Conceptual Equivalence in Multilingual EU Terminology – Challenges and Possible Solutions

97Te minologija | 2024 | 31 doi.o g/10.35321/ e m31-05 Concep ual Equi alence in Mul ilingual EU Te minology – Challenges and Possible Solu ions Koncep ualusis lygia e iškumas daugiakalbėje ES e minijoje: iššūkiai i galimi sp endimai ORSOLYA HEDVIG KARDOS Council o he Eu opean Union1 ORCID id: h ps://o cid.o g/0009-0003-8038-6715 ABSTRACT This a icle examines he implica ions o concep o ien a ion o ansla ion-o i- en ed mul ilingual e minology wo k in he Eu opean Union con ex . Te ms and concep s in EU ex s can be di ided in o h ee g oups based on hei uni e sali y o speci ici y o a pa icula concep ual sys em: uni e sal, EU-speci ic, and coun- y-speci ic. These e ms o en appea oge he in EU ex s, and ansla o s mus be awa e o hei na u e o ind he bes equi alen in he a ge language. The pape ou lines s a egies o ansla o s dealing wi h di e en ypes o e ms. I also discusses he challenges o ansla ing uni e sal e ms wi h coun y-speci ic dimensions. I highligh s how a lack o equi alence in o ma ion and con usion be ween uni e sal and coun y-speci ic e ms can comp omise e minology en- ies. Due o he di e si y o legal sys ems in he 27 Membe S a es, he lack o an equi alen e m in he a ge language equi es ansla o s o choose be ween inexac o pa ial equi alen s. I is he e o e c ucial o indica e in a e minological da abase he absence o concep ually equi alen e ms in he a ge language. To assis ansla o s, IATE, he EU’s concep -o ien ed e minology da abase, p o- ides in o ma ion on he o igin o e ms and he deg ee o equi alence be ween concep s exp essed by speci ic e ms in di e en languages. Howe e , his in o - ma ion is no always sys ema ic. I can o en only be ob ained a e ho oughly examining se e al da a ields. I is a gued ha sys ema ically indica ing he EU-, o coun y-speci ic o igin o he concep ep esen ed by he da abase en y, o- ge he wi h he in oduc ion o a new op ional ans e commen ield o cla i y he deg ee o equi alence be ween e ms, as seen in o he mul ilingual e mbases, 1 Disclaime : The iews exp essed a e solely hose o he w i e and may no be ega ded as s a ing an o icial posi ion o he Council o he EU. O solya Hed ig Ka dos98 Concep ual Equi alence in Mul ilingual EU Te minology – Challenges and Possible Solu ions would g ea ly bene i ansla o s by p o iding a clea e unde s anding o equi - alence ela ionships and helping hem o make in o med choices when selec ing a ge language e ms. KEYWORDS: EU e minology, ansla ion-o ien ed e minology, mul ilingual e minology, concep -o ien a ion, concep ual equi alence, deg ee o equi alence, equi alence ield. ANOTACIJA S aipsnyje nag inėjama o ien a imosi į są okas eikšmė į e imą o ien uo am daugiakalbiam e minologijos da bui Eu opos Sąjungos kon eks e. ES eks ų e - minai i są okos gali bū i suski s y i į is g upes, a siž elgian į jų uni e salumą a speci iškumą am ik oje są okų sis emoje: 1) uni e salūs, 2) būdingi ES i 3) būdingi konk ečiai šaliai. Šie e minai ES eks uose dažnai igū uoja ka u, o e ėjai u i su ok i jų pobūdį, kad as ų ge iausią e imo kalbos a i ikme- nį. S aipsnyje pa eikiamos s a egijos e ėjams, di ban iems su ski ingų ipų e minais. Taip pa ap a iami iššūkiai, kylan ys e čian uni e salius e minus, u inčius konk ečiai šaliai būdingų aspek ų, pa odoma, kaip in o macijos apie lygia e iškumą ūkumas i uni e salių bei konk ečiai šaliai būdingų e minų painiojimas gali susilpnin i e minų į ašus. Nag inėjami speci inių ES e minų e imo į nacionalinės eisės kalbą iššūkiai konk ečiai 27 als ybėse na ėse, ku- ių eisės sis emos ski iasi. Dėl als ybių na ių eisės sis emų į ai o ės, nesan a i inkamo e mino e imo kalboje, e ėjai u i ink is ne ikslius a dalinius a i ikmenis. Todėl labai s a bu e minų bazėje nu ody i, kad e imo kalboje nė a koncep ualiai lygia e čių e minų. Siekian padė i e ėjams, IATE, į są okas o ien uo oje ES e minologijos duomenų bazėje, pa eikiama in o macija apie e - minų kilmę i są okų, į a dy ų konk ečiais ski ingų kalbų e minais, lygia e - iškumo laipsnį. Tačiau ši in o macija ne isada y a sis eminga. Dažnai ją galima gau i ik nuodugniai išnag inėjus kelis duomenų laukus. S aipsnyje eigiama, kad są okos kilmės nu odymas duomenų bazės į aše kaip ES a konk ečios šalies i naujo nep i alomo lauko PERKĖLIMO KOMENTARAS į edimas, siekian paaiškin i e minų lygia e iškumo laipsnį, kaip da oma ki ose daugiakalbėse e - minų bazėse, bū ų labai naudingas e ėjams, nes jie ge iau sup as ų lygia e iš- kumo san ykius i galė ų p iim i pag įs us sp endimus pa inkdami e imo kalbos e minus. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: ES e minija, į e imą o ien uo a e minija, daugiakalbė e minija, o ien a imasis į są okas, koncep ualusis lygia e iškumas, lygia e iškumo laipsnis, lygia e iškumo laukas. 99Te minologija | 2024 | 31 1. THE PRINCIPLE OF CONCEPT-ORIENTATION AND TERMINOLOGICAL EQUIVALENCE Concep analysis is c ucial in mul ilingual e minology because e mi- nology ocuses on concep s (onomasiological app oach)2 a he han on wo ds (semasiological o lexicog aphic app oach). Indeed, a compa a i e concep ual analysis mus i s be ca ied ou o ind an equi alen in he a ge language (TL) whene e e minology wo k in ol es mo e han one language, as is he case in he EU con ex . P ecisely because o he con- cep -o ien ed na u e o e minology, e ms a e s ic ly speaking no ans- la ed om one language o ano he . Ins ead, he equi alen TL e m is selec ed o c ea ed based on concep ual analysis. As each cul u e concep- ualises he wo ld om i s poin o iew, concep s a e o en no iden ical ac oss languages. ISO 860:2007 (clause 3.5) de ines ‘equi alence’ as a “ e- la ion be ween designa ions in di e en languages ep esen ing he same concep ”. ISO 25964-2:2013 ecognises ha e ms a e o en no ully equi alen and i classi ies deg ees o equi alence as exac , inexac o nea -equi alence, pa ial and non-equi alen . I also acknowledges ha equi alence si u- a ions usually canno be desc ibed in e ms o clea -cu ca ego ies, bu a he in e ms o “poin s along he spec um o possibili ies ha lie be ween he ex emes o exac equi alence and absence o equi alence” (ISO 25964-2:2013, 51). Indeed, he cases along his con inuum a e he mos di icul . In sec- ion 5, we will look a di e en equi alence scena ios wi h e e ence o he ca ego ies o equi alence men ioned abo e. 2. CONCEPTUAL AUTONOMY OF EU TERMINOLOGY Regula ion No 1/1958 o he EEC Council3 es ablishes he o icial and wo king languages o he Union and equi es he mul ilingual p oduc ion o documen s, esul ing in ‘linguis ic e sions’ ha a e equally au hen ic. Consequen ly, mul ilingual, ex -based, collabo a i e e minology wo k is in eg al o ansla ion. Ye , he exis ence o an independen EU concep sys em makes he ansla ion o ‘mul ilingual d a ing’ o EU ex s uly 2 ISO s anda d 1087:2019 de ines a ‘ e m’ as “a designa ion ha ep esen s a gene al concep by linguis ic me- ans”. A ‘gene al concep ’ is u he de ined as a “concep ha co esponds o a po en ially unlimi ed numbe o (pe cei able o concei able) objec s which o m a g oup by eason o sha ed p ope ies”. 3 Consolida ed e sion o he Regula ion No 1/1958 o he EEC Council de e mining he languages o be used by he Eu opean Economic Communi y. A ailable a : h p://da a.eu opa.eu/eli/ eg/1958/1(1)/2013-07-01. O solya Hed ig Ka dos100 Concep ual Equi alence in Mul ilingual EU Te minology – Challenges and Possible Solu ions unique. The Cou o Jus ice ecognised he au onomy o EU concep s in Case 283/81, s a ing ha “communi y law uses e minology which is peculia o i ”, and ha “legal concep s do no necessa ily ha e he same meaning in communi y law and in he law o he a ious Membe S a es”. The Join p ac- ical guide o he Eu opean Pa liamen , he Council and he Commission o pe sons in ol ed in he d a ing o Eu opean Union legisla ion (JPG) unde lines his au onomy in he d a ing o EU legisla ion, ad ising ha “concep s o e minology speci ic o any one na ional legal sys em a e o be used wi h ca e” (sec ion 5) and ha “ e ms which a e oo closely linked o a pa icula na ional legal sys em should be a oided” (sec ion 5.3.2). The aim is o a oid concep- ual di e ences by choosing anspa en e ms no linked o a speci ic legal sys em. This cul u al neu alisa ion (Biel, Doczekalska 2020: 187) can be challenging, as mos e ms o igina e om he legal sys ems o EU Mem- be S a es (Fische 2010b: 26; S e aniak 2013: 64). On he o he hand, new EU concep s can in luence na ional legal language, demons a ing he in e ac ion be ween EU and na ional legal languages. Many au ho s (Klaudy 2007: 260; Rádai-Ko ács 2009: 88; Fische 2010a: 160; Schä ne , Adab 2001; Somssich e alii 2010: 66; Be gomi 2023) emphasise he hyb id na u e o EU law, blending uni e sal, EU-speci ic, and coun y-speci ic concep s and e ms. Based on Fische (2010a: 165), igu e 1 illus a es ha o icial languages desc ibe he EU and Membe S a es’ concep sys ems. In a-lingual compa a i e e minology wo k is he e o e key o limi in e - e ence be ween na ional and EU concep s. This is especially impo an o languages ha a e o icial in mul iple Membe S a es. Figu e 1. The coexis ence o se e al concep sys ems in selec ed languages, based on Fische (2010a: 165) 101Te minologija | 2024 | 31 Gi en he au onomy o EU concep s, any e m may become EU-speci - ic when de ined in an EU legisla i e ac . Fo example, he e m ‘p ima y ene gy consump ion’ is de ined in Di ec i e 2012/27/EU on ene gy e - iciency as “g oss consump ion o p ima y ene gy o he pu pose o p o id- ing seconda y ene gy o consume s”, making i an EU-speci ic concep wi h an EU o igin in IATE (en y 3549696). Meanwhile, a b oade uni e sal e m ha includes ene gy used o non-ene gy pu poses is ‘p ima y ene gy consump ion’ (IATE 48366). Likewise, he e m ‘ on ie wo ke ’ has wo en ies in IATE: he uni e sal e m ‘ on ie wo ke ’ (IATE 3550291), i.e. “a pe son who wo ks in one S a e bu esides in a neighbou ing S a e, o which he o she e u ns on a egula basis” and ‘ on ie wo ke ’ (IATE 865809), as EU-speci ic e m, de ined in Regula ion (EC) No 883/2004 as “any pe son pu suing an ac i i y as an employed o sel -employed pe son in a Membe S a e and who esides in ano he Membe S a e o which he o she e u ns as a ule daily o a leas once a week”. In many cases, he e is no only a concep ual bu also a linguis ic di - e ence be ween he co esponding e ms (see he Spanish e m ‘ aba- jado ans on e izo’ in en y 3550291 s. ‘ abajado on e izo’ in en y 865809). I is he e o e he job o he ansla o o co ec ly iden i y he ele an e minology en y, which equi es an unde s anding o he con- cep ual amewo k and he o igin o he e m. 2.1. The Co-occu ence o Te ms Belonging o Di e en Concep Sys ems Coun y-speci ic epo s and ecommenda ions a e ypical examples o hy- b id EU ex s in which uni e sal (‘employmen a e’, ‘unemploymen ’, ‘la- bou ma ke ’, e c.), EU-speci ic (‘Social Sco eboa d’, ‘Eu opean Pilla o So- cial Righ s’) and coun y-speci ic e ms (‘Public Wo ks Scheme’) co-occu : “Hunga y pe o ms ela i ely well on some indica o s o he Social Sco eboa d sup- po ing he Eu opean Pilla o Social Righ s, bu signi ican challenges emain. The employmen a e is sligh ly abo e he EU a e age and unemploymen well be- low. Inequali y is lowe han in many o he Membe S a es, al hough i is inc easing. Gaps in employmen and pay be ween gende s and skills g oups emain wide com- pa ed wi h he es o he EU. Labou ma ke ou comes o women and ulne able g oups, including Roma and people wi h disabili ies, a e weak. The Public Wo ks Scheme has dec eased ma kedly, bu is s ill o e sized and no e ec i e in leading pa icipan s o jobs in he p ima y labou ma ke .” Sou ce: COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT: Coun y Repo Hun- ga y 2020, SWD/2020/516 inal. O solya Hed ig Ka dos102 Concep ual Equi alence in Mul ilingual EU Te minology – Challenges and Possible Solu ions We ca ego ise hese e ms acco ding o hei concep ual speci ici y o uni e sali y as ollows:4 a) Uni e sal e ms a e domain-speci ic bu no bound o any commu- ni y o o ganisa ion (Fische 2010a: 67). Examples include e ms co e ing b oad local eali ies, such as ‘ eache ’, ‘ ibunal’ o ‘local au ho i y’. Some de i e om in e na ional law, such as he ‘uni e - sali y p inciple’, while o he s, such as he concep o ‘sus ainable de elopmen ’ lack in e na ionally accep ed de ini ions (Somssich e alii 2010: 112). b) Conce ning EU-speci ic concep s, he e a e wo app oaches (Rá- dai-Ko ács 2009: 85–90; Fische 2010a: 155–160; Fische 2010b: 28). In he na owe sense, only e ms ha o igina e in he basic legal and ins i u ional amewo k o he Eu opean Union can be conside ed EU e ms. The b oade app oach includes all e ms ha appea in EU ex s. A balanced app oach (Biel, Doczekalska 2020: 185–189) conside s ‘EU sup ana ional e ms’ a special ca ego y o legal e minology wi h cha ac e is ics such as au onomy, mul ilin- gualism and con inui y. They include e ms c ea ed by he EU, such as he ‘pandemic eme gency pu chase p og amme’ (IATE 3589188) and exis ing uni e sal e ms ede ined by he EU o i s pu pos- es, such as ‘ emo al’ (IATE 778629) as de ined in Di ec i e No 2008/115/EC s. ‘ emo al’ as a uni e sal e m (IATE 3584070). EU-speci ic e ms in IATE a e iden i ied by he ‘Eu opean Union’ domain and/o o igin and include legal and adminis a i e e ms, and e ms belonging o di e en policy a eas unde EU compe- ence. c) Coun y-speci ic e ms o igina e om speci ic coun ies and a e linked o hei social s uc u es, cul u e, o adi ions. These e ms do no ha e an equi alen in he TL and pose he highes di icul y o ansla o s as poin ed ou , o example, by P ie o Ramos and Ce u i (2021: 166). In he nex sec ions, we will see why unde s anding he na u e o he e m (uni e sal, EU-speci ic, o coun y-speci ic) is c ucial o he ansla- o o ind he co ec e m in he TL. 4 Fo a simila ca ego isa ion o e ms based on hei ‘discou se ea u es’, see P ie o Ramos, Ce u i (2021: 160). 103Te minologija | 2024 | 31 2.2. Compa a i e Te minology Wo k T ansla o s use di e en s a egies, depending on whe he a e m indica es a uni e sal, EU-speci ic o coun y-speci ic concep . a) Fo uni e sal e ms, ansla o s need o es ablish he concep ual equi alence be ween he SL e m and he TL e m. Fische (2010a: 173) e e s o his in e lingual compa ison as ho izon al compa a- i e e minology wo k. Ideally, uni e sal SL e ms ha e hei exac equi alen in he TL. Howe e , some uni e sal e ms do no ha e an exac equi alen in he TL, bu only an inexac o pa ial equi - alen , o no equi alen a all. In his case, ansla o s can ei he : i. use an inexac o pa ial equi alen (a ‘ unc ional’ equi alen ), i.e. a TL e m ha desc ibes a TL concep wi h he same unc ion as he SL concep , o ii. hey can use a ‘ ansla ion equi alen , i.e. a TL e m c ea ed o desc ibe he SL concep (Fische 2010a: 86–88). The choice be ween unc ional and ansla ion equi alen s in e - minology depends on he deg ee o simila i y be ween he SL and TL concep s and he con ex . A unc ional equi alen is selec ed, i.e. a domes ica ion s a egy is employed, when he e’s signi ican o e lap, while a ansla ion equi alen , i.e. a o eignisa ion s a egy, is p e e ed when he di e ence is signi ican . The con ex may also in luence he choice, wi h a domes ica ion s a egy some imes be- ing p e e ed o make he e m mo e amilia . b) Fo EU-speci ic e ms, due o he au onomy o he EU concep sys em, no only in e -lingual equi alence bu also in a-lingual equi alence plays a ole. T ansla o s check he equi alence be ween he EU-speci ic concep and possible exis ing TL concep s. This in a-lingual compa a i e p ocess is e e ed o by Fische (2010a: 177) as e ical compa a i e e minology wo k. Due o he au ono- my o he EU concep sys em, ansla ion equi alen s a e egula - ly chosen o e unc ional equi alen s (also e e ed o as ‘na ional e ms’ in S e aniak 2013: 63), as he use o na ional e ms could dis o he message o he EU ex and i would no be clea ha he e m co e s an EU concep . This necessi y implies ha EU ex s o en ha e an un amilia and non-na i e cha ac e , as many au ho s ha e poin ed ou (e.g. in Koskinen 2000: 90). c) Te ms ha a e speci ic o one coun y o o ganisa ion do no ha e an exac equi alen in o he languages unless he coun y o O solya Hed ig Ka dos104 Concep ual Equi alence in Mul ilingual EU Te minology – Challenges and Possible Solu ions o ganisa ion in ques ion has se e al o icial languages. Again, ans- la o s can ei he i. adop a domes ica ion s a egy by choosing a unc ional equi alen , o ii. op o o eignisa ion and c ea e a ans- la ion equi alen . The possible deg ees o equi alence o each ype o e m desc ibed abo e, and he co esponding s a egies ha can be used o ansla e e ms in o he TL, a e summa ised in he able below: Table 1. Types o SL e ms wi h deg ee o equi alence and possible s a egies o ind/c ea e hei TL equi alen TYPE OF SL TERM TERMS INDICATING UNIVERSAL CONCEPTS TERMS IN- DICATING EU-SPECIFIC CONCEPTS TERMS INDI- CATING COUN- TRY-SPECIFIC CONCEPTS Deg ee o equi a- lence exac equi a- lence nea /pa ial/no equi alence exac equi a- lence nea /pa ial/no equi alence T ansla- ion s a - egies o TL e ms use ex- is ing TL e m c ea e ans- la ion equi a- len use unc- ional equi a- len c ea e ans- la ion equi a- len use unc- ional equi a- len c ea e ans- la ion equi a- len use unc- ional equi a- len 3. CONCEPT-ORIENTATION IN IATE The EU’s e minology da abase, IATE (In e ac i e Te minology o Eu- ope: www.ia e.eu opa.eu), is concep -o ien ed like mos o he s. Wi h mo e han 650,000 en ies and almos 7 million e ms in 24 EU languag- es and some o he s, i is one o he la ges mul ilingual da abases in he wo ld. I has been in use o he managemen o EU-speci ic e minology since 2004. As IATE is highly mul ilingual, all e ms in an en y mus be ela ed o he same concep . This is ensu ed, in e alia, by he s uc u e o an en y and he key da a ields ha i con ains, as we will see below. 3.1. Language-Independen Le el (LIL) This le el con ains da a o he en i e en y, including adminis a i e me a- da a and concep - ela ed in o ma ion such as domain, o igin, and c oss- e - e ences. IATE’s domains a e aligned wi h Eu oVoc, he EU’s mul ilingual hesau us. The o igin ield indica es a concep ’s geog aphical o ins i u- ional (e.g. EU o UN) o igin. c oss- e e ences link ela ed en ies. 105Te minologija | 2024 | 31 Figu e 2. Language-independen le el o IATE en y 853538 Ideally, de ini ions should be language-independen wi h equi alen s in each language sec ion. Howe e , due o he absence o a non-language sys em o de ining concep s, each language sec ion de ines he concep independen ly. This leads o a spli o concep ual in o ma ion be ween language-independen and language-speci ic le els, causing po en ial dis- c epancies in de ini ions ac oss languages (Ka dos, Rádai-Ko ács 2014: 168). 3.2. Language Le el (LL) This le el e e s o he concep and is w i en in a speci ic language and ap- plies o all e ms in ha language. De ini ions in di e en languages appea he e. IATE uses an ancho language as a e e ence o all o he languages o ensu e ha de ini ions e e o he same concep . This key p inciple ensu es ha “each en y co esponds o a single concep , which applies ‘ho i- zon ally’ ac oss all languages and ‘ e ically’ o all he e ms in each language” (IATE Handbook, 81). The ancho language, ypically English o F ench, is usually he sou ce language o he ex in which he e m i s appea s. Howe e , o coun y-speci ic concep s he ancho language should be he o icial language o he coun y o ins i u ions conce ned and he ele an coun y/ins i u ion should be indica ed in he o igin ield. Addi ional in- o ma ion ela ed o he concep is p o ided in he no es ield. A missing ancho language o di e en concep s de ined by di e en languages can make an en y po en ially co up . The e o e all language sec ions mus e e o he same concep as de ined by he ancho language. O solya Hed ig Ka dos112 Concep ual Equi alence in Mul ilingual EU Te minology – Challenges and Possible Solu ions 4.3. Coun y-Speci ic Te ms As explained in sec ion 3.1 abo e, he main ool o iden i ying coun- y-speci ic (o ins i u ion-speci ic) e ms in IATE is he o igin ield, which is easonably placed a he language-independen le el (LIL) o he en ies. The sys ema ic comple ion o his ield, and i s e i ica ion by ansla o s, is c ucial o he co ec selec ion o e ms. Ano he impo an ea u e is ha in he case o coun y-speci ic e ms, he ancho language is always he/an o icial language o he coun y/o ganisa ion o which he e m is speci ic. Exac equi alence is in p inciple impossible in he case o coun y-spe- ci ic e ms, which exis in only ce ain coun ies and he e o e ha e no exac equi alen s in o he languages. They may be exp essed by inexac o pa ial ( unc ional) equi alen s o , in he absence o equi alence, by ansla ion equi alen s. As shown abo e, i is no uncommon o EU legal ex s o e e o coun y-speci ic concep s. I is he e o e o he u mos im- po ance o dis inguish hese concep s om o he uni e sal o EU-speci ic concep s, also a he e m le el. T ansla o s a e he e o e encou aged o use ansla ion equi alen s. Among EU ex s, coun y-speci ic e ms a e pe haps mos common in he case law o he Cou o Jus ice. Fo example, he e m ‘Co e di Cas- sazione’ (IATE 3585131) is speci ic o I aly, so he ancho language is I al- ian. The coun y-speci ic na u e o he e m is also made clea by he o i- gin ield in he LIL, and he de ini ion and he no es explain i s ole in he I alian legal sys em. The English e m is a ansla ion equi alen , which is made clea by he TL no e: “O igin o he e e ence: In e nal documen o he English Language Uni , Di ec o a e-Gene al o Mul ilingualism, Cou o Jus- ice o he Eu opean Union, 2019 (Fo mula ion IT > EN)”. This in o ma ion on he “o igin o he e m” is used in IATE en ies o he Cou o Jus ice, when he concep does no exis in he TL.8 Gi en he di e si y o he legal sys ems o he 27 Membe S a es, he lack o concep ual equi alence is a daily challenge o he Cou ’s ansla o s. The sys ema ic indica ion o he absence o concep ually equi alen e ms in he TL is aluable in o ma ion o ansla o s. Howe e , as we ha e seen, he en ies o o he ins i u ions may be p epa ed wi h a di e en app oach and may show unc ional and ansla ion equi alen s as exac equi alen s o he ancho language e m. 8 As s a ed by he Cou o Jus ice’s lea le on legal e minology in IATE (Compa a i e mul ilingual legal ocabula y. A s uc u ed collec ion o e minological da a, 2020). 113Te minologija | 2024 | 31 Fo example, he e m ‘Ams ge ich ’ (IATE 889426), he cou o i s ins ance o o dina y ju isdic ion in Ge many, is ende ed in F ench wi h a unc ional equi alen belonging o he Swiss ju isdic ion: ‘T ibunal can- onal (“Am sge ich ”)’ and a no e in he LL cla i ies ha he concep is speci ic o he Ge man con ex , while in English a ansla ion equi alen is p oposed: ‘Local Cou ’, e en hough he English de ini ion does no men ion ha his concep is speci ic o Ge many. 5. HOW THE TERMINOLOGY DATABASE CAN HELP TRANSLATORS FIND THEIR WAY AROUND As we ha e seen, he i s s ep in choosing he igh e m is o iden i y how sys emic he e m is. This equi es de e mining whe he he e m is uni- e sal, EU o coun y-speci ic. The app op ia e IATE en y can hen be selec ed. I has been ound ha he lack o exac equi alence is no only a p oblem o coun y/ins i u ion-speci ic e ms bu also o uni e sal e ms ha may ha e coun y-speci ic dimensions. On he o he hand, in he absence o exac equi alence, he e appea s o be no sys ema ic indica ion o whe he a gi en e m is a ansla ion o a unc ional equi alen (excep he Cou o Jus ice’s IATE en ies). To add ess his, e minologis s o en inse no es a he language o e m le el o he en y. In o he cases, i is only h ough ca e ul s udy o he e e ences o concep ual analysis ha we can de e mine he le el o equi alence and whe he he p oposed e m is a ansla ion o a unc ional equi alen . Some imes e m e alua ion labels such as ‘p e e ed’, ‘accep ed’ o ‘dep eca ed’ a e used, al hough in p inci- ple his ield should p o ide an indica ion o he app op ia eness o a e m in he EU con ex and no o equi alence ela ionships. To add ess he challenges and o p omo e he sys ema ic indica ion o equi alence ela ionships, especially in he absence o an exac equi alen , we p opose o: a) Sys ema ically indica e he EU- o coun y-speci ic na u e o a e m by including he ele an coun y/o ganisa ion in he o igin ield o coun y-speci ic e ms. An emp y o igin ield would indica e ha he concep is no linked o any coun y o o ganisa ion and can he e o e be conside ed uni e sal. Language le el no es could also be used o explain speci ici ies o he concep in ques ion. b) In oduce a new op ional da a ield: he ans e commen ield, i.e. a “no e in a e minological da a collec ion p o iding in o ma ion on O solya Hed ig Ka dos114 Concep ual Equi alence in Mul ilingual EU Te minology – Challenges and Possible Solu ions he deg ee o equi alence, di ec ionali y o o he special ea u es a ec ing equi alence be ween a designa ion in one language and ano he designa ion in a second language” (ISO 12616-1:2021). This op ional ield would indica e whe he a e m is unc ional o ansla ion equi alen . The use o an equi alence ield is common in mul ilingual e minol- ogy da abases. WIPO Pea l, he da abase o he Wo ld In ellec ual P op- e y O ganisa ion, includes a ans e commen ield ha indica es he deg ee o equi alence be ween e ms in di e en languages (Valen ini e al. 2016: 197; WIPO Pea l Use Guide). Likewise, Te mium Plus, he Go e nmen o Canada’s e minology da abase, uses speci ic labels (i.e. ‘seman ic pa ame e s’, such as ‘gene ic’ and ‘speci ic’) o indica e ha he en y e m has a b oade /na owe meaning han ha o i s equi alen in ano he language. Simila ly, IUSTe m, he da abase o he Hunga ian O ice o T ansla ion and A es a ion includes an equi alence ield ha ca ego ises e ms as pe ec , unc ional, o ansla ion equi alen s (Tamás e alii 2020: 126). 6. CONCLUSION As we ha e seen, in many cases he di icul y o he ansla o is ha he sou ce ex con ains a combina ion o uni e sal concep s, cul u e-spe- ci ic concep s (belonging o a na ional cul u e o legal sys em) and ho- mogenised concep s (belonging o he EU concep sys em). The e o e, ansla o s mus be able o iden i y he uni e sal, EU-o coun y-speci ic na u e o a concep indica ed by a gi en e m o be able o place i in he app op ia e concep sys em. Fu he mo e, IATE, he main e minology managemen ool o EU ins i u ions does no sys ema ically indica e he uni e sal, EU- o coun y-speci ic na u e o a e m, no does i p esen equi alence ela ionships in a o malised way. A p esen , he o igin ield, language and e m le el no es, e alua ion labels, e m, and con ex e - e ences help ansla o s o make in o med e minological decisions. The dedica ed o igin ield is he mos app op ia e ield o p o ide in o ma- ion on he sys em-bound na u e o e ms, and he e o e i s sys ema ic comple ion is essen ial o ins i u ion/coun y-speci ic e ms. Mo eo e , o cla i y he equi alence condi ions, we p opose he inclusion o a new op ional ans e commen da a ield, he comple ion o which would be ecommended especially in he case o e ms ha do no ha e exac equi - alen s. I could speci y whe he he indica ed e m is pe ec , unc ional o 115Te minologija | 2024 | 31 ansla ion equi alen . P o iding his kind o in o ma ion on concep ual equi alence ela ionships may help ansla o s in making in o med e mi- nological decisions acco ding o he con ex . REFERENCES Be gomi Ca e ina 2023: Explo ing Judicial In e p e a ion: Compa a i e Law Me hodology and he Hyb id- isa ion Pa adigm. – Global Ju is 23(3), 243–253. A ailable a : h ps://doi.o g/10.1515/gj-2023-0119. 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O solya Hed ig Ka dos116 Concep ual Equi alence in Mul ilingual EU Te minology – Challenges and Possible Solu ions Tamás Dó a Má ia, Polácska Edina, Klenk Má k 2020: A hi eles o dí ás e minológiai ámoga ásának lehe őségei. – Szo ák Szil ia (ed.). A hi eles o dí ás min köz elada , Budapes : OFFI Z ., 113–130. A ailable a : h ps://www.o i.hu/o i-akademia/kiad anyok/a-hi eles- o di as-min -koz elada . Valen ini Ch is ina, Wes ga e Geo ey, Rouque Philippe 2016: The PCT Te mbase o he Wo ld In ellec ual P ope y O ganiza ion. Designing a da abase o mul ilingual pa en e minology. – Te minology 22(2), 171‒200. A ailable a : h ps://doi.o g/10.1075/ e m.22.2.02 al. WIPO Pea l – Use Guide. A ailable a : h ps://www.wipo.in / e e ence/en/wipopea l/guide.h ml. KONCEPTUALUSIS LYGIAVERTIŠKUMAS DAUGIAKALBĖJE ES TERMINIJOJE: IŠŠŪKIAI IR GALIMI SPRENDIMAI San auka Są okų analizė y a pag indinė e minijos da bo dalis, ypač daugiakalbiuose i į e i- mą o ien uo uose kon eks uose. Šiame s aipsnyje nag inėjama o ien a imosi į są okas eikšmė į e imą o ien uo ame e minologijos da be Eu opos Sąjungoje. Eu opos Teisingumo Teismo p ipažin a ES eisės sis emos au onomija eiškia, kad eisės e - minai ES eisėje i nacionalinėje eisėje gali u ė i ski ingas eikšmes. Te minų ipų į ai o ė ES eks uose eikalauja, kad e ėjai su ok ų uni e salų, speci inį ES a kon- k ečiai šaliai e minų pobūdį, kad pa ink ų ge iausią konk ečios kalbos a i ikmenį. S aipsnyje ap ašomos s a egijos, ku ias e ėjai gali naudo i di bdami su į ai ių ipų e minais (uni e saliais, būdingais ES a būdingais konk ečiai šaliai). Nag inėjami sunkumai e čian uni e salius e minus, u inčius konk ečiai šaliai būdingų aspek ų. S aipsnyje pa odoma, kaip in o macijos apie lygia e iškumą ūkumas i uni e salių bei konk ečiai šaliai būdingų e minų painiojimas gali susilpnin i e minų į ašus. Taip pa akcen uojami speci inių ES e minų pe kėlimo į nacionalinės eisės kalbą iššūkiai. Pab ėžiama, kad kalban apie konk ečiai šaliai būdingus e minus, nesan a i inkamo e mino e imo kalboje, gali ek i a o i ne ikslius a dalinius a i ikmenis. ES e - minologijos duomenų bazėje IATE pa eikiama (no s ne isada sis emingai) am ik a in o macija apie e minų kilmę i lygia e iškumo san ykius. Dažnai ją galima gau i ik nuodugniai išnag inėjus kelis duomenų laukus. Kad bū ų išsp ęs os šios p oblemos, s aipsnyje ekomenduojama sis emingai nu ody i są okos kilmę i į es i naują nep i- alomą duomenų lauką PERKĖLIMO KOMENTARAS, ku iame bū ų paaiškin i kon- cep ualiojo lygia e iškumo san ykiai. Teigiama, kad šis nep i alomas duomenų laukas galė ų bū i naudingas e ėjams, nes padė ų jiems su ok i lygia e iškumo san ykius i p iim i pag įs us sp endimus pa enkan e imo kalbos e minus. Gau a 2024-01-30 O solya Hed ig Ka dos Rue de la Loi/We s aa 175. B-1048 B uxelles/B ussel. Belgique/België E-mail ka doso [email protected]