Rašto ženklų įvardijimas Pilypo Ruigio žodyne Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch–Littauisches Lexicon (1747)

Terminologija / Terminology 2025, No. 32, pp. 1–27 Contents link ISSN 2669-2198 (electronic / online) Copyright © 2025 Jurgita Venckienė. Published by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. // Published by the Lithuanian Language Institute. This article is open access, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which allows unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction of the content in any media, provided that the author and source are acknowledged. Gauta: / Received: 2025-07-03. Priimta: / Accepted: 2025-08-25. 1 NAMES OF SPEECH CHARACTERS IN THE LITTAUISCH–DEUTSCHES UND DEUTSCH–LITTAUISCHES DICTIONARY BY PILIPAS RUIGIS LEXICON (1747) Naming of written characters in Philipp Ruhig’s Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch– Littauisches Lexicon (1747) JURGITA VENCKIENĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language E-mail: jurgita.venckien[email protected] ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6305-6664 Research field: History of Lithuanian language and literature. https://doi.org/10.35321/term32-09 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ANNOTATION Kalbotyros terminų istorijai skirtame tyrime analizuojami į Pilypo Ruigio žodyną Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch–Littauisches Lexicon (1747) words representing writing marks: letter, digit, period, diacritic mark, comma, colon. The article also analyzes the relationships of the terms with the sources of the Ruigi dictionary and their distribution in the Lithuanian and German dictionaries of East Prussia in the 19th century. KEY WORDS: Pilypas Ruigys, letter, digit, period, diacritic mark, comma, colon. ABSTRACT This study, dedicated to the history of linguistic terminology, analyses words denoting writting characters: letter, number character, period, diacritical mark, comma, and colon, included in Philipp Ruhig’s (Pilypas Ruigys, 1675–1749) dictionary Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch–Littauisches Lexicon (1747). The article also examines the connections of these terms with the sources of Ruhig’s dictionary and the dissemination in East Prussian Lithuanian and German dictionaries of the 19th century. KEYWORDS: Philipp Ruhig, letter, number character, period, diacritical mark, comma, colon. 2 INTRODUCTION Researchers associate the beginning of Lithuanian linguistic terminology with the Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas, but a more intensive stage of term creation began 1 in the first half of the 19th century – until then, Latin terms dominated Lithuanian writing (Balašaitis 1961: 10). The main works of the 17th–18th centuries that created and spread Lithuanian terminology were dictionaries. Recent studies of the dictionary Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch–Littauisches Lexicon (Karaliaučius, 1747) by Pilypas Ruigis (1675–1749), especially the index of Lithuanian words prepared by Ona 2 Aleknavičienė (Aleknavičienė 2024), allow us to better understand the entire terminology. Antanas Balašaitis’ dissertation The History of Lithuanian Linguistic Terms (1961) is devoted to the history of linguistic terms from Mažvydas’ Catechism to the 1950s. Its purpose is 3 “to show how, in the development of Lithuanian linguistics, the terminology of its various branches was created and standardized, how it formed, grew, changed and established itself in Lithuanian linguistics” (Balašaitis 1961: 3). Although 17th-18th century dictionaries are not mentioned among the sources (cf. Balašaitis 1961: 3), their data are also included in the study. The author recorded the first cases of use of linguistic terms, among which were several terms from the dictionary Littauisch–Deutsches and Deutsch– Littauisches Lexicon by Philip Ruig. The purpose of the dissertation, the broad chronological and subject limits led to the fact that A. Balašaitis did not look for sources of terms used by Ruigis or other authors, did not delve into the spread of terms. This study is devoted to the terms denoting writing signs included by Ruigi in the dictionary Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch–Littauisches Lexicon (hereinafter – R – the entire dictionary, Rvl – the German–Lithuanian language part, Rlv – the Lithuanian–German language part), in order to 4 determine their sources and distribution in 19th-century East Prussian dictionaries. It has been noted that A. Balašaitis did not include all the terms in Ruigis’s dictionary in his research field, for example, he did not mention the term meaning a colon. His work does not collect all synonyms of Ruigis’ terms: it is stated that the “letter” R meant reading, writing and writing (Balašaitis 1961: 40), but not raštas, raštelis; the terms mark and spakeli (Balašaitis 1961: 152), which had the meaning of a “point”, but the mark is not mentioned; the meaning of „comma“ – hyphen and punctuation mark (Balašaitis 1961: 152), but two other synonyms are not recorded – punctuation mark and mark. Because the sources were not taken into account, not all the meanings of the terms were named, e.g., the multi-meaning term note is mentioned 1 The words used in the Catechism are vowel “vowel”, diftong “diftong”, consonant “consonant” (Zinkevičius 1988: 36). 2 Most of the studies have been published by Vilma Zubaitienė (Zubaitienė 2006; 2010a; 2010b; 2018), as well as Vincentas Drotvinas (Drotvinas 2005). O. Aleknavičienė and V. Zubaitienė prepared the scientific edition of the Ruigi dictionary (2024). 3 In the article “From the history of Lithuanian linguistic terms” A. Balašaitis discussed only the history of terms of language parts and word structure from the beginning of the 19th century (Balašaitis 2010: 3–12). 4 Researchers have already drawn attention to the R terms: Domas Kaunas indicated that the R includes 94 terms for writing, book, press and reading, and provided a list of them (Kaunas 1996: 141–142). 3 only in the meaning of a “letter”, a mark only in the meaning of a “point”, but it was not established that they also meant a “diacritic mark”. The same term has no fixed meaning. The article aims to determine: 1) which terms, which marked writing marks, Ruigys included in his dictionary; 2) what could be the sources of R terms; 3) whether they were taken over by the authors of later 19th-century East Prussian dictionaries. The analysis of the terms highlighted their characteristics – synonymy and polysemantic. The words denoting the R letter marks were identified based on its Lithuanian word index (Aleknavičienė 2024: 113–958). Nustatyta, kad į R įtraukta terminų raidei (raidės ir garso (the concepts of digit and number were not allocated), diacritical mark, period, comma, colon. In the next stage of the study, their connections with previous works were searched. R sources are known from its prefix and V. svarbūs Rvl šaltiniai: Ericho Weismanno (1641–1717) žodynas Lexicon Bipartitum (Stuttgart, 1725, hereinafter – W; Zubaitienė 2006: 97–148), German Bible of Martin Luther 5 (Zubaitienė 2010a: 13), the 1735 edition of the Bible BIBLIA, Tai eſt: Wiſas Sʒwentas Raßtas, Séno and Naujo Teſtamento (Karaliaučius, 1735, hereinafter – B 1735), from which Lithuanian equivalents of German words were collected and the Rvl register was completed (Zubaitienė 2010a: 221; 2018: 1–38). According to V. Zubaitienė, the Bible was one of the most important sources of Lithuanian lexicon for Ruigis, “well reflecting the Lithuanian language’s synonymic powers, as well as the possibilities of translating the names of new religious concepts (persons, objects, other realities)” (Zubaitienė 2018: 4). In translating German words and compiling the Rlv registry, Ruigys relied on the third edition of Konstantinas Sirvydas’s Dictionarium trium lingvarum (Vilnius, 1677, hereinafter referred to as SD 1677), but a comparative analysis showed that there were no links between the terms denoting writing signs and this dictionary. An important source of R is Friedrich Wilhelm Haak’s dictionary Vocabularium (Halle, 1730, hereinafter – H, Hvl – German–Lithuanian language part, Hlv – 6 Lithuanian–German language part; Zubaitienė 2010a: 82, 160, 221), in addition, Ruigys could also rely on manuscripts from the 17th–18th centuries. 18th-century dictionaries Lexicon Lithuanicum (hereinafter – Lex), Clavis Germanico-Lithvana (hereinafter – C), the so-called Krauze dictionary 7 (hereinafter referred to as Q), Jakob Brodowski’s Lexicon Germanico– Lithvanicvm et Lithvanico–Germanicvm (hereinafter – B) or copies of those dictionaries (Zubaitienė 2010a: 222–223). The so-called Prague German-Lithuanian 8 Manuscript Dictionary (hereinafter referred to as P) 9 5 Which edition of Luther’s Bible or concordances Ruigys used is not yet established (Zubaitienė 2010a: 201; 2018: 33–34). The article quotes the German text from the 1727 edition of the New Testament (hereinafter referred to as NT 1727). 6 For critical release H, see Zubaitienė 2012a, for the index of Lithuanian words see. Zubaitienė 2012b. 7 For the relationship between manuscript dictionaries, see. Urbutis 2008: 622–623. 8 Ruigys also used the manuscript material of Ernestas Dicelius (1629–1692), but it has not been found (Zubaitienė 2010a: 222). Some other R sources are not relevant to this study: Ruigys’ works Meletema ([1735]) and Betrachtung der Littauiſen Sprache, in ihrem Urſprunge, Weſen und Eigenſaften (Karaliaučius, 1747), from which the phrases and illustrative word combinations in R are taken (Zubaitienė 2010a: 190, 310), the grammar of the Lithuanian language by Danielius Klein, Teofilis Gotlib Schulcas and Kristupas Sapūnas (on which Ruigys could have relied in presenting his 1735 translation of the Greek text of the Bible). 4 V. Zubaitienė did not mention R among the sources in 2010, because it was discovered only in 2011. As the textological analysis by Birutė Triškaitė shows, P “is a transcript of the earlier Lesser Lithuania manuscript dictionary”, related to Lex and Q (Triškaitė 2014: 313), so its material is also important in analyzing the sources of R lexicon. Comparison with the German and Latin terms recorded in these dictionaries allowed for a more precise identification of the concepts in question. The distribution of terms denoting the R letter signs is further analyzed. R, together with Rugi's son Paul Friedrich's grammar einer Littauischen Grammatick (Karaliaučius, 1747), were well appreciated by contemporaries. O. Aleknavičienė has indicated that “the Prussian historian Johann Friedrich Goldbeck (1748–1812) in his work Literarische Nachrichten von Preußen (1781–1783) stated that these are the best books that can be for learning a language, they are praised by all learners of that language” (Aleknavičienė 2024: 13). This article analyzes whether the researched terms were taken over into later works – printed dictionaries of Lithuanian and German languages in the 19th century – Littauiſ=Deutſes und Deutſ (Karaliaučius, 1800; hereinafter – M, Mvl – part of German–Lithuanian languages, Mlv – part of Lithuanian–German languages) by Kristijonas Gotlybas Milkaus (1732–1807), Wörterbuch der Littauiſen Sprache (Karaliaučius, 1851; hereinafter – N) by Georg Heinrich Ferdinand Nesselmann (1811–1881) and Wörterbuch der littauischen Sprache (hereinafter – K) – Deutsch–Littauisches Wörterbuch 1–2 (Halle, 1870–1874; hereinafter – Kvl) and Littauisch–Deutsches Wörterbuch (Halle, 1883; hereinafter – Klv) by Friedrich Kuršaitis (1806–1884). According to O. Aleknavičienė, R and the mentioned grammar of the Lithuanian language by Ruigius’s son prompted K. G. Milkas to prepare a 10 revised and supplemented edition of R – M (Aleknavičienė 2024: 13–14). When K. G. Milkus used R, the title of his dictionary indicates: Littauiſ–Deutſes und Deutſ–Littauiſes rinn das vom Pfarrer Ruhig zu Walterkehmen ehemals heraus gegebene ʒwar ʒum Grunde gelegt. G. H. F. Nesselmann indicated in the preface to his dictionary the sources from which he used material, as does the Ruigi dictionary (N V). F. Kuršaitis, when preparing Kvl and Klv, probably did not directly rely on R, but used manuscript dictionaries (Тrishkaite 2011: 40, 44) and M and N (Drotvinas 2006: 33) – from the latter he could have borrowed R terms. grammatical references (Zubaitienė 2010a: 300), Jono Šulco Aesop’s tales (1706), from which perhaps spoken language examples were taken (Zubaitienė 2010a: 300–301). 9 For more details see. Lemeškin 2013: 269–279. 10 How K. G. Milkus changed the R material, see. Zubaitienė 2003: 127–178. 5 The RvL was incorporated into the Wk. the title word Buchstabe „letter“ (in 17th-18th century grammar and later, until the beginning of the 20th century, the letter was not distinguished from the sound) and 11 four Lithuanian equivalents: skaitytinė, rašytinė, raštelis, raštas (see fig. 1). Figure 1. Rvl 87: Buchſtabe Lithuanian equivalents Skaitytinė, Raßytinė, Raßtélis, Ráßtas; RSS: LK-18/10 The list is supplemented by the Rlv heading word raštinėlis, so there were five terms with R that meant “letter” (for their meanings and forms see 12 Aleknavičienė 2024: 731, 691), cf. : Rvl 87: Buchſtabe, Skaitytinė, ês, f. Raßytinė, ês, f. Raßtélis, élio, m. V. 18. Ráßtas, to, m. Rom. II. 29. 118: Raßtinėlis ėjo, m. eine Buchſtabe. 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211. Lex 20a: Buchſtabe Skaititine. C I 405: Buchſtabe. Reading, ed. F. Q 105: Buchſtabe 13 W 83: Buchſtaben. letter, grammar, element, character. Skaitytine. B 301: Buchſtab Skaitytine Lev 19,28 Matth 5,18. P 47v: The term for the letter was included in the W and XVII-XVIII century German-Lithuanian dictionaries – manuscript Lex, C, Q, B, P and H. Vok. In the German-Lithuanian dictionaries, Buchstabe had two Lithuanian equivalents – skaitytinė and raštelis, cf. : SD 1677 also gives the word for the letter: Litera, czćionká Litera. Letter SD 1677 109, but Ruigys did not include the Latin letter, presented in place of the Lithuanian equivalent, in his dictionary. 11 R is also given for the verb buchſtabiren, Bokßtabėróju, Raßytines ſudemi Rvl 87, formerly W: Buchſtabieren. coordinare literas & ſyllabas W 83; B it has no translation: [Buchſtab]biren B 301. There were no other sources of this verb. 12 A. Balašaitis recorded only three words from R, meaning the letter: skaitytinė, rašytinė, raštinėlis (Balašaitis 1961: 40). 13 For the data from the Prague dictionary I sincerely thank Dr. Birutė Triškaitė. 6 Reading The term readable Ruigio given Rvl as the first of the wk. Buchstabe equivalents (see section Letter) and as the title word Rlv, also used to explain the word silbė ‘syllable’, 14 cf. : Rvl 87: Buchſtabe, Skaitytinė, ês, f. Rlv 131: Skaitytinė, ês, f. der Buchſtabe. Rvl 347: Syllbe, Sillbė, ês, f. Readings are pronounced several times. The term „skaitytinė“ has been known since the first Lithuanian writings: used in Mažvydo Catechism (Balašaitis 1961: 39), in the Gospels and Epistles of Baltramiejus Vilentas, in Simon Vaišnoras’ Theological Margarita, in Jakūbas Morkūnas’ Postila. As 15 mentioned, it is included in the Hvl and manuscript 17th-18th century German-Lithuanian dictionaries as vok. Buchſtabe equivalent (see section “Letter”); in addition, Hlv it is also as a title word, cf. : Skaitytine, ês a letter Hlv 116. The 1735 B was also a reader, but Ruigys did not mark the R at the references to the Bible in this word. SD 1677 skaitytinė turėjo kitą – „skaitymo“, o ne „raidės“ reikšmę: Czytánie, Lectio. Skaitimas, skaitytitine SD 1677 31. The term „skaitytinė“ has also been adopted into the 19th-century dictionaries M, N and K: as the Lithuanian equivalent of the German term in German-Lithuanian languages and as the title word in Lithuanian-German parts, cf. : Mvl 114: Buchſtabe, Skaitytinė, ês, f. Raßytinė, ês, Raßtélis, élio, m. V, 18. Ráßtas, to, m. Rom. 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 29. Mlv 240: N 474: Skaitytine, ês, f. a script, a letter Plur. Skaitytines, the alphabet. Kvl I 267: letter, der, now w. : buckwheat. otherwise also: raßytinė. readable. mark. 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413. f. the letter; bibl. otherwise, now búkßtawas. As it appears, K. G. Milkus marked this word as not very understandable, and F. Kuršaitis – as biblical. The latter also gave the term for the letter at that time: „jetzt búkßtawas“, „jetzt 267; ßwinìniei (od. liėtìniei) búkßtawai Kvl II 25. In the 19th century, the term was used to refer to the withdrawal gew.: búkßtaws“, plg. ir jo iliustracinius pavyzdžius: dìdelis búkßtaws, mãźas búkßtaws Kvl I from the territory. It is also known as the F-100, and is used by the U.S. Air Force as a training aircraft. The word "butterfly" was suggested as the equivalent. 14 The readable R also had the meaning of "note" (Aleknavičienė 2024: 731): Note, ymélė giėdama, áid ema: Readable giėdamoji Rvl 269. 15 See. L.K.J. 7 Rašytinė The term "letter" is given by Ruigi as a German word. Buchstabe equivalent used to explain the verb buchstabieren, entered in the Rlv register, cf. : Rvl 87: Buchſtabe [...] Raßytinė, ês, f. Raßytinė, 87: Buchſtabiren, Bokßtabėróju, Raßytines ſudemi. Mlv 218: 118: Raßtinėlis ėjo, m. eine Buchſtabe. ês, f. idem. Mvl 114: According to A. Balašaitis, the written form of Ruigio was made by analogy with the word skaitytinė (Balašaitis 1961: 40). In earlier works the word was not fixed, and in later dictionaries it was included both as the equivalent of the German word and as a title word (except Klv), cf. : Buchſtabe [...] Raßytinė, ês, f. N 429: Raszytinne, Raßtinėlis, lio, m. Raßytinė, nês, f. der Buchſtabe, not ſehr bekannt. ês, f. ein Buchſtabe. Kvl I 267: letter, der, now w. : buckwheat. otherwise also: raßytinė. readable. However, Mlv added a note that this is not a very well-known word, but it is not clear whether it was applied to both Lithuanian words raštinėlis and rašytinė, or only to one of them. It is written as one of the four vowels. In the case of a word that does not appear in the register of title words, the letter is named by the term būkštavas: búkßtawas, -o, Subst. m. of the letter, (dtsch.) Klv 63. Notes The term Ruigys was given by the letter 16 as one of four Germans. The word is not found in Rlv this word is not present, plg. : mark. Rvl 87: Buchſtabe [...] Raßtélis, élio m. Matt. V. 18. A. Balašaitis, researching linguistic terms, recorded the first cases of their use; When he found the word raštelis „litera“ (letter H), he did not mention other authors who used it, and therefore Ruigius, in his research (Balašaitis 1961: 40). Gita Kazlauskaitė associated this term with the works of K. G. Milkas, G. H. F. Nesselmannas and Antanas Baranauskas (Kazlauskaitė 2002: 66). As it is apparent, it is also used by Ruigi (see also Aleknavičienė 2024: 691). Ruigys indicated the source of the term “letter” – Mt 5:18. Comparing the German Bible with the B 1735, which Ruigys used, it is clear that the German Bible is correct. 1735, corresponds to the 17 letter B, cf. : 16 The letter R also had the meanings of a “diacritical mark” (see subsection “Letter”) and a “font” (Aleknavičienė 2024: 691). 8 Mt 5,18 NT 1727 15: For verily I say unto you, If ye pray that heaven and earth may pass away, there letter or one iota. It's a joke. geſege. ʒóka=ǁno, ikk’ ʒergehen der ǁ kleineſt wiſ’ iſipildis. kk’ ǁ wiſ’ The letter "H" is also used as a letter of the German alphabet. Buchstabe corresponding to Hvl and heading word Hlv. F. V. Hakas could have taken this word from NT 1727, to the preparation of which he himself contributed significantly (Zubaitienė 2010a: 58), but he had not given the reference to the Bible, cf. : Hvl 165: Buchſtabe Skaitytine, Raßtelis. Hlv 110: Raßtelis, lio ein Buchſtabe I d. g. m. Buchſtabe, noch ein ǁ Titel vom Geſetʒe, biß daß es alles B 1735 6: isſepildis. Mvl 114: The term was not recorded in earlier East Prussian dictionaries, but was included in later ones. K. G. Milkus included it in the Mvl article „Buchstabe“ (Mlv was not), and N it is given as a title word (with five synonyms), cf. : Buchſtabe [...] Raßtélis, élio, m. Matt. 429: Rastélis, io, m. Rasztátis, czio, m. Dim. V, 18. Rasztùźis, io, m. Writing, lettering, embroidery. shall in no wise pass away one Mt 5,18 NT 1727 15: Rasztinélis, io, m. daſ. Rasztinéle, ês, f. daſ. Write Fourth Rvl. The equivalent in Buchstabe is writing (unrecorded by A. Balašaitis, cf. Balašaitis 1961: 40). This term "letters" only has the meaning of Rvl, plg. : 18 Rvl 87: Buchſtabe [...] Ráßtas, to, m. Rom. II. 29. In the place specified by Ruigi, i.e. Laiško romiečiams 2,29, NT 1727, yra vok. Buchstaben (V littera), it corresponds to B 1735, cf. : 17 In the Vulgate (hereinafter referred to as V) there is a jota in that place, the “ninth letter of the Greek alphabet”, cf. Matthew 5:18: "Amen I say to you, Heaven and earth shall not pass away, unless one word or one sign of the law shall pass away, and all things shall come to pass." 18 R may refer to: R (writing) The Holy Bible; a document; ornamentas“ (Aleknavičienė 2024: of the origin is a 691). 9 Rom 2,29 NT 1727, 625: Sondern das iſt ein Ju=ǁde, der inwendig verborgen iſt; ǁ und die Beſchneidung circumcision that is ǁ in the spirit and not in the letter; This praise is not from men, but from God: but who in the secret of the Jews is, and circumcision of the heart in spirit, not letter, God. Whose law is not from man but from God. B 301: Buchſtab gilded Slatitas Raßtas. B 377: Hebrew letters Ʒÿdißkas Ráßtas Luc. 23,38. Mvl 114: Buchſtabe [...] Ráßtas, to, m. Rom. II, 29. 218 pp. :illustrations. 118: Raßtinėlis ėjo, m. eine Buchſtabe. B 1735, 214: But the Jew is where ǁ widduje is hidden eſt, and ßir=ǁdiês appipjáuſting, Diewo. So, wook. Ruigys probably added the Buchstabe equivalent to R based on B 1735. The more so because neither in the H nor in the earlier manuscript dictionaries such a word Buchstabe corresponds to a letter, cf. : As mentioned, the Mvl takes the entire article of the Rvl "Buchstabe" and gives the same corresponding references to the same Bible verses, cf. : Mlv title word raštas does not have vok. the corresponding Buchstabe, although from the example Ne moka Raßtus, er kann nicht ſchreiben it would seem that the meaning of "letter" could have, cf. : The letter N next to the title word is also not German. of the corresponding Buchstabe, but also here an example of Mlv is inserted (only the word order is changed), which could show it having the meaning of a "letter", cf. : Rásztus ne moka, he can not write N 429. Kvl vok. The Buchstabe no longer has a corresponding script (cf. Kvl I 267), and the meaning of the Klv heading word „letters“ is also not specified (cf. Klv 346). Thus, the meaning of the word "letters" in the 19th century is no longer typical for the word written by Ruigis. Notepad In addition to the four discussed Rvl. Buchstabe Lithuanian equivalents, Rlv gives another word with the meaning of “letter” – raštinėlis (Aleknavičienė 2024: 691; see fig. 2), Rvl does not have it, cf. : 16 As mentioned above, the C mark is for the German. The word point means "diacritic mark" (Greek: Κεραία, Latin: apex), and this was also the meaning of W in German. Period. The mark with the meaning of “diacritical mark” was used in Samuel Bitner’s edition of the New Testament (Karaliaučius, 1701, hereinafter – BtNT), Mt 5,18 – Ruigys had pointed to this Bible verse next to another word with the same meaning, string 27 (see NT 1727 German Titel, V Latin apex), cf. : Mt 5,18 BtNT: Letters, a digit. Klv 522: -ėlė, -ės, ein kleines Merkzeichen, ein ß Ʒokono / ǁ iki wiſs iſipildis. 132: Mvl 378: Mvl 479: Z'yméle, ês, f. Dim. daſ. Comma. H Lex C Q B P B 1735 “Tütel, Pünktlein” is taken from M, cf. : G. H. F. Nesselmannas and F. Kuršaitis also included the word žymelė in their dictionaries as a deminutive of the word žymė, meaning "sign, symbol, writing mark", but did not identify its meaning as a "diacritic mark", cf. : N 546: Z’yme, ês, f. a Ʒeichen, a kenʒeichen, a character; a trace, a scar; one string ------ However, it is not possible to say exactly that the marker could be taken from BtNT, because V. Zubaitienė’s research shows that Ruigys probably did not rely on it (Zubaitienė 2010a: 196). The mark with the R articles “Dipfel, Tipfel”, “Punkt” and Summary Ruigys added words meaning "diacritic mark" to his dictionary. The German Rvl register words have links to sources, and the Lithuanian equivalents are different, except for the C mark. The biblical reference suggests that the note could be taken from B 1735 (see table 4). Table 4. R Use of terms meaning “diacritic mark” in earlier works 27 Plg. LB T tel. 17 H Lex C Q B P B 1735 žymelė --+ ---M N K raištelis + + raštelis + --Rlv 192: f. a scar, mark of the wound, 2. a comma or dot of the writing. Character, a ʒiffer. 288–289. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t. Putty. note ------+ marker + -- M. G. H. F. Nesselmann added the string "ein Kreischen, Pünktchen" to his dictionary to mark the "diacritic mark" of the R terms. F. Kuršaitis did not include these R terms in his dictionary (see table 5). Table 5. R "diacritic mark" terms in 19th-century dictionaries POINT The meaning of "point" R has two words: mark and apostrophe. Tag Rlv is given the word mark to mean 28 "point" (Aleknavičienė 2024: 936), Rvl did not have it, cf. : Neither in the earlier nor in the later dictionary, the mark "point" had a meaning. The N sign has several meanings, one of them is "letter mark", but the meaning of "point" is not excluded, cf. : N 546: Z’yme, ės, f. ein Ʒeichen, ein Kennʒeichen, ein Charakter; eine Spur, eine Narbe; ein Spakelis Rvl vok. Point one of the equivalents – spoon (Rlv is not). In the past, the apostrophe was fixed only in B, plg. : In M from R all the word is taken. The article "Punkt", therefore the apostrophe. The N-spell as a diminutive is only mentioned next to the word spakas "point". The "point" N and K is called by other words: N spakas, spuogis, K spuogelis, punktas (also given as "ambiguous" spakas, spuogas, taškas), plg. : Spakas, o, m. a drop; a dot. Spatula, io, m. Dim. daſ. 491; Spugis, io, m. 28 R žymė reiškia ir „tašką – skyrybos ženklą“, „skiriamąjį ženklą“, „randą“ (Aleknavičienė 2024: 936). 18 (Ʒ’em.) a Punct N 494; Punct, the, 1) a small round pot, ƿogẽlis. as a punctuation mark, pùnktas Kvl 116; [ſpakas, -o, a drop, a dot, cf. a. ƿógas.] Klv 395; [taßkas, -o, substantive m. the drop, a dot in the writing.] Klv 450. Summary The words mark and spatel, meaning R "point", have not been recorded in earlier works, except for spatel B (see table 6). Table 6. R usage of "point" terms in earlier works H Lex C Q B P mark -----spacing ----+ -M N K mark --spacing + + -Rvl 92: Comma, Interpunctuation, ombre, m. Spacing, ombre, m. Rlv 157: Interpunctuation, ombre, m. ein Comma. Rlv 133: Skyrinėlis, ėlio, m. a comma or colon in the book. Rlv 192: f. a scar, mark of the wound, 2. a comma or dot of the script. R mark “point” not included in any subsequent dictionary; The spake „punktas“ (point) was included in M, and G. H. F. Nesselmann included it only in the article „Spakas“. F. Kuršaitis did not include the term R for “point” in his dictionary (see table 7). Table 7. R "point" terms in 19th-century dictionaries COMMA Rvl give two woks. Comma “comma” corresponds to: hyphen and punctuation (see Aleknavičienė 2024: 826, 736; see fig. 5), cf. : In the Rlv register there are more terms with the meaning of a comma: hyphen and two other words not mentioned in the Rlv: skyrinėlis and žymė (see Aleknavičienė 2024: 736, 936), cf. : 19 Figure 5. Rv 92: Vok. Comma Lithuanian equivalents Interpunkcija, Skirimėlis; LMAVB RSS: LK–18/10 So, in total, there are four terms for the “comma” R: hyphen, punctuation, subscript and mark. The word for the comma was added to W, as well as to B (the form of this mark </> is also shown). Rvl vok. Comma translation variants coincide with B; in other dictionaries these words were not, plg. : W 96: Comma, ătis, 3. n. a diftinction in writing, ſōnſten called Virgula. B 314: Comma. Tarp-brukßnelis, Hyphen The term hyphen "comma" is both Rvl and Rlv, as mentioned, it was also B (see section "Comma"). A. Balašaitis has noted that the Ruigio hyphen and the subsection discussed below (see the subsection “Section”) were not widely used (Balašaitis 1961: 152), but they were included in 19th century dictionaries. K. G. Milkus added the hyphen in both parts of the dictionary (in Mvl he took over the entire article “Komma”), cf. : Skirimelis. v. g. (/) Mvl 121: Mlv 288: interpunction, lio, m. a comma, an underscore. N 91: N hyphen is given twice: in the sections of letters “B” and “T”; F. Kuršaitis included it in the Klv, although he placed it in square brackets, showing that the word is unclear, Tarpbruksznélis, io, m. one comma, punctuation ʒeichen. 347: Tarpbruksznélis, io, m ein Komma. Klv 449: [interbrūkstnēllis, -io, Subst. masc. demin. ein Komma.] cf. : Kvl comma is named by other terms: Komma, das, kùma, brųkẽlis, io. Kvl 699. Section The term comma, as mentioned, is only Rvl, it was previously included in the dictionary by J. Brodovskis (see section "Comma"). This term is taken from Mvl (see subsection ‘Space’; Mlv is not used) and N; Klv, like the hyphen, is entered in square brackets as unclear, cf. : 20 478: Skyrimélis, io, m. Dim. daſ. ʒ. B. the comma. 381: -io demin. to ſkýrimas, the divorce, separation, the comma.] Mlv 244: Section A. Balašaitis did not mention the term Rlv, meaning “comma” and “colon” (see section “Comma”, see Figure 6), and V. Zubaitienė considered it to be a proofreading error (Zubaitienė 2010a: 261). It seems quite likely that there could indeed have been a press gathering here: perhaps instead of Skyrimėlis was gathered Skyrinėlis. The RFC had two branches. Comma equivalents – hyphen and punctuation, the first included in Rlv as a heading word, and the second not, but here is a section that was not in Rvl. There is also no R in the term sources. However, on the other hand, it could also be a word composed by Ruigis, related to the section „skirstymas, skyrimas“ (see note). 29 Figure 6. Rlv 133: Section "comma", "colon"; LMAVB RSS: LK–18/10 K. G. Milkus added the section R to his dictionary, although with the remark that the word is unclear; There is no N and K in this skyrinėlis, lio, m. a comma, an underscore in the book; not ſher. term, cf. : Tag Rlv one of the meanings of the word žymė is 30 "comma" (see Aleknavičienė 2024: 936), and Rvl in German. The comma "comma" does not have a corresponding mark, pg. : Rlv 192: f. a scar, mark of the wound, 2. a comma or dot of the In the R sources, the word "comma" had no meaning either. K. G. Milkus added a synonym bookmark to the article “Komma” in Rvl, but not a tag (see the subsection “Hyphen”), and the word mark Mlv did not have the meaning “comma”, which was Rlv, cf. : Mvl 121: script. Mlv 351: f. a scar, Maal of the wound, Maal=Ʒeichen. 29 See L.K.J. 30 R žymė reiškia ir „tašką – skyrybos ženklą“, „skiriamąjį ženklą“, „randą“ (Aleknavičienė 2024: 936). 21 The N sign has several meanings, one of which is “letter mark”, but the meaning of “comma” is not excluded; The Klv mark also does not mean "comma", this meaning is given by a deminutive mark, such as M, cf. : N 546: Z’yme, ės, f. ein Ʒeichen, ein Kennʒeichen, ein Charakter; eine Spur, eine Narbe; ein CharactSummary The R is included in terms to name the comma. Two of them – the hyphen, the paragraph – have connections with B, the others are not mentioned in the sources, probably invented by Ruigis himself (paragraph [if it is not a proofreading error], mark; see table 8). Table 8. The terms hyphen and punctuation, which were used in the 19th-century dictionaries, are used in all three dictionaries, with the exception of K, which is marked as unclear. A section of the same value has only been included in M, and the er, a ʒiffer. H Lex C Q B P hyphen ----+ paragraph ----+ mark ------M N K hyphen + + [+] paragraph + + [+] subparagraph + -mark ---Rlv 133: Subparagraph, subparagraph, m. ein comma oder colon im Buche. Klv 522 signs N and K no longer have a "comma" value (only a mark) (see Table 9). Table 9. Terms in 19th-century dictionaries meaning "comma" (brackets indicate that the word was not clear or known to the author) ẽlė, -ės, a small mark, a comma. Section ------ COLON The R term skirsnis has the meaning of 31 “colon” (and “comma”) (Aleknavičienė 2024: 736, see 6.3), pg.: 31 The letter "R" is used only in the name of the group. 22 In W and B are also included the heading words for the colon, but B has no Lithuanian equivalent, only the sign <:>, cf. : W 94: Colon, colum. No. 2. ʒwei Dotcta. B 314: colon v. g (:) As already mentioned, this word is taken from M, but here it is not given the meaning of a colon (see the subsection "Section"). There is no separation between N and KZ, and the colon is called a double-point, a double-sided point, etc. : Dwispugis, io, m. a colon, the colon N 494; double point, the, dwìlinkas pùnktas Kvl 302; [dwiſpugis, -io, substantive m. a colon. Probably an invention of the language teachers.] Klv 103. CONCLUSIONS In the 17th and 18th centuries, when Lithuanian grammar was written in other languages, dictionaries were the main works that created Lithuanian terminology. Pilypas Ruigys included in his Lithuanian-German and German-Lithuanian dictionary, published in 1747, terms denoting Lithuanian writing signs: both heading words and Lithuanian equivalents of German terms. R and the German and Latin terms recorded in multilingual dictionaries and in the Bible. Previous lyginamoji analizė leido tiksliau identifikuoti jais žymimas sąvokas. terminology studies have not recorded all the terms used by Ruigi to name writing signs. This article discusses for the first time the words with the meanings of "colon" and "diacritic mark" given by R. It has been found that Rvl heading words for letters, digits, diacritical marks, periods, colons have connections with W. Rvl word orients to H. Buchstabe equivalents skaitytinė, raštelis, in both Lithuanian-German dictionaries are also presented as title words. The B-side is "Sweet". The equivalent letter, wk. Comma corresponds to hyphen and punctuation mark, vok. Point, Pünktlein equivalent to a spaghetti. C could be taken over from WK. the inscription ‘diacritical mark’ is associated with B 1735. Terms written, small letter "letter", Buchstabe atitikmuo skaitytinė. Biblijos nuorodas turintys žodžiai raštas, raštelis „raidė“, rounded letter "number", string "diacritic mark", mark "period", "comma", section „comma“, „colon“ are not recorded in previous works, their author could be Ruigys. Most of the R terms have been taken over into M: from Rvl „Buchstabe“ article with Lithuanian equivalents skaitytinė, rašytinė, raštelis, raštas; "Ziffer" and "Zahl" articles with the equivalents rokotná, sčítaná; vok. Tütel, Pünktlein, Dipfel, Tipfel corresponds to a note, a ribbon, a diacritical mark; vok. Comma corresponds to hyphen, punctuation; vok. 23 Punkt corresponds to marker, apostrophe; from Rlv – heading words readytinė, rašytinė, letter “letter”, hyphen, comma. In later dictionaries, there are fewer terms for writing signs with the letter R. In N as heading words are included R terms skaitytinė, rašytinė, raštelis, raštelis „letter“, rokootinė „number“, tarpsnis, skyrybos ženklas „comma“, spragelis „point“. The R-type is less common than the R-type. The letters are written in the same way as the letters in the English alphabet (alphabetical order). Numbers and figures are equal to 0. Comma equivalents hyphen, punctuation (both marked as ambiguous; comma is named kuma, brūkšnelis); Klv – heading words readynija (indicated as biblical), rokootinė, hyphen (marked as unclear). The study showed that R terms are characterized by polysemantic: one Lithuanian word names several concepts: raštelis is also German. Buchstabe "letter", and Tütel, Pünktlein "diacritic mark" (also Schrift der Buchdrucker, Lėtas Raßtélis Drukorû "font"); a punctuation mark (unless it is a proofreading error) has two meanings: "comma" and "colon"; a comma and a dot. There are also a number of synonyms for the terms marked with the letter R: Ruigys listed several Lithuanian equivalents for German words: vok. Buchstabe “letter” – reading, writing, note, writing, notepad; vok. Comma “comma” – hyphen, punctuation, section; vok. Punct „taškas“ – žymelė, žymė, spakelis. ŠALTINIAI B: LEXİCON GERMANİCO=LİTHVANİCVM ET LİTHVANİCO=GERMANİCVM [...], [prieš 1744]. Dokumentinis leidimas, žodžių indeksas: Brodovskis Jokūbas 2009: Lexicon Germanico=Lithvanicvm et Lithvanico=Germanicvm. Rankraštinis XVIII amžiaus žodynas 1–3, parengė V. Drotvinas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. B 1735: BIBLIA, Tai eſti: Wiſſas Sʒwentas Raßtas, Séno ir Naujo Teſtamento, Pagal Wokißką Pérguldimą D. Mertino Luteraus [...] Karaláucʒuje. BtNT: NOVUM TESTAMENTUM LITHVANICUM [...] Naujas Teſtamentas Lietuwißkas [...] Karalaucʒuje / Ißſpáuſtas nůg Potámkû Reuʒnėraus. Métu 1701. Internetinis leidinys: Samuelis Bitneris, Naujasis Testamentas, 1701, parengė O. Aleknavičienė, J. Venckienė, programavo V. Zinkevičius, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2007– 2008. Prieiga internete: https://seniejirastai.lki.lt/db.php?source=26. C: Clavis Germanico-Lithvana [po 1680]. Faksimilinis leidimas: Clavis Germanico-Lithvana. Rankraštinis XVII amžiaus vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų žodynas 1–2, parengė V. Drotvinas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1995–1997; 3–4, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 1997. H, Hvl, Hlv: [Hakas Frydrichas Vilhelmas,] VOCABVLARIVM LITTHVANICOGERMANICVM, ET GERMANICO-LITTHVANICVM [...] HALLE, Druckts Stephanus Orban, Univerſ. Buchdr. [1730]. Kritinis leidimas: Zubaitienė 2012a, 24 lietuviškų žodžių indeksas: Zubaitienė 2012b. Internetinis leidinys: Hakas Frydrichas Vilhelmas 1730: Vocabularium Litthuanico-Germanicum, et Germanico-Litthuanicum, parengė V. Zubaitienė, programavo V. Zinkevičius, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2018. Prieiga internete: https://seniejirastai.lki.lt/db.php?source=61. Klv: [Kuršaitis Frydrichas,] Littauisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch [...], Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, 1883. Kvl I: [Kuršaitis Frydrichas,] Wörterbuch der littauischen Sprache [...], Erster Theil: DeutschLittauisches Wörterbuch, Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, 1870. Kvl II: [Kuršaitis Frydrichas,] Wörterbuch der littauischen Sprache [...], Erster Theil: DeutschLittauisches Wörterbuch, Zweiter Band, Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, 1874. LB: D. Martin Luthers Werke. Kritiſche Geſamtsausgabe. Die Deutſche Bibel 6–7, Weimar: Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1929–1931. Lex: Lexicon Lithuanicum: rankraštinis XVII a. vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų žodynas. Įvadą, žodyno teksto transliteraciją ir žodžių rodyklę parengė V. Drotvinas, Vilnius: „Mokslas“, 1987. M, Mlv, Mvl: [Milkus Kristijonas Gotlybas,] Littauiſch=Deutſches und Deutſch=Littauiſches [...], Königsberg, 1800. Im Druck und Verlag der Hartungſchen Hofbuchdruckerey. N: [Nesselmann Georg Heinrich Ferdinand,] Wörterbuch der Littauiſchen Sprache [...], Königsberg: Verlag der Gebrüder Bornträger, 1851. NT 1727: Naujas Teſtamentas Muſu Pono Ieʒaus Kriſtaus / ir Pſalteras Dowido [...]. Karalaucʒuje, Mete 1727. Internetinis leidinys: Naujasis Testamentas, 1727, parengė M. Šinkūnas, B. Triškaitė, J. Venckienė, programavo V. Zinkevičius, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2016. Prieiga internete: http://seniejirastai.lki.lt/. P: Rankraštinis vad. Prahos vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų žodynas [XVIII a. pirmoji pusė], NK ČR: XVI.F.30. R, Rlv, Rvl: [Ruigys Pilypas,] Littauiſch=Deutſches und Deutſch=Littauiſches Lexicon [...], K nigsberg: druckts und verlegts I. H. Hartung, 1747. Faksimilinis leidimas: Aleknavičienė, Zubaitienė 2024; kritinis leidimas: Zubaitienė 2024; lietuviškų žodžių indeksas: Aleknavičienė 2024. Q: Krauzės vokiškai–lietuviškas žodynas XVII a., LLTIB R: F 1–5792. SD 1677: [Sirvydas Konstantinas,] DICTIONARIUM TRIUM LINGVARUM, In vſum Studioſae Iuventutis [...] Vilnae, Typis Academicis Sociatatis IESV. Anno Domini M. DC. LXXVII. Internetinis leidinys: Konstantinas Sirvydas, Dictionarium trium lingvarum, 1677, parengė M. Šinkūnas, programavo V. Zinkevičius, Vilnius: Lietuvių 25 kalbos institutas, 2012. Prieiga internete: https://seniejirastai.lki.lt/db.php?source=53. W: [Weismann Erich,] Lexicon bipartitum, Latino-germanicum, et Germanicolatinum [...] auctore Eryco Weismannno, Stuttgart, Sum[p]tibus, Joh. Bened. Mezleri & Christoph Erhardi, Anno MDCCXXV [1725]. LITTERACY 2024: The Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch–Littauisches Lexicon, 1747 3 [The Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch–Littauisches Lexicon, 1747, dictionary by Philipp Ruhig 3]: study and morphologically annotated index of Lithuanian words, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla (printed). 2024: The Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch– Littauisches Lexicon, 1747 1 [The Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch– Littauisches Lexicon, 1747, dictionary by Philipp Ruhig 1]: faksimilė, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla leidykla (spausdinama). 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