Usage and Empirical Productivity of International Adjectival Suffixes in Slovak Revisited

5 4 Jana Le ická Usage and Empi ical P oduc i i y o In e na ional Adjec i al Su ixes in Slo ak Re isi ed doi.o g/10.35321/ e m28-03 Usage and Empi ical P oduc i i y o In e na ional Adjec i al Su ixes in Slo ak Re isi ed Jana Le ická Ľ. Š ú Ins i u e o Linguis ics, Slo ak Academy o Sciences ORCID id: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-6027-604X ABSTRACT This pape ep esen s a sequel o ea lie esea ch ocusing on he usage and p oduc i i y o i e La ina e su ixes in Slo ak. The analysis ocuses on eal and po en ial p oduc i i y in a wo-s age compa ison: 1) okens and lemmas occu - ing in a gene al balanced co pus s gene al co pus o specialised and academic ex s, 2) gene al co pus o specialised and academic ex s s specialised (sub)- co po a o medical, legal, economic and eligious ex s. The i s aim o he se- quel was o es ablish i he low- equency lemmas include new coinages ha could con ibu e o he p oduc i i y a ia ion ac oss domains. The second aim was o iden i y and implemen an app op ia e s a is ical measu e ha would en- able he compa ison o p oduc i i y co pus da a ac oss di e en ly sized co po a. KEYWORDS: p oduc i i y, adjec i e, su ix, gene al co pus, specialised co pus, hapax lego- mena, low- equency lemma, la ge numbe o a e e en s dis ibu ions. ANOTACIJA Šiame s aipsnyje ap ašomas y imas y a anks esnio y imo, nag inėjančio penkių lo ynų kalbos p iesagų a ojimą i p oduk y umą slo akų kalboje, ęsinys. Ty ime siekiama nus a y i ealų i po encialų p oduk y umą a liekan palyginimą d iem e apais: 1) žodžių o mos (angl. okens) i an aš inės žodžių o mos, a ba lemos (angl. lemmas), esančios bend ajame subalansuo ame eks yne, lyginamos su esančiomis bend ajame specialiųjų i akademinių eks ų eks yne; 2) lyginamos bend ajame specialiųjų i akademinių eks ų eks yne i specialiajame medicininių, eisinių, ekonominių i eliginių eks ų pa eks ynyje esančios žodžių o mos i lemos. Pag indinis ęs inio y imo ikslas – nus a y i, a a p e ai a ojamų lemų y a naujažodžių, ku ie galė ų p isidė i p ie p oduk y umo ski umų ski ingose s i- yse. Ty imu aip pa siekiama nus a y i i p i aiky i s a is inę p iemonę, ku i leis ų palygin i eks yno medžiagos p oduk y umą ski ingos apim ies eks ynuose. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: p oduk y umas, būd a dis, p iesaga, bend asis eks ynas, specialusis ek- s ynas, hapaksas, e ai a ojama lema, didelis e ų į ykių pasiski s ymų skaičius 5 5Te minologija | 2021 | 28 1. INTRODUCTION The mo i a ion o ou esea ch a ose om an in e es in e minologi- cal synonymy and, wi hin his b oade opic, in synonymous denominal adjec i es as cons i uen s o mul i-wo d e ms. The ocus on adjec i es is no a no el y in e minology esea ch. De- ailed analyses aimed a adjec i es can be ound in he wo k o a numbe o e minologis s, especially om he 1990s and 2000s1. In he his o y o Slo ak e minology, adjec i e-cen ed s udies, igge ed by he need o uni y and coin s anda dised Slo ak e minologies, can be aced o he 1950s (see e.g. Ján Ho ecký 1956). The impo ance o adjec i es in e minology and languages o specialized pu poses can also be illus a ed by s a is ical da a p o ided by co po a. The majo i y o specialised co po a ha eme ged om he Slo ak Na ional Co - pus p ojec (he eina e only SNC p ojec ) ea u es a highe a io o adjec- i es compa ed o he e e ence co pus (p im-7.0- k), i.e., he co pus com- piled o an e en sha e o ic ional, specialised and jou nalis ic ex s2. As can be seen in Table 1, his di e ence amoun s o almos 2%, excep o he eligious co pus (bl -2.0) in which he a io o adjec i es is oughly he same as in he e e ence co pus (7.46%). The second ow o Table 1 p esen s he a io o ge unds ha a e also used wi h di e en ia ing and classi ying unc- ions in Slo ak mul i-wo d e ms. In he amewo k o he mo phological anno a ion o he SNC p ojec , hese a e classi ied as a speci ic g oup, which is why hey a e agged sepa a ely om e bs (Ga abík e al. 2004). The coexis ence and compe i ion o adjec i es has been iden i ied and analysed in he con ex o language in gene al (e.g. Nábělko á 1996). Howe e , hei en e ing in o mul i-wo d e ms ep esen s a a he unde - esea ched opic. A common phenomenon esul ing in synonymy and compe i ion o adjec i es is he coexis ence o La ina e adjec i es and hei (Slo ak) coun e pa s ( nú ožilo ý – in a enózny “in a enous”). The la e g oup comp ises also a subg oup ha ea u es bo h Slo ak and, om he e ymological poin o iew, La ina e o in e na ional su ix combined wi h he same in e na ional oo (e.g. bak e iálny – bak é io ý “bac e ial”). Occasionally, a a ia ion o wo in e na ional su ixes wi h he same in- 1 See, o example, H. Assadi and D. Bou igaul 1995; S. No mand and D. Bou igaul 2001; B. Daille 2001; F. Maniez 2001; M.-C. L’Homme 2002, 2003; o I. Ca iè e 2008. 2 Mo e de ails conce ning he co po a used o p esen ed analysis can be ound in Pa 3.2. 5 6 Jana Le ická Usage and Empi ical P oduc i i y o In e na ional Adjec i al Su ixes in Slo ak Re isi ed e na ional oo can a ise (e.g. hype sonó ny – hype sonický, kon adik- o ický – kon adik ó ny). This s udy, ocusing on he usage o speci ic su ixes in he Slo ak language, seeks o iden i y whe he some o hem a e mo e likely o a- cili a e such a coexis ence o o occu in e minological adjec i es mo e o en, which is why he concep o mo phological p oduc i i y becomes ele an in his case. The su ixes selec ed o he analysis ep esen a mino g oup used o coining denominal adjec i es wi hin a wide ange o Slo ak adjec i al su ixes3. As o hei composi ion, he i e su ixes consis o an (adap - ed) in e na ional adjec i al su ix combined wi h seman ically equi alen Slo ak -ný/ny: -álny, -á ny, -i ný, -í ny, -ózny, hus, hei adjec i al s a us is somewha mul iplied. I appea s ob ious ha all i e su ixes o La in o igin we e used o coin adjec i es om La in nouns (-alis wi h he a ian -a is, -ī us, -ōsus) o e bs (-ō ius). I is wo h poin ing ou , howe e , ha many Slo ak adjec i es wi h he analysed su ixes en e ed 3 Ma in Ološ iak and Lucia Ološ iako á (2015: 230) men ion as many as 38 su ixes, hough 25 su ixes in hei sample – de i ed om he Slo ník ko eňo ých mo ém slo enčiny comp ising 66 500 lexical uni s – ep esen only 1% o adjec i es. Table 1. Numbe o okens and a ios o adjec i es and ge unds in he e e ence and specialised co po a o he SNC p ojec COR- PUS eFe - ENCE CORPUS SCIeNTIF- IC SUB- CORPUS MeDICAL SUB- CORPUS LEGAL SUB- CORPUS RELI- GIOUS CORPUS ECO- NOMIC CORPUS Numbe o okens in he co pus 253,137,609 149,581,785 7,099,555 33,600,183 65,920,357 164,987,015 Numbe o adjec- i es in okens 19,090,396 7.54% 13,415,554 8.97% 660,025 9.3% 4,841,400 9.88% 4,914,860 7.46% 15,540,381 9.42% Numbe o ge - unds in okens 3,174,567 1.25% 2,394,914 1.6% 112,164 1.58% 1,267,598 2.59% 761,719 1.16% 2,154,124 1.31% 5 7Te minologija | 2021 | 28 he Slo ak lexicon no only di ec ly om La in, bu mo e o en ia F ench o English in he las decades (Ho ecký 1999) and unde wen he p ocess o adap a ion by means o he a o emen ioned Slo ak adjec i al su ix. I is signi ican ha his bo owing and subsequen adap a ion was enabled and enhanced by ex a-linguis ic ac o s. Due o p edominan ly his o ical conside a ions, Slo ak has been e y open o new wo ds o igina ing in La in and hus he sha e o La ina e wo ds is high, e en in he gene al lexicon o Slo ak (Ho ecký 1999: 81). Nowadays, hanks o he impac o mass media, in e ne , and social media, his combined wo d- o ming p ocess o bo h bo owing and de i a ion is exceedingly p o i able and hus highly pe inen o a linguis ic and e minological s udy. Ou pape ep esen s a sequel o ou p e ious esea ch on he same esea ch opic, which is cu en ly in p in (Le ická 2021). Fo he sake o compa ison and cla i y o he eade , we conside ed i necessa y o include a summa y o he p e ious easoning and indings, supplemen ed wi h new insigh s and heo e ical backg ound. Thus, some o he ables (1–4), hough hey appea ed in ou i s pape , a e epea ed he e. 2. THEORETICAL UNDERPINNING The heo e ical concep o mo phological p oduc i i y has been de eloped by qui e a numbe o esea che s and schola s. An o e iew o p e ious heo e ical hinking and s udies in he 20 h cen u y has been summa ized and commen ed on in a numbe o s udies and a icles, e.g. by Jesús Fe nán- dez-Dominguez (2013) o Vic o ia Hulse (2011). He e, we will ocus only on a numbe o heo e ical conside a ions, which bo h p o ided us wi h inspi a ion and in luenced ou choice o he app oach and me hodology. The oldes de ini ion quo ed he e was w i en in 1948 by Ame ican linguis Dwigh L. Bolinge (quo ed by Säily 2018: 198), who concluded ha p oduc i i y was he “s a is ically de e minable eadiness4 wi h which an elemen en e s in o new combina ions”. In 1961, Du ch linguis Henk Schul ing (quo ed by S e an E e and Anke Lüdeling 2001: 165) de ined p oduc i i y as “ he possibili y o language use s o coin unin en ionally and, in p inciple, unlimi ed numbe s o new o ma ions, by using he mo phological p ocedu e ha lies behind he o m-meaning co espondence o some known wo ds”. 4 The ph ases o wo ds ma ked in bold le e s ep esen he key ea u es o ou esea ch. 5 8 Jana Le ická Usage and Empi ical P oduc i i y o In e na ional Adjec i al Su ixes in Slo ak Re isi ed Las , bu no leas , we would like o e e o he wo d- o ma ion esea ch o Czech linguis Miloš Dokulil, who p esen ed a complex heo y o wo d- o ma ion p oduc i i y in his wo k Teo ie oření slo in 1962. Fi s o all, Dokulil de ined he p oduc i i y o a language de ice in gene al as an “abil- i y o his language de ice (be i a base, a ix o wo d- o ma ion pa e n) o ac i ely pa icipa e in coining new wo ds” (1962: 78). He speci ied ha his abili y can be absolu e, i.e. i s usabili y in coining new wo ds in any ime and wi hin any wo d- o ma ion pa e n, o ela i e which is seman ically, o a he s yle dependen as well as wo d- o ma ion pa e n dependen . In Dokulil’s heo y, he p oduc i i y is a “concep o synch onic na u e, while he implemen a ion o his abili y – coining new wo ds acco ding o spe- ci ic ules – is, o he con a y, a concep o diach onic na u e” (1962: 80). Dokulil also di e en ia ed be ween sys emic and empi ical p oduc i i y (also e med “pa ole” o “ eal p oduc i i y” by F amn išek Š ícha 2012)), which gi es a “gene al idea o he o e all exploi a ion o a speci ic wo d- o ma- ion pa e n o language de ice in he sys em o a language in a gi en ime” (Dokulil 1962: 80). Dokulil belie ed ha e en “app oxima i e da a con- ce ning he quan i a i e use o a gi en wo d- o ma ion p ocess o elemen a e o pa amoun impo ance o he o e all pic u e o a gi en language in gene al and o he cha ac e is ics o i s lexicon in pa icula ” (I em: 77). F om among con empo a y Czech linguis s building on Dokulil’s he- o y o p oduc i i y and e i ying his assump ions on co pus da a (see e.g. Š ícha 2002, 2007, 2009, 2012 o Magda Še číko á 2014), Š ícha sugges s he analysis o empi ical/pa ole p oduc i i y, no only in big co po a, bu also by means o a se ies o co po a o di e en sizes and composi ion (2012: 104). I could be claimed ha Dokulil’s assump ions conce ning he ela i e p oduc i i y we e echoed by Ha ald Baayen and o he s whose me hods and app oaches we will e e o la e in his analysis. In 1999, Baayen and his colleagues Ingo Plag and Ch is iane Dal on-Pu e w o e ha “claims abou he p oduc i i y o a gi en a ix a e gene ally made wi hou di - e en ia ing p oduc i i y acco ding o he ype o discou se, al hough i is commonly assumed ha ce ain kinds o de i a ional su ixes a e mo e pe inen in ce ain kinds o ex s han in o he s” (1999: 209). Wi h la ge co po a a ailable, i is possible o measu e, iden i y and analyse he p oduc i i y o a wo d- o ma ion pa e n o elemen no on- ly in gene al language a a gi en ime, bu also in specialised domains and egis e s. 5 9Te minologija | 2021 | 28 3. PREVIOUS RESEARCH In line wi h he easoning and assump ions o linguis s quo ed in he p e ious pa , we o mula ed h ee key esea ch ques ions a he onse o ou esea ch aimed a iden i ying he mo phological p oduc i i y o ad- jec i al su ixes: 1) Is he mo phological p oduc i i y o indi idual adjec i al su ixes om he selec ed g oup di e en in gene al and specialised ex s? And a e hese di e ences s a is ically signi ican ? 2) Can he mo phological p oduc i i y o indi idual adjec i al su ix- es om he selec ed g oup a y depending on he speci ic do- main? A e some o hose i e su ixes mo e “ap ” o con ibu e o he encoding o ield o domain speci ic concep s? 3) Wha me hods a e ele an o his speci ic analysis o co pus da a? Fi s o all, due o he speci ici y o his kind o wo d- o ma ion pa e n La in base + La in su ix + e ymologically na i e su ix, we decided o se aside he quali a i e analysis in ol ing he limi s and ules go e ning he combina ion o indi idual La in bases wi h one o he selec ed adjec i al su ixes in he con ex o he Slo ak language. Al hough he quan i a i e app oach canno p o ide he whole pic u e o he p oduc i i y s a us o a su ix o any o he mo phological o m, i s bene i o his ype o esea ch lies in p esen ing he pe spec i e, he con ex o usage o wo ds coined acco ding o a speci ic pa e n, along wi h speci ic compa isons wi h seman ically and unc ionally equi - alen o ms. I is a gene ally accep ed iew ha a quan i a i e app oach in he analyses o mo phological p oduc i i y ep esen s a signi ican , complemen a y me hod o quali a i e esea ch (see e.g. E e and Lüdel- ing 2001). As Plag s a es: “quan i a i e and quali a i e no ions o p o- duc i i y […] a e closely ela ed. Thus, he idea o po en iali y, which is cen al o quali a i e de ini ions o p oduc i i y, can be exp essed in he s a is ical e ms o p obabili y” (quo ed by Nacca a o 2016: 135). Simila ly, Baayen and his co-au ho s ad oca e ha p oduc i i y “seems o be a scala concep […] wi h some a ixes one is mo e likely o en- coun e newly o med wo ds han wi h o he , a ac ha makes p oduc- i i y a p obabilis ic no ion which is suscep ible o s a is ical analysis” (1999: 10). 6 0 Jana Le ická Usage and Empi ical P oduc i i y o In e na ional Adjec i al Su ixes in Slo ak Re isi ed 3.1. S a is ical me hods In s age 1 o ou analysis, we adop ed he well- odden me hodological pa h o Ha ald Baayen and his colleagues and ollowe s (1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997). We iden i ied he so-called ealized p oduc i i y, i.e. he equency o usage o adjec i es coined wi h selec ed su ixes as well as he numbe o di e en adjec i es coined wi h hese su ixes in di e - en co po a. These co pus s a is ics ou line he p oduc i i y o su ixes wi h espec o he pas and p esen linguis ic si ua ion. The nex s ep was o de e mine he po en ial p oduc i i y o he analysed su ixes, i.e. an es ima e o he a e a which new ypes5 a e expec ed o appea . Baayen (2009: 7) sugges s calcula ing i as he a io o hapax lego- mena6 wi h a ix X and all okens wi h a ix X in a co pus. The usage o hapax legomena o he calcula ion o p oduc i i y has been widely c i i- cised, as his g oup does no di ec ly ep esen new coinages ha a e sup- posed o e lec he p oduc i i y o an elemen o pa e n. Plag, Dal on- Pu e and Baayen a gue ha he po en ial p oduc i i y is a p obabilis ic measu e, and ha wi h he inc ease in size o a co pus, “ he p opo ion o neologisms among he hapax legomena inc eases and i has been shown ha i is p ecisely among he hapax legomena ha he g ea es numbe o neologisms appea ” (1999: 12). In he p e ious s age o ou esea ch, we decided agains using he hapax/ oken me hod, bu adop ed he hapax/ ype me hod in line wi h an Ma le’s easoning (1992) ha oken equen- cy is no as ele an a a iable in a measu e o p oduc i i y as he numbe o lemmas. Howe e , he mos se ious d awback imposed by his measu e is he impossibili y o compa ing he s a is ical da a o co po a o di e en sizes (Nacca a o 2016: 133). We will e u n o his conside a ion in Pa 5. 3.2. Co po a used in he analysis7 All h ee co po a and h ee subco po a used in his analysis we e e- leased by he Depa men o he SNC in 2013–2020 and a e accessible o all egis e ed use s. 5 Types in co pus linguis ics ep esen unique wo ds, hey a e synonymous o lemmas (Bake e al. 2006). 6 Hapax legomena (o ig. G eek ph ase meaning “once said”), also abb e ia ed o hapax, is a wo d ha occu s only once in a pa icula co pus (Bake e al. 2006). 7 Mos o his sec ion comes om he pape desc ibing he p e ious s age o ou esea ch (Le ická 2021), howe e , his epe i ion is necessa y in o de o explain he na u e o he co pus da a. 6 1Te minologija | 2021 | 28 The i s , e e ence co pus (p im-7.0- k), amoun ing o mo e han 253 million okens, is composed o an e en sha e o jou nalis ic, specialised and ic ional ex s (64.12% o hem a e o iginally w i en in Slo ak, while 29.51% ep esen ansla ions), w i en in 1991–2015. The co pus was used in he compila ion o wo equency dic iona ies o Slo ak (2017, 2018) as well as he e e se dic iona y (2018). The second co pus, p im-9.0-public-p , is a publicly a ailable subco - pus o he p ima y co pus o he SNC p ojec (he eina e e e ed o as he scien i ic subco pus). Compiled om specialised, academic and non- ic ion ex s, his subco pus ea u es mo e han 149 million okens and documen s, as well as he gene al discou se o science and esea ch, in- cluding specialised jou nalism. I s ex s we e w i en be ween 1955–2019. The pe cen age o ex s w i en in 1955–1991 amoun s o 8.7% (mo e han 13 million o okens). The smalles (sub) co pus o all he sea ched co po a is he esul o il e ing he p ima y co pus o he SNC p ojec [9], e sion 9.0. I consis s o ex s ha belong o he ield o medicine w i en in 1976–2019 and comp ising sligh ly mo e han 7 million okens. The pe cen age o ex s w i en in 1955–1991 amoun s o 1.09%. We will e e o i h oughou he ex as he medical subco pus. In o de o ha e a compa able sou ce o igina ing om o he specialised co po a and he e e ence co pus, he specialised co pus legal-1.1 (he e- ina e e e ed o as he legal subco pus), buil in coope a ion wi h he Slo ak Minis y o Jus ice, was na owed down o legisla i e ex s c ea ed in he pe iod 1991–2011. I s almos 49 million okens we e hus educed o 33.5 million okens. The specialised co pus – bl -2.0 – ocusing on he eligious domain, was eleased in 2014. I s ex s consis o almos 66 million okens w i en be ween 1989–2014 (he eina e e e ed o as he eligious co pus). I comp ises mo e han 80% o hema ic jou nals and newspape s. Simi- la ly, specialised co pus ecn-2.0-public (he eina e e e ed o as he economic co pus), de o ed o he domain o economics, includes as much as 96.24% o specialised ex s published in hema ic jou nals and news- pape s. Tex s o his co pus come om 1992–2014 and comp ise almos 165 million okens. I mus be no ed, howe e , ha hese co po a a e he e ogenous and co e a wide a ie y o ex s. 6 2 Jana Le ická Usage and Empi ical P oduc i i y o In e na ional Adjec i al Su ixes in Slo ak Re isi ed As a as he co pus sea ch is conce ned, we did no base he que ies on mo phological agging p o ided o each and e e y (sub) co po a in- cluded in he analysis, on he basis ha , wi h La ina e wo ds, he agging p o ed o be inadequa e and e oneous. The e o e, we op ed o a simple sea ch o he speci ic ending o a oken, e.g. [lemma=“.*álny“], combined wi h he au oma ic il e ing o wo ds wi h inciden ally he same s ing o cha ac e s (see Pa 4.1). 3.3. Resul s o he p e ious s age In he p e ious s age, s a is ical da a om co po a enabled us o c ea e a anking o he ealized p oduc i i y o he analysed su ixes. The su ix -álny is de ini i ely he mos widely used in all (sub) co po a, while -ó ny is a he opposi e pole o he equency axis in 5 (sub) co po a. As can be seen om he no malised equencies o usage o ou ou o i e su - ixes, hey appea mo e equen ly in specialised and academic ex s (sci- en i ic subco pus) compa ed o he e e ence co pus. I is also no ewo hy ha he no malised equencies o su ixes in he medical subco pus ei he equal o conside ably exceed he ipm in he scien i ic subco pus, while he ipm o su ixes (ins ances pe million) in he eligious co pus is man- i es ly lowe han in he e e ence co pus. This can be pa ly explained by he ype o ex s included in hose (sub) co po a. Table 2. F equency and no malised equency (IPM, ins ances pe million) o he analysed su ixes in espec i e (sub) co po a. The co po a a e o de ed om he smalles o he la ges one SuF- FIx MeDICAL SUB- CORPUS LEGAL SUB- CORPUS RELI- GIOUS CORPUS SCIeNTIF- IC SUB- CORPUS ECO- NOMIC CORPUS eFe - ENCE CORPUS Tokens Tokens Tokens Tokens Tokens Tokens IPM IPM IPM IPM IPM IPM -álny 31,408 102,863 128,472 537,682 597 005 547,742 4423.94 3061.38 1948.9 3594.57 3618.5 2163.81 -á ny 4,529 25,980 14,253 94,586 38,178 84,780 637.93 773.21 216.22 634.14 231.40 334.92 -i ný 2,683 2,256 9,176 30,402 52,574 44,655 377.91 67.14 139.20 203.25 318.66 176.41 6 9Te minologija | 2021 | 28 a gi en su ix. Compa ed o Table 4, he anking changed in all (sub)- co po a excep o he e e ence co pus. Thus, i seems ha he inclusion o low- equency lemmas p o ed o be wo hwhile. The su ix -ó ny is mos p oduc i e in wo co po a (compa ed o h ee in Table 4), while -ózny emained a he op o wo ankings and -i ný a he op o he anking in he economic co pus. In he legal co pus, he mos p oduc i e su ix seems o be -á ny while his e y su ix is simul aneously leas p oduc i e in medical ex s and economic ex s. The las place in he p oduc i i y ankings is occupied by he su ix -ó ny bo h in he e e ence co pus and medical ex s, by he su ix -ózny in gene al scien i ic ex s and he su ix -i ný emained leas p oduc i e in legal and eligious co po a. 5. COMPA INg P ODuCTI ITy AC OSS (SuB) CO PO A As we poin ed ou in Pa 3.1, s a is ical measu es using aw equencies and coun s o ypes p e en ed us om compa ing p e ious esul s o igi- na ing om di e en (sub) co po a. I we ag ee wi h he claim o a he he hypo hesis ha he p oduc i i y o any wo d- o ma ion elemen o Table 9. Di e ence in a io o po en ial neologisms be ween he g oup o low- equency lemmas (4–1 occu ences) and he numbe o ypes. The anking o su ixes ha a e highligh ed changed compa ed o Table 4 LOW-F equeNCy LeMMAS/TyPe ATIO e e ence co pus scien i ic subco pus medical subco pus -ózny 0.2689075 -ó ny 0.2727272 -ózny 0.2638888 -á ny 0.2466666 -álny 0.2716468 -álny 0.1682785 -álny 0.2053838 -á ny 0.2712328 -ó ny 0.1538461 -i ný 0.1333333 -i ný 0.2653061 -i ný 0.1388888 -ó ny 0.12 -ózny 0.2436974 -á ny 0.1284916 legal subco pus eligious co pus economic co pus -á ny 0.1212121 -ó ny 0.3 -i ný 0.3504273 -ó ny 0.1 -álny 0.2651391 -álny 0.2647849 -ózny 0.1 -ózny 0.2115384 -ózny 0.2560975 -álny 0.0776397 -á ny 0.1985815 -ó ny 0.2307692 -i ný 0-i ný 0.1818181 -á ny 0.225 7 0 Jana Le ická Usage and Empi ical P oduc i i y o In e na ional Adjec i al Su ixes in Slo ak Re isi ed pa e n can be concluded om new coinages (and, a he same ime, we p o ed in Pa 4.2 ha hese new coinages could occu no only wi hin hapax g oups, bu also among low- equency ypes), i is possible o base u he analysis on wo d- equency dis ibu ions and equency spec a. By “ equency spec um” we mean a lis epo ing how many ypes in a equency lis can be obse ed o occu (Ba oni 2009: 807). F om he pe spec i e o wo d- equency dis ibu ion, e e and Lüdeling (2001: 166), in line wi h Schul ink’s de ini ion, claim ha “a p oduc i e pa e n is, in heo y, cha ac e ised by an in ini e ocabula y (c . he no ion o un-limi edness in Schul ink’s de ini ion), whe eas a o ally unp oduc i e pa e n is expec ed o ha e a ini e, and o en qui e small, ocabula y”. They poin ou ha “low equency ypes (including hapax legomena, bu also ypes occu ing wo, h ee, e c. imes) accoun o a majo pa o he ocabula y” o p oduc i e pa e ns and conclude ha his kind o com- pa ison canno be based on s anda d s a is ical models (2001: 167). Fo his pu pose o s a is ical modelling, Baayen in oduced in 2001 he so-called LNRE10 dis ibu ions. The bene i o hese specialised models lies in he possibili y o ex apola ing he ype- oken s a is ics om a speci ic sample o la ge alues o okens and hus es ima e po en ial neologisms ou side his sample. They a e based on he p edic ed ocabu- la y sizes ob ained om a coun o low- equency ypes in he co pus. One o he ou pu s o his modelling a e ocabula y g ow h cu es o a he han ype- oken g ow h cu es, which coun he numbe o ypes as a unc ion o he numbe o okens. A ypical shape o his cu e o an unp oduc i e p ocess s a s wi h a ise, bu hen i “ la ens ou and con e ges o a cons an alue, he ull ocabula y size” (2001: 168). On he con a y, a ypical p oduc i e pa e n ea u es an in ini e ocabula y, i.e. he cu e seems o g ow inde ini ely. By employing he LNRE dis ibu ions, i is possible o es ima e he numbe o ypes in la ge quan i ies o ex s, and e en he numbe o ypes 10 The LNRE heo y ( heo y o la ge numbe o a e e en s, as an independen a ea o s a is ics) has i s o igin in 1988 when Geo gian s a is ician Es a e Khmaladze published The s a is ical analysis o a la ge numbe o a e e en s. As his s uden Gio gi K izhinadze w o e: “The common ea u e o examples we will p esen below is ha along wi h se e al equen e en s he e is also a e y la ge numbe o e y a e e en s, say, wi h equency 0,1,2. The o al amoun o hese a e e en s compa ed o he numbe o ob- se a ions ypically is no la ge bu he numbe o hese e en s among all he di e en obse ed e en s is always e y signi ican . These a e e en s a e usually e y impo an . Fo ins ance, he numbe o wo ds used in he book only once can be conside ed no o i al impo ance o his book, bu i is e y clea ha hese wo ds a e absolu ely impo an because hey cons i u e hal o he au ho ’s ocabula y” (2010). 7 1Te minologija | 2021 | 28 o a wo d- o ma ion pa e n in he en i e “popula ion”, i.e. in a language as such. A he same ime, i is possible o es ima e o p edic he numbe o ypes in samples o he same size de i ed om la ge co po a. As men ioned in Pa 4.1, his s a is ical p ocedu e also equi es he quali y coun s o ypes and okens, o he wise, he calcula ion o he es i- ma ed ocabula y size o ypes would be e oneous – ins ead o la ening ou and con e ging o a cons an alue, he cu e could con inue o g ow. 5.1. The LNRE dis ibu ions We decided o apply he LNRE models o iden i y11 he p oduc i i y o e di e en ly-sized co po a, pa ly due o he ac ha he e is also an open-sou ce ool a ailable online – Zip de eloped by e e and Ma co Ba oni (2007). This open sou ce ool includes se e al models, om which we used ini e Zip -Mandelb o model ( ZM) based on he Zip -Mandel- b o law12. As he au ho s s a e, i s usage goes beyond linguis ics. Zip R ac- cep s se e al inpu o ma s, including simple equency lis s and plain samples, in a one- oken-pe -line o ma . We could use equency lis s om ou p e ious esea ch ha had unde gone he manual cleaning o he 1s s age (c . Pa 4.1), which ep esen ed ano he ad an age o his me hod. Ou equency lis s unde wen 4 basic ope a ions (E e , Ba oni 2007): (i) pa ame e es ima ion, whe e he pa ame e s o he LNRE model M a e de e mined om a aining sample o size by compa ing he expec ed equency spec um wi h he obse ed equency spec um; (ii) goodness-o - i e alua ion based on he co a iance ma ix o he num- be o ypes and he numbe o ypes occu ing exac ly m imes; (iii) in e pola ion and ex apola ion o ocabula y g ow h, using he expec ed alues; (i ) p edic ion o he expec ed equency spec um o a bi a y sam- ple size. As E e and Ba oni poin ed ou (2007), his modelling does no ocus on he equencies o indi idual wo d ypes, “bu a he on he dis ibu ion o such equencies (in a sample) and p obabili ies (in he popula ion)”. 11 We would like o hank o he in aluable help om ou colleague Ján Mášik who assu ed he imple- men a ion o he ZM model o ou co pus da a. 12 Fo a comp ehensi e desc ip ion o he Zip -Mandelb o law, he eade is e e ed o, e.g. Ba oni 2009. 7 2 Jana Le ická Usage and Empi ical P oduc i i y o In e na ional Adjec i al Su ixes in Slo ak Re isi ed 5.2. Applica ion o he LNRE dis ibu ions and e alua ion The Zip R ool p o ided us wi h wo d equency spec a and ype- oken cu es o each and e e y su ix in e e y (sub) co pus. Fo he lack o space, we only p esen he g aphs showing ype- oken cu es ha we e adjus ed o ha e he same scale on he x-axis. The y-axis di e s, as i depends, and esul s, om he ac ual coun o ypes o a speci ic su ix in a gi en (sub) co pus. We p opose o compa e he pai s o g aphs and inally e alua e he p oduc i i y o su ixes ac oss ou co pus da a. The x-axis ep esen s he numbe o okens, while he y-axis shows he (expec ed) numbe o di e en ypes p oduced by he wo d- o ma ion pa e n ea u ing one o he analysed su ixes. Bo h co po a, he e e ence and scien i ic ones, show he same anking o su ixes opped by he su ix -álny and ending wi h he su ix -ó ny. In he e e ence co pus, he cu e o h ee su ixes -álny, -á ny, -ózny g ows and hus indica es hei p oduc i i y, while he cu es o -i ný and, in pa icula , -ó ny la en ou . In he scien i ic subco pus, wo su ixes can be conside ed p oduc i e: -álny and -á ny. The cu es o he emain- ing h ee (-ózny, -i ný, -ó ny) g ow e y slowly, bu show he endency o la en ou a he end o he x-axis included in he g aph. The g aphs o he medical subco pus and legal co pus show only one p oduc i e su ix: -álny13. In he medical subco pus, bo h -á ny and -ózny la en e y quickly (possibly, hey each hei maximum o ocabula y size), and while -i ný and -ó ny g ow slowly, bu s eadily, hey c oss he 100- ype poin and possibly la en ou unde he 200- ype poin . The su ix -álny in legal ex s is heading o he 350- ype poin , while in medical ex s i is 800- ype poin (c . he scale on he y-axis). Howe e , in legal co pus he anking sligh ly di e s – he su ix -i ný comes in he hi d place ge ing pas he su ix -ózny, which appea s almos comple ely un- p oduc i e wi h he cu e unning pa allel wi h x-axis. The inal su ix -ó ny ea u es a e y slow ise and a subsequen endency o la ening. While he g aph o he eligious co pus shows h ee p oduc i e su - ixes -álny, -á ny and -ózny, i is no ewo hy ha all 5 analysed su ixes seem o be p oduc i e in economic ex s. The anking o su ixes in bo h co po a emains he same. 13 These wo g aphs miss he in e pola ion cu e o he su ix -álny. The eason o his lies in he adjus - men and uni ica ion o he scale o he x-axis o all (sub) co po a which did no pe mi o c ea e his ype o cu e. 7 3Te minologija | 2021 | 28 Fig. 3. Vocabula y g ow h cu es o analysed su ixes in he medical co pus Fig. 4. Vocabula y g ow h cu es o analysed su ixes in he legal co pus Fig. 1. Vocabula y g ow h cu es o analysed su ixes in he e e ence co pus Fig. 2. Vocabula y g ow h cu es o analysed su ixes in he scien i ic subco pus In he eligious co pus, bo h cu es o -i ný and -ó ny la en ou well unde he 100- ype poin . I we sum up he abo emen ioned indings conce ning he p oduc i - i y o he analysed su ixes ac oss ou co pus da a, we can claim ha he mos p oduc i e su ix is -álny, opping he anking in all he (sub) co po a. I s p oduc i i y seems o be highes in he subco pus o scien i ic and academic ex s and in he medical subco pus, ollowed by he e e ence co pus ( he cu e is heading o he poin o 700 ypes), he eligious 7 4 Jana Le ická Usage and Empi ical P oduc i i y o In e na ional Adjec i al Su ixes in Slo ak Re isi ed co pus ( he cu e c osses he 600- ype poin ), he economic co pus ( he cu e is heading o he 500- ype poin ) and inally he legal co pus (a i s highes , he cu e is close o 350- ype poin ). The su ix -á ny comes in second and ea u es p oduc i i y in 4 ou o 6 (sub) co po a. The shape o he cu es sugges s ha i is unp oduc i e in legal and medical ex s. The highes p oduc i i y o his su ix can be seen in he subco pus o scien i ic and academic ex s ( he cu e c osses he 400- ype poin ), hen in he e e ence co pus ( he cu e c osses he 300- ype poin ), while in eligious and economic ex s he cu e uns close o he 300- ype poin . Simila ly, he su ix -ózny appea s o be p oduc i e in 4 ou o 6 co - po a. In e es ingly enough, i seems o be unp oduc i e in he same (sub)- co po a as he su ix -á ny – in legal and medical co po a. I is mos p oduc i e in economic ex s whe e he cu e uns well o e he 200- ype poin , hen in he e e ence co pus whe e he cu e c osses he same poin , while in he emaining wo co po a he cu e ei he ouches he same poin , bu seems o la en ou he e (p im-9.0-public-p ) o only heads o his poin in eligious co pus. Also, he su ix -i ný seems o be p oduc i e in 4 ou o 6 co po a. The la ening cu e indica ing unp oduc i i y can be seen in g aphs o legal and eligious co po a. I is mos p oduc i e in economic ex s whe e he cu e uns well o e 100- ype poin s, while in h ee emaining (sub)- co po a i c osses his poin and uns lowe . Fig. 6. Vocabula y g ow h cu es o analysed su ixes in he economic co pus Fig. 5. Vocabula y g ow h cu es o analysed su ixes in he eligious co pus 7 5Te minologija | 2021 | 28 The inal su ix in he anking -ó ny – is p oduc i e in 4 ou o 6 co - po a, also. I s unp oduc i i y was iden i ied in he e e ence and eligious co po a. I s highes p oduc i i y is in medical and economic ex s whe e he cu e c osses he 100- ype poin , in academic and scien i ic ex s he cu e uns close o his poin and in legal ex s i ha dly c osses he 25- ype poin . In conclusion, i may be said ha he analysed su ixes a e mos p o- duc i e in scien i ic and academic ex s o in he ex s o a special domain (economy o medicine), which comes as no su p ise conside ing hei e ymology. Thei p oduc i i y, o a he deg ee o p oduc i i y, di e s conside ably ac oss (sub) co po a. The mos in e es ing obse a ion, pe - haps, is he unp oduc i i y o h ee su ixes in he legal domain and he lowes p oduc i i y o he emaining wo su ixes in he same domain. I could indica e ha legal ex s do no a ou lexical c ea i i y in coining new adjec i es o his kind. Compa ed o Pa 4, he di e ence in he anking o su ixes can be pa ially explained by he phenomenon obse ed by ácla C ček (2012) conce ning hapax- ype a io. Acco ding o C ček’s expe imen s, his a io ends o dec ease om i s maximal alue 1 o i s local minimum (ibid: 5). Howe e , a e his poin , he a io s a s o inc ease again. C ček claims i o be “some so o gene al quan i a i e p inciple o la ge collec ions o ex s” (ibid: 14). The shape o he hapax- ype unc ion seems o be ough- ly he same e en o ypologically di e en languages, howe e , he size o a ex ual sample depends on he ype o he language. In o de o each he minimal poin o hapax- ype a io, C ček s a es ha an english co - pus should comp ise a leas 3 million okens, while a Czech one (and we belie e a Slo ak one as well due o ypological ela edness o he wo languages) should comp ise as many as 58 million okens. As wo subco - po a om ou analysis a e smalle han C ček’s limi , hei hapax- ype a io is si ua ed in he dec easing pa o he hapax- ype unc ion. 6. CONCLUSION In he sequel o ou esea ch ocusing on he p oduc i i y o selec ed su ixes in di e en co po a and domains, we managed o answe bo h ques ions p esen ed in Pa 4. 1. We we e able o p o e ha low- equency lemmas ex ac ed om a co pus also include po en ial neologisms, and, hough hei dis ibu ion 7 6 Jana Le ická Usage and Empi ical P oduc i i y o In e na ional Adjec i al Su ixes in Slo ak Re isi ed may a y ac oss co pus da a, hey can al e he p oduc i i y anking based on hapax/ ype o mula. 2. We iden i ied and applied s a is ical modelling o he e alua ion o p oduc i i y ac oss co po a – LN e dis ibu ions. By eeding he open- sou ce ool wi h ou co pus da a we ecei ed a isual modelling o p o- duc i i y ha enabled us o s a e ha he p oduc i i y o he analysed su ixes di e s no only when gene al and scien i ic ex s a e compa ed, bu also be ween di e en specialised domains. We belie e ha he mod- elling clea ly shows he eal po en ial o each and e e y analysed su ix o p oduce new ypes in a espec i e domain. Howe e , he esul s and anking om Pa 4 and 5 o his pape a e a he mu ually incompa able because he i s one is based di ec ly on aw da a – he coun o ypes and hapaxes o low- equency ypes in a speci ic (sub) co pus, while he second one on he expec ed equency spec a o e e y (sub) co pus. In sho , while he i s one ep esen s ac- ual da a, he second one seeks o es ima e he p oduc i i y o an elemen in he speci ic language as such. The e o e, o la ge co po a o medical and legal ex s, we should iden i y mo e hapaxes, which migh esul in a di e en su ix anking. Ou assump ions could e en ually be e i ied in u u e esea ch by analysing mo e ex ensi e co po a comp ising a ep e- sen a i e sample o ele an ex ypes o speci ic domains because ex gen es can also play a ole in mo phological p oduc i i y o an elemen . Gi en ha e en he bigges co pus would no comp ise all he wo ds, we belie e ha i is mo e easonable o e alua e he mo phological p o- duc i i y o any elemen by means o mo e sophis ica ed me hods han he aw coun o ypes o okens. In conclusion, i could be said ha we a e able o iden i y he pas p oduc i i y in a wo d- o ma ion pa e n o elemen . We can also p o ide di e en es ima es o i s u u e exploi a ion, i.e., Baayen’s po en ial p o- duc i i y. Fu he mo e, e en i we comple e he s a is ical measu es wi h a quali a i e analysis, we should ake in o conside a ion one mo e ac : as Fe nández-Domínguez igh ly a gues, p obabilis ic p edic ions o mo - phological p oduc i i y should be pe cei ed in he con ex o ex alin- guis ic ac o s and, in pa icula , hose in ol ing he naming needs o a speech communi y. “I no naming need exis s, no p oduc i e wo d- o - ma ion can ake place” (Fe nández-Domínguez 2013: 438). 7 7Te minologija | 2021 | 28 ACKNOWlEDgEMENTS The pape has been w i en wi hin he Slo ak Na ional Co pus p ojec suppo ed by he Slo ak Academy o Sciences, Minis y o educa ion, Science, esea ch and Spo o he Slo ak epublic, Minis y o Cul u e o he Slo ak epublic and he Ľudo í Š ú Ins i u e o Linguis ics, Slo ak Academy o Sciences. lIST OF SOURCES Slo enský ná odný ko pus. Ko pus p im-7.0- k. B a isla a: Jazyko edný ús a Ľ. Š ú a SA 2018. Acces- sible a : h ps://ko pus.sk. Slo enský ná odný ko pus. Ko pus p im-9.0-public-p . 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