The History and Recent Trends of Terminology in Hungary in the 21st Century

53Te minologija | 2024 | 31 doi.o g/10.35321/ e m31-03 The His o y and Recen T ends o Te minology in Hunga y in he 21s Cen u y1 Veng ijos e minologijos is o ija i naujausios endencijos XXI amžiuje ÁGOTA FÓRIS Ká oli Gáspá Uni e si y o he Re o med Chu ch in Hunga y, TERMIK ORCID id: h ps://o cid.o g/00000-0002-7599-0323 ABSTRACT The pu pose o his a icle is o p o ide a e iew o he his o y and ecen ends o e minology ha impac ed he e olu ion o e minology in Hunga y in he 21s cen u y. The las wo decades b ough e ec i e changes in highe educa ion, oca i- onal aining, scien i ic quali ica ion, and publica ion in Hunga y. All hese changes p o ided an oppo uni y o be e unde s anding, de elopmen , and eaching o e minology heo y and e minology managemen , as well as s eng hening in e na- ional ela ions and s a ing a dialogue abou Hunga ian e minology policies. The pape i s p esen s he signi ican changes in Hunga ian e minology in he las wo decades om he pe spec i e o language igh s and hen ocuses on he mos impo an scien i ic publica ions in he ield o e minology. The pape also highligh s and p esen s in mo e de ail he domains in which signi ican e - minological wo k has been ca ied ou in he p e ious wo decades: Hunga ian e ms o law and public adminis a ion, EU-speci ic e ms, medical e ms, and e minology and nomencla u e o na u al sciences. KEYWORDS: Hunga ian e minology, his o y o e minology, ends o he 21s cen u y, e minology managemen , publica ions on e minology. ANOTACIJA Šio s aipsnio ikslas – apž elg i e minologijos is o iją i naujausias endenci- jas, ku ios u ėjo į akos e minų aidai Veng ijoje XXI amžiuje. Pas a ieji du 1 This esea ch was suppo ed by he p ojec i led “S udies on Specialised Languages: heo y and applica- ions o e minology” by he Facul y o Humani ies and Social Sciences o he Ká oli Gáspá Uni e si y o he Re o med Chu ch in Hunga y. Ágo a Fó is54 The His o y and Recen T ends o Te minology in Hunga y in he 21s Cen u y dešim mečiai Veng ijoje a nešė eiksmingų pokyčių aukš ojo mokslo, p o esinio engimo, mokslinės k ali ikacijos i leidybos s i yse. Visi šie pokyčiai su eikė galimybę ge iau sup as i, plė o i i dės y i e minologijos eo iją i e minų a - kybą, aip pa sus ip in i a p au inius yšius i p adė i dialogą apie eng ų e mi- nologijos poli iką. S aipsnyje pi miausia p is a omi eikšmingi eng ų e minijos pokyčiai pe pas a uosius du dešim mečius iš kalbos eisių pe spek y os, o ėliau dėmesys su- elkiamas į s a biausias e minologijos s i ies mokslines publikacijas. S aipsnyje aip pa iš yškinamos i išsamiau p is a omos s i ys, ku iose pe pas a uosius du dešim mečius bu o a lik as eikšmingas e minologijos da bas: Veng ijos eisės i iešojo adminis a imo e minai, speci iniai ES e minai, medicinos e minai bei gam os mokslų e minai i nomenkla ū a. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: eng ų e minija, e minologijos is o ija, XXI amžiaus endencijos, e minų a kyba, e minologijos leidiniai. 1. INTRODUCTION A signi ican numbe o books and a icles ha e been published in Hun- ga ian on he his o y o he Hunga ian language, including he his o y o Hunga ian specialized languages and e minology. The e a e ewe pub- lica ions in English on he his o y o Hunga ian e minology and a ew a icles we e published on he ends and cha ac e is ics o Hunga ian e - minology a he u n o he 20 h and 21s cen u ies (e.g., Fó is 2010a. and Fó is o hcoming, Mu á h 2010). The i s wo decades o he 21s cen u y b ough se e al new de elopmen s in he ield o Hunga ian e minology, and many scien i ic publica ions we e published a he ime. This pape aims o e iew and summa ize he esul s and ends o hese wo decades. 1.1. Backg ound and ends I is essen ial o s a wi h a glance back a he end o he 20 h cen u y2. Changes and ansi ions in Hunga ian indus y, economy, and socie y al- eady s a ed in he 1980s. Some o hese changes include he ollow- ing: he in oduc ion o a new sys em o axa ion in ha mony wi h he ma ke ; he o ma ion o a dual-le el banking sys em, ha is, a cen al bank and comme cial banks; con e sion o a ixed (cu ency) p ice e- gime, e c. (see Fó is 2010a). This was acili a ed and accele a ed by he egime change in 1989, which was accompanied by he demise o he 2 Fo an o e iew o he his o y o Hunga ian e minology in he 20 h cen u y, see Fó is o hcoming. 55Te minologija | 2024 | 31 o me socialis concep ual sys em o economics. As a esul , a new, dem- oc a ic and ma ke economic e minology sys em, in line wi h he Wes e n Eu opean e minology sys em, had o be c ea ed in se e al domains (e.g., economy, ade) in he 1990s. New businesses, publishing houses, ansla- ion agencies, and mul ina ional companies we e c ea ed. Se e al bilingual and mul ilingual glossa ies we e published by small publishe s, p ima ily o assis wi h echnical ansla ion. The 1990s saw signi ican changes in echnology wo ldwide, including Hunga y (e.g., he de elopmen o in o - ma ion echnology and elecommunica ions), wi h he ad en o pe sonal compu e s and he In e ne , along wi h he i s s eps o digi alisa ion and wo k in he online space. In he 1990s and 2000s, s anda disa ion was also ans o med in Eas - e n Eu opean coun ies ( o mo e in o ma ion on he s anda disa ion o - ganisa ions in hese coun ies, see Bölcskei 2019). In Hunga y, he o me s a e agency was ans o med in 1995 in o an independen public bene i o ganisa ion, and he Hunga ian S anda ds Ins i u ion (MSZT; www.msz . hu) was es ablished. This was one o he p epa a o y s eps and condi ions o Hunga y’s accession o he Eu opean Union in 2004. The p ima y ask o he MSZT was o in oduce EU s anda ds in Hunga y and, when possi- ble, ansla e hem in o Hunga ian. The Ins i u ion also p o ides ce i ica- ion. Na ional s anda disa ion is always ca ied ou in he o icial language o he coun y (Hunga ian) and in ol emen in in e na ional and Eu ope- an s anda disa ion p ocesses means ha he English (specialized) language also plays an impo an ole. Howe e , o inancial easons, many Eu o- pean s anda ds ha e been in oduced as Hunga ian s anda ds in English; mo e han wo- hi ds o he Hunga ian s anda ds a e in English, and as a esul , he e minology is also in English. Consequen ly, abou only one- hi d o he e minological s anda ds and e m lis s in he in oduc ion o s anda ds ha e been published in Hunga ian. The s anda ds on e mino- logical p ocesses a e in e na ional s anda ds and ha e no been in oduced in Hunga y. The las wo decades o he 20 h cen u y saw signi ican changes in he ield o spo s e minology. Since he second hal o he 1980s, mo e han hi y new spo s and o y spo s ede a ions ha e been egis e ed in Hunga y. This means ha nea ly one in wo spo s became es ablished in hese decades, and new spo s a e appea ing o his day. Some o hese new spo s ha e e ained hei o iginal e minology (e.g., Fa Eas e n ma ial Ágo a Fó is56 The His o y and Recen T ends o Te minology in Hunga y in he 21s Cen u y a s), while o he s ha e been gi en e minology in Hunga ian (e.g., ugby/ ögbi). The e minology o he new spo s has been included in dic iona - ies, manuals, ulebooks, and se e al s udies ha ha e been published on he e minology o spo s languages. In he pas , he ole o he Hunga ian Academy o Sciences was c u- cial in scien i ic and academic e minology. Howe e , a he end o he 20 h cen u y, highe educa ion and he sys em o scien i ic quali ica ions we e es uc u ed, and academic educa ion and quali ica ions we e ans- e ed om he Academy o he uni e si ies (PhD le el, in oduc ion o he Bologna sys em). In addi ion, he language o publica ions, pa icu- la ly in he na u al sciences, medicine, enginee ing and ma hema ics, has shi ed la gely owa ds English. Mo eo e , scien i ic jou nals in Hunga ian g adually disappea ed and scien i ic publishing in Hunga ian declined; his end con inues oday. Hunga ian-language scien i ic e minology su i es hanks o Hunga ian-language highe educa ion. While many Eu opean coun ies swi ched om using he mo he ongue o English in highe ed- uca ion (especially a a mas e ’s and PhD le el) in he 2000s, he language o highe educa ion in Hunga ian uni e si ies emains Hunga ian (see e.g., Fó is 2010b). Only in he las decade did Hunga ian highe educa ion shi owa ds English-language p og ammes, especially a he mas e ’s and PhD le els. This is pa ially due o he go e nmen -sponso ed “S ipendium Hunga icum” schola ship p og amme o in e na ional s uden s, which has aimed o acili a e he in e na ionaliza ion o Hunga ian highe educa ion since 2013. The esul o hese changes has been he exclusi i y o English e minology in highe -le el scien i ic publica ions, and his has simul ane- ously led o bilingualism in highe educa ion and he need o es ablishing English–Hunga ian e minology equi alence in many a eas. In addi ion o codi ying, he e has now eme ged no ma i e, desc ip i e, and cu en co pus-based g amma s, dic iona ies, and da abases; he c e- a ion o e minological da abases has also begun. In he a ea o linguis ics, desc ip i e, da a-based, empi ical esea ch has become s onge , while in e minology, he s anda dising and p esc ip i e end ga e way o he ap- p oach aimed a ha monisa ion in suppo o di e si y. The codi ica ion o he s anda d e sion o he Hunga ian language and i s specialised languages was comple ed by he middle o he 20 h cen u y. The ools o codi ica ion we e g amma , spelling ules, and dic iona ies; he ools o he c ea ion and dissemina ion o e ms we e newspape s and 57Te minologija | 2024 | 31 popula science and p o essional jou nals. Se e al comp ehensi e books on 20 h-cen u y gene al language s anda disa ion and codi ica ion ha e been published, bu he e is no enough da a on how s anda disa ion has a ec ed di e en language a ie ies (such as specialised languages), no on he his o y o e minology in di e en disciplines and p o essions (Laczkó 2015). People wo king in a ious disciplines, mainly wi hin he amewo k o p o essional o ganisa ions and he Hunga ian Academy o Sciences, ha e ca ied ou conside able e minological wo k; howe e , hei his o y and esul s ha e only been p ocessed and documen ed in a ew cases in he 20 h cen u y (e.g., he his o y o he language o chemis y). 1.2. Pu pose and me hodology The pu pose o his pape is o p o ide a gene al o e iew o he his o y and ecen ends o e minology ha impac ed he e olu ion o e mi- nology in Hunga y in he 21s cen u y. Fi s ly, his pape will p esen he signi ican changes in Hunga ian e minology in he las wo decades om he posi ion o language igh s, and hen highligh he mos impo an sci- en i ic publica ions in he ield o e minology. Fu he mo e, he domains in which signi ican e minological wo k has been ca ied ou in he p e i- ous wo decades will be highligh ed and p esen ed in mo e de ail: law and public adminis a ion e minology, EU-speci ic e ms, medical e minolo- gy, and e minology and nomencla u e o na u al sciences. The chosen esea ch me hod is a e iew and e alua ion based on pub- lished a icles: o he li e a u e on e minology and his o ical linguis ics; and academic and p o essional websi es (syn hesis and analysis o p e ious esea ch); summa izing monog aphs, PhD heses, and da abases on e mi- nology ha e also been collec ed and highligh ed. 2. THE FIRST TWO DECADES OF THE 21ST CENTURY. GENERAL QUESTIONS Te minology is an in e disciplina y scien i ic and p o essional ield; i is ela ed o a ious disciplines and p o essions, as well as o language policy, lexicology, lexicog aphy, LSP esea ch, and ansla ion. 2.1. Language igh s Mos o he li e a u e on language policy in Hunga y has been in he ield o language planning, mo e p ecisely, s a us planning and co pus Ágo a Fó is58 The His o y and Recen T ends o Te minology in Hunga y in he 21s Cen u y planning. Te minology- ela ed a eas a e co e ed by e minology policies and e minology planning (see UNESCO Guidelines 2005). The majo - i y o na i e Hunga ian speake s li e in Hunga y, bu a smalle numbe li e ou side Hunga y in neighbou ing coun ies whe e Hunga ian is a mi- no i y language; each coun y has a linguis ic en i onmen wi h a di e - en majo i y language (Romanian, Slo ak, Slo enian, Se bian, C oa ian, Uk ainian, and Ge man). The Hunga ian language is plu icen ic (Vančo, Muh , Kozmács, Hube 2020). A a ie y o ex e nal in luences (e.g., eco- nomic, legal, cul u al) impac Hunga ian e minology. Consequen ly, lan- guage change (including e minological change) de elops in di e en ways in Hunga y and mino i y con ex s. By he u n o he millennium, Cen- al Eu opean coun ies comple ely o e hauled hei legal sys ems, and as pa o his p ocess, hey also c ea ed new language laws. In Hunga y, he amended cons i u ion, d a ed a e he all o communism in 1989, did no ye p oclaim he o icial language o he coun y; howe e , i did s a e ha na ional and linguis ic mino i ies we e building blocks o he s a e and ha i would ensu e he use o hei mo he ongue, educa ion in hei mo he ongue, and he use o names in hei na i e language. The new cons i u ion (called he “Fundamen al Law o Hunga y”) was adop ed in 2011 and i s a ed ha he o icial language o he coun y was Hunga ian (And ássy 2017: 74–75). The concep ual and e minological sys ems o communi ies speaking he same language na u ally change and de elop di e en concep ual and e minological sys ems, due o he di e en cul u al, economic, legal, and adminis a i e con ex s (e.g., Ge man LSPs in Ge many, Aus ia, and Swi ze land; English LSPs in di e en coun ies; Hunga ian LSPs). Lan- s yák (2002: 201) a gues ha i is na u al ha he Hunga ian language changes in eigh di e en ways in he coun ies o he Ca pa hian Basin, as linguis ic changes a e in luenced by se e al ac o s ou side o language. Thus, he e minology o Hunga ian LSPs in he neighbou ing coun ies was cha ac e ised by di e gence, and i was only a e he egime change in 1989 and he accession o he EU in 2004 ha Hunga ian speake s in he neighbou ing coun ies we e able o econnec wi h he e minology used in Hunga y. Howe e , he ha monisa ion o he many Hunga ian e mino- logical a ian s and hei collec ion in a da abase has no ye aken place, al hough ini ia i es ha e been aken (e.g., on language policy and language planning issues o Hunga ians li ing in neighbou ing coun ies, see e.g., 59Te minologija | 2024 | 31 Szabómihály 2009, and he s udies on Hunga ian e minology s a egy in he “g een pape ”: P ószéky e al. 2023). 2.2. Te minology esea ch, academic publica ions In Hunga ian linguis ic li e a u e, he discussion o gene al ques ions o e minology in ensi ely s a ed in he 2000s when he Wüs e ian p inci- ples we e “ edisco e ed”; om hen on, a ious publica ions deal wi h he e minological schools o he 1930s, p ima ily and ho oughly wi h Wüs e ’s wo k (e.g., Zabóné Va ga 2015). Since hen, he e has also been an inc eased in e es in o he ends in e minology; in pa icula , his includes socio- e minology, ollowing he wo k o Ma ia Te esa Cab é, and he sociocogni i e app oach ad oca ed by Ri a Temme man. One es- pecially popula opic has been he o e lapping a eas o e minology and ansla ion ( o a de ailed accoun , see he olume i led T ansla ion and Te minology: Fó is 2022). Academic esea ch in he ield o e minology gained momen um mainly in linguis ics a he han in he sciences, wi h a la ge numbe o publica ions and PhD disse a ions on e minology. The Magya Te mi- nológia (Jou nal o Hunga ian Te minology) was published be ween 2008 and 2013 a he Akadémiai Kiadó publishing house. Te minology as a discipline was in oduced in o highe educa ion (BA, MA, and PhD le - els), ollowed by he launch o he Mas e ’s p og amme in Te minology (2011–2018) a he Ká oli Gáspá Uni e si y o he Re o med Chu ch in Hunga y. The e a e also now e minology- ela ed aining cou ses a a i- ous ins i u ions. The e has been a much g ea e demand o e minological wo k, p ima ily in he ansla ion indus y and hen in echnical w i ing, which has led o he c ea ion o e minology da abases; mainly ansla- ion-o ien ed da abases and dic iona ies we e c ea ed (e.g., he Hunga - ian con en o IATE, he Te min da abase, and e minological da abases a p i a e companies). Howe e , no na ional e minological da abase has been c ea ed. Se e al e minology o ganisa ions and esea ch g oups ha e been es ablished ha a e also membe s o in e na ional e minology o - ganisa ions (see Fó is 2022: 115–120). Al hough he e minology o many specialised ields was al eady p o- cessed in he 20 h cen u y, in bo h specialised dic iona ies and scien i - ic publica ions (see Fó is o hcoming), i was no un il he 21s cen u y ha he his o y o he e minology o indi idual specialised languages Ágo a Fó is60 The His o y and Recen T ends o Te minology in Hunga y in he 21s Cen u y and domains was su eyed in Hunga ian li e a u e in a mo e de ailed and comp ehensi e manne (e.g., books and PhD disse a ions on medical, ma hema ical, spo s, legal, economic, echnical, and music e minology). The e ha e also been publica ions on gene al e minology heo y and he s a e o Hunga ian e minology (e.g., Fó is 2005). Thus, a signi ican amoun o e minological esea ch and publica ions a e ca ied ou in esea ch g oups and PhD p og ammes a uni e si ies. In some companies (mainly ansla ion agencies and mul ina ional com- panies), e minology da abases a e being buil , bu in mos cases, hese a e no public da abases. Fo some ime now, we ha e been a emp ing o b ing oge he e minological esea ch and e minological wo k, and also o s a wo k on a Hunga ian e minology po al and a na ional, public, Hunga ian e minology da abase. Se e al books ha e been published in he pas ew yea s ha discuss he de ails, sub- ields, and asks ela ed o he Hunga ian e minology s a egy (in gene al: Fó is, Bölcskei 2019 and P ószéky e al. 2023; on he e minology o law and public adminis a ion: Tamás, Szo ák 2021, Rixe 2023 and issue 2023/X/3 o he jou nal Glossa Iu idica). I is p omising ha he cons uc ion o a e minology po al has also s a ed because o he wo k launched in 2021 by he Te minology Re- sea ch G oup a he Hunga ian Resea ch Cen e o Linguis ics. 3. SPECIFIC QUESTIONS AND SUBJECT FIELDS Some o he a eas in which ex ensi e esea ch has been ca ied ou o e he las wo decades a e highligh ed below: he e minology o law and public adminis a ion, EU-speci ic e ms, medical e minology, and e minology and nomencla u e o na u al sciences. Due o he la ge numbe o publica- ions, a selec ed bibliog aphy is gi en he e. Whe e a summa y olume o a icle on he subjec has been published, i is ci ed as a e e ence. 3.1. Te minology o law and public adminis a ion 3.1.1. Te ms o hunga ian law and public adminis a ion In he legal and public adminis a ion ields, linguis ic and e minology is- sues a e add essed in publica ions conce ning he equi emen s o comp e- hensible and accessible communica ion and a e linked o e iciency and e hi- cal issues. In he legal ield, he equi emen o use plain language is mos ele an when d a ing and ansla ing legisla ion; in he adminis a i e 61Te minologija | 2024 | 31 ield, i is mainly ele an when communica ing wi h ci izens (mos ly lay- people) and d a ing o icial documen s. Va ious ini ia i es ha e been launched wo ldwide o imp o e he cla i y o o icial language use, mainly o p o ide s ylis ic, syn ac ic, and lexical ecommenda ions (e.g., he Plain Language Mo emen in he USA in he 1970s, he Plain English Campaign in England in he 1980s, he Eu opean Commission’s Clea w i ing o Eu ope campaign in 2010). The gene al equi emen o unde s andabili y is se ou in legisla ion (see Tó h 2022), while he de ails o how o achie e cla i y a e laid ou in s anda ds (e.g., IEC/IEEE 82079-1:2019; ISO 24495-1:2023) and a ious s yle and language guides. The comp ehensibili y o legal documen s is pa ly a linguis ic issue and pa ly a legal one and can be assessed along many a iables. Among he ac o s ha make ex s di icul o unde s and, he mos e- quen ly highligh ed ones a e he use o e minology and he syn ac ic and ex ual ea u es. Linguis ic analyses poin ou ha he e a e no uni e sally applicable guidelines o ensu e he comp ehensibili y o legal ex s, and ha simpli ying he language used (e.g., sho ening sen ences, eplacing e ms wi h colloquialisms) does no necessa ily make he ex comp ehen- sible. I is also no ewo hy ha accu acy o con en and comp ehensibili y a e o en in con lic . I is also impo an o conside he a ge audience and hei legal and linguis ic backg ound. In Hunga y, he issues o law and language we e al eady in e linked in he 19 h cen u y, and he collec ion and c ea ion o legal e minology was a cen al issue a ha ime. Resea ch on Hunga ian legal e minology gained new impe us in he 1960s when conce ns abou he comp ehensibili y o legal language we e aised. In he 1980s, esea ch began on he mos im- po an ea u es o legal e minology. A e he 2000s, he s udy o he lan- guage use o EU ex s u ned a en ion o he ansla ion o legal ex s and legal e minology (see e.g., Vinnai 2017). The e has also been co pus-based esea ch o s udy he comp ehensibili y o legal ex s. A he Uni e si y o Miskolc, he Miskolc Legal Co pus was c ea ed o use co pus linguis ic me h- ods o in es iga e he cha ac e is ics o legal ex s in a la ge co pus o legal ex s. In his s udy, lawye s and linguis s collabo a ed o disco e whe he he e a e ea u es o Hunga ian legal e minology ha hinde i s comp e- hensibili y (Vincze 2018); a book summa ising his la ge-scale esea ch was also published (Szabó, Vinnai 2018). In one pa o he s udy, sen ence Ágo a Fó is68 The His o y and Recen T ends o Te minology in Hunga y in he 21s Cen u y and li e a u e on he Co id-19 epidemic om English in o Hunga ian and o de elop e minology in Hunga ian, h ough which a co pus o mo e han 1.7 million wo ds was p oduced (B. Papp, Somogyi 2022). 3.3. Te minology and nomencla u e o na u al sciences In he ield o na u al sciences, e minology and nomencla u e we e al- eady dis inguished in he 19 h cen u y, mainly in e ms o whe he hey we e used o e e o gene al concep s ( e minology) o objec s, indi id- uals, o g oups (nomencla u e) (see ISO 1087:2019). The c ea ion o e - minology o a gi en subjec is go e ned by he g amma o he gene al language, while he ules o he c ea ion o nomencla u e a e go e ned by speci ic ules and codes. Se e al disciplines (e.g., chemis y, biology, geog aphy) ha e c ea ed hei independen sys ems o he de elopmen o nomencla u e in hei ield, which ha e been coo dina ed by in e na- ional p o essional o ganisa ions since he 20 h cen u y. In Hunga y, he depa men s o he Hunga ian Academy o Sciences a e esponsible o he es ablishmen and upda ing o nomencla u e ules (e.g., symbols, uni s o measu emen , and names) (see Bölcskei, Fó is 2022). The lexicon o specialized languages, including e minology and no- mencla u e, has also aised impo an ques ions in ecen decades. A p esen , an in e disciplina y commi ee, he Hunga ian In e depa men al S anding Commi ee on Hunga ian Language o he Hunga ian Acade- my o Sciences, is esponsible o ansplan ing in e na ional nomencla- u e ules in o Hunga ian, egula ing specialized language spelling, and d a ing he ules and manuals. In p ac ice, he wo k o his commi ee is mainly ocused on spelling issues (publishing spelling dic iona ies); hey do no deal wi h e minological wo k in he mode n sense, o example, he building o e minology da abases. The his o y o Hunga ian scien i ic e minology has no ye been w i - en down, and only a ew s udies ha e been conduc ed on he de elopmen o he e minology and specialised language o a ious scien i ic disci- plines (e.g., chemis y, geology). Se e al monolingual, bilingual, and mul- ilingual dic iona ies ha e been published in he 20 h and 21s cen u ies (see h ps://szakszo a .lib.p e.hu/hu/), bu mo e complex e minology da- abases a e s ill o be de eloped. In Hunga y, he e has been signi ican lase esea ch in he ield o op- ics (in physics), including lase physics. This d ew a en ion o he s udy 69Te minologija | 2024 | 31 o he e minology o lase s in he i s decade o he 2000s. In hese yea s, esea ch and he de elopmen o a speci ic g oup o lase s, high ene gy a o- and em osecond lase s6, s a ed o de elop apidly; in his con ex , he TERMIK esea ch g oup has s udied and desc ibed he e minology o a o- and em osecond pulsed lase s and c ea ed a e m base and he Dic- ionELI dic iona y (h p://dic ioneli.s epp.hu) on lase e minology. The main objec i e was o s udy he e minology and concep ual sys em in English and Hunga ian o collec he e minology o bilingual (Hunga ian and English) documen a ion. This would suppo he ansla ion o ex s (see Fó is, B. Papp 2015; Fó is 2022: 131–153). 4. CONCLUSION This a icle aimed o p o ide a syn hesis o he his o y and ecen ends o e minology in Hunga y in he 21s cen u y. The las wo decades b ough e ec i e changes in highe educa ion, oca ional aining, scien i ic qual- i ica ion, and publica ion in Hunga y. Ou i s conclusion is ha all hese changes p o ided an oppo uni y o imp o ed unde s anding, de elopmen , and eaching o e minology heo y and e minology managemen , as well as s eng hening in e na ion- al ela ions and s a ing a dialogue abou Hunga ian e minology policies, in Hunga y and neighbou ing coun ies. This has led o a p oli e a ion o e minology educa ion, e minology cou ses and in e na ional ela ions, as well as an inc ease in scien i ic publica ions and he s udy o e ms o di e en domains. The i s wo decades o he 21s cen u y b ough se e al new de elop- men s in he ield o Hunga ian e minology. Speci ically, many scien i ic publica ions (pape s, monog aphs, PhD heses) we e published a he ime. This pape s a ed by ou lining he signi ican changes in Hunga ian e - minology in e ms o language igh s in he las wo decades. Then, he mos impo an academic publica ions in he ield o e minology we e highligh ed. Finally, a de ailed accoun was p esen ed on he domains in which signi ican e minological wo k has been ca ied ou in he p e ious 6 The collec ion o e ms was inspi ed by he launch o he Hunga ian sub-p ojec o he so-called ELI p ojec . The ELI (Ex eme Ligh In as uc u e, o de ails see h ps://www.eli-alps.hu/) p ojec is pa o he new gene a ion o la ge-scale esea ch acili ies in Eu ope. I is in e es ing o no e ha he 2023 Nobel P ize in Physics is “ o expe imen al me hods ha gene a e a osecond pulses o ligh o he s udy o elec on dynamics in ma e ” and Fe enc K ausz, one o he winne s is c edi ed wi h pa ing he way o he es ablishmen o he Hunga ian pilla o ELI in Szeged. Ágo a Fó is70 The His o y and Recen T ends o Te minology in Hunga y in he 21s Cen u y wo decades: he e minology o law and public adminis a ion (Hunga ian legal and adminis a i e e ms, EU-speci ic e ms), medical e minology, and e minology and nomencla u e o na u al sciences. Ou second conclusion is ha i is clea ha he mos ac i e e mino- logical wo k and esea ch is aking place in hose ields o science whose di ec applica ion has become impo an , i.e. law and adminis a ion, medicine and na u al sciences. I also appea s ha , pa icula ly in he le- gal and adminis a i e domain, e minological esea ch is closely linked o ansla ion. Mo eo e , in each o hese a eas, se e al PhD heses and monog aphs ha e been w i en and nume ous educa ional ma e ials and dic iona ies ha e been published. O e all, o mos o he 20 h cen u y, Hunga y was a monolingual coun y, which a ou ed monolingual e minology wo k. 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Ződi Zsol 2018: A jog é he őségének ha á ai: Meg udják-e oldani a nyel észek a jogi szö egek é he e lenségének p oblémájá ? – A ö ény sza ai, eds. M. Szabó, E. Vinnai, Miskolc: Bíbo Kiadó, 241–260. VENGRIJOS TERMINOLOGIJOS ISTORIJA IR NAUJAUSIOS TENDENCIJOS XXI AMŽIUJE San auka Šio s aipsnio ikslas – apž elg i Veng ijos e minologijos is o iją i naujausias enden- cijas, u ėjusias į akos e minų aidai XXI amžiuje. Pas a ieji du dešim mečiai a nešė eiksmingų pokyčių Veng ijos aukš ojo mokslo, p o esinio engimo, mokslinės k ali i- kacijos i leidybos s i yse. Publikacijų kalba, ypač gam os mokslų, medicinos, inžine i- jos i ma ema ikos s i yse, iš esmės pasikei ė – im a ašy i ne eng ų, be anglų kalba. Be o, mokslo žu nalai eng ų kalba palaipsniui nyko, o mokslinių publikacijų eng ų kalba sumažėjo; ši endencija y auja iki šiol. Visi šie pokyčiai su eikė galimybę ge iau Ágo a Fó is74 The His o y and Recen T ends o Te minology in Hunga y in he 21s Cen u y sup as i, plė o i i dės y i e minologijos eo iją i e minų a kybą, aip pa sus ip in i a p au inius yšius i p adė i dialogą apie eng ų e minologijos poli iką. S aipsnyje pi miausia p is a omi eikšmingi eng ų e minijos pokyčiai pe pas a- uosius du dešim mečius iš kalbos eisių pe spek y os, o ėliau dėmesys su elkiamas į s a biausias e minologijos s i ies mokslines publikacijas. S aipsnyje aip pa iš yški- namos i išsamiau p is a omos s i ys, ku iose pe pas a uosius du dešim mečius bu o a lik as eikšmingas e minologijos da bas: Veng ijos eisės i iešojo adminis a imo e minai, speci iniai ES e minai, medicinos e minai bei gam os mokslų e minija i nomenkla ū a. Aki aizdu, kad ak y iausias e minologijos da bas i y imai a liekami ose mokslo s i yse, ku ių iesioginis aikymas apo s a bus, . y. eisė i iešasis adminis a imas, medicina i gam os mokslai. Taip pa a odo, kad, ypač eisės i adminis a imo s i yje, e minologiniai y imai y a glaudžiai susiję su e imu. Be o, bu o pa ašy os kelios dak a o dise acijos i monog a ijos iš eisės i iešojo adminis a imo, medicinos i gam os mokslų s ičių, išleis a daug mokomosios medžiagos i žodynų. Gau a 2023-12-16 Ágo a Fó is Ká oli Gáspá Uni e si y o he Re o med Chu ch in Hunga y, TERMIK Dózsa Gyö gy ú 25-27. H-1146 Budapes Hunga y E-mail o is.ago a@k e.hu