Predicaments of Legal Terminology Translation of EU-Georgia Association Agreement

Te minologija / Te minology 2025, ol. 32, pp. 1–14 Con en s link / Tu inio nuo oda ISSN 2669-2198 (online / elek oninis) Copy igh © 2025 Kha una Be idze. Published by he Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language. This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Licence, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal au ho and sou ce a e c edi ed. // Išleido Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as. Šis s aipsnis y a a i os p ieigos, pla inamas pagal „C ea i e Commons‚ p isky imo licencijos sąlygas, leidžiančias ne ibo ai naudo i, pla in i i a ku i u inį be kokioje laikmenoje, nu odan au o ių i šal inį. Recei ed: / Gau a: 2024-12-09. Accep ed: / P iim a: 2025-08-27. 1 PREDICAMENTS OF LEGAL TERMINOLOGY TRANSLATION OF EU-GEORGIA ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT Teisės e minijos e imo sunkumai ES i Saka elo asociacijos susi a ime KHATUNA BERIDZE Ba umi Sho a Rus a eli S a e Uni e si y E-mail: [email p o ec ed].ge ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-5333-0722 Fields o esea ch: T ansla ion S udies, Co pus linguis ics, Legal e minology ansla ion, Li e a y ansla ion, Pos colonial ansla ion heo y and p ac ice, Cogni i e linguis ics and ansla ion. h ps://doi.o g/10.35321/ e m32-05 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ABSTRACT The pape examines e minology ansla ion p oblems in he EU-Geo gia Associa ion Ag eemen us- ing examples om a cus om-buil co pus a Ba umi Sho a Rus a eli S a e Uni e si y. While expe s ecom- mend a oiding e m a ia ion o cla i y (S and ik 2012; DGT 2015; Bajčić & Ma ino ić 2018; Ko dić 2020), he s udy a gues ha a ia ion in EU ex s may no always cause inconsis ency in Geo gian. Fo example, Eng- lish e ms coun e ei ing, o ging, and alse con e ge in o one Geo gian e m, გაყალბება [gaq’albeba], wi hou loss o accu acy. Simila ly, ci cum en ion and e asion bo h ansla e as სანქციებისგან თავის არიდება [sank c iebisgan a is a ideba], p ese ing meaning. This shows ha quasi-synonymous a ian s in English can be ende ed by one Geo gian equi alen . The pape also s esses he need o p e- ansla ional analysis and e e encing o e minological esou ces o cap u e concep ual dis inc ions. Misuse o con e gence and app oxi- ma ion as synonyms, o mis ansla ing An i-Ci cum en ion Mechanism as An i-Coun e ei ing Mechanism, demons a e how neglec ing con ex ual analysis can dis o meaning. KEYWORDS: legal ansla ion, e minological colloca ions, a ia ion, co pus-based, EU-Geo gia Associa ion Ag eemen . ANOTACIJA S aipsnyje nag inėjamos e minų e imo p oblemos ES asociacijos susi a ime su Saka elu, pasi elkian pa yzdžius iš Ba umio Šo os Rus a elio als ybiniame uni e si e e specialiai suku o eks yno. No s ekspe ai dėl aiškumo pa a ia eng i e minų a ian iškumo (S and ik 2012; DGT 2015; Bajčić, Ma ino ić 2018; Ko dić 2020), y ime a gumen uojama, kad a ian iškumas ES eks uose ne isada lemia 2 ne ienodumą ka elų kalboje. Pa yzdžiui, angliški e minai coun e ei ing (klas ojimas), o ging (klas ojimas) i alse (klaidingas) ka elų kalboje pe eikiami ienu e minu გაყალბება [gaq’albeba], nep a andan ikslumo. Panašiai y a i su e minais ci cum en ion ( engimas) bei e asion ( engimas): abu jie e čiami kaip სანქციებისგან თავის არიდება [sank c iebisgan a is a ideba], išlaikan p asm . Tai odo, kad k azisinoniminiai a ian ai anglų kalboje gali bū i e čiami ienu ka elišku a i ikmeniu. S aipsnyje aip pa pab ėžiamas po eikis iki e imo a lik i analiz i nu ody i e minologinius iš eklius, siekian pe eik i są okų ski umus. Kon e gencijos i ap oksimacijos painiojimas laikan jas sinonimais a ba ne inkamas An i- Ci cum en ion Mechanism (Ko os su engimu p iemonė) e imas kaip An i-Coun e ei ing Mechanism (Ko os su klas ojimu p iemonė) pa odo, kad kon eks inės analizės nepaisymas gali išk aipy i p asm . ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: eisinis e imas, e minologinės kolokacijos, a ian iškumas eks yno duomenų pag indu, ES asociacijos susi a imas su Saka elu. INTRODUCTION To ensu e he quali y o mul ilingual legisla i e ex s in he Eu opean Union, se e al ini ia i es ha e been es ablished, including he Eu opean Commission’s Di ec o a e-Gene al o T ansla ion, he JRC-Acquis co pus, and he IATE e minology da abase main ained by he Di ec o a e-Gene al o T ansla ion o he Eu opean Pa liamen . Addi ionally, heo e ical and empi ical s udies le e aging co pus me hodologies ha e add essed he challenges o ansla ing mul ilingual legal ex s, leading o he de elopmen o a ious ecommenda ions. The Eu opean Commission’s Di ec o a e-Gene al o T ansla ion has implemen ed a quali y managemen amewo k o ensu e ha ansla ions mee he needs o di ec clien s, pa ne o ganisa ions, and end-use s (DGT T ansla ion Quali y Guidelines 2015: 1). Howe e , despi e he a ailabili y o ad anced echnological ools, linguis ic esou ces, and me hodological guidelines, challenges in ansla ing legal e minology ex s pe sis ac oss all EU Membe S a es. Edi ing p ocesses ha e iden i ied common ansla ion e o s, ca ego ised as inco ec ansla ions, inapp op ia e e minology, omissions, edundancies, and issues ela ed o cla i y, g amma , spelling, and punc ua ion (S e aniak 2023: 366). In Li huania, he Go e nmen adop ed a esolu ion in 1999, which assigned he T ansla ion, Documen a ion and In o ma ion Cen e o ansla e he acquis. The acquis, consis ing o p ima y and seconda y binding legisla ion, and ep esen ing a conside able 95 olumes o ac s, oughly es ima ed a 60,000–70,000 pages o he O icial Jou nal (q d. om he ‘Regula Repo om he qua Commission on Li huania’s P og ess Towa ds Accession’ 2002: 130) 1 . Compa ably, as pa o he EU ascending p ocedu es, ansla ion o he Geo gian-EU Associa ion Ag eemen , a i ied in 2014 by he EU Pa liamen , comp ises 750 pages by now. The ask o ansla ion o he EU-Geo gia Associa ion Ag eemen (AA) was ini ially assigned o he ansla ion depa men a he Fo eign Minis y o Geo gia, and la e e-assigned o he ansla ion depa men a he Minis y o Jus ice. The p esen a icle is pa o a la ge -scale co pus-based s udy o he EU-Geo gia AA o de elop a co pus-based ansla ion analysis and me hodology o he ansla ed Acquis, as well as legal ex s (Be idze, Diasamidze 2025: 354). The objec i e o he pape is o ou line 1 A ailable a : www.eu opa l.eu opa.eu/mee docs/commi ees/empl/20021021/02-1406EN.pd . 3 he u gency o he e minological uni o mi y and unde sco e he c i ical need o a consis en , uni ied and s anda dised app oach o legal e minology managemen in Geo gia, as pa and pa cel o he na ion’s Eu opean in eg a ion e o s. To ensu e ac cu a e and e ec i e implemen a ion o he AA, he pape examines how quasi-synonymous legal e ms and e minological colloca ions in English a e ansla ed in o Geo gian and how e minological a ia ions lead o seman ic inconsis encies/inaccu acies. The esea ch seeks o de e mine o wha ex en e minological a ia ion, whe he in ol ing single e ms o colloca ions, impac s he unc ional equi alence o ansla ed legal con en . The s udy ecommends p e- ansla ional e m analysis, con ex ual in e p e a ion, and he consul a ion o au ho i a i e e minological da abases (such as IATE) in mi iga ing concep ual and seman ic di e gence. THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO LEGAL TRANSLATION L. Biel (2019: 25, 26) summa ises se e al ypes o linguis ic- ansla ional challenges ha accompany he d a ing o EU ex s: ‚ he sou ce ex /language/cul u e, a ge ex /language/cul u e, equi alence, ansla ion p ocess, quali y‛. EU mul ilingual ex s mus be consis en in con en and e minology, ‚be ween each o he (which is e e ed o as mul ilingual conco dance)‛ (S e aniak 2017:117), which means no only equi alence wi h he o iginal ex , bu also conco dance be ween all e sions o he same ex in 23 languages. Koskinen calls equi ale nce ‚a p io i‛ ea u e o EU ansla ion (Koskinen 2000: 49, q d. in Biel 2019: 25). The o iginal i sel c ea es se e al di icul ies o he EU: when a ex is w i en in he so-called o iginal language, i akes 5–10 s eps o align i wi h o he language ex s. The p ocess is ca ied ou by cons an ly swi ching om language o language, compa ing, making changes and ew i ing (see Doczekalska 2009: 360; Koskinen 2001: 293), and he inal documen may di e signi ican ly om he o iginal ex (Koskinen 2001: 293). Legal ex s in Eu opean languages, including English, a e cha ac e ised by he in luence o La inisms. This in luence o igina es om he ansla ion o Roman law documen s om La in (G aziadei e al. 2005: 45) and con inues o shape he s ylis ic ea u es o mode n legal ex s in hese languages (Biel 2014: 332–333; Ko dić 2020: 235–236). In addi ion o La inisms, ansla ing legal ex s and e minology is complica ed by o he ac o s, such as a ia ions in e minology ac oss legal and legisla i e documen s. Biel (2023: 90) dis inguishes be ween he concep s: a ia ion, synonymy and polysemy d awing on a de ini ion o a e m in he ISO e minology s anda ds (ISO 1087 2019: 3, 7), s a ing ha a legal e m can be de ined as a designa ion – a linguis ic exp ession – which ep esen s a concep , ha is a uni o knowledge, in he legal domain. In he ideal wo ld, a concep is e oked by one e m only; ha is, he e is a one- o-one ela ion o o m and meaning, known as uni oci y o mono e e en iali y. I is wo h no ing ha he e minology ield nowadays p e e s he e m a ia ion and a ian o e synonymy (Biel 2023: 91–92). When d a ing o ansla ing legisla i e ex s, expe s ecommend a oiding a ia ion o 4 e ms o enhance consis ency and cla i y (S and ik 2012: 39–40; DGT T ansla ion Quali y Guidelines 2015: 11; Bajčić, Ma ino ić 2018: 212; Ko dić 2020: 241). The exis ence o e m a ia ion in ex s is no a new linguis ic phenomenon. Fo example, Gambashidze (1988) discussed how synonymy a ises when e e yday ocabula y is adap ed as e minology. This esea che also highligh ed ha he bo owing o o eign wo ds o en leads o synonymy, wi h in e na ional e ms coexis ing alongside na i e ones. Gambashidze (1988: 38–40) ad oca ed o he isomo phism o concep s in e minology and c i icised he eme gence o lexical double s in language. Since he law pe mea es e e yday li e, legal e minology o en o e laps wi h common ocabula y. Wo ds o igina ing om e e yday language equen ly acqui e specialised legal meanings (Ko dić 2020: 235–236). Fo ins ance, English legal ja gon o a single concep may include synonymous e ms like iola ion, b each, in ingemen , and null and oid (Gozdz-Roszkowski 2013). This o e lap be ween common ocabula y and legal e minology can lead o seman ic ambigui y, a challenge also no ed in Geo gian (Ghambashidze 1986; A abuli 2016; Ma gali adze 2020). S udies e eal he inc easing use o common wo ds as legal e ms. Legal communica ion, like any specialised communica ion, ope a es unde a ious cons ain s. F om an onomasiological poin o iew, lexemes a e synonymous and equi alen i hey ha e he same deno a i e meaning. I is conside ed essen ial o combine onomasiological app oaches ( ocusing on de ining concep s) wi h semasiological ones, and s udy he meanings o synonymous e ms and common wo ds in speci ic con ex s (Heylen, S eu s 2014: 96). TRANSLATION PROBLEMS IN THE ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT FOR GEORGIA Resea ch me hodology To ca y ou he esea ch o he p esen pape , I used he esou ces o he co pus analyse which I de eloped a he T ansla ion and In e disciplina y Resea ch Cen e o Ba umi Sho a Rus a eli S a e Uni e si y (The co pus o he BSU T ansla ion and In e disciplina y Cen e, www.co pus.bsu.edu.ge) speci ically o he co pus-based ansla ion esea ch, including analyses and me hodology o he ansla ed Acquis, as well as legal ex s. The cus om-buil unidi ec ional co pus comp ises EU-Geo gia AA, Ti les I– IV and A icles 1–276 in bo h English and Geo gian. Legal e ms we e manually agged du ing he ex ual ma kup s age using cus om XML ags de eloped o he pla o m www.co pus.bsu.edu.ge, al hough he TagSe did no ollow s anda d ag assignmen p o ocols. The p ocessing was conduc ed in h ee s ages: compa a i e analysis o pa allel ex s, agging, and manual alignmen o English and Geo gian A icles in XML o ma . The co pus is encoded in XML acco ding o TEI P4 s anda ds, wi h each language o ming a sepa a e TEI body. The so wa e au oma ically aligns bilingual ex s and gene a es bilingual lexicons o each XML ile. I also p o ides s a is ical da a on e m dis ibu ion, which 5 suppo s he pos -ex ac ion quali a i e analysis and he e alua ion o legal ansla ion quali y. Resul s and discussion The ollowing analysis will ocus on speci ic examples. An example below, ex ac ed (Figu e 1) 2 , is pa o he ansla ion analysis o he EU-Geo gia Associa ion Ag eemen conduc ed a he Cen e o T ansla ion and In e disciplina y S udies a Ba umi Sho a Rus a eli S a e Uni e si y. I illus a es he ins ance when e ms con e gence and app oxima ion a e conside ed as ei he synonymous o quasi-synonymous, and ansla ed wi h he same e m, as ound in Ti le II, A icle 3, Objec i es o Poli ical Dialogue, o he ansla ion o he Geo gia-EU Associa ion Ag eemen . Figu e 1. Sc eensho 1 om he co pus o he BSU T ansla ion and In e disciplina y Cen e, www.co pus.bsu.edu.ge Figu e 2. Sc eensho 2 om he co pus o he BSU T ansla ion and In e disciplina y Cen e, www.co pus.bsu.edu.ge The pa ag aph illus a es (Figu e 2) ha he ansla ion p o ides he e m დაახლოება [daakhloeba] 3 as he ansla ional equi alen o he English e m con e gence: 2 A ailable a : www.co pus.bsu.edu.ge. 3 Fo ansli e a ion o Geo gian I use Geo gian – Na ional ansli e a ion sys em, see: h ps://www. ansli e a ion.com/ ansli e a ion/en/geo gian/iso-9984/. 6 To deepen poli ical associa ion and inc ease poli ical and secu i y policy con e gence and e ec i eness. გააღრმაოს პოლიტიკური ასოცირება და გაზარდოს პოლიტიკური და უსაფრთხოების პოლიტიკის საკითხებზე დაახლოება და ეფექტიანობა. gaaḡ maos poli iku i asoc i eba da gaza dos poli iku i da usap xoebis poli ikis saki xebze daaxloeba da ep ek ianoba. The e a e o he ins ances, including he e m con e gence and i s Geo gian ansla ion as დაახლოება . All in all, he e a e 102 cases o he e m con e gence ansla ed as daakhloeba in 390 a icles o he Body ex , excluding annexes. An exce p om he same ex and i s ansla ion poin s ou ha he same e ms a e epea edly used in he sou ce and ansla ion ex s, and daakhloeba is sugges ed as he ansla ional equi alen o he e m con e gence, as he example om he co pus e i ies (Figu e 3): (k) o p o ide all bene i s o close poli ical associa ion (lg_ m) be ween he EU and Geo gia, including inc eased secu i y policy (lg_ m) con e gence o all ci izens o Geo gia wi hin i s in e na ionally ecognised bo de s (lg_ m). (k) უზრუნველყოს, რომ საქართველოსა და ევროკავშირს შორის მჭიდრო პოლიტიკური ასოცირების (lg_ m) შედეგად მიღებული ყველა სარგებელი, გაზრდილი უსაფრთხოების პოლიტიკის (lg_ m) საკითხებზე დაახლოების ჩათვლით, გავრცელდეს საქართველოს ყველა მოქალაქეზე, საერთაშორისოდ აღიარებულ საზღვრებში (lg_ m). Figu e 3. Ti le II, A icle 3 Apa om he abo e examples, including he con ex ual use o he e m con e gence in he colloca ions: poli ical and secu i y policy con e gence, secu i y policy con e gence o all ci izens o Geo gia, he o he example is con e gence on o eign and secu i y ma e s: This will inc ease he e ec i eness o poli ical coope a ion and p omo e con e gence on o eign and secu i y ma e s. აღნიშნული გაზრდის პოლიტიკური თანამშრომლობის ეფექტიანობასა და ხელს შეუწყობს საგარეო და უსაფრთხოების პოლიტიკის საკითხებზე დაახლოებას . Full pa ag aph o he example is p o ided om he co pus (Figu e 4): 7 Poli ical dialogue on all a eas o mu ual in e es , including o eign and secu i y ma e s (lg_ m) as well as domes ic e o m (lg_ m), shall be u he de eloped and s eng hened be ween he Pa ies. This will inc ease he e ec i eness o poli ical coope a ion (lg_ m) and p omo e con e gence on o eign and secu i y ma e s (lg_ m), s eng hening ela ions in an inno a i e way. პოლიტიკური დიალოგი საერთო ინტერესთა ყველა სფეროში, საგარეო და უსაფრთხოების საკითხებისა (lg_ m) და შიდასახელმწიფოებრივი რეფორმის (lg_ m) ჩათვლით, მხარეებს შორის კიდევ უფრო განვითარდება და გაღრმავდება. აღნიშნული გაზრდის პოლიტიკური თანამშრომლობის (lg_ m) ეფექტიანობასა და ხელს შეუწყობს საგარეო და უსაფრთხოების პოლიტიკის (lg_ m) საკითხებზე დაახლოებას, ურთიერთობების გაძლიერებას ამბიციური და ინოვაციური გზით. Figu e 4. Ti le II, A icle 3 In back ansla ion, he Geo gian e m daakhloeba co esponds o he English e m app oxima ion, which ansla ion assumes as a a ian o he English e m. Howe e , in IATE de ini ions, con e gence and app oxima ion deno e dis inc concep s and a e no synonyms/ a ian s. Fo ins ance, in he IATE en y 3564197, hese e ms deno e di e en concep s, ha ing di e en seman ic alue: ‚Commi ee on Economic In eg a ion, Legal App oxima ion and Con e gence wi h EU Pol icies‛. The i le iden i ies he ole o he s anding pa liamen a y commi ee wi hin he Eu ones Pa liamen a y Assembly, which is esponsible o u he economic app oxima ion be ween he EU and i s Eas e n Eu opean Pa ne s, suppo ing he socio-economic e o ms o he Eas e n Eu opean Pa ne s, as well as ade and in es men libe aliza ion, leading o con e gence wi h EU laws and s anda ds o es ablish a ne wo k o deep and comp ehensi e ee ade a eas. The unc ion o he commi ee indica es aking a se ies o s ep-by-s ep p ocedu es aimed a achie ing common poli ical goals, demons a ing again ha app oxima ion and con e gence a e wo dis inc e ms and do no ep esen quasi-synonymous unc ional equi alen s. When ansla ing his en y in o Geo gian, using only one e m daakhloeba would no longe su ice o con ey he meanings o bo h App oxima ion and Con e gence. Hence, i s ansla ion shall be: ეკონომიკური ინტეგრაციის სამართლებრივი დაახლოებისა და ევროკავშირის პოლიტიკასთან თანხვედრის კომისია [ekonomiku i in eg ac iis sama leb i i daaxloebisa da e oka ši is poli ikas an anx ed is komisia] ‘Commi ee on Economic In eg a ion, Legal App oxima ion and Con e gence wi h EU Policies’. As es ed in he conco dance , he e m n ( anx ed is is a case o m o he e m) is concep ually and seman ically co esponding equi alen o con e gence. Simila ly, i s a ian თანხვდომა [ anx doma] can also be conside ed as a unc ional equi alen o he e m con e gence. Fu he mo e, he e minological dic iona y o he Geo gian Legisla i e He ald o e s bo h ansli e a ion and ansla ion o he e m con e gence in a ious con ex s. The ins ance o he ansli e a ion o con e gence as კონვერგენცია [kon e genc ia] yields no 8 u he examples, while he ansla ion o he colloca ion con e gence o a numbe sequence as რიცხვითი მიმდევრობის კრებადობა [ ic x i i mimde obis k ebadoba] ‘collec i i y o a nume ical sequence’ back ansla es he e m as concep ually and seman ically di e ing a ian . I allows o e minological a ia ion o he La in e m and he mis ansla ed Geo gian a ian daakhloeba ha exace ba es he p oblem. The ollowing example (Figu e 5) is om A icle 2, pa ag aph 24, o Ti le IV o he Ag eemen : Acquis Eng. ST que y ile xml 4444 Ti le IV Sec ion 2 A icle 24 Acquis Geo. TT que y ile xml 4444 Ti le IV Sec ion 2 A icle 24 4. The impo o p oduc s o igina ing in Geo gia lis ed in Annex II-C o his Ag eemen shall be subjec o he an i-ci cum en ion mechanism (lng_ m) se ou in A icle 27 o his Ag eemen . 4. საქართველოში წარმოშობილი პროდუქტის იმპორტი, რომელიც ჩამოთვლილია ამ შეთანხმების II-C დანართში, დაექვემდებარება გაყალბების საწინააღმდეგო მექანიზმს (lng_ m) წინამდებარე შეთანხმების 27-ე მუხლის შესაბამისად. A icle 27 მუხლი 27 An i-ci cum en ion mechanism (lng_ m) o ag icul u al p oduc s and p ocessed ag icul u al p oduc s 1. The p oduc s lis ed in Annex II-C o his Ag eemen a e subjec o he an i-ci cum en ion mechanism (lng_ m) se ou in his A icle. The a e age annual olume o impo s om Geo gia in o he Union o each o hose p oduc s is p o ided in Annex II-C o his Ag eemen . გაყალბების საწინააღმდეგო მექანიზმი (lng_ m) სასოფლო-სამეურნეო პროდუქტებისა და სასოფლო-სამეურნეო გადამუშავებული პროდუქტებისთვის 1. წინამდებარე შეთანხმების II-C დანართში მოცემული პროდუქტები ექვემდებარება ამ მუხლით განსაზღვრულ გაყალბების საწინააღმდეგო მექანიზმს (lng_ m) ამ პროდუქტების თითოეული კატეგორიის საქართველოდან ევროკავშირში იმპორტის საშუალო წლიური მოცულობა მოცემულია ამ შეთანხმების II-C დანართში Figu e 5. Ti le IV A icle 2, pa ag aph 24 The example illus a es ha he e m an i-ci cum en ion mechanism is ansla ed as გაყალბების საწინააღმდეგო მექანიზმი [gaq’albebis sa s’inaaghmdego mekanizmi] which is back ansla ed as an i-coun e ei ing mechanism. Acco ding o he IATE sou ce 3575478, he e m ci cum en ion de ice is de ined as: any con ol de ice, so wa e, 9 componen o pa ha al e s he ene gy demand on a p oduc du ing any es p ocedu e, esul ing in measu emen s ha a e un ep esen a i e o he p oduc 's ue cha ac e is ics ha occu du ing no mal use unde compa able condi ions. Depending on i s unc ion, he e m an i-ci cum en ion mechanism can be mo e accu a ely ansla ed as მანიპულაციის საწინააღმდეგო მექანიზმი [manipulac iis sacinaaḡmdego mek anizmi] ha back ansla es as an i-manipula ion mechanism, while ci cum en ion de ice can be ansla ed as მანიპულაციის ხელსაწყო [manipuli ebis xelsacqo] ha back ansla es as manipula ion de ice. Addi ionally, he IATE sou ce 141062 includes he e m an i-ci cum en ion measu e, which can also be ansla ed as მანიპულაციის საწინააღმდეგო ზომა [manipulac iis sacinaaḡmdego zoma] ha in English back ansla ion would be an i- manipula ion measu e. The e m gaq’albebis sa s’inaaghmdego (an i-coun e ei ing) ails o cap u e he o iginal meaning, which implies ha he law is ci cum en ed h ough echnological in e en ion. Theo e icians ad oca e o de e mining he quali a i e and quan i a i e co espondence o sou ce and a ge e ms o hei equi alence wi hin a speci ic con ex , emphasising he impo ance o bo h con ex and pu pose when ansla ing e ms (de G oo 2006: 424–425). The e m ci cum en ion appea s in o he con ex s; o example, he IATE sou ce 3628171 lis s sanc ions ci cum en ion and sanc ions e asion as synonymous a ian s. These e ms a e de ined as: ‘A delibe a e a emp o emo e om a ansac ion o se ies o ansac ions he pa icipa ion o sanc ioned en i ies, o indi iduals, o o conceal hese ac s’. In his con ex , he Geo gian e m gaq’albebis / coun e ei ing would no longe se e as a unc ional equi alen o ci cum en ion; ansli e a ion o he e m in o Geo gian as სანქციების მანიპულაცია [sank c iebis manipulac ia], sanc ions manipula ion would be mo e app op ia e. Using სანქციების გაყალბება [sank c iebis gaqalbeba] sanc ions coun e ei ing would dis o he seman ic meaning and ail o p ese e he equi alen meaning (Reiß & Ve mee 2014: 29) o he o iginal ph ase. Rega ding he e minological a ian s: sanc ions e asion and sanc ions ci cum en ion, he e ms ci cum en ion and e asion unc ion as con ex ual synonyms. In Geo gian hese a ian e ms a e ansla ed as სანქციებისგან თავის არიდება [sank c iebisgan a is a ideba], back ansla ed as sanc ions a oidance. T ansla ing bo h sanc ions ci cum en ion and sanc ions e asion as sank c iebisgan a is a ideba esul s in a single Geo gian equi alen o wo dis inc English a ian e ms. I one o he a ian e ms: sanc ions ci cum en ion and sanc ions e asion we e ansla ed as სანქციების მანიპულაცია [sank c iebis manipulac ia] back ansla ed as manipula ion o he sanc ions, i would esul in he eme gence o a ian e ms in Geo gian: sank c iebis manipulac ia and sank c iebisgan a is a ideba. The e m e asion also appea s in con ex s like ax e asion, o which he Geo gian language had an ea lie es ablished equi alen გადასახადებისგან თავის არიდება [gadasaxadebisgan a is a ideba], back ansla ed as ax a oidance, and, p esumably, he same Geo gian e m was ex apola ed on he wo English a ian e ms.