Terminological Variation in Specialised Discourse: The Case of the Mediterranean Diet

Fá ima No onha8Te minological Va ia ion in Specialised Discou se: The Case o he Medi e anean Die doi.o g/10.35321/ e m30-1 Te minological Va ia ion in Specialised Discou se: The Case o he Medi e anean Die Te minologinis a ian iškumas specializuo ame disku se: Vidu žemio jū os egiono die os a ejis FÁTIMA NORONHA Uni e si y o Alga e, Cen o de In es igação em Comunicação e A es (CIAC) ORCID id: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-3583-5991 ABSTRACT In his wo k, we show how e minological a ia ion p oduced among di e en g oups o specialis s a ec s e minological da abases. We use he Medi e anean Die as a case s udy, a composi e domain whe e adi ional ac i i ies ha e hei own embedded knowledge and e minology, which, howe e , is seldom accoun ed o in main e minological esou ces. Though ine i able, a ia ion sp ou ing om di e en communi ies needs o be p ope ly handled and explained. We p opose a pe spec i e on he concep o specialis and specialised discou se, allowing o a mo e e icien o ganisa ion o specialised co po a and a be e g asp o he o igins o dias a ic a ia ion. We also p esen a heo e ical ecolinguis ics-based ame- wo k o domains whe e adi ional communi ies play he ole o specialis s. We aim o help communica i e media o s in be e decision-making and in o med choices depending on hei a ge . KEYWORDS: e minological a ia ion, dias a ic a ia ion, ecolinguis ics, Medi e anean Die , specialised discou se. ANOTACIJA Šiame da be a skleidžiame, kaip e minijos duomenų bazes eikia e minologinis a ian iškumas, susida an is dėl specialis ų g upių ski umų. A ejo analizei pasi- enkame Vidu žemio jū os egiono die ą – sudė inę s i į, ku ios adicinei eiklai būdingos nusis o ėjusios sa i os žinios, sa a e minija, be ji e ai į aukiama į pag indinius e minologijos iš eklius. No s a ian iškumas neiš engiamas, ski - ingose bend uomenėse susida an į a ian iškumą eikė ų inkamai į e in i i paaiškin i. Mes siūlome specialis o i specializuo o disku so požiū iu g indžia- mą koncepciją, ku i leis ų inkamiau suda y i specializuo us eks ynus i ge iau su ok i dias a inio a ian iškumo kilmę. S i ims, ku iose specialis ų aidmenį 9Te minologija | 2023 | 30 a lieka adicinės bend uomenės, siūlome aiky i ekoling is ika g indžiamą eo- inę sis emą. Siekiame padė i komunikacijos a pininkams p iim i ge esnius i , p iklausomai nuo keliamo ikslo, in o ma y esnius sp endimus. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: e minologinis a ian iškumas, dias a inis a ian iškumas, ekoling is ika, Vidu žemio jū os egiono die a, specializuo as disku sas. INTRODUCTION Te minological a ia ion is one o he cu en subjec s o in e es in e - minology s udies, wi h se e al au ho s deba ing how ex alinguis ic and in alinguis ic ac o s in luence hese phenomena and, consequen ly, he e minology o a domain. As e m a ia ion occu s in discou se when e ms a e e balised, communica ed, and sha ed, he esul is equen ly exp essed by di e en denomina ions, e lec ing di e en discu si e hu- man needs, communica i e goals, cogni i e s uc u es, and knowledge e- ga ding a speci ic subjec (F eixa 2005, 2006, 2013; Fe nández-Sil a e al. 2014; F eixa, Fe nández-Sil a 2017). The e o e, e minological wo k is no limi ed o knowledge ep esen a- ion, as i has an impo an communica i e unc ion, co e ing he needs o p o essionals en olled in communica i e media ion ac i i ies, ield ex- pe s, educa o s, language policymake s, and he public. This is achie ed by building and making a ailable e minological esou ces. These esou ces should comply wi h in e na ional s anda ds o mee he p inciples o p ecision, eliabili y, and e iciency, while elimina ing and con olling e m a ia ion. Ye , a ia ion occu s and some imes i s o igins and causes a e embodied in he me hodologies o e minological wo k i sel and a ec e en la ge and popula da abases. The p esence o unexpec ed o ms o a ia ion was shown by No onha and Célio Con- ceição (No onha 2018; No onha, Conceição 2020a) wi hin some ele an e minological esou ces commonly used by ansla o s in he Aquacul- u e domain, in English and Po uguese (Eu opean). These p oduc s (e.g., IATE1, Eu o e mbank) a e he p ope y o in e na ional o ganisa ions o co po a ions. They a e mainly p oduced o in-house pu poses, in legisla- i e and adminis a i e con ex s, o imp o e consis ency a in e nal and/ o ex e nal le els. Ne e heless, an unexpec ed numbe o di e en cases ega ding e m a ia ion in hese esou ces was ound. Table 1 shows how 1 IATE - In e ac i e Te minology o Eu ope in h ps://ia e.eu opa.eu/home [Accessed in 21/05/2023]. Fá ima No onha10 Te minological Va ia ion in Specialised Discou se: The Case o he Medi e anean Die he same IATE en y (ID #1129093) is denomina ed by di e en linguis ic o ms. Table 1. Denomina i e a ia ion in IATE e mbase (en y ID #1129093) showing di e en denomina i e o ms o he same concep PORTUGUESE ENGLISH FRENCH ROMANIAN es abelecimen os de aquicul u a explo ação unidade de aquicul u a aquacul u e es ablishmen aquacul u e a m a m e me aquacole e me d’aquacul u e, ins alla ion d’aquacul u e e mă de ac acul u ă uni a e de ac acul u ă, When no o he in o ma ion is p o ided, i allows use s o dissemina e uncon olled o ms o denomina i e a ia ion. Wi h epea ed use, some o ms e en ually ossilize, ha is, hey become accep ed wi hin some dis- cu si e communi ies (No onha, Conceição 2017; 2020a). Mo eo e , some o ms a e no consensually ecognised o accep ed, among di e en spe- cialised communi ies, such as adminis a i e p o essionals, esea che s, and o he p o essionals. The e o e, we ha e di e en communi ies using di e en denomina ions. This aises some ques ions. We e all ele an specialis s conside ed when building hese da abases? Who was le behind and whose knowl- edge was being ep esen ed when planning and building a e minological esou ce? How o add ess a ia ion in o de o imp o e e minological esou ces by p o iding be e in o ma ion on a ia ion? 2. DIASTRATIC VARIATION Va ia ion can ha e di e en causes, and dealing wi h i may equi e an app oach ha conside s di e si y in specialised discou se. Mo eo e , dis- inc discu si e communi ies may no be limi ed o scien i ic o echni- cal discou ses, bu hey may be in communi ies wi h di e en cul u al and social backg ounds (Pic on 2010, 2014; Te cedo -Sánchez 2011; Con- damines 2017; Dela igne 2017). These can be a sou ce o a ia ion, name- ly dias a ic a ia ion, which eme ges in discu si e p ac ices pe o med by di e en communi ies o specialis s in he domain as a consequence o socio-cul u al di e ences. As Pic on and Du y (2017) no ed, his 11Te minologija | 2023 | 30 dias a ic a ia ion has been educed o di e gences be ween specialised and non-specialised, o ulga ised, discou se. They also conside “<...> ha wi hin a gi en ield o expe ise <...>, he e a e di e en scena ios in which specialis s communica e wi h one ano he and, mos impo an ly, he e a e di e en ypes o specialis s who use hei own speci ic e ms” (Pic on, Du y 2017: 61). Usually, he ocus o e minology is on academic and echnical con- ex s, conside ed as he na u al en i onmen o specialised knowledge, and, he e o e, o specialised discou se. As much o he wo k in e minol- ogy is based on he me hodologies o co pus linguis ics, e minology uses specialised ex s p oduced by discu si e communi ies ha a e conside ed ele an wi hin echnical and scien i ic ields o ac i i y. La ge p oduc ion o ex s in hese ields o ac i i y makes a ailable la ge olumes o ma e- ials, limi ing e minology s udies o some discu si e communi ies. This mus be conside ed when sea ching o causes o e minological a ia ion as e ms ci cula e in a con ex o complex social, cul u al, and commu- nica i e p ac ices. Opening ou pe spec i e on hese in e ac ions will al- low us o be e g asp a ia ion, namely dias a ic a ia ion. As Conceição (2005) s a es: We canno s udy he e minology o g oups conside ed cul u ally hegemonic ( he specialis s) in a simplis ic manne , as e minological ha monisa ion akes place mainly du ing he di e en p ocesses and di e en le els o social ac s and communica i e s uc u es. This cons i u es, as well, a way o ensu e a con in- uum be ween common language and specialised languages (Conceição 2005: 137).2 We sha e his poin o iew: he s udy o e ms canno be es ic ed o a single communi y o speake s as sole ep esen a i es o he domain. The s a ing poin mus ake di e en discu si e pe spec i es in o accoun and open he de ini ion o who can be conside ed a specialis . In nume ous a - eas, like spo s, many specialis s a e no esea che s o e en p o essionals: hey a e non-p o essional specialis s, as hey may exhibi enough deg ee o knowledge on he domain o be able o unde s and and p oduce a special- ised discou se, as s a ed by Bowke and Pea son (2002): <...> a specialized ield does no necessa ily ha e o be one ha is highly ‘ ech- nical’, no do he expe s ha e o be ‘p o essionals’. Fo ins ance, i you ha e 2 Ou ansla ion; o iginal in F ench. Fá ima No onha12 Te minological Va ia ion in Specialised Discou se: The Case o he Medi e anean Die a hobby, such as quil ing o moun ain biking, <...> he e a e some specialized e ms associa ed wi h his hobby (Bowke , Pea son 2002: 27). Condamines (2017) p o ides ano he example o ec ea ional ishing and he way how he emo i e ac o a ec s he use, sha ing, and change o e ms by p ac i ione s. She no es he lesse a en ion gi en o e m beha - iou in discou ses conside ed as specialised bu p oduced ou side echnical and scien i ic communi ies, pa icula ly when he speake is emo ionally bounded wi h he domain and he discou se is no neu al, no ing he need o egis e e ms o en conside ed ja gon: <...> I con end ha in specialized domains belonging o spo s o hobbies, wha appea s as a ja gon (in he sense o e ms o usages a om hose used in “neu- al si ua ions”) mus be desc ibed and egis e ed in a dic iona y and, some- imes, may be explained di ec ly by he subjec i e in ol emen o he speake (Condamines 2017: 14). Add essing he wine- as ing domain, Gau ie (2019) also no es ha he e minology used by indus y p o essionals and consume s in wine as - ings is hea ily based on senso ial and (highly) subjec i e c i e ia. He e- e s o he need o a holis ic and inno a i e app oach as a way o explo e complex domains in which a ious s akeholde s and discu si e con ex s in e ac a a p o essional, ins i u ional and pe sonal le el. App oaching hese specialized ci cles in all hei complexi y he e o e equi es lea ing he ield o neu al, supposedly objec i e and alsely smoo h discou s- es – which undoub edly ha e all hei ele ance when he objec i e is s ic ly e minological and no ma i e – o in eg a e less smoo h da a, wha we p o- pose o call “discou ses in ension”, ha is o say hose whe e con o e sies a e played ou , discussions, in e nal in luences in he conce ned ield <...> (Gau ie 2019: 377).3 Thus, i we accep ha a specialis no necessa ily ma ches a high edu- ca ional p o ile, we will be able o look beyond he echnical and academic con ex s, he adi ional ocus o e minology. This no only includes ec- ea ional ac i i ies, bu , pa icula ly, ac i i ies and communi ies en olled in adi ional ac i i ies. In hese communi ies, knowledge and know-how is o en empi ical and ob ained h ough ances al p ac ices and non- o mal lea ning p ocesses, such as mas e -app en ice ela ionships. Howe e , his condi ion is o en no alued socially. In de ence o skilled p o essionals 3 Ou ansla ion; o iginal in F ench. 13Te minologija | 2023 | 30 whose know-how is based on expe ience, Conceição (2006) no ed ha hey should also be conside ed as ele an communica i e in e enien s in he domain’s e minology: <...> in adi ional ac i i ies, ins ead o knowledge socially alued by o mal ed- uca ion, he e is knowledge ob ained by expe ience, which is poo ly socially al- ued. Thus, we a gue ha “a isans” also mus be conside ed a specialis in hei ac i i y and ha hei knowledge is also specialised (Conceição 2006: 497).4 Then, di e en communi ies may ha e hei own discou se, hei own e minology, and hey can gene a e di e en dynamics in he domain’s e minology. Ne e heless, some communi ies a e no supposed o include specialis s as hey a e loca ed ou side he academic sphe e despi e he em- bodied knowledge hey hold and hei abili y o communica e i h ough language. Discou ses p oduced ou o academic o echnical con ex s may be skipped, as well as he e minology hey may hold, and he way e ms a e changed wi hin hese communi ies. This led us o e hink heo e ical and me hodological app oaches o how be e add ess a ia ion, namely dias a ic, especially in domains wi h discu si e communi ies no usually co e ed by la ge da abases. 3. CASE STUDY: THE MEDITERRANEAN DIET 3.1. De ining The Medi e anean Die To illus a e ou poin o iew, we ook he Medi e anean Die (MD) as a case s udy. This concep was coined by Ancel Keys (Real & G aça 2019; Delgado e al. 2022) o ep esen he li es yle o he people li - ing a ound he Medi e anean Basin and no me ely a ood pa e n. The Medi e anean Die 5 was included on he Rep esen a i e Lis o he In an- gible Cul u al He i age o Humani y by UNESCO6 in 2013 and de ined as “a se o skills, knowledge, i uals, symbols and adi ions conce ning c ops, ha es ing, ishing, animal husband y, conse a ion, p ocessing, cooking, and pa icula ly he sha ing and consump ion o ood”. Respec o he na u al en i onmen and i s hy hms esul s in a sus ainable econ- omy wi h emphasis on he consump ion o seasonal p oduc s o on simple 4 Ou ansla ion; o iginal in Po uguese. 5 Die – om he G eek díai a, meaning way o li e, li e s yle. 6 Medi e anean Die , in UNESCO. A ailable a : h ps://ich.unesco.o g/en/RL/medi e anean-die -00884 [Re ie ed in 20/05/2023]. Fá ima No onha14 Te minological Va ia ion in Specialised Discou se: The Case o he Medi e anean Die ood p ese a ion and p ocessing echniques. The UNESCO de ini ion ein o ces alues such as con i iali y a meal ime as a undamen al social i ual o he consolida ion o he cul u al iden i y and sus ainabili y o local communi ies. O he alues ep esen ed in he UNESCO de ini ion a e hospi ali y, in e cul u al dialogue, espec o cul u al di e si y and cul u al exp essions, and celeb a ions. Physical ac i i y is also included in he MD se o alues, ep esen ing a ime when i mean manual wo k and o he physical ac i i ies (e.g., ag icul u e wo k, c a smanship). In he Figu e 1. The MD amewo k (Real e al 2020) Food Cen al ole o wa e on ood and cooking; Chemical composi ion o ood; Commensali y; Essen ialy ege a ian model (spo ligh on ce eals, legumes, ege ables, ui s, he bs, nu s and seeds); F ugali y; Local p oduc ion; P ese a ion (sal ing, d ying, pickles); Seasonali y; Simple cooking; T ans o ma ion; T ilogy b ead-wine-oli e oil Con i iali y Communi y; Ea ing oge he ; Family; Fes i als and celeb a ions; Sha ing knowledge, la o and adi ions; Social and communica ion exchanges Li es yle Conce n wi h esh and local p oduce, seasonali y and sus ainable p oduc ion; Medi e anean way o li ing; Physical ac i i y; P o ec ion and enjoymen o he Medi e anean landscape; Respec and communion wi h na u e; Res ; Values (c ea i i y, hospi ali y, in e cul u al dialogue, neighbo liness, espec o di e si y, sha ing) Sus ainable Food P oduc ion Ag icul u e (biodi e si y, local p oduc ion, p oduc ion o species adap ed o local ecosys ems, sus ainable p oduc ion, adi ional p oduc ion); Animal husband y; Fishing Animal husband y; Chan ; Cooking; C a s ( ood consump ion, p ese a ion, anspo s); Fishing; Food p ocessing (example: p ese a ion); Gas onomy; Ha es ing; He i age; Knowledge; Poe y; Religious and pagan i uals; Skils; Symbols; T adi ion Wi h impac on: En i omen Clima e; Flo a; Food sus ainabili y Economy Ci cula economy; Exchange, ag eemen and mu ual espec ; Ma ke s Heal h Heal h p omo ing ood pa e n; Nu i ion Tou ism Ag o ou ism; Hospi ali y: Res au an s Cul u e Cul u e Cul u e Cul u e 15Te minologija | 2023 | 30 UNESCO desc ip ion, women also play an impo an ole in he ansmis- sion o adi ional knowledge and he sa egua ding o ancien echniques. Local ma ke s ac as ac ual o ums, elec ed places o he exchange, sha - ing, and ansmission o knowledge and comple ion o businesses. The concep ual complexi y o he MD was discussed by Real e al. (2020), who p oposed a concep ual amewo k o imp o e he communica- ion o he concep and i s dissemina ion o he public, while con ibu ing o he de elopmen o public policies aiming o i s sa egua d. Thei model (Fig. 1) was based on ou pilla s: ood, con i iali y, sus ainable ood p o- duc ion, and li es yle which ep esen “a cul u al model, wi h impac on a eas such as he en i onmen , economy, heal h, and ou ism” (Real e al. 2020: 6). The model e eals a mul idisciplina y and in e disciplina y amewo k whe e we can ind dis inc cul u al, social, and en i onmen al dimensions, as well as di e en laye s o in e enien s in di e en a eas o ac i i y. The e o e, knowledge is embedded in communi ies linked o adi ional ac i i ies and i may play a ole in he domain’s discou se and e minology. 3.2. Te minology o he Medi e anean Die : Fi s App oach A p e ious s udy on he MD’s e minology, conduc ed by Machinho (2018), showed ha his mul idisciplina y and in e disciplina y scena io co esponds o he de ini ion o a composi e domain (Conceição 2005; F éja ille 2009). Composi e domains a e complex s uc u al ne wo ks o dis inc ields o ac i i y cons an ly in e e ing wi h each o he . They a e ep esen ed by a high di e si y o s akeholde s, dis inc specialis s om di e en social and cul u al communi ies and backg ounds, wi h dis inc communica i e con ex s, which may esul in e minological a ia ion. Machinho also no es he unde es ima ed e minological ep esen a ion o knowledge om communi ies linked o adi ional ac i i ies, as she also conside s specialis s o hese discu si e communi ies as holde s o special- ised knowledge: <...> a e minology o he Medi e anean Die ha includes popula e minolo- gy can allow people o link scien i ic e minology wi h he popula e ms known by he local communi ies ha use hese e ms and always ha e. Al hough hese e minologies a e no he esul o scien i ic knowledge pe se, hey a e he e- sul o empi ical knowledge ha has de eloped o e ime, and as such also con- s i u e specialised knowledge (Machinho 2018: 59). Fá ima No onha16 Te minological Va ia ion in Specialised Discou se: The Case o he Medi e anean Die The au ho p o ides some examples o denomina i e a ian s in a lis con aining e ms ega ding oli e oil, wine, and he bs in Eu opean Po u- guese (PT-eu). One o he examples is he na i e a oma ic plan Foenic- ulum ulga e Mill ( ennel, EN-uk) and i s di e en se o common names used in he me idional egion o Alga e, Po ugal: Scien i ic name: Foeniculum ulga e Mill. Family: Apiaceae (Umbelli e ae) Common names (PT-eu): e a-doce; iôlho; ionho; uncho; uncho- ama go; uncho-b a o; uncho-de- lo ença; uncho doce; uncho ho ense. In he e e ences7 used by Machinho, he wo subspecies o Foeniculum ulga e Mill. (Foeniculum ulga e Mill. subsp. ulga e a . dulce Mill., o Foeniculum ulga e Mill. a . ulga e) we e no iden i ied. We ound he same in o ma ion in some bo anical e e ence websi es (Uni e sidade de É o a8; Uni e sidade de T ás os Mon es e Al o Dou o9). This con i med he b oade use o he common speci ic names o bo h subspecies. Ne e - heless, and conside ing only he dulce a ie y, he choice o he denomi- na i e o m uncho doce (swee ennel) was he only adop ed o icial denom- ina ion on he websi e o he Eu opean Medicines Agency.10 O cou se, he decision on he denomina i e o m aims o educe communica ional misunde s andings. We ques ion, howe e , he eason o his choice and whe he ano he denomina i e o m ( uncho doce, e a-doce) should be (o no ) displayed as an op ion, wi h p ope in o ma ion on i s use, in a public e minological da abase. On he o he hand, how a e hese o ms used ou side he discu si e con ex o la ge o ganisa ions? A e he e o he simila cases whe e dis inc discu si e communi ies p oduce di e en e minologies and/o use o he a ian s gi en di e en social and cul u al con ex s? 7 Romano A., Gonçal es S. 2015: Plan as sil es es comes í eis do Alga e, Fa o: Uni e sidade do Alga e. A ailable a : h ps://issuu.com/ualg/docs/plan as-sil es es-comes i eis-do-a [Re ie ed on 19/05/2023]. 8 Museu da Biodi e sidade da Uni e sidade de É o a. A ailable a : h ps://www.museubiodi e sidade.ue o a.p / elenco-de-especies/biodi e sidade-ac ual/plan as/angiospe micas/ oeniculum- ulga e/ [Re ie ed on 21/05/2023]. 9 Ja dim Bo ânico da Uni e sidade de T ás os Mon es e Al o Dou o (UTAD). A ailable a : h ps://jb.u ad. p /especie/Foeniculum_ ulga e [Re ie ed on 21/05/2023]. 10 F u o de uncho doce. Resumo do Rela ó io do HMPC des inado ao público. A ailable a : h ps://www. ema.eu opa.eu/en/documen s/he bal-summa y/ oeniculum- ulga e-mille -subsp- ulga e- a -dulce- mille - hellung- uc us- ennel- ui -swee -hmpc_p .pd [Re ie ed on 20/05/2022]. 23Te minologija | 2023 | 30 This means ha we a e no using discu si e ma e ials ob ained di ec ly om local communi ies bu h ough a hi d pa y, he cul u al media o o he esea che . This can p o ide an explana ion o a ia ion ound in he co pus as well (p odu o sazonal s. p odu o da época; amos de chei os s. boneca de chei os). 4. REFRAMING TERMINOLOGICAL VARIATION The examples abo e led us o e lec on wo ways o app oach a ia ion and he way di e en discu si e communi ies can a ec a domain’s e mi- nology. Fi s , we look in o he s a egy o adop when p epa ing ex ac- ion co po a, as i should include di e en discu si e communi ies and hei discou ses as key ole playe s in he domain’s e minology. Second, i we wan o b oaden he concep o specialis and specialised discou se o accommoda e discu si e communi ies beyond academic and/o echnical con ex s, we will need a heo e ical amewo k ha allows us o expand he concep o he specialis and o accommoda e inge discu si e ypologies p oduced ou side hese communi ies. We will add ess he o me using he communica i e con ex me hodology p oposed by Remígio-Oli ei- a (2010) and he la e by aming e minology wi h he pe spec i e o ecolinguis ics. 4.1. Communica i e Con ex s While s udying ulga ised discou se in he unc ional ood domain, Remí- gio-Oli ei a (2010) ocused on he iden i ica ion o communica i e con- ex s in his domain, which she unde s ands as he “speci ic ci cums ance in which he ulga ized discou se <...> is p oduced, conside ing he ex- ual p oduce s, hei in en ion o communica ion and he public o whom hey a e add essed” (Remígio-Oli ei a 2010: 252–253). She no ed how e minology cha ac e ises ulga ised discu si e ypologies as exhibi ing a lowe le el o abs ac ion, lowe e minological densi y, and less p ecision. Remígio-Oli ei a a gues by s a ing ha : <...> a lowe le el o abs ac ion does no necessa ily ha e o be less p ecise. The discou se may con ain ewe e ms and ewe and/o dis inc concep ual cha ac e is ics may be ac i a ed he e, bu ne e heless, p ecision can be – and should be – cons an a a ious le els. <...> The abili y o make simple wha is ini ially complex does no , o should no , ha e any consequence on he accu a- cy o wha is u e ed (Remígio-Oli ei a 2010: 232–233). Fá ima No onha24 Te minological Va ia ion in Specialised Discou se: The Case o he Medi e anean Die Then, she ad ances a model o he iden i ica ion o communica i e con ex s wi hin he domain, using a ho izon al discou se ypology ins ead o he hie a chised e ical ypology used in e minology (Bowke and Pea son 2002; Guan i a e al. 2008; Naza and Cab é 2012). He e, ele an communica i e con ex s wi hin he domain a e iden i ied and highligh ed dynamically, allowing new in e enien s and o he discu si e in e ac ions among hem and no only wi h adjacen le els. Mo eo e , he model can ep esen how di e en communi ies (as di e en social g oups) communi- ca e depending on he social and cul u al links es ablished (Fig. 2). As pe Remígio-Oli ei a (2010), his is o be ca ied ou du ing he p elimina y s udy on he domain, he i s phase o e minog aphic wo k, which she designa es as he p e- e minog aphic phase. I includes he p o- cess o iden i ying ele an in e enien s wi hin he domain, he ypology o he discou ses p oduced, and he delimi a ion o hei communica i e con ex s. This has me hodological consequences when selec ing ma e ials o a co pus, which should e lec he di e si y o ex ual p oduce s and communica i e si ua ions. The way hese g oups a e linked depends on each domain i sel and can only be iden i ied du ing he p e- e mino- g aphic phase. Figu e 2. Communica i e con ex s - domain o Func ional Food (adap ed om Remígio-Oli ei a, 2010: 237) academia: eache s & esea che s policy make s media o s ood indus y s akeholde s mediaconsume s educa o s s uden s 25Te minologija | 2023 | 30 Also, Rod íguez-Tapia (2018) conside s ha discu si e ca ego ies ( ulga - ised, specialised, semi-specialised) can accommoda e di e en g oups and sphe es o ac i i y and p oposes h ee main ypologies o specialised dis- cou se: (1) specialis s, as ex p oduce s, (2) media o s and p o essionals wi h some deg ee o o mal educa ion, and (3) consume s, seen as passi e in e en- ien s, hus no ex p oduce s. By adap ing hese con ibu ions o he commu- nica i e con ex s o he MD domain, we can now iden i y di e en discu si e communi ies ele an o he domain e minology and he communica i e con ex s whe e a ia ion can possibly occu . Based on hei p oposals, we ocused on ex p oduce s and ad anced ou ca ego ies o he MD con ex s: 1. Academia – wi h highe o mal educa ion (scien i ic o echnical); esea che s; 2. P o essionalised ac i i ies – speci ic o mal ins uc ion (academ- ic, echnical) in he domain; ull p o essional ac i i y (companies, businesses). Figu e 3. P oposal o iden i ica ion o communica i e con ex s – ex p oduce s (mul ile eled ellipsis); media o s (squa e boxes, aced lines); passi e use s/consume s (squa e boxes, ull line) Fá ima No onha26 Te minological Va ia ion in Specialised Discou se: The Case o he Medi e anean Die 3. T adi ional ac i i ies – s akeholde s wi h li le o no o mal edu- ca ion; p o essional aining no o mal (p o essional o academic aining); specialis s such as adi ional a isans. 4. Legisla o s/adminis a o s – o mal ins uc ion (academic, echni- cal o p o essional) ecei ed in ano he ield o ac i i y (law, ac- coun ing, managemen ), wo king in a pa icula a ea (public ad- minis a ion, policymake s) Beyond ex p oduce s, and acco ding o Remígio-Oli ei a and Rod íguez-Tapia ypology, we also can add discu si e ac o s such as com- munica i e media o s, educa ional p o essionals, and consume s (as pas- si e ac o s, no ex p oduce s). The p oposed model is shown in Figu e 3. We also accoun o a e ical hie a chy inside each o hese con ex s, o include eaching/lea ning ela ionships. Ou ocus is on ex p oduce s on he MD, we can now use he model as a s a ing poin o iden i y specialis s wi hin he domain, communica i e con ex s, and discu si e ela ionships among hem. As Remígio-Oli ei- a’s model is cen ed on communica i e con ex iden i ica ion, wi hou excluding non-academic o echnical communi ies, we can now look o a heo e ical amewo k o b oaden he concep o specialis (and specialised discou se) and o accommoda e communica i e con ex s and discu si e communi ies beyond he echnical and scien i ic ields as specialis s. 4.2. The ecolinguis ic app oach heo e ical app oaches in e minology ha e unde s ood ha he ep esen a- ion o specialised knowledge can be app oached no only om a concep ual poin o iew. This is he case o he communica i e and linguis dimen- sion b ough by Cab é (2003), he social dimension o he socio e minol- ogy app oach (Conceição 2005; Gaudin 2005), he cul u al e minology (Diki-Kidi i 2000), and he e hnog aphic app oach (Depecke 2014). These amewo ks accep ha , beyond echnical and scien i ic sphe es o ac i i y, he e a e discu si e in e enien s who should be included in he s udies o a domain’s e minology. Temme man and Van Campenhoud (2014) also pin- poin he need o in eg a e e minological heo e ical app oaches wi h hose om o he disciplines, including me hodologies, lea ing oom o a b oade heo e ical amewo k on e minological a ia ion. The e o e, o explain e - minological a ia ion in specialised discou ses, one should seek o in eg a e di e en poin s o iew (cogni i e, linguis ic, and socio-communica i e), 27Te minologija | 2023 | 30 while b oadening he concep o specialis and specialised discou se. Mo e- o e , some domains show ano he ai which needs o be add essed when analysing he causes o e minological a ia ion: he connec ion o he en i onmen and he way i in luences human popula ions, hei cul u e, language, knowledge, and e minology. Knowledge buil , sha ed and com- munica ed h ough language, ia e minology, may also e lec ecosys emic p ocesses. The MD in e enien s, hei p oduc s ( he esul o labou and li es yle), and ac i i ies a e condi ioned by na u al ac o s (biological, geo- logical, biophysical) and dependen on hem. This c ea es a bond be ween humans and he ecosys em, e en i his is an h opogenic. A e minological app oach o a ia ion, especially in he p esence o a composi e domain, whe e a di e si y o sphe es o ac i i y in e win gene a ing many di e en ca ego ies o specialis s, will need o ake his in o accoun . In a p e ious pape , No onha and Conceição (2020b) p esen ed a i s app oach o e minological a ia ion, using he ecolinguis ic amewo k acco ding o Sune S e ensen and Al in Fill (2014) and hei de ini ion o ecolinguis ics, la e imp o ed by K a chenko (2016) as: <...> he s udy o (language unde s ood as) he p ocesses and ac i i ies h ough which human beings – a indi idual, g oup, popula ion and species le els – ex- ploi hei en i onmen in o de o c ea e an ex ended, sense-sa u a ed ecology ha suppo s hei exis en ial ajec o ies (K a chenko 2016: 111). Acco ding o S e ensen, Fill, and K a chenko, his de ini ion desc ibes language as a sys em deeply en wined in ou biology, an impac agen in he ecosys em and ou exis ence, h ough he way we use i in discou se. I links concep ualisa ion wi h language and he ex ended ecological con ex in which hey occu , which may include no only cogni i e o linguis- ic ac o s bu social, cul u al, and en i onmen al ones as well. On he side o e minology, he cogni i e mo i a ion o e minological a ia ion, de ended by Fe nández-Sil a (2016), p omp s an o ganic connec ion o language o cogni ion, which ma ches he ecolinguis ic pe spec i e, as pe S e ensen, Fill, and K a chenko. Using his ecolinguis ic pe spec i e, no as a pa adigm bu a he as a pla o m o he obse a ion o a linguis ic phenomenon, we could app oach e minological a ia ion om a uni ied poin o iew, as e e ed o by Honó io do Cou o (2014). He assumes lan- guage, cogni ion, cul u e, socie y, and na u e as pa s o a whole, meaning ha we can s udy any p oblem ha eme ges a he le el o specialised Fá ima No onha28 Te minological Va ia ion in Specialised Discou se: The Case o he Medi e anean Die discou se wi hou losing sigh o cogni i e, social, cul u al, and en i on- men al mo i a ions. On he o he hand, Nash and Mühlhäusle (Nash 2011; Nash, Mühl- häusle 2014) ad ance a me hodological p oposal o ecolinguis ics. This me hodology is based on da a collec ion om popula ions on Pi cai n and No olk islands (Aus alia). They showed how he social and na u al en- i onmen in luences language and he popula ion’s lexical choices o o- ponyms. The ecolinguis ic ield wo k, as named by Nash and Mühlhäusle (2014) demands a close ela ionship wi h local communi ies and an un- de s anding o he socio-cul u al and biophysical con ex . They conside his o be essen ial o ob ain ele an linguis ic da a and o build ex ual co po a (Nash 2011). F om he e minology poin o iew, his compa es o he p e- e minog aphic phase o iden i ying ield specialis s and com- munica i e con ex s. Empi ical minimalism, a second me hodology o Nash and Mühlhäu- sle , is highligh ed by Albuque que (2019) and e e s o he need o deal wi h each domain as unique, dis inc i e, and singula case s udy. He ad is- es ha ca e mus be aken when applying me hods, p ocedu es, and con- clusions om ano he discu si e con ex in he cu en domain. Looking a he e minology side, i ein o ces he no ion ha each domain has unique ai s, equi ing a cus omised p e- e minog aphic app oach o he cha ac- e is ics, he discu si e and communica i e ecosys em, he speci ici ies o he pa icipan s o a domain, and he sea ch o causes o a ia ion ela ed o linguis ic o non-linguis ic ac o s (an h opogenic and/o biophysical). The e o e, we will add ess a composi e domain such as MD, cha ac e - ised by a high di e si y o social g oups, ac i i ies, and discou ses com- monly p oduced ou o he academic/ echnical con ex , showing ai s s ongly ma ked and dependen on cul u al, social, and en i onmen al ac o s as well ( ood p oduc ion, ood p ocessing, c a manship, e c.). The ep esen a ion o hei e minology is a ma e o adi ional knowledge p ese a ion, and, om a holis ic poin o iew, o unde s anding how human and en i onmen al ac o s a ec a ia ion. F aming e minologi- cal a ia ion using he ecolinguis ic app oach may allow add essing hese phenomena om a holis ic pe spec i e, wi h some me hodological impli- ca ions (No onha, Conceição 2020b) : a) I ein o ces he ole o denomina ion in he s udy o he e m, a uni which canno be ully app oached only h ough concep ual ai s. 29Te minologija | 2023 | 30 b) Fac o s a ec ing e minological dynamics and a ia ion (cul u al, social, poli ical, and biophysical) can be ully in eg a ed in o e - minology s udies as hey become pa o he p ocesses wi hin he ex ended human ecosys em. c) Va ia ion is now pa o he ecosys em o specialised discou se, and i s con ol is a ha moniza ion p ocess equi ing a p ope desc ip ion o he use ; no malisa ion is a means, no an end, o be used o speci ic pu poses in speci ic communica i e con ex s. Cu en ly, o he MD, he p e- e minog aphic phase is wo k in p o- g ess. An in e disciplina y collabo a i e ne wo k is being es ablished, in- cluding di e en iden i ied g oups o specialis s and communica i e con- ex s wi hin he ini ially p oposed ca ego ies o ex p oduce s iden i ied in Figu e 4: (1) academia; (2) p o essional ac i i ies; (3) adi ional ac i i ies, (4) lawmake s. Applying Remígio-Oli ei a’s app oach o he MD, we a e conduc ing a comp ehensi e s udy on he domain o con i m and iden i- y ele an in e enien s and hei communica i e con ex s. In addi ion, by adap ing he me hodology o Nash and Mühlhäusle , we a e wo king closely wi h cul u al media o s, such as local de elopmen associa ions, ac ing as elay s akeholde s be ween us and local specialis s on ac i i ies linked wi h he MD p o ile. A local su ey is being unde aken o col- lec e minological da a di ec ly om hese local specialis s by pe o ming Figu e 4. Tex p oduce s in he MD and communica i e con ex s Fá ima No onha30 Te minological Va ia ion in Specialised Discou se: The Case o he Medi e anean Die in e iews whene e no w i en da a is a ailable. This will allow us o build a social-cul u al amewo k o hese g oups and hei ex ended eco- sys ems. A e he p e- e minog aphic phase, he me hodology will ollow e - minog aphic wo k by elabo a ing, p ocessing, and analysing ex ac ion co po a. Da a e ie ed up o da e is being used o build a new co pus on MD. This co pus is composed o linguis ic da a classi ied acco ding o hei ypology and socio-cul u al con ex iden i ied so a . The new co pus is being ile-anno a ed o iden i y dias a ic g oups and o highligh dias a ic a ia ion ha migh occu , acco dingly, in majo g oups o ex p oduce s. 5. CONCLUSION The discu si e communi ies o he MD, hei knowledge, and ac i i ies a e condi ioned by na u al ac o s (biological, geological, biophysical), and dependen on hem, c ea e a bond be ween humans and he ecosys em, e en i his en i onmen is an h opogenic, such as an u ban one. Any e - minological app oach, especially in he p esence o a composi e domain, will need o ake his in o accoun . In highly di e se in e linguis ic and in e cul u al con ex s, unde s and- ing he specialis s and hei communica i e con ex s a e key o be e communica ion. Enhancemen o communica i e media ion and e mi- nological esou ces used by language p o essionals equi es a be e un- de s anding o he causes o a ia ion which can be oo ed in discu si e con ex s. B oadening he concep o specialis and specialised discou se will allow egis e ing and explaining a ia ion by con olling i mo e e i- cien ly. Mo eo e , in composi e domains such as he MD, he a chi ec u e o a e minological esou ce mus conside he di e si y o discu si e sce- na ios and hei main s akeholde s as specialis s. Fo a be e unde s anding and explana ion o e minological a ia ion, namely o he dias a ic na u e, he no malisa ion ideal canno o e lap wi h he impo ance o p ese ing cul u al and linguis ic di e si y and knowl- edge in domains s ongly shaped by adi ional ac i i ies, knowledge, and way o li e. In his ma e , an ecolinguis ic app oach o e minology can be used o ame his goal. This is an ongoing p ojec o be de eloped du ing a doc o al hesis. I aims o con ibu e o a be e unde s anding o he dy- namics o specialised discou se, while p ese ing he knowledge and he know-how o speci ic communi ies in a socie y ha wan s o be sus ainable. 31Te minologija | 2023 | 30 REFERENCES Albuque que Da i 2019. As elações en e Ecolexicog a ia e Lexicog a ia Pedagógica. – Domínios de Lingu@gem 12(4), 2066–2101. 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