term (Grigas 2008: 33), thus revealing that the English language is also the reason for the synonymy of native terms. 207Terminology | 2021 | 28 days Saturn, retrograde Mercury, etc. The phenomenon when the planets move normally is described by another adjective: directive motion Am, directive phase Am, Antr, Astr or directional phase Astr, directional Mars, directional Mercury, directional Neptune, etc. However, Lithuanian equivalents are also used, e.g.: „In fact, in reality, the planet moves on in its usual direction, and the movement backwards is our visual perspective when looking from Earth, formed due to the different speed of the planets’ motion“. "On August 19, Mercury turned straight from its retrograde motion" Ur. The explanation of these astrological phenomena is accompanied by an extended note: "The active development was so far halted tainėse atskleidžia ypač dideles netermininės sinonimijos galimybes. Pavyzdžiui, terminą retrogradinis Marsas gali atstoti po pažymimojo žodžio by Mars, moving backwards" Astr. Also see: "Mercury, the communicator of the Zodiac, the divine Mediator, this time will move backwards in his ruling sign of Gemini" Vi. Such possibilities, in turn, may be the reason for the synonymy of terms. On the other hand, as the examples would show: "On September 10, Mars turned retrograde and will move in this way for about two months", "As Venus moves retrogradely, i.e. back to where it was, we are as if going back in time" or "Mercury will become directional (i.e. will begin to move just i.e.) from August 19." Astr and others, the effect can be bidirectional – synonymy of terms can affect synonymy of non-terms. There are only a few instances where the main or secondary elements of other terms have been replaced by their Lithuanian equivalents. For example, next to the less common term Moon without course Am, Sa, Zo, the synonym empty Moon Am is used on one website. One of the dictionaries uses the term astrological magnitude AS, although neither the dictionaries nor other websites use it. It is also a synonym for the term "astrology". AS et al. There are also not many cases where a single-word term has synonyms for multiple words on the websites. A more obvious case is the equivalents of the term septener (septener) Am, Astr used in just two websites. In one sentence the seven-letter Astr is used as an equivalent, but elsewhere two-word terms are used: 208 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | The reasons for synonymous expression in astrological terminology were the 7 known planets of the Solar System, visible to the naked eye: Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. They are called the Big Seven (or Septenary).’; “So Babinis is settled, but at the same time there is a lono civilizacija davė mums zodiako ženklų, septyneto planetų sistemą – didįjį septenerą – bei pirmąjį horoskopą“ Astr. Kaip matyti, atitikmuo tendency to interpret the term to the reader, thus oriented to the addressee. However, in one case, the borrowed septener is mentioned with a Lithuanian term, which may indicate that the addressee has special knowledge of astrology. Similar postpositional usage is also characteristic of the borrowed solar Am, An, Antr, Astr, ATŽ, Dh, Ur, Vi, W, Za, Zo (two sites use solar Sa, Antr), e.g.: „Analysis of the astrological trends of the year usually consists of the interpretation of a human’s solar horoscope, the so-called solar (Latin solaris – sunny)“ Antr; “If you want to order an individual forecast for the year – Solar, it is best to do it at least a month before the birthday” An. However, this term is common on websites (used by 11 websites), and from its use it becomes clear that it is also multi-meaning: it is used to name both the type of horoscope, the method of prediction, and the astrological phenomenon. The latter meaning is often used as a synonym: the return of the sun Sa, Vi or the return of the sun An, Vi, Za. Thus, the reason for synonymy in this case may be the desire to differentiate a polysemantic term. A. Mitkevičienė mentions such a reason when she examines the terms of interwar literature (Mitkevičienė 2015b: 19). The term is synonymous with syncretism. Already in the previous article it was pointed out that this is the name of the method, the direction of astrology and the type of horoscope on the websites, providing different equivalents of the term, but the type of horoscope is often referred to as compatibility horoscope or synastric horoscope (Vaskelaitė 2020: 147). Thus, the cause or at least the incentive for this case of synonymy may be the desire to differentiate a multi-meaning term. On the other hand, there is also an attempt to explain the term to the reader, for example: "Whether people are suitable to be together, is determined by Synastry - compatibility horoscope" An. However, neither such aim nor ambiguity would be able to interpret the synonymy of the term, which is used to name the 12 parts of the horoscope. Although there are texts in which dwellings An, Dh, Ur, W predominate, often not only on the same site, but also in the same text, both astrological dwellings, and horoscope dwellings, and astrological houses, and horoscope houses, as well as houses, are used. 209Terminology | 2021 | 28 e.g.: “Astrological dwellings (houses) are defined as imaginary divisions of the ecliptic into 12 sectors, representing different areas of life, where planets manifest themselves, certain circumstances, or people we encounter. So if the signs of the zodiac show how the planet expresses its energy, then the dwellings – in which area of life it manifests itself most. First of all, the houses of the horoscope indicate a certain area of life. This would indicate that the term has not expired. The absence of settlement could also explain the synonymy of the term medium-distance planet Astr, Dh, medium-distance planet, medium-distance planet Astr. In one of the dictionaries, the terms great triangle and trigon AS are given as synonyms, and in the text the great triangle Zo is also used once. The definition given in the glossary („Configuration of aspects consisting of three triangles connecting three points of the horoscope“) would indicate that trine is not considered a synonym of trine on this site, but the term great triangle is not used on this site, the great triangle Zo also occurs only once, so this synonym is only a single case, occurring only on this site. This site explains astrological concepts in particular detail, so it uses more terms than other sites, and therefore there are more cases of synonyms of various origins than other sites: araang biški points (parsai), evil planets are called metafactors Zo, etc. 2.2. Atypical cases The terminology of the field under consideration is particularly characterized by proper names, but four of them – Lilit and Selena, Rachu and Ketu – are characterized by atypical synonymy. This is the name of four mathematically calculated points in the horoscope, which are often mentioned in texts together with the names of the planets. However, the difference is also emphasized: the planets are real celestial bodies, and these objects as material celestial bodies do not exist, they are calculated as the relationship between the orbits of the planets. In this context, the word combinations fictitious planet or fictitious planets Am, Dh, Sa, Ur, W, Za, Zo are used, but they are rather contextual synonyms (for the problems of synonymization see section 3). True, the word combination fictitious points Antr, Astr, Vi, Zo tends to term usage, and as its synonyms in texts are used karmic points Astr, esoteric points Dh, W. These are cases of synonymy of the secondary point. The names of specific karmic points have a different synonymous use – they are not used in texts without a synonym. The first oppositional pairs – Lilit (on one site Lilith Za) and Selena – are synonymous with Juoų 210 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Causes of synonymous expression in astrological terminology dasis Moon and White Moon. Even if the text uses Lilit or Selea, at least for the first time a synonym must be mentioned, e.g.: "Until November 21, the Sun will move in the sign of Scorpio together with Selena, or the White Moon" W; “The White Moon, or Selena, is present in each sign for about 7 months” Sa; “On August 6, 2018, Lilith (Black Moon) passed into the zodiac sign of Aquarius” Am. In addition, synonyms can form a word combination, the elements of which are linked by the ratio of the prefix and the indicative word, for example: "The Black Moon of Donald's birth Lilith is just in Sagittarius" Ur. The second pair of karmic points is generally called the Lunar Nodes, and the members of this pair Rahu (in some sites – Rahu Astr, Vi) and Ketu – the rising Lunar Node and the falling Lunar Node. However, the lunar nodes are also called karmic nodes or karmic points, respectively Raah chu – karmic rising lunar node, Ketu – karmic falling lunar node. These word combinations are also used as terms, but they are characterized by both spelling and syntactic variability, e.g.: “The programs brought by the descending Karmic Moon node (or Ketu) should not be treated as the main” Sa; “Ketu, or the Karmic descending Moon node, expresses what we have already learned” Astr. There are also cases where synonyms are linked by the relation of the prefix and the indicative word, for example: "Karmic node Rachu moved from the zodiac sign of Aquarius to the zodiac sign of Capricorn, and Karmic node Ketu moved from the zodiac sign of Leo to the zodiac sign of Cancer" Sa. However, the members of this opposition pair have even more synonyms: Rahu is called the northern node of the Moon and the head of the Dragon, Ketu – the southern node of the Moon and the tail of the Dragon. And those synonyms are also mentioned in the same texts, for example: “For about a year and a half, until August 21, the Karmic Node Rachu, or the head of the Dragon, was in Aquarius, and the Karmic Node Ketu, or the tail of the Dragon, was in the sign of the zodiac Leo W; “In another way it is called the Rising Moon Node, Rachu, or Dragon’s Head” Ur. In terminology works variantity is often discussed with synonymy, and both one and another variation are often named as a sign of terminology non-establishment (e.g.: Kaulakienė 2000; Zemlevičiūtė 2004), but from the synonymy point of view these terms are not considered as non-established, because synonyms are used the same on all websites. Explain these cases by other commonly cited reasons for synonymy, such as 211Terminology | 2021 | 28 as the development of the science or its language, the influence of the English language, the arrangement of terms or their non-arrangement, it is also not possible to explain the reasons related to the creation or use of terms, such as the author’s preferences or ignorance of the terms used by other authors. The terms lunar orbital nodes or nodes, as well as the Ascending Node, Leia Dimming Node are used in astronomy. For example, the nodes (and the descending node, the rising node) are included in the Astronomy encyclopedic dictionary (Straižys 2003). In explaining the astronomical concepts of the Moon, eclipses, the Universal Lithuanian encyclopedia also uses Lunar orbit nodes or orbit nodes, nodes, and this term is interpreted as "Points of intersection of the lunar orbit with the ecliptic plane" VLEe. The term "Lunar nodes" is also used in astrology, for example: "The points of intersection of the lunar orbit with the ecliptic. The point when the Moon passes from the southern side of the sky to the north is called the rising node of the Moon (or the Northern, or Dragon’s head), and vice versa – from the north to the south – the descending (or Southern, or Dragon’s tail)” Zo, and this would indicate that one of the synonyms is related to the naming of an astronomical phenomenon6. Some explanation of other synonyms of Rachu and Ketu can be found on astrology sites. Already in the previous work it was pointed out that in articles on astrology the karmic points Rachu and Ketu are interpreted as planets of Vedic astrology and that their names are associated with a powerful demon torn into two by throwing a disc: Rachu being his head and Ketu being his tail (see Vaskelaitė 2020: 152)7. Selena and Lilith are associated with Avesta – Persian astrology: “Karmic knots are known in all astrological traditions, and Selena and Lilith – mostly in Avesta (Persian) astrology” Astr. And the descriptions of the history of astrology provided on some websites (Astr, Antr) highlight that Western astrology is the heritage of more than one tradition, for example: “Hellenistic astrology was essentially a combination of Mesopotamian and Egyptian astral religions and Greek astronomical calculations based on the works of Ptolemy” Antr. This would encourage these cases of atypical synonymy to be linked to the intersection of different traditions that have merged in Western astrology. Atypical synonymy is also typical of another pair of terms naming the points of the horoscope. Although the websites contain the equivalents of the middle of the sky and the bottom of the sky, the zenith and the nadir, or descriptive definitions of the term (about 6 The origins of astronomy are related to astrology – this is also indicated in the dictionaries of astronomical terms, e.g.: „Astrology in ancient times helped to create astronomy“ (Straižys 2003). 7 This is indicated in Chicago aide printed articles on the subject of astrology (Cheremisin 2015a, 2015b). 212 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Reasons for synonymous expressions in astrological terminology, see Figure 3), however, the unadapted Latin terms Medium Coeli and Imum Coeli and their abbreviations dominated, e.g.: “The top of the first dwelling (house) is called the ascendant, the top of the fourth dwelling – IC (Imum coeli), the top of the seventh dwelling – descendent, the top of the X dwelling – MC (Medium coeli)” Zo; “IC (imum coeli, bottom of the sky) – the lowest point where the Sun is at midnight” Astr. This synonymy is due to the strong Latin heritage in astrology, as evidenced by the monosyllabic terms discussed in the previous article – among them there are many Latin root words. By the way, in the texts of the websites there are more abbreviations of terms of Latin origin, for example, scar on the vartojamos terminų ascendentas ir descendentas santrumpos: Asc ir Dsc, ASC ir DSC (pvz., „Jei Chironas jungiasi su ASC, žmogus gali turėti face "Aw"), because this is how various points are usually marked in the horoscope. 3. USE OF TEXTS AND ITS IMPACT Although Lithuanian terminology works tend to distinguish between synonyms and variants, as already mentioned in Chapter 1, this is not easy to do. Some cases have no more definite place either among synonyms or among variants. These are cases where the same concept is named both shorter and longer terms, such as liquid body and liquid, liquid or negative žoo delis and negatorius. In earlier works they were distinguished from synonyms and called variants (e.g.: Kaulakienė 1994b: 52; 2003: 112–11; Andriuškaitė 2000: 73–74), as were the terms with construction, spelling or other inconsistencies chemical equivalent and chemical equivalent, Džiaulio law, Joule law and Joule law (Kaulakienė 2003: 112–113). Later, only terms with minor differences in expression were considered variants, and such terms as liquid body and liquid were added to the synonyms and considered as common synonyms (Mitkevičienė 2015b, 2018). However, such cases, when the text uses a term shortened to a certain number of digits, for example, electrometer cover – cover, are not mentioned either among synonyms or among variants. They are referred to as “self-used terms” (Kaulakienė 2003: 115), mentioned as long and short forms of terms (Mitkevičienė 2014: 181, 183; 2015a: 53–54). They are also mentioned as long and short forms of terms in A. Mitkevičienė’s detailed article, which, while discussing the problems of synonyms recognition in the text, also indirectly highlights cases of textual usage of terms. Such cases are typical of the usage under consideration, and at the same time are typical of some problems of synonym recognition mentioned or not mentioned in the article. 213Terminology | 2021 | 28 The long and short forms of terms are mentioned as such a problem. In the usage under consideration, it is not difficult to recognize some cases of abbreviation of the term, for example: "Lunar nodes also indicate the žmogus turi vystytis, ir apibūdina jo evoliucijos formas. Abu mazgai parodo, kaip toliau žmogui elgtis“ Za. Tačiau terminų Zodiako ženklo direction, as the relationship between ruler and ruler would not be so clear: even if the glossary provides the ruler of the Zodiac sign ATŽ, the texts usually use only the ruler Antr, Aw, Dh, Vi, Zo8. And the terms aspects between planets, horosah dune rectification AS are basically provided only in one glossary – aspects, rectification used on websites. The term sign is an obvious abbreviation of the term zodiac sign, and the names of specific signs, e.g. : Leo sign, Cancer sign las, – the result of abbreviation of the terms Leo zodiac sign, Cancer zodiac sign. However, in the same texts there is also parallel use of Leo, Cancer, and these cases should probably be considered not as short forms, but as synonyms (common roots), like Fire element and Fire, Water element and Water. However, all three names are commonly used in texts (e.g., Cancer sign, Cancer sign, Cancer), so the line between abbreviation and synonymy is rather inconvenient. In addition, it is not always easy to tell whether a term is in the long or short form. For example, another group of real names functions essentially only as mononymous terms: Venus, Mars, Neptune, Pluto, etc. The use of the term "planet Mars shapes the will" is rare in Ur, so one-word planet names are no longer considered to be a result of abbreviation. This is not the way to evaluate the term Zodiac used on all sites, because the zodiac wheel is used synonymously on only one site: "All these celestial bodies move along the same path, which in astrology is called the zodiac wheel. The zodiac is a band of about 16 degrees of the celestial sphere, through the middle of which passes the ecliptic (the path of the Sun), touching the 13 constellations. On the other hand, the zodiac is used here as a term of astrology. As another problem of synonym recognition in the text, A. Mitkevičienė’s article mentions terms that may differ in motivation. Such cases are not numerous in the consumer practice under consideration. Prominent – nearby planets Astr, Sa and personal planets Astr, as well as intermediate Astr, Dh, medium distance 8 Such cases have already been addressed when discussing single-word astrological terms by origin, because they raise the problem of assigning a term to a single or multiple word (Vaskelaitė 2020: 155–156). 214 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Causes of synonymous expressions in astrological terminology planets and social planets Astr, Zo. However, the differences in the motivational attribute on one site are revealed by the interpretation of the term: "Nearby planets are the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. They are called personal because they express a certain personal attribute of man." On the other hand, the chosen approach helps to highlight them. For example, from the one-time use case – “The retrograde period of distant planets is not shown in the compiled graph, because the retro period of slow planets does not have a special effect, as the retrograde of fast planets (septener)” Am – it would be possible to conclude that fast planets are synonymous with septener. However, another website provides an explanation ("There have been seven known planets in the Solar System that can be seen with the naked eye: the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. They are called the Great Seven (or Septener)" Astr) reveals that the motivation for the term septener is not the characteristic of the planets, but the number of planets. Thus, the word combination fast planets is not a synonym for the term septener. The interpretation of terms is a characteristic feature of the researched usage. Terms in texts are interpreted in various ways, e.g.: “If you do not know the time of birth and do not order its correction, you can order an astropsychological portrait – this is called a cosmogram” An; “Various planets form certain geometric shapes with each other, which are called aspects” Aw; “Quadrants (quarters of the zodiac, corresponding to the astronomical seasons) show in which stage of life we are most expressed as a personality” Zo; “The mutable signs of the Zodiac, also called the changing signs of the Zodiac, bring transition, corrections, breaks in situations” Sa. The explanation should raise another problem of synonym recognition – it is not always easy to determine whether a certain word combination is a term or just a descriptive definition of the term, the so-called periphrase (Mitkevičienė 2004: 54–55). However, the approach chosen for the study usually helps to avoid these uncertainties. From 12 different websites, including dictionaries on two of them, it is sufficiently clear whether the word combination used is a term or just a descriptive definition of the term – a perphrase. Here are the ambiguities created in the sentence „Zodiac – to be about 16 degrees of the celestial sphere band, in the middle of which passes the ecliptic (Solar path), touching 13 constellations“ Vi used the word combination Solar path, but almost all websites use the term ecliptic Am, Antr, Astr, Dh, Ur, Vi, W, Za, Zo, and they provide a definition or explanation of this term (e.g. 215Terminology | 2021 | 28 "The visible path of the Sun through the celestial sphere per year is called the ecliptic" Zo) reveals that the path of the Sun is only a descriptive word combination. However, the sites are not completely homogeneous in terms of genre and style. They contain texts directly oriented to the interpretation of astrological concepts, which would represent the popularization of science or even the scientific style, but also publish information about astrology courses, publish educational programs. A large part of the websites consists of detailed discussion of monthly or yearly astrological trends, various astrological phenomena. Such texts also show a tendency to interpret terms, but at the same time – a desire for visuality, expressiveness, for example: “The circle of the zodiac is formed in such a sequence, where each sign lays the foundation for the next. If you don't pass and understand the first, you can't unlock the next. It is a staircase to Heaven, where every step is very important. Some of them are easier to overcome, others can be stuck for a long time. This is shown by the content of each zodiac sign, i.e. the planets in them, where each of them tells its own story.” The search for expressiveness leads to the use of various lexical and syntactic synonyms, which also causes some problems in the recognition of the term. Here is the ingress of Latin-based terms Am, Antr, Astr, transit Am, Antr, Astr, Aw, Ur, W, Zo, the first of which relates to the planet’s entry into a certain sign of the Zodiac, the second – with its movement through that sign, in texts of such style can be avoided due to the emerging possibilities of using figurative words and other means (e.g., movement through a certain sign is called movement, travel, walk), thus the occurring equivalent journey („Although the journey of the Sun through the sign of Sagittarius always brings optimism, dynamics, development in various processes, this year <...> karmic processes will be stronger expressed“ W; „This year after 12 years of travel Jupiter returned to his realm in the sign of Sagittarius“ Vi) is difficult to interpret as an astrological term – a synonym for transit. This can only be a case of contextual synonymy promoted by the desire for expressiveness. If the aim of this work was to count the lines of all types of synonyms with extreme accuracy, the cases discussed would be an obstacle to providing a very accurate number of them. However, this is not the aim here, and from this chapter it becomes clear that the usage under consideration is particularly characterized by such a feature as a tendency to interpret the term and at the same time a desire for visuality and expressiveness. This and the exceptions made to some terms of Latin or Greek origin or their elements (konä junction, steliumas, mutabelinis, chorarinis, natalinis) highlighted in Chapter 2 would encourage to associate not so much with the aim of exchange of the borrowed with the Lithuanian equivalent, as with the orientation to the addressee – thus it may be intended to present lesser known terms. 216 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Causes of synonymous expressions in astrological terminology corresponding to words of ancient language origin. On the other hand, it becomes clear that astrology websites are not a homogeneous medium for the use of terms in terms of style or genre: some texts are closer to science popularization texts, others – to journalism. However, in general, these texts offer much wider possibilities for the use of lexical and grammatical synonyms than texts of scientific or administrative style, and this, as shown by the retrograde dining of adjective elements, directive discussion of usage, may also be a factor promoting synonymy of terms. Another inconsistency of the research source is to be mentioned – the websites differ in the compliance of the published texts with the language norms. Although almost all of them contain various proofreading errors and other bugs typical of electronic media, a couple of websites stand out with a particularly high number of proofreading, spelling and other language errors. Terminology is an integral part of language, so the lack of terminology in texts also affects the use of terms. For example, in the glossary provided by one of these websites, the word order of the term valdovas horoskopo būsto (astrologinio namo) AS is not typical for Lithuanian. The fact that in the same glossary the term astrological house (house) ruler is given separately, would already indicate the non-application of terminographic or terminological principles, which in turn may be due to their ignorance or insufficient knowledge. This could also explain the case of synonymy, when the term horoscope is included in the dictionary and in its interpretation such a type as birth (natal) horoscope is distinguished, but at the same time the term birth (natal) chart AS is provided. Thus, synonyms are used in both texts and dictionaries of terms. It is true that there are fewer synonyms in dictionaries than discussed in this article, and this would correspond to the statement that synonymy is more characteristic of texts, and at the same time show that dictionaries play a role in terms’ organization, and at the same time – in synonymy’s reduction. For example, of the 53 terms included in the AS, seven are given with synonyms: astrological house (habitation of the horoscope), ruler of the astrological house (habitation), astrological (starry) magnitude, great trigon (trigon), birth (natal) astrology, birth (natal) zeed map, ruler of the horoscope residence (house of the horoscope). Five of the 39 terms included in the ATD are presented with synonyms: horoscope dwellings – astrological dwellings, angular dwellings (houses), falling dwellings (houses), intermediate dwellings (houses), synastry (compatibility). However, not all of the terms discussed in this article are included in those glossaries. For example, none of them includes conjunction, solstice, minor aspects, harmonic aspects, retrograde 223Terminologija | 2021 | 28 style, but they represent freer styles, and such a context does not only create conditions for synonymous terms but also other cases of variation whose relationship with synonymy is not absolutely clear in Lithuanian terminological works. The analysis also underlines other reasons of synonymy, which are less commonly mentioned in terminological works, such as avoiding the polysemy of terms, insufficient knowledge of terminology management principles, etc. Besides, it highlights the case of atypical synonymy identified in the terminology of astrology where the term is not used without synonyms, and considers the reason of such usage. Retrieved 2021-07-13 Ramunė Vaskelaitė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania E-mail ramune.v[email protected]