„Lietuvos“, „lietuvių“ ar „lietuviškas skalikas“: pavadinimų vartojimo problematika

72 Lithuanian, Lithuanian or Lithuanian pavadinimų vartojimo problematika Marius Smetona, Anželika Smetonienė stallion: doi.org/10.35321/term30-4 Lietuvos, lietuvių ar lietuviškas skalikas: problem of the use of names Lietuvos, lietuvių, or lietuviškas skalikas: Problems of Using Dog Breed Names MARIUS SMETONA Vilniaus universitetas ORCID id: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2816-5504 ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas ORCID id: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0352-884X ANNOTATION The article examines the reasons for the emergence of the names of the national breed of dogs, sometimes used in the public and in the media, Lithuanian Stallion and Lithuanian Stallion, although in cynology there is a well-established term Lithuanian Stallion. To achieve this goal, 283 breed names were analyzed, they were classified into four groups and it was checked whether there are any other terms in the Lithuanian pavadinimų sistemos. Nustatyta, su kokio tipo šalutiniais dėmenimis sudaromi cynology field. In order to find out the trends of naming animals bred in Lithuania, the names were checked in official authorities’ sources. The article also briefly discusses the international system of dog breed names in order to determine whether it could have influenced the Lithuanian tradition. KEY WORDS: cynology terminology, dog breed names, toponyms, ethnonyms, variations. ABSTRACT The article examines the reasons why the names Lietuvos skalikas and lietuviškas skalikas, which are sometimes used in the public and in the media for the national dog breed, may have arisen, although the term lietuvių skalikas [Lithuanian Hound] is well established in the field of cynology. 73Terminology | 2023 | 30 To achieve this goal, 283 breed names were analysed, classified into four groups, and checked whether a system of dog breed names is available and what type of attributes are used for other terms in Lithuanian cynology. To identify the naming trends of animals that have been bred in Lithuania, the names have been verified in the official sources of the authorities. The international naming system for dog breeds is also investigated to determine whether it may have influenced the Lithuanian tradition. KEYWORDS: cynology, dog breed names, toponyms, ethnonyms, variations. INTRODUCTION A number of Lithuanian terminology works are devoted not only to general principles, but also to the discussion of terms of individual fields and their problems. In one or another aspect, astrology, biology, economics, the fizikos, kompiuterijos, matematikos, medicinos, religijos, statybos, teisės terminų problemos ir tendencijos. Nors Lietuvos kinologų draugija (LKD) buvo įkurta prieš 30 metų ir nuo 2005 m. yra tikroji Tarptautinės kinologų federacijos (FCI) narė, kinologijos terminai dar nėra sulaukę Lietuvos mokslininkų dėmesio. Visuotinėje lietuvių enciklopedijoje (VLEe) pateikiamas following definition of cynology: “Cynology (Greek kyōn, origin kynos – dog + logos – science), the science of dogs. Examines dog breeds, their origin, anatomy and physiology, breeding, breeding, education, training, use in hunting and service purposes. Cynology is the theoretical basis of current dog breeding.” The terms of this fairly wide field are the names of dog breeds. Non-cynologists and people with little experience in dog breeding often do not know the exact names of less popular breeds. This has undoubtedly been noticed by the LKD, which is why its website publishes concise information not only about the correct names of breeds, but also about the forms: “We would like breeding dog lovers to show a good example and spell the names of dog breeds correctly. Here are the basic rules for correctly writing the names of dog breeds. Dog breeds are written in lowercase letters, because the name of the dog breed is a common Lithuanian word (auksaspalvis veris, cvergšnauceris, taksas, pudelis, kolis, čiau čiau, senbernaras ir t. t.). Didžiąja raide šuns veislė rašoma tik tais atvejais, kai yra susijusi su aiškia retrigeografine nuoroda. Most often this is the place of origin of the dog breed: Yorkshire Terrier, Labrador Retriever, Swiss Shepherd Dog, Overland kas, Veimaro trumpaplaukis paukštšunis. Atkreipkite dėmesį: šuns veislės pavadinime dominuoja tikrinis žodis – šalies arba regiono pavadinimas. BrakWhen the name of the dog breed is related to the name of the nation that 74 Lithuanian, Lithuanian or Lithuanian stallion: pavadinimų vartojimo problematika Marius Smetona, Anželika Smetonienė formed this breed, the name is written in lowercase: Lithuanian Stallion, German Shepherd, Australian Silky Terrier, Irish Wolfhound, Czechoslovak Wolfhound, Italian Brake, Welsh Corgi Pembroke, Finnish Laika. Be careful: not Lietuvos ar lietuviškas skalikas, o lietuvių skalikas; ne Amerikos Stafordšyro terjeras, o amerikiečių Stafordšyro terjeras“ (www.kinologija.lt). Šiame įraše minimi ir lietuvių skalikai. Lietuvoje vietinėms gyvūnų veislėms skiriama mažai dėmesio, tačiau pastaruoju metu visuomenė kiek daugiau susidomėjo mūsų nacionaline šunų veisle, todėl pastebima, kad viešojoje erdvėje ryškėja tendencija vienintelę lietuvišką šunų veislę vadinti keliais in different ways – Lithuanian stallion, Lithuanian stallion or Lithuanian stallion. Such name inconsistency causes discussions among breed enthusiasts, breeders, breeders and cynologists, because traditionally people working with this breed call it Lithuanian Stallion. In general, when evaluating the popularity of the use of these names, at least when entering each of them in the Google search box, the most popular is Lithuanian stallion (5 740 results), less popular is Lithuanian stallion (1 410 results), and the least popular is Lithuanian stallion (313 results). Perhaps the best reflection of this problem is this excerpt from the magazine miskininkas.eu: “It has been on the verge of extinction on several occasions, but, as the long-time president of the Lithuanian-Lithuanian (underlined by the authors – aut. past.) Stallion Breeders’ Union (the official name of the union is the Lithuanian Stallion Breeders’ Union – aut. past.) Ričardas Barzdenis tells us, today Lithuanian-Lithuanian stallions boldly breed in the forests, and their breeders know: the breed will not disappear. Lithuanian stallions are loved not only in Lithuania – these dogs are gladly bred by residents of other countries, and it is also known that the blood of our national breed of dogs is infused into the stallions of other countries” (Milerytė 2020). As can be seen, all three terms are used in the short passage, and this use seems synonymous. If the name of the dog breed is considered as a term of the cynology field, it should be the only name of the concept (Jakaitienė 2010: 185). Asta Mitkevičienė notes that synonymy of terms is understood as a negative phenomenon, which is also reflected in the language specialty program of the State Language Commission – synonymy is presented as one of the terminology defects (Mitkevičienė 2020: 1–2). The ISO standard 7.2.6 point emphasizes that one of the most important tasks in terms standardization is to distinguish terms with the preferential mark – that is, the main term. Synonyms (if they do not create ambiguity elsewhere) are marked admitted. 75Terminology | 2023 | 30 If a synonym is rejected for any reason (for example, because it violates the principles of monosemy), it is marked as deprecated (ISO 2009: 35–36). However, in practice, synonyms are not eliminated, they arise for various reasons. Sigita Stankevičienė distinguishes primarily linguistic-cognitive and extralinguistic factors – nominative variation and communicative variation, determined by different addressees. Synonyms of terms are quite common when terminology in a particular field is only forming, but they can also appear after terminology has established itself (Stankevičienė 2012: 22). Thus, it is natural that in such a broad and close to society field as cynology, it is difficult to avoid synonyms of undesirable terms. Angelė Kaulakienė distinguishes between justified (e.g., Lithuanian and international term, compound and elliptical terms) and unjustified (e.g., Lithuanian and international term, compound and elliptical miją, pastaroji ir yra vengtina (Kaulakienė 1994: 55). Šio straipsnio objektas – mūsų nacionalinės šunų veislės pavadinimo skalikas šalutiniai dėmenys: lietuvių, Lietuvos, lietuviškas. Siekiama nustatyti, kodėl atsirado tokia šios veislės pavadinimų įvairovė, kuo jie skiriasi ir kuris iš pavadinimų vis dėlto būtų taisyklingas. Tam iš LKD tarptautinių šunų parodų naujausių („Vilniaus pavasaris 2023“, „Lietuvos nugalėtojas 2023“, „Vilniaus taurė 2023“, „Kauno žiema 2023“, „Kauno nugalėtojas 2023“, „Kikos taurė terms) synonyms of terms. In this study, breed names (a total of 283 different breed names were collected) were selected from the catalogues of 2018 („Litexpo taurė 2023“) and older catalogues („Vilniaus žiema 2018“, „Kalėdų taurė 2018“), they were classified into four groups and checked whether there is any dog breed naming system. Also, the names of other animals (horses, pigs, etc.) bred in Lithuania were examined in order to determine the place of the Lithuanian stallion in the common system. OTHERS PRODUCED IN LITHUANIA NAME OF ANIMALS In Lithuania there is not only a national breed of dogs, but also horses, pigeons, cattle, etc. In order to determine the trends in the naming of animals bred in Lithuania as reliable as possible, their names were checked in official authorities’ sources – the farm animal classifications of the Centre for Agricultural Information and Rural Business. Data from the Lithuanian General Encyclopedia and the Lithuanian Coordination Centre for the Conservation of Farm Animal Genetic Resources are also included (see Table 1). 76 Lithuanian, Lithuanian or Lithuanian stallion: pavadinimų vartojimo problematika Marius Smetona, Anželika Smetonienė Table 1. Names of animals bred in Lithuania LITHUANIAN GENEALOGIC CENTER OF FARMERS' CLASSIFICATIOANIMALS NS OF ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LITHUANIAN GENETIC RESOURCES PROTECTION COORDINATION CENTRES Lietuvos sunkieji Lietuvos sunkieji Lietuvos sunkieji arkliai žemaitukai žemaitukai žemaitukai large lowlands large lowlands large lowlands Equestrians of Lithuania Lithuanian white Lithuanian white Lithuanian white Lithuanian local pigs Lithuanian local pigs Lithuanian black-headed sheep Lithuanian black-headed sheep Lithuanian local Lithuanian local coarse wool sheep coarse wool sheep Lithuanian local goats Lithuanian local goats Livestock in Lithuania Lithuanian white-backed cattle Lithuanian green cattle Lithuanian black-haired cattle chicken geese Lithuanian stallion Lithuanian stallions Table 1 shows that some names do not have correspondences in one or another source, while other names have them everywhere. For example, VLEe does not have articles on most local breeds. Lithuanian riding horses are included only in the classification, because it is a relatively new breed and so far there is no need to take measures at the state level to protect it, but it should be emphasized that in the documents of its breeding organization (Lithuanian Horse Breeders Association) is used precisely the compound with the accent Lithuania. Bovine designations have been significantly reduced or simplified in the classification and are therefore not included in this table. Lithuanian stallions are not included in the classifications, because they are not an agricultural object, but here it is necessary to mention the entry published on the website of the Ministry of Agriculture in 2016: “The Ministry of Agriculture prepared and approved in 2008 the Lithuanian programme for the preservation of genetic resources of farm animals, which included the Žemaitukas, the Large Žemaitukas and Lithuanian heavy horses, the old genotype of the Trakai breed horses, the Lithuanian local and old genotype of the Lithuanian white pigs, the stallions and 77Terminology | 2023 | 30 chicken geese, Lithuanian stallionsLithuanian stallions (underlined by baltnugarius, senojo genotipo Lietuvos žaluosius, senojo genotipo Lietuvos juodmargius galvijus, vietines šiurkščiavilnes ir Lietuvos juodgalves avis, authors – aut. past.), local goats, local bees. Their distinctive hereditary characteristics were formed in Lithuania, therefore they have significant breeding, scientific, cultural, historical, ecological and economic value and are an important part of the global biodiversity. Thus, at least from the presented domestic domestic breeds, the naming of lis“ (ŽŪM). Iš šios Žemės ūkio ministerijos dokumento ištraukos matyti, kad jeigu skalikų pavadinimas būtų įtrauktas į klasifikatorių, greičiausiai jame būtų vartojamas žodžių junginys Lietuvos skalikas. Kiti du šaltiniai domestic pigeon breeds has a quite vivid system. Usually, a toponym is chosen and an gyvūnų veislių pavadinimų lietuvių skalikas iškrenta kaip nesisteminis, nes valstybinėse institucijose įsigalėjęs Lietuvos skalikas. attributive word is attached to it – a certain physical, behavioural characteristic of the quail or a figurative description of it: Sūduvas baltagalvis, Dainavos spalvotagalvis, Kauno butterfly, Kauno baltajuostis vartiklis, Klaipėda high-winged, Vilnius coloured, Vilnius eagle, Vilnius night, Šiauliai white-winged, Lietuvos šarkelė, Lietuvos pašto-parodinis, Lietuvos žuvėdrėlė, Lietuvos figūrinis. In these cases, the group is called the high-level bubble. There is a strong tendency to use the names of regions and cities. galima rasti pavyzdžių su dėmeniu Lietuvos, iš visos balandžių pavadinimų Names of dog breeds The Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) recognizes about 360 dog breeds. Each breed has its own name – it functions as a term in cynology. The names of dog breeds were chosen from several catalogues of international exhibitions held in Lithuania. It was 283. The names of the varieties were divided into groups. The first three consist of names by analogy, based on the Lithuanian language dog breed names lietuvių skalikas and Lietuvos skalikas, as well as a few intermediate cases (see table 2), the fourth group – names that have arisen on a different basis: afenpinčer, akita, gold retriever, azavakas, barbete, bearded collie, basenji, basethund, beagle, Beaver terrier, bobtail, border collie, border terrier, boseronas, briar, broholmeris, bullmastiff, bull terrier, chow chow, chihuahua long-haired, chihuahua short-haired, cvergšnauceris baltas, cvergšnauceris juodas, cvergšnauceris juodas su įsidabriu, cvergšnauceris akita American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American 78 Lithuanian, Lithuanian or Lithuanian stallion: kas, apricot), big poodle (brown, black, pavadinimų vartojimo problematika Marius Smetona, Anželika Smetonienė pipirai su druska, dalmatinas, Dendžio Dinmonto terjeras, didysis pudelis (pilwhite), dirt hound, Doberman, drever, Jack Russell terrier, faleno, phantom dwarf, pharaoh's dog, fyldspaniel, bladhounds, etc. This is the largest group, with a total of 109 cases, but it is not discussed in this article. Table 2. Structure of compound names of dog breeds in the catalogues of exhibitions organized by LKD PAGRINDINIS PAVADINIMO DĖMUO ŠALUTINIS PAVADINIMO DĖMUO (tautos pavadinimas arba toponimas) KITI DĖMENYS ŠALUTINIO DĖMENS TIPAS ŠUNS VEISLĖS PAVADINIMAS KATALOGUOSE people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people American people Bosnian and Herzegovina-CroatCroatian Shepherd Swiss White Nation real Bosnian and ia White Swiss Shepherd Belgian Gruyère Nation Belgian Shepherd Gruyère Belgian Laekenois Nation Belgian Shepherd Laekenois Terrier belgų malinua tauta belgų aviganis malinua belgų terviuerenas tauta belgų aviganis Polish Lowland Shepherd Dog Polish Lowland islandų tauta islandų aviganis Kaukazo tikrinis Kaukazo aviganis Shepherd Dog Maremanotikrinis Abrucio2 Maremano-Abruzzo aviganis 1 Taisyklingai lietuvių kalboje adaptuotas miesto pavadinimas Lhasa yra Lhasa (Lhasos apsas), tačiau The name Lasa in the catalogue is probably influenced by the Chinese name Lasa (PVZ). 2 The name of the region from which the breed originates is Abruzzo in the original language, adapted to English as Abrucai (Maremano-Abruzzo Shepherd) (PVZ). 79Terminologija | 2023 | 30 PAGRINDINIS PAVADINIMO DĖMUO ŠALUTINIS PAVADINIMO DĖMUO (tautos pavadinimas arba toponimas) KITI DĖMENYS ŠALUTINIO DĖMENS TIPAS ŠUNS VEISLĖS PAVADINIMAS KATALOGUOSE dutch3longhair nation dutch shepherd longhair4 dutch roughhair dutch shepherd hair roughhair South Russian Shepherd Dog Podhale Shepherd Dog Eastern European genuine Eastern European Shepherd Romanian nation; Romanian CarpathiCarpathian an Shepherd Dog Middle exam Asian Shepherd German Nation German Central Asia Shepherd German Longhair Nation German Shepherd Longhair Basset Hound Artua Nation; Arthur of Normandy Normandy5 real basset hound Gascony Blue Basset Hound King of Vendée griticrine background griffon Vendée grand basset 3 Instead of the traditional names Holland, Dutch, Dutch, Dutch, it is now recommended to use Kingdom of the Netherlands, Netherlands, Dutch, Dutch (VLKK), but the names of breeds of dogs, such as the Dutch Shepherd, have been in use for a long time and therefore it is not necessary to change the names on the basis of the recommendation (i.e. Dutch Shepherd). In addition, at least the collected material shows that the names of dog breeds with the suffix -ietis are not formed, the names of the inhabitants of the state are not chosen (not the Afghan breed), but the folk names (Afghan breed). 4 Attention should be drawn to the unusual word order in the names of some varieties. This is not the subject of this article, but it is worth mentioning that the influence of such a linguistically irregular phenomenon, apparently, had the history of the breed. Along with such names as miniature American Shepherd, white Swiss Shepherd, West Scottish White Terrier, Russian Longhair Cur, there is a Mexican Bald Dog Miniature, German Shepherd Longhair, etc. It is possible that the latter and similar names include breeds that appeared somewhat later than the main variant, such as the German Shepherd and the German Longhair Shepherd, and that the side spot was simply added, and that the pattern of naming in other languages at the time may have been influenced. When the secondary features are indicated in brackets (German dogas (black, marble), German medium spits (brown, black), etc.), this way of naming does not violate the Lithuanian language system, but in other cases the irregular word order is completely unjustified, especially when there are analogous regular names next to it (e.g.: rough-haired Hungarian vižlas, short-haired Hungarian vižlas and Russian toy long-haired, Russian toy short-haired). 5 The second part of the name should probably be Norman, which is indicated by the word Normand (Artua Norman Basset) in the original name of the breed. 80 Lithuanian, Lithuanian or Lithuanian pavadinimų vartojimo problematika Marius Smetona, Anželika Smetonienė PAGRINDINIS PAVADINIMO DĖMUO ŠALUTINIS PAVADINIMO DĖMUO (tautos pavadinimas arba toponimas) KITI DĖMENYS ŠALUTINIO DĖMENS TIPAS ŠUNS VEISLĖS PAVADINIMAS KATALOGUOSE stallion: Bichon Bolognese Bolognese Bichon Havana Bison Russian Bichon Frise Maltese Bichon Frise Russian Bichon Frise Maltese Bichon Frise Tulearo6real Tulearo bichon boxer German nation German boxer braque bourbon7real bourbon braque Italian nation Italian braque French Pyrenees French Pyrenees French Pyrenees French Pyrenees French Pyrenees French Pyrenees English Bulldog English Bulldog English French Pyrenees French Pyrenees Bulldog English Bulldog English Bulldog French Pyrenees English Bulldog English Bulldog English Bulldog English Bulldog English Bulldog English Bulldog English Bulldog Majorcan bulldog Majorcan bulldog French bulldog French bulldog bull American bulldog American bulldog American bulldog American bulterjeras Stafordšyro tikrinis Stafordšyro bulterjeras buvjė flamandų tauta flamandų buvjė bulldog American bulldog American bulldog American bulldog American bulldog American bulldog American bulldog American bulldog American bulldog American bulldog American bulldog American bulldog American bulldog Bordo check-up Bordo dog Canary Canario Canary Canario German (black, nation German dog tiger) (brown, tiger) German (blue) nation German dog (blue) German drathar German nation German drathar 6 The name of the breed is associated marmurinis) with the port city of Toliara. The name of the city was probably influenced by the former name of the city, (juodas, marmurinis) vokiečių (rudas, Tulear. The name of the city is now adapted in Lithuanian as tauta vokiečių dogas Toliara (Toliara Bichon) (PVZ). 7 Bourbon Chardonnay is an old breed, originating from the historical French region of Bourbonnais, so the name of the breed in Lithuanian is not accurate, it should be Bourbon Chardonnay. 87Terminology | 2023 | 30 Also questions raise Thai Ridgeback, Tibetan Spaniel, Tibetan Terrier. The names of these breeds in other major FCI languages are ang. Thai ridgeback dog, Tibetan spaniel, Tibetan terrier; French. Thai dog with dorsal crest, Tibetan spaniel, Tibetan terrier; vok. Thailand Ridgeback, Tibet Spaniel, Tibet Terrier. Thus, in English and French terms there are Thai and Tibetan, only in German the emphasis is on Thai and Tibetan. According to the logic and systematics of translation, these breeds should be: Thai Ridgeback, Tibetan Spaniel, Tibetan Terrier. Nevertheless, the Tibetan Mastiff is rightly called so, because, judging by examples in other languages and based on the facts about the breed itself, the name means the Tibetan highland, and the side spot of the Tibetan does not violate the system. Ambiguous may seem the name of the Maltese Bichon, considering that there is the Republic of Malta, located in the archipelago. However, Malta is also called the largest island of the archipelago, so in this respect the name is not out of the system. The two remaining breed names, Peruvian bald dog and Bosnian and Herzegovina-Croatian shepherd dog, although not in line with the system, may be justified. This is probably due to the difficulty of defining the ethnic composition of the populations of these countries, for example, the VLEe only indicates that the majority of the population of Peru is mestizo (VLEe). Furthermore, the Bosnian and Herzegovina-Croatian Shepherd originates from a place falling within the territory of both States. For a more detailed breakdown of the groups of variety names discussed (i.e. excluding names where only the original variety name is spelled out), see Figure 1. Figure 1. Distribution of traits in compound names of dog breeds traits related to ethnonyms (e.g. Afghan kurt) Spots associated with names of cities, regions, valleys, etc. (e.g., Bedlington Terrier) Spots associated with names of countries (e.g. Peruvian bald dog) Names associated with both ethnonyms and toponyms (e.g. American Staffordshire Terrier) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 98 65 7 4 88 Lithuanian, Lithuanian or Lithuanian stallion: pavadinimų vartojimo problematika Marius Smetona, Anželika Smetonienė There is also an international system of dog breed names. It is appropriate to compare several names in English, French and German – the main FCI languages13 – with Lithuanian breed names, where their secondary accent is ethnonym (according to Lithuanian stalas) and toponym. (pagal Lietuvos skalikas) (žr. 3 ir 4 lenteles). 3 lentelė. Veislių pavadinimai pagrindinėmis FCI kalbomis (pagal pavadinimą lietuvių skalikas) LIETUVIŲ K. ANGLŲ K. PRANCŪZŲ K. VOKIEČIŲ K. afganų kurtas Afghan Hound Levrier Afghan Afghanischer Windhund Terrier Czechoslovakian Czechoslovakian Chien Loup Czechoslovak Wooldog Czechoslovak kischer Wolfhund Estonian Terrier Noir Russe Russischer Terrier Schwarzer Terrier Hound Chien courant Estnische Bracke d’Estonie Spanish Polish Greyhound Levrier Polonais Polnischer Greyhound Levrier Espagnol Spanischer japonų činas Japanese Chin Epagneul Japonais Japan-Chin juodasis rusų Russian Black Windhund Windhund Mexican Xoloitzcuintle Xoloitzcuintle Mexikanischer bald dog Nackthund French French Bulldog Bouledogue Französische bulldog Terrier Scottish Terrier Ecossais Schottischer Terrier Dutch Shepherd Français Bulldogge Finnish Spitz Spitz Finlandais Finnen-Spitz Scottish Berger Hollandais Holländischer Dog Schäferhund German Spitz German Spitz Spitz Allemand Deutscher Spitz 13 The names of the dog breeds in the languages mentioned are taken from the FCI website https://www.fci.be/en/ Nomenclature/races.aspx, in some languages the original names are given (e.g. English Dogue de Bordeaux). 89Terminologija | 2023 | 30 4 lentelė. Veislių pavadinimai pagrindinėmis FCI kalbomis (pagal pavadinimą Lietuvos skalikas) LIETUVIŲ K. ANGLŲ K. PRANCŪZŲ K. VOKIEČIŲ K. Alaskan Malamute Malamute de Alaska Malamute l’Alaska Bedlingtono Bedlington Terrier Bedlington Terrier terrier Bedlington Terrier de Bordo dogas Dogue de Bordeaux Dogue de Bordeaux Bordeauxdogge Bostono terjeras Boston Terrier Terrier de Boston Boston terrier Bretanės spanielis Brittany Spaniel Epagneul Breton Bretonischer Spaniel Havanos bišonas Havanese Bichon Havanais Havaneser Jorkšyro terjeras Yorkshire Terrier Terrier du Yorkshire Yorkshire Terrier Kaukazo aviganis Caucasian Shepherd Dog Shepherd of the Caucasus Kaukasischer German shepherd dog Italian Cane Corso Chien de Italy Cour Italienischer Corso dog New Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever de la Retriever Nova Scotia Nouvelle Ecosse Retriever Retriever Norrbottenspitz Spitz de Norrbotten Norrbottenspitz Peruvian Hairless Dog Peruvian Chien Nu du Perou Peruanischer Dog naked dog Prague Rat Ratier de Prague Prague Rattler Tatra Shepherd Chien Dog of de Berger the Tatras Tatra-Schäferhund Sibiro haskis Siberian Husky Husky de Sibérie Siberian Husky Lyginti veislių pavadinimus skirtingomis kalbomis yra kiek sudėtingiau due to different language systems, but from both tables it is clear that in both English and French and German languages in the naming of breeds of dogs, prastai nėra valstybės pavadinimo, dažniausiai šalutiniai dėmenys yra susiję su tautos pavadinimais. Iš pirmos grupės, kuri atitinka lietuvių kalbos the Pair Terrier, the Afghan Cur, the Brazilian Terrier, etc., only a few names stand out, for example, the German language Japan-Chin or the French Chien d’Estonie, – čia yra pavartoti valstybės pavadinimai. Verta paminėti, kad bent jau estų skalikas yra visai neseniai FCI pripažinta veislė ir galbūt courant therefore in the French language this non-systematic thing has appeared. In another group (Alaska Malamute, Bedlington Terrier, Bordeaux Dog, 90 Lithuanian, Lithuanian or Lithuanian stallion: pavadinimų vartojimo problematika Marius Smetona, Anželika Smetonienė ir lietuvių, prancūzų kalba jau vyrauja atvejai su toponimais, iš sistemos iškrenta tik Bichon Havanais. Anglų ir vokiečių kinologijos tradicijoje apskritai dažniausiai vengiama toponimų, iš 4 lentelės matyti, kad net ten, kur lietuvių kalboje vartojamas toponimas, šiose kalbose kartais jo gali ir etc.), similar to not being, say, German. Breton spaniel. It is also necessary to review the sometimes, although much less frequently than Lithuanian stallion and Lithuanian stallion, used name of Lithuanian stallion. As can be seen from the above names, similar names of dogs, for example, English Bulldog, do not occur in Lithuanian cynology. But it would be wrong to assume that adjectives cannot be part of a term at all. They can form terminological units together with nouns or noun combinations (Mitkevičienė 2022: 7), in other words, they can be secondary elements of the term. When adjectives are used in the names of dog breeds in Lithuanian language, for example: American bald terrier, Australian silk terrier, Münster small bird dog, etc., they perform an attributive function. Sometimes the names of breeds differ only in the adjective (long-haired dachshund / short-haired dachshund), they are a clear part of the terminological unit. However, in all cases the adjectives describe the characteristics of the dogs – coat color, length, type, size of the dog, etc., and not the belonging to a nation, i.e. English bulldog or German shepherd is not used. It is true that in some Slavic languages the names of dogs are formed precisely with adjectives: len. gończy polski, polski owczarek nizinny, rus. русская псовая борзая, русский той и пан. As mentioned, the language system also plays a major role. Perhaps the influence of the neighbouring languages can be seen in the combination lietuviškas skalikas, sometimes used today. However, an interesting thing is reflected in the interwar and somewhat later articles. For example, in the 1927 article on the situation of cynology in Lithuania at the time, the following names are found: English pointers, Irish setters, German vižlai (Sary-kurt 1927: 12). In another, somewhat later article, we find again written English pointer, German short-haired pointer (Medėjas 1936: 9), but also used English breed dogs (Medėjas 1936: 10). In this article it is very clearly revealed that when talking about specific breeds, are used today cynologists common, already established compounds with ethnonyms, and when you want to distinguish one thing from many, in this case in England breeded dogs, is used adjective derivative -ish. This is quite common one of the most common derivative meanings of suffix -iškas of noun adjectives: „<...> characteristic, common, attributed to the object said by the reference word, related to that 91Terminologija | 2023 | 30 daiktu" (DLKG 1997: 207). The same can be said about Lithuanian honey, Lithuanian horses (written sources also testify to the small height of Lithuanian horses (Vitkūnas 2006: 12)), Dutch cheese, Swiss knife or Lithuanian cucumbers. Būtina paminėti, kad senesniuose lietuvių kalbos raštuose (XV–XIX a.) priesagos -iškas būdvardžiai, išvesti iš daiktavardžių, turi ir priklausymo kam reikšmę, pavyzdžiui, kaimyniškas butas „kaimynų butas“ (LKG 1965: traukos matyti, kad jeigu ir būtų, greičiausiai būtų pavadintas Lietuvos 559). Tačiau lietuviškas skalikas, angliški šunys ir panašūs junginiai neatlieka termino funkcijos, savaime suprantama, kad ir būdvardžiai čia nėra termino dalis, jie tik leidžia patikslinti pateikiamą informaciją. IŠVADOS Oficialiuose valdžios institucijų šaltiniuose Lietuvoje išveistų naminių gyvūnų veislių pavadinimus įprasta sudaryti su žodžiu Lietuvos. Šuo nėra įtrauktas į vietinių gyvūnų klasifikatorių, tačiau iš ŽŪM dokumento išskaliku, o pavadinimas lietuvių skalikas būtų nesisteminis. Such usage can be explained by the internal procedures of the state institutions: apparently, there is an attempt to create a single system, probably the translations from / to the languages used in the European Union are also influenced, and the traditional use of breed names in cynology is not taken into account. However, if you look at the names of Lithuanian pigeon breeds, you can see a stronger tendency to create names with the names of regions or cities (Sūduvas baltagalvis, Dainavos spalvotagalvis, Kauno butterfly, etc.). Dogs and their breeds belong to the field of cynology, so the correct name of a breed depends primarily on traditional use in this field and the regulations of the breeding club. The guidelines for the correct use of varieties on the LKD website may seem somewhat vague, because it is sometimes difficult to understand whether the name of a variety should emphasize its place of origin or its connection with the nation that formed it. Based on this logic, it would be reasonable to ask why there is, say, a German Shepherd and not a German Shepherd, if the breed originates from that country. However, on closer examination of the breed passport, the names of the states are avoided in all the languages mentioned. vadinimus matyti tvarkinga sistema su retomis išimtimis (ne tik lietuvių kalboje, bet ir anglų, prancūzų, vokiečių). Sudaryti veislių pavadinimus Most of the toponyms in the names of the varieties are names of regions, mountains, cities, valleys, etc. (69 in total). Of the 283 breeds examined in this work, there is only one other where the spot denotes a country (American Bulldog, Bosnian and Herzegovina-Croatian Shepherd, Miniature American 92 Lithuanian, Lithuanian or Lithuanian stallion: pavadinimų vartojimo problematika Marius Smetona, Anželika Smetonienė Shepherd, Peruvian Bald Dog, Thai Ridgeback). Some such names can be explained quite simply (for example, Peruvian gray dog), others seem unreasonable (for example, miniature American shepherd). The name of the breed Maltese Bichon, if the spot Malta is associated with the name of the island, does not contradict the system. It is more difficult to evaluate the names Tibetan Spaniel, Tibetan Terrier, because in the English and French equivalents there is Tibetan, and in the German – Tibetan. The name of the state is not given in cases where the name of the variety is double, i.e. it contains both an ethnonime and a toponym. And the second most abundant group (in most cases – 109, where the original name of the breed is simply spelled out) are breed names, the focus of which is the names of peoples. Thus, from the perspective of cynology, there is no reason for the name of the breed as Lithuanian Stallion to appear, therefore, most likely due to the use of the breed name in state institutions, Lithuanian Stallion is an unfounded synonym of Lithuanian Stallion and should be avoided. The less common Lithuanian Stallion should not be considered as a cynological term and should not be used to describe the name of the breed. Lithuanian Stallion and Lithuanian Stallion are probably communication variations, i.e. due to the communication of different participants in communication, specialists in the relevant field (cynologists, etc.) and non-specialists. MAIN SOURCES FCI – The Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Online access: https://www.fci.be/en/nomenclature [accessed January 2023]. Catalogues of exhibitions organized by the Lithuanian Cynologists Society. Online access: https://kinologija.lt/parodos-renginiai/parodos/ [accessed January 2023]. Coordination Centre for the Conservation of Genetic Resources of Livestock in Lithuania. Online access: https://gic.lsmuni. lt/ [accessed January 2023]. VLEe – Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia, e. variant, Vilnius: Science and Encyclopedias Publishing Center. Online access: https://www.vle.lt/ [accessed April 2023]. Classifications of farm animals of the Agricultural Information and Rural Business Centre. Online access: https://www.vic. lt/gpsas-apskaita/ukiniu-gyvunu-klasifikatoriai/ [accessed January 2023]. Lithuanian livestock breeds are part of the global agricultural diversity. Accessed online: https://zum.lrv.lt/ lt/naujienos/lietuviskos-gyvuliu-veisles-pasaulines-zemes-ukio-vaiiroves-dalis [accessed January 2023]. LITERATŪRA DLKG – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika, sud. A. Vytautas, K. Garšva, A. Girdenis, E. Jakaitienė, P. Kniūkšta, S. Krinickaitė ir kt., Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 1997. ISO – International standart. Terminology work – Principles and methods, e. leidinys, 2009. Jakaitienė Evalda 2010: Leksikologija, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. 93Terminologija | 2023 | 30 Kaulakienė Angelė 1994: Fizikos ir technikos terminų sinonimijos vertinimas. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 31, 51–56. LKG – Lietuvių kalbos gramatika I, vyr. red. K. Ulvydas, Vilnius: Mintis, 1965. Medėjas 1936: Reproduktoriai ir augintojai. – Medžiotojas 27, 8–11. Milerytė Rasa 2020: Lietuviški skalikai – nacionalinė veislė, ne mažiau populiari ir užsienyje – nutolo nuo išnykimo ribos. Prieiga internete: http://miskininkas.eu/lietuviski-skalikai-nacionaline-veisle-nemaziau-populiari-ir-uzsienyje-nutolo-nuo-isnykimo-ribos/ [žiūrėta 2023 m. balandį]. Mitkevičienė Asta 2020: Ar terminų sinonimija yra trūkumas? – Bendrinė kalba 93. Prieiga internete: https://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba/article/view/899/1112 [žiūrėta 2023 m. balandį]. Mitkevičienė Asta 2022: Termininiai būdvardžiai internetinėje žiniasklaidoje. – Terminologija 29, 6–22. PVŽ – Pasaulio vietovardžių žodynas. Prieiga internete: https://vietovardziai.melc.lt/ [žiūrėta 2023 m. balandį]. Sary-kurt 1927: Šunų, standartų ir lauko bandymų reikalu. – Medžiotojas 1, 11–14. Stankevičienė Sigita 2012: Variantinė ir sinoniminė lietuvių ir vokiečių kalbų elektrostatikos terminų raiška. – Kalbų studijos 21, 21–27. Vitkūnas Manvydas 2006: Gyvulininkystė. – Mokslo darbai 47, 3–22. VLKK – Valstybinė lietuvių kalbos komisija. Prieiga internete: https://www.vlkk.lt/naujienos/kitosnaujienos/nyderlandai-nyderlandieciai-nyderlandu-kalba [žiūrėta 2023 m. balandį]. LIETUVOS, LIETUVIŲ OR LIETUVIŠKAS SKALIKAS: PROBLEMS OF USING DOG BREED NAMES Summary Lately, a number of works on Lithuanian terminology have been dedicated to the general principles and the terms of individual fields, but the terms of cynology have not yet received the attention of Lithuanian researchers. In Lithuania, indigenous animal breeds receive very little attention and are not well known to the general public. Cynologists and enthusiasts of the only Lithuanian dog breed have noticed that this breed is called differently – lietuvių skalikas, Lietuvos skalikas, or lietuviškas skalikas – in the media and other sources. If the name of a dog breed is seen as a term in the field of cynology, it should be unique to the concept. Synonymy is one of the shortcomings of terminology, but it is usually unavoidable in practice for a variety of reasons, e.g., linguistic-cognitive or extra-linguistic factors, and it can also occur after the terminology of a particular field has been established. Naturally, it is difficult to avoid unwanted synonyms in a field as broad and close to society as cynology. The authors identified the reasons for the emergence of the variety of the names for this dog breed: lietuvių skalikas, Lietuvos skalikas, or lietuviškas skalikas. They also discuss the differences between them, and which of the names should still be used. For this purpose, 283 dog breed names in total were selected from the latest catalogues of international dog shows and are studied to of the Lithuanian Cynological Society and classified into three groups. The authors also checked if a system for naming dog breeds was available. Not only the names of dogs, but also those of other animals (horses, pigs, etc.) that have been bred in Lithudetermine the place of lietuvių skalikas in the general system. In official government sources, it is customary to use the word Lietuvos in the names of domestic animal breeds originating in Lithuania, so the name lietuvių skalikas would appear unsystematic. This can be explained by the fact that the internal procedures of the tuvių skalikas have been used 94 Lithuanian, Lithuanian or Lithuanian stallion: pavadinimų vartojimo problematika Marius Smetona, Anželika Smetonienė the authorities: apparently by an attempt to create an orderly system, probably also influenced by translations from/into the languages used within the European Union, and by disregarding the traditional use of the term in the field of cynology, where liefor a long time. In the field of cynology, there is an orderly system of dog breeds with rare exceptions (not only in Lithuanian, but also in English, French, and German). The use of countries in breed names is discouraged, and most toponyms in breed names are those of regions, mountains, towns, valleys, etc., whereas there are only a few other cases where the name of a country is used, which can usually be explained. Thus, there is no reason for such a breed name as Lietuvos skalikas. The less common lietuviškas skalikas should not be considered a cynological term at all and should not be used to describe the breed name as the adjective is not part of the term but merely allows for clarification of the information given. Lietuvos skalikas and lietuviškas skalikas are most likely communicative variations that occur due to communication between different participants in this process, i.e., the specialists in the respective field (cynologists, etc.) and non-specialists. Received 2023-05-08 Marius Smetona Vilniaus universitetas Universiteto g. 3, LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania E-mail [email protected] Anželika Smetonienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania E-mail [email protected]