The Status and Terminology of the Hungarian Legal and Administrative Language

Te minologija / Te minology 2025, ol. 32, pp. 1–21 Con en s link / Tu inio nuo oda ISSN 2669-2198 (online / elek oninis) Copy igh © 2025 Ágo a Fó is and Ádám Rixe . Published by he Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language. This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Licence, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal au ho and sou ce a e c edi ed. // Išleido Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as. Šis s aipsnis y a a i os p ieigos, pla inamas pagal „C ea i e Commons‚ p isky imo licencijos sąlygas, leidžiančias ne ibo ai naudo i, pla in i i a ku i u inį be kokioje laikmenoje, nu odan au o ių i šal inį. Recei ed: / Gau a: 2025-09-19. Accep ed: / P iim a: 2025-10-14. 1 THE STATUS AND TERMINOLOGY OF THE HUNGARIAN LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LANGUAGE 1 Veng ų eisinės i adminis acinės kalbos s a usas bei e minija ÁGOTA FÓRIS Ká oli Gáspá Uni e si y o he Re o med Chu ch in Hunga y, Hunga y E-mail: [email p o ec ed]u ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-7599-0323 Fields o esea ch: Applied linguis ics, Te minology, P o essional communica ion. ÁDÁM RIXER Ká oli Gáspá Uni e si y o he Re o med Chu ch in Hunga y, Hunga y E-mail: [email p o ec ed] ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-6945-0312 Fields o esea ch: Ju isp udence, Adminis a i e law. h ps://doi.o g/10.35321/ e m32-03 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ABSTRACT The aim o he a icle is o p o ide an o e iew o he Hunga ian legal and adminis a i e language and e minology, including he language o academic publica ions, highe educa ion and legisla ion, mo eo e , he a icle p esen s he ou line o he planned Hunga ian e minology s a egy, he s a us and he s a e o he e minology o he Hunga ian legal and adminis a i e language. The esea ch me hod is a e iew and e alua ion based on published a icles and discussions wi hin he amewo k o he p ojec . We sugges ha acco ding o echnical s anda ds and e minology ecommenda ions, e minology should be published in open e minology da abases, because e minology da abases a e impo an ools o p omo ing na ional ha moniza ion o e minology. Abo e all, i would be essen ial o link he legal and adminis a i e e minology s a egy o he gene al Hunga ian e minology s a egy. Since he language o 1 This esea ch was suppo ed by he p ojec i led ‚Is he e a need o legal and adminis a i e language e o m in Hunga y? De eloping a e minology s a egy o legal and adminis a i e language‛ by he Facul y o Law a he Ká oli Gáspá Uni e si y o he Re o med Chu ch in Hunga y, be ween 2022 and 2024. 2 science in Hunga y is bilingual, Hunga ian and English, we sugges p epa ing a e minology s a egy co e ing bo h languages o law and adminis a ion acul ies and uni e si ies, and o shi owa ds addi i e bilingualism. KEYWORDS: language policy and planning, e minology s a egy, Hunga ian e minology s a egy, legal and adminis a i e language, clea communica ion. ANOTACIJA Šio s aipsnio ikslas – apž elg i eng ų eisinę i adminis acinę kalbą bei e minologiją, įskai an mokslinių publikacijų, aukš ojo mokslo i eisės ak ų kalbą. Be o, s aipsnyje p is a omi planuojamos eng ų e minologijos s a egijos apma ai i eng ų eisinės bei adminis acinės kalbos e minijos s a usas i būklė. Ty imo me odas – apž alga i e inimas, g indžiami publikuo ais s aipsniais i diskusijomis p ojek o kon eks e. Remian is echniniais s anda ais i e minologinėmis ekomendacijomis, e minus siūloma skelb i a i ose e minų duomenų bazėse, nes šios bazės y a s a bus į ankis, ska inan is de in i e miniją nacionaliniu mas u. Ypač s a bu susie i eisinės i adminis acinės e minologijos s a egiją su bend ąja eng ų e minologijos s a egija. Kadangi mokslo kalba Veng ijoje y a d ikalbė – eng ų i anglų kalbos, siūloma pa eng i abi kalbas apimančią e minologijos s a egiją eisės i adminis a imo akul e ams bei uni e si e ams i pe ei i p ie papildomos d ikalbys ės modelio. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: kalbos poli ika i plana imas, e minologijos s a egija, eng ų e minologijos s a egija, eisinė i adminis acinė kalba, aiški komunikacija. INTRODUCTION A wo-yea esea ch p ojec was conduc ed be ween 2022 and 2024 o examine and de ine he cha ac e is ics ela ed o he s a us and co pus o legal and adminis a i e language and e minology in Hunga y (Rixe 2023). This a icle will i s in oduce e minology policy based on he ele an guidelines, as well as he backg ound o he de elopmen o a Hunga ian e minology s a egy. Nex , we p esen he pu pose and me hodology o he a icle. The sec ion p esen ing he esul s discusses he s a us o Hunga ian legal and adminis a i e language, examining i s use in highe educa ion, esea ch and legisla ion. In he nex chap e , we will look a how plain language and be e communica ion ha e been p omo ed, and hen we will p esen he s eps ha ha e been aken o make legal and adminis a i e e minology mo e accessible. LANGUAGE POLICY AND PLANNING, AND TERMINOLOGY POLICY The e m language planning was in oduced by Haugen (1959). La e , Kloss (1969) dis inguished be ween s a us planning and co pus planning as hyponyms o language planning. S a us planning e e s o he social and legal s a us o a language and i s unc ions, whe eas co pus planning is conce ned wi h he o mal changes in a language (lexis, spelling, e c.). Planning in ol es i s o all an assessmen o he communica ion p oblems ha equi e co pus planning, he s a egies o o e come hese di icul ies and he asks ha need o be sol ed a he na ional o in e na ional le el. Acco ding o Tolcs ai Nagy (2005: 233), al hough he de elopmen o language planning i sel came om se e al di ec ions, i s p inciples ha e always included bo h s a us and co pus planning. The di e en language planning ends ha e buil on di e en his o ical adi ions and me hodologies, including he p ac ice o adi ional language cul i a ion (see Nek apil 2008) and he codi ica ion 3 ac i i ies o he 19 h cen u y. Gazzola e al. poin ou ha he e a e many di e en ypes o language policy and planning (LPP), and ha he LPP is a p ocess and a esul a he same ime. The policy cycle’s s ages a e ‚(1) he eme gence o a language issue, (2) agenda- se ing, (3) policy o mula ion and adop ion, (4) implemen a ion, and (5) e alua ion o wha has been done, and he esul s ob ained‛ (Gazzola e al. 2024: 4). Gene al language planning issues ha e been ex ended o LSP (language o special pu poses) and e minology in he mo he ongue. The Guidelines o e minology policies, by UNESCO (In o e m 2005), sepa a es gene al language planning om speci ic language planning. The guidelines on e minology policies a i m ha language plays an impo an ole in c ea ing and sus aining a knowledge-based socie y and in b idging he digi al di ide. The digi al di ide co-occu s ‚wi h inequali y o access o in o ma ion and knowledge, which is in u n associa ed wi h inequali y in linguis ic access‛ (In o e m 2005: V); and ‚Inadequa e e minology is one key ac o in he inequali y o linguis ic access, and i esul s in ‘ unc ional illi e acy’ in he con ex s o accessing in o ma ion and using compu e s‛ (In o e m 2005: V). BACKGOUND – DEVELOPMENT OF A HUNGARIAN TERMINOLOGY STRATEGY Fo decades, se e al in e na ional documen s ha e highligh ed he impo ance o e minology in mul ilingualism, in p ese ing cul u al di e si y and in uni e sal access o in o ma ion and knowledge. Gene al p inciples o a e minology s a egy we e i s published in in e na ional documen s in he 2000s. Based on he UNESCO guidelines (In o e m 2005), e minology policy is a se o o malized s a egies o coo dina ing decisions and objec i es, and/o he e minology o a pa icula social g oup (e.g. a pa icula linguis ic communi y) o s a e. ‚A na ional e minology policy is a public s a egy o mula ed a he le el o poli ical decision making in a coun y o in a mo e o less au onomous language communi y <…> wi h he aim o de eloping o egula ing eme ging and exis ing e minologies o an a ay o pu poses‛ (In o e m 2005: 4). Based on he ele an s anda d, e minology policy is a ‚se o p inciples and s a egies used as a basis o de eloping and egula ing e minology o a speci ic language(s) o domain(s)‛ (ISO 29383:2020). Fo he de elopmen o a gene al Hunga ian e minology s a egy, as a s a ing poin , he UNESCO guidelines (In o e m 2005) and he ISO s anda d i led ISO 29383:2020 Te minology Policies – De elopmen and Implemen a ion has been used. The s anda d p o ides a gene al guide bu , as i poin s ou in i s p e ace, in eali y no wo si ua ions a e exac ly he same and each na ion’s o o ganiza ion’s e minology s a egy is necessa ily unique. A he na ional le el, a e minology policy is usually in he o m o a legal documen o 4 in o ma ion s a egy, while in smalle o ganiza ions i is usually in he o m o guidelines o wo k low and he use o suppo ing echnology, o en wi hou he wo d e minology. Based on he UNESCO guidelines and di e en na ional p ac ices, he p epa a ion o a Hunga ian na ional e minology s a egy ha e been p oposed in 2018. Rep esen a i es o scien i ic ins i u es and o ganiza ions om Hunga y and ab oad pa icipa ed as in i ed speake s a he con e ence o ganized o lay he g oundwo k o his. Toge he , he con e ence o ganize s and speake s sough o coope a e and o es ablish a s a egy and o ag ee on he p inciples ha would lead o he c ea ion o a Hunga ian e minology s a egy and i s publica ion (Fó is, Bölcskei 2019b). The ecommenda ions o he de elopmen o a Hunga ian e minology s a egy we e o mula ed in his olume by he au ho -edi o s. They a e:  ‚Publishing a medium- e m (4 o 10 yea s) s a egic plan, a so-called ‘G een Pape ’ which can open he deba e, in o de o p epa e a documen abou he e minology s a egy plans. Pu suan o Sec ion 38 o Go e nmen Dec ee 38/2012. (III. 12.) on s a egic go e nmen adminis a ion, he G een Pape d aws a en ion o he mos impo an , un esol ed ques ions o e minology as a policy a ea and ini ia es ha he bodies conce ned add ess he issues wi hin he amewo k o he s a egic con ol o he go e nmen .  P epa ing a so-called d a plan on e minology s a egy.  Es ablishing an ad iso y boa d on e minology s a egy.  Based on he eedback om o mula ing and publishing he e minology s a egy d a plan: inalizing a de ailed e minology s a egy plan and p og amme.  Launching he Hunga ian Na ional Te minology Po al.  Designing he Hunga ian Na ional Te minology Da abase and d awing up i s cos plan, ma e ial and human esou ce p e equisi es‛ (Fó is, Bölcskei 2019a: 18). A ew yea s a e , ollowing hese ecommenda ions, he HUN-REN Hunga ian Resea ch Cen e o Linguis ics 2 has al eady been he ecipien o wo g an s in his a ea and has published a G een Pape (P ószéky e al. 2023; www.ny ud.hu) con aining s a egic e minology s udies o Hunga ian e minologis s. The G een Pape consis s o ou pa s: 1. Gene al issues o e minology s a egy; 2. Speci ic issues o e minology s a egy; 3. S anda ds and spelling; 4. Bibliog aphy. In Pa IV, a he end o he book, a selec ed bibliog aphy on e minology s a egy has been published, a collec ion o li e a u e ocusing on he gene al p inciples and me hods o e minology s a egy, o ganized a ound he ollowing ou hemes: p inciples o e minology s a egy; e minology da abase design; na ional public e minology da abases and po als in Eu ope and majo in e na ional e minology da abases; publicly a ailable language da abases con aining Hunga ian e ms – 2 F om 1 Augus 2025: ELTE Resea ch Cen e o Linguis ics. 5 a ailabili y da a, cha ac e is ics (Fó is e al. 2023; abou he Hunga ian linguis ic co po a and da abases, na ional and Eu opean p ojec s, see he book summa izing he esul s achie ed wi h he lead o Tamás Vá adi (Dodé, Ludányi 2021)). Al hough Gazzola e al. (2024: 1) loca e ‚language policy and planning i s and o emos as a esponsibili y o go e nmen s (a he na ional, egional, local, and po en ially in e na ional le el) and ele an bodies ac oss all a eas o public policy‛, in Hunga y, a comp ehensi e, explici language policy p epa ed by he go e nmen does no exis ye . Howe e , in ou iew, a public body such as he Hunga ian Academy o Sciences (www.m a.hu) – in con inuous coope a ion wi h he ele an sec o s, uni e si ies and e minology o ganiza ions 3 – could be sui able o manage i . The emaining ecommenda ions, such as he es ablishmen o a na ional e minology da abase and po al, we e implemen ed wi hin he amewo k o he Hunga ian na ional e minology s a egy, which aimed o c ea e he Hunga ian Na ional Te minology Da abase and a e minology po al (Fó is 2024a; publica ions on his opic om he p e ious yea ha e been compiled in o a book: Fó is 2025). PURPOSE AND METHODOLOGY This a icle aims o p o ide an o e iew o Hunga ian legal and adminis a i e language and e minology, including ha used in academic publica ions, highe educa ion and legisla ion. This o e iew is based on he esul s o a wo-yea esea ch p ojec conduc ed be ween 2022 and 2024. The esea ch uses a case s udy me hodology o p o ide an in-dep h con en analysis o he subjec wi hin i s eal-wo ld con ex . The e iew and summa y o esul s in ol e p esen ing a comp ehensi e o e iew o he da a collec ed om mul iple sou ces, analysing i o iden i y key hemes and pa e ns, and syn hesising hese indings in o a de ailed desc ip ion. The analysis is based on published a icles and discussions wi hin he p ojec amewo k, as well as li e a u e on legal and adminis a i e language and e minology, and academic and p o essional websi es and monog aphs (syn hesis and analysis o p e ious esea ch). STATUS OF THE HUNGARIAN LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LANGUAGE The Legal and Adminis a i e Language in Highe Educa ion While i is widely acknowledged ha law and language a e in e wined (e.g., Ka pen, Xan haki 2017; Tie sma, Solan 2021; Biel, Kockae 2023; Engbe g 2023; D inóczi e al. 2025), wi h law being implemen able h ough language, i is no ewo hy ha Hunga ian 3 Such as he Council o Hunga ian Te minology, MaTT, www.ma .hu. 6 uni e si ies a ely o e cou ses dedica ed o legal language o communica ion. The ollowing sec ion will examine se e al cha ac e is ics o law educa ion. Hunga ian is he language o ins uc ion a he eigh law acul ies and a he Ludo ika Uni e si y o Public Se ice in he Hunga ian highe educa ion. On he one hand, he opic o language and law s a ed o be discussed in highe educa ion, books abou law and li e a u e we e published, cou ses ha e been in oduced in Hunga ian in all law acul ies (Rixe 2012): o example a he Facul y o Law o Eö ös Lo ánd Uni e si y, Budapes (ELTE) he e has been a ‘Law and Li e a u e’ cou se since 2017 and a he Facul y o Law o he Ká oli Gáspá Uni e si y (KRE) since 2019 (see Feke e 2018). The Facul y o Law o ELTE has also been hos ing a podcas i led ‘Law and Li e a u e’ on he uni e si y adio o se e al yea s. The numbe o moo cou compe i ions o s uden s is inc easing (Rixe 2024) bo h in Hunga ian and English, and hese compe i ions ha e quickly become popula among s uden s. On he o he hand, only ou o he eigh Hunga ian law acul ies o e he o ic o legal communica ion cou ses in eg a ed in o he cu iculum. Fo example, ‘Legal easoning and communica ion’ is a compulso y cou se a he Facul y o Law o he Uni e si y o Miskolc; likewise, ‘Legal Reasoning and Legal Rhe o ic’ is a compulso y cou se a he Facul y o Law o he Pázmány Pé e Ca holic Uni e si y, and ‘Legal Communica ion’ a he Facul y o Law o he Uni e si y o Pécs. The e is no speci ic cou se on linguis ics o e minology in law schools, al hough linguis ic analysis is one o he basic skills o legal wo k. One o he essen ial elemen s o he ela ionship be ween law and language (beyond he ac ha all legal ins umen s a e exp essed in language) is ha he i s s ep in he in e p e a ion o legisla ion and indi idual decisions is always he so-called g amma ical in e p e a ion ha means analysing he wo ds, exp essions, concep s and ph ases in legisla ion and indi idual decisions based on g amma ical ules and seman ics, and compa ing hem wi h he his o ical ac s o he gi en case o be e alua ed. The ques ion a ises whe he , i linguis ic analysis and legal e minology is such a cen al pa o he legal p o ession, i is no jus i ied o each legal and adminis a i e LSP o legal e minology as a sepa a e subjec a uni e si y le el legal educa ion. We do no see any examples o his in Hunga y: he ele an knowledge is adi ionally ‘dispe sed’ be ween he a ious subjec s (In oduc ion o law, Legal his o y, Legal communica ion, Legisla i e heo y, and dogma ic knowledge o he a ious b anches o law) (e.g. D inóczi, No ák 2015). Howe e , clea and accessible communica ion is conside ed by se e al au ho s as an e hical equi emen and is inco po a ed in o he cu iculum o e hics cou ses in legal educa ion (Tó h 2017; Néme h 2022). Legisla i e knowledge is usually augh in law acul ies in Hunga y as pa o he basic legal cou ses (e.g. In oduc ion o Law, Cons i u ional Law), bu his is only one o many opics in hese cou ses, and he linguis ic con ex is also e y limi ed. Recognizing his, mos ins i u ions o e cou ses in Legisla i e S udies (Jogalko ás an, e.g. Facul y o Law o KRE) o Legisla i e Theo y (Tö ényhozás an, e.g. Facul y o Law o he Uni e si y o 7 Pécs) as compulso y o op ional subjec s, whe e he linguis ic issues and con ex s a e also mo e widely co e ed. Mo e in-dep h cou ses a e a ailable in he o m o Pos g adua e T aining P og ams o law deg ee holde s (szakjogász szaki ányú o ábbképzés): he Facul y o Law o he Pázmány Pé e Ca holic Uni e si y o e s u he aining in Public Se ice Regula ion and Codi ica ion in Hunga ian (közszolgála i szabályozási és kodi ikációs szakjogász szaki ányú o ábbképzés), and in 2024, he Széchenyi Is án Uni e si y o Győ launched a Pos g adua e T aining P og am in Law and Go e nance in English. Among he acc edi ed Pos g adua e T aining P og ams, he e used o be a specialized Legisla i e D a ing T aining o Local Le el in Hunga ian (helyi jogszabály-sze kesz ő szakjogász szaki ányú o ábbképzés), which has no been o e ed o some ime. In highe educa ion in he ield o public adminis a ion (Ludo ika Uni e si y o Public Se ice, Facul y o Public Go e nance), legisla i e issues a e emphasized in a compulso y co e subjec (Szabályozás és kodi ikáció, in English: Regula ion and Codi ica ion), bu e en wi hin his, he language sec ion is o mino impo ance. O e all, i can be said ha eaching Hunga ian legal and adminis a i e language is no a p io i y in he aining o lawye s and public adminis a o s in Hunga y. O cou se, he si ua ion o he Hunga ian legal and adminis a i e language is also signi ican ly in luenced by he ac ha , pa ly due o ERASMUS coope a ions, S ipendium Hunga icum Schola ships, and pa ly due o he implici language s a egy o he go e nmen and uni e si ies, he numbe o cou ses o e ed in English (and less equen ly in Ge man and F ench) is g owing a law and adminis a ion acul ies; he numbe o English-language pos g adua e aining p og ams and he numbe o English-language doc o al cou ses ha e also inc eased signi ican ly in he las decade. Nine Hunga ian uni e si ies ha e doc o al schools o law, and one uni e si y has a doc o al school o public adminis a ion (www.dok o i.hu), and o icially Hunga ian is he language o ins uc ion in mos o hem, howe e , doc o al s uden s a e gene ally expec ed o be able o publish in English, and he e is he possibili y (and p ac ice) o w i e heses in English and a end classes in English. (One o hese Uni e si ies is he And ássy Gyula Uni e si y, whe e he language o ins uc ion is Ge man.) The e o e, in addi ion o Hunga ian, English has also become impo an in academic w i ing and legisla ion. I is also becoming he language o ins uc ion in many Hunga ian uni e si ies, as English Medium Ins uc ion (EMI). The Legal and Adminis a i e Language in Resea ch and Publica ions The e ha e been signi ican changes in academic esea ch ecen ly, a ec ing he s a us and use o legal language. A decade ago, i was easy o make a lis o s udies and monog aphs w i en by Hunga ian au ho s in o eign languages in ce ain a eas o law and on ce ain opics (Rixe 2013). By oday, publishing in English and in e na ional esea ch collabo a ions ha e become common. Se e al handbooks ha e been published in English, one o hem is abou Hunga ian public adminis a ion e o m om 2010 unde he Magya y 8 Zol án Public Adminis a ion De elopmen P og am (Pa yi, Rixe 2014). In he case o publica ions w i en in a o eign language, e en basic e ms and concep s (e.g. he use o he e m közigazga ási eljá ásjogi ügy él, ‘pa y o an adminis a i e au ho i y p ocedu e’) equi e a special explana ion. English language publica ions can play a majo ole in he mo e consis en use o English in he Hunga ian academic sphe e, and he desc ip ion o he e minology and concep ual sys em o he Hunga ian legal and adminis a i e language in English. Rixe (2013: 7) al eady no ed a decade ago ha English has aken o e he ole o he o me La in, Ge man and Russian languages in becoming a media ing language in Hunga y, no only in unde s anding neighbou ing people, bu also in a wide ange o sciences and academic disciplines, including law and public adminis a ion (al hough i is s ill no exclusi e, o cou se). He also poin ed ou ha in he case o English-language publica ions, e minological and concep ual consis ency is o en lacking; and a Hunga ian and English dic iona y o public law and adminis a ion would be necessa y. He d ew a en ion o he need o he de elopmen o he Hunga ian adminis a i e law doc ine, because a cohe en , clea and anspa en use o adminis a i e (legal) e minology is a p e equisi e o g ea e in ol emen in he in e na ional go e nance li e a u e (Rixe 2013: 21–22). Con empo a y discou se has highligh ed he necessi y o a legal e minology da abase, which eplaces he need o a dic iona y. Today, conside ing he ecommenda ions o he e minology s a egy, and in line wi h he opinion o D inóczi and No ák (2015), we conclude ha he e is a need o e minological and concep ual ha moniza ion o he adminis a i e law, i s o all o build a e minology da abase and o publish he Hunga ian e ms, concep s and he concep ual ne wo k o adminis a i e law wi h English equi alen s. Te minology da abases a e impo an ools o p omo ing na ional ha moniza ion o e minology and o he apid and consis en publica ion o newly adop ed e ms. Nowadays, he Hunga ian Academy o Sciences and he Hunga ian uni e si ies conside publishing in English o be he mos impo an , and among he a ious academic ca ee equi emen s, publica ions and ci a ions in English a e o g ea e alue han hose in Hunga ian. The ques ion is: wha impac his change will ha e on he use o Hunga ian legal and adminis a i e language, despi e he p o essional ad an ages and in e na ional bene i s ha esul om i ? A p esen , i seems ha a academic le el, legal and adminis a i e language use has al eady become bilingual: Hunga ian and English, bu he ques ion is whe he he language o legisla u e and o adminis a ion and go e nance has al eady eached Hunga ian and English bilingualism? The Hunga ian Academy o Sciences has acknowledged he si ua ion as well. Since i s ounda ion in 1825, one o i s key missions has been p omo ing he use o he Hunga ian language. In 2023 he Academy launched a public online discussion o um abou Hunga ian as a language o science. The main conclusions o he discussion o um ha e been published on he Academy’s websi e: he Academy con inues o conside he Hunga ian language and 9 Hunga ian LSP’s as a ma e o na ional s a egic impo ance; suppo s he bilingual use o Hunga ian and English in science, i.e. scien i ic bilingualism; p e e s suppo ing he Hunga ian language p ima ily in he o m o digi al suppo ; and i also a gues o he impo ance o English in sciences (MTAMN). Howe e , some Hunga ian linguis s a gue ha he Academy ac ually does li le o suppo he use o Hunga ian as a scien i ic and academic language (Fe enc 2018; Kon a 2025). In o he wo ds, he shi owa ds bilingualism seems o a ou sub ac i e bilingualism a he han addi i e bilingualism, while he la e would be mo e app op ia e (see Lambe 1981; Phillipson 2003; Kon a 2025). The Legal and Adminis a i e Language in Legisla ion The changing ci cums ances in ensi y, and e en make ine i able, he en o cemen o he equi emen o no m cla i y in he Hunga ian legal and adminis a i e language, i.e. he demand o sa is y he need o no ma i e and speci ic legal ac s o be as comp ehensible, simple and anspa en as possible. The g owing demands and expec a ions in his espec a e pe haps linked o he ac ha he lack o cla i y o legal no ms has become no only a sou ce o incon enience bu also a slowing ac o and a h ea o mode n ma ke economies and pa icipa o y mass democ acies. The eal accessibili y o legal ex s is a (p e)condi ion o exe cising many undamen al igh s, and he accessibili y o legal sou ces is also a cons i u ional manda e, bu he e is no consensus on how o p esc ibe/ egula e, measu e, and en o ce accessibili y, he eby imp o ing access o ex s. Dec ee 61/2009. (XII. 14.) o he Minis e o Jus ice and Law En o cemen on he D a ing o Legisla ion in Hunga y s a es ha d a legisla ion mus be wo ded in acco dance wi h he ules o he Hunga ian language, in a clea , comp ehensible and consis en manne (Sec ion 2). In he esea ch, Judi Tó h shows ha he equi emen o cla i y is o mula ed as an expec a ion in a o al o 270 sou ces o law in he Hunga ian legal sys em, bu i s con en – wha his means – is comple ely lacking in he legal ex s examined (Tó h 2023: 157). I is also impo an o no e ha he newe and newe wa es o de egula ion (in Hunga y, on a e age e e y 4–5 yea s) do no usually con ain explici linguis ic objec i es. The e ha e been se e al unsuccess ul go e nmen p og ams aiming a he simpli ica ion, s anda diza ion and upg ading o he Hunga ian legal and adminis a i e language in he las decade:  The language sub-p og am o he Magya y Zol án Public Adminis a ion De elopmen P og am was one o hem, whe e hey ied o simpli y he language o egula ions (speci ically 11 Go e nmen Dec ees), bu hey we e no success ul, because he in e nal complexi y o he legal sys em makes i e y di icul o in e ene in language a an isola ed poin o he legal sys em (Nagy 2014). 16 Hunga ian Resea ch Cen e o Linguis ics’ [HUN-REN, since 1 Augus 2025: ELTE] websi e. A ailable a : www.ny ud.hu [Accessed: 12 Sep embe 2025]. IATE (In e ac i e Te minology o Eu ope). A ailable a : h ps://ia e.eu opa.eu/ [Accessed: 12 Sep embe 2025]. IEC/IEEE 82079-1:2019 P epa a ion o in o ma ion o use (ins uc ions o use) o p oduc s – Pa 1: P inciples and gene al equi emen s. In o e m 2005: Guidelines o Te minology Policies. 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