Terminological Variation and Climate Change

Te minologija / Te minology 2025, ol. 32, pp. 1–19 Con en s link / Tu inio nuo oda ISSN 2669-2198 (online / elek oninis) Copy igh © 2025 Judi F eixa. Published by he Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language. This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Licence, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal au ho and sou ce a e c edi ed. // Išleido Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as. Šis s aipsnis y a a i os p ieigos, pla inamas pagal „C ea i e Commons‚ p isky imo licencijos sąlygas, leidžiančias ne ibo ai naudo i, pla in i i a ku i u inį be kokioje laikmenoje, nu odan au o ių i šal inį. Recei ed: / Gau a: 2025-07-22. Accep ed: / P iim a: 2025-11-06. 1 TERMINOLOGICAL VARIATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE 1 Te minų a ian iškumas i klima o kai a JUDIT FREIXA Uni e si a Pompeu Fab a E-mail: [email p o ec ed]du ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-1440-5514 Fields o esea ch: neology, e minology, lexicog aphy, gende s udies. h ps://doi.o g/10.35321/ e m32-01 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ABSTRACT This a icle explo es e minological and cogni i e a ia ion wi hin clima e change discou se. Th ough he analysis o 80 concep s om en i onmen al glossa ies and e minological da abases, i iden i ies how e ms e ol e and a y–g aphically, mo phosyn ac ically, lexically, o by educ ion. The s udy highligh s how a ian e ms, such as ozone laye , ozone shield o ozonosphe e, deno e he same concep bu p opose di e en ap- p oaches and ac i a e di e en cogni i e ames. KEYWORDS: e minological a ia ion, cogni i e a ia ion, clima e change. ANOTACIJA Šiame s aipsnyje nag inėjamas e minų i kogni y inis a ian iškumas klima o kai os disku se. Išanaliza us 80 są okų iš aplinkos apsaugos specialiųjų žodynų i e minų duomenų bazių, nus a y a, kaip e minai e oliucionuoja i kin a g a iniu, mo osin aksiniu, leksiniu lygmenimis a dėl edukcijos. Ty imas a skleidžia, kaip e minų a ian ai, okie kaip ozone laye (ozono sluoksnis), ozone shield (ozono skydas) a ozonosphe e (ozonos e a), žymi ą pačią są oką, ačiau pe eikia ski ingus požiū ius i ak y uoja ski ingus kogni y inius modelius. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: e minų a ian iškumas, kogni y inis a ian iškumas, klima o kai a. 1 A p e ious e sion o his ex was p esen ed a he 6 h In e na ional Scien i ic Con e ence ‚Scien i ic, Ad- minis a i e and Educa ional Dimensions o Te minology‛ ha ook place a he Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language, Vilnius (Li huania) in 16-17 Oc obe 2025. 2 INTRODUCTION F om he yea 2000 onwa d, he e m bio uel became one o he mos equen ly used e ms in he ield o en i onmen al science. Bio uel can be used o gene a e elec ici y, p oduce hea o mo ion, and se e o he domes ic, indus ial, o anspo - ela ed pu poses. Bio uel is impo an because i is helping o a oid ossil uels. Bio uels a e ob ained om o ganic ma e (biomass), which can be ans o med in o liquid, solid, o gaseous uels h ough physical, chemical, o biological p ocesses. One such p ocess is biogasi ica ion, a echnique based on he anae obic diges ion (i.e., in he absence o oxygen) o o ganic was e in o biogas. The p ima y gas p oduced h ough biogasi ica ion is me hane, which is why his p ocess is also known as biome hanisa ion (o biome haniza ion, depending on he a ie y o English used). Howe e , o easons o linguis ic economy and he seman ic neu alisa ion o he p e ix bio-, i is commonly e e ed o simply as me hanisa ion (o me haniza ion). These h ee e ms – biogasi ica ion, biome hanisa ion, and me hanisa ion – along wi h hei o hog aphic a ian s, p o ide an illus a i e example ha in oduces he subjec o his pape : e minological a ia ion in he ocabula y o clima e change. This ocabula y is a pa icula ly e ile g ound o he s udy o e minological a ia ion and, mo e speci ically, o he analysis o cogni i e a ia ion. In his pape we will explo e he connec ion be ween denomina i e a ia ion– ha is, he use o di e en e ms o e e o he same concep –and cogni i e a ia ion. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Te minological Va ia ion Te minological a ia ion 2 has ecei ed conside able a en ion om schola s in las 25 yea s, who ha e app oached i om a ange o heo e ical pe spec i es. Cab é (1999), in he Communica i e Theo y o Te minology, p oposes an in eg a i e app oach ha connec s linguis ic, cogni i e, and communica i e dimensions. F om his iewpoin , a ia ion is no conside ed a e minological law bu a he a unc ional esponse o di e en usage con ex s. Mo eo e , o Cab é, e ms do no belong o closed, uni o m sys ems; ins ead, hey exis wi hin di e se communica i e se ings, which gi e ise o mul iple exp essions o he same specialised con en . In his sense, e minological a ia ion e lec s no only linguis ic di e ences in usage bu also di e ences in he pe cep ion and ep esen a ion o knowledge. F eixa (2003; 2006; 2013; 2022) has add essed e minological a ia ion om a mul idimensional pe spec i e, also in eg a ing linguis ic, cogni i e, and communica i e aspec s. In line wi h Cab é, F eixa (2003) emphasises ha denomina i e a ia ion should 2 Te minological a ia ion is, s ic ly speaking, any a ia ion ha a ec s e ms, bu in his a icle we use i in i s mo e common sense, as he a ia ion ha a ec s denomina ions, and hus we use i as a synonym o denom- ina i e a ia ion. 3 no be seen as a ma ginal o inciden al phenomenon, bu as an inhe en ea u e o specialised language. Th ough co pus s udies o ex s wi h a ying le els o specialisa ion in he en i onmen al domain, she iden i ies mul iple ac o s ha in luence he eme gence o a ian s: he communica i e pu pose o he ex , he knowledge le el o bo h he au ho and he a ge audience, he communica ion channel, and he concep ual s uc u e o he domain, among o he s. In he 2006 pape , F eixa p oposes a ypology o he causes o e minological a ia ion ha allows us o unde s and a ia ion no simply as a mul iplici y o o ms, bu as a unc ional and cogni i e s a egy ha mee s di e se communica i e needs. In he mo e ecen esea ch (2022), she insis s on he dynamic na u e o specialised knowledge, showing how his dynamism is e lec ed in he luc ua ing denomina ions ha eme ge wi hin he discou ses in which knowledge is cons uc ed and communica ed. She pa icula ly highligh s he oles o scien i ic popula isa ion and in e linguis ic and in e cul u al ans e . In his ega d, she a gues ha a ia ion should be seen as a esou ce ha enables he adap a ion o specialised discou se o di e en usage con ex s, wi hou necessa ily esul ing in a loss o e minological p ecision. He wo k hus con ibu es o consolida ing an in eg a i e and non-p esc ip i e iew o e minology. F om a sociocogni i e pe spec i e, Temme man (2000) analyses e minology as a phenomenon ancho ed in collec i e expe ience and sha ed knowledge. He model challenges he igidi y o classical app oaches and acknowledges he dynamic, lexible, and con ex ualised na u e o concep s, wi h pa icula a en ion o concep ual a ia ion. On he o he hand, om he pe spec i e o F ame-Based Te minology (Fabe e al. 2009; Fabe 2022), a ia ion is examined a he in e sec ion o cogni ion, discou se, and language echnologies. These app oaches demons a es ha e minological a ia ion is a complex and p oduc i e phenomenon, one ha equi es in e disciplina y and dynamic app oaches o i s ull unde s anding. Cogni i e Va ia ion Unlike denomina i e a ia ion, which conce ns he di e en denomina ions used o a single concep , cogni i e o concep ual a ia ion 3 e e s o he a ious ways in which a gi en concep can be cons uc ed, in e p e ed, and ep esen ed depending on con ex ual, cul u al, ideological, o disciplina y ac o s. This ype o a ia ion is o en e lec ed in he use o di e en e ms o app oach he concep om dis inc pe spec i es. Fe nández-Sil a (2011; 2016; 2022) begins wi h he need o mo e beyond he adi ional iew o he concep as a ixed, uni e sal en i y, p oposing ins ead a dynamic, si ua ed, and discou se-cons uc ed concep ion. Acco ding o Fe nández-Sil a, concep ual a ia ion is inhe en o he e olu ion o scien i ic and echnical knowledge, as well as o i s 3 In his a icle, we use hese wo e ms as synonyms, al hough concep ual a ia ion is mo e equen ly used o e e o changes o di e ences in he concep i sel associa ed wi h a e m, while cogni i e a ia ion e e s o how a speake concep ualizes o pe cei es a concep a a gi en momen o in a speci ic con ex . 4 ci cula ion among di e en communi ies. She a gues ha specialised concep s a e no closed en i ies bu open s uc u es shaped h ough aming p ocesses and econ ex ualisa ion. In his ega d, she d aws on Fillmo e’s F ame Seman ics (1977) o emphasise ha concep s a e ac i a ed h ough complex cogni i e s uc u es ha de e mine which aspec s o knowledge become salien in each communica i e si ua ion. F om his pe spec i e, concep ual a ia ion eme ges as a na u al and necessa y phenomenon in specialised communica ion, especially when knowledge ci cula es among communi ies wi h di e en p io i ies, le els o expe ise, o ideological posi ions. Wi hin he F ame-Based Te minology app oach, Fabe e al. (2009) and U eña Gómez-Mo eno e al. (2013) ha e de eloped ools o ep esen concep ual a ia ion in e minological knowledge bases. By combining seman ic ela ions, ame blending, and cogni i e dynamics, hei app oach cap u es how a single e m may be concep ualised di e en ly ac oss disciplines. Bení ez and León-A aúz (2023) u he explo e how concep ual a ia ion can be acked h ough compu a ional me hods applied o mul ilingual co po a, e ealing how he same concep may be amed di e en ly ac oss languages and cul u es. Acco ding o he au ho s, his aises signi ican challenges o specialised ansla ion, in e na ional communica ion, and global knowledge managemen . Simila ly, Te cedo (2011) add esses he cogni i e dynamics o concep s, highligh ing he in luence o social change on he econ igu a ion o specialised knowledge. She examines how concep s e ol e o e ime, gene a ing ensions be ween olde and newe ep esen a ions, and how hese ensions a e mani es ed in discou se. Concep ual a ia ion, hen, is also p esen ed as he esul o an e olu iona y p ocess, no me ely a communica i e one–a iew sha ed by schola s such as Du y and Le ad (2008), and mo e ecen ly, Du y (2022) and Du y and Pic on (2024), who ocus on e minological a ia ion om a diach onic pe spec i e. In conclusion, concep ual a ia ion is inhe en o he si ua ed and dynamic na u e o specialised knowledge. I s s udy enhances ou unde s anding o how e ms–and hei meanings–a e p oduced, ansmi ed, and nego ia ed ac oss discou ses ha embody di e se wo ld iews. Clima e Change Te minology Clima e change is a complex phenomenon ha demands a p ecise e minology capable o adap ing o he e e -e ol ing body o knowledge in his ield. In ecen decades, he ocabula y associa ed wi h clima e change has de eloped apidly, in luenced by scien i ic, poli ical, media, and educa ional ac o s. The e o e, i is no only impo an o iden i y speci ic e ms, bu also o unde s and how hese e ms eme ge, a y, and a e communica ed depending on he communica i e con ex , he le el o expe ise, and o he a iables ha may a ec hei use. 5 Guslyako a, Valee a, and Va ko a (2020) analyse how new en i onmen al e ms (g een neology) eme ge and sp ead in educa ion and he media. These neologisms e lec he eme gence o new concep s (e.g. ga bology) and he need o ind e ec i e ways o name and communica e hem. The au ho s a gue ha ideological and educa ional componen s a e key o en i onmen al li e acy, and ha hese neologisms se e no only a denomina i e unc ion bu also ac as pe suasi e ools ha shape educa ional and poli ical discou se. Consequen ly, one o he de ining ea u es o clima e discou se is i s cons an p oduc ion o neologisms. This dynamism is also ela ed o he in e disciplina y na u e o clima e knowledge. Moo e e al. (2021), o example, analyse he e m ans o ma ion in he con ex o clima e change mi iga ion. In hei sys ema ic e iew, hey obse e ha he e m is used ambiguously and wi h mul iple meanings, anging om echnological change o deep social econ igu a ions. This polysemy e lec s he complexi y o clima e phenomena and he di e si y o disciplina y pe spec i es in ol ed. Thus, e ms such as ene gy ansi ion, sys emic ans o ma ion, o clima e jus ice ca y no only echnical weigh , bu also poli ical and e hical signi icance. Thus, Moo e e al. simila ly concludes ha e minology no only desc ibes change bu ac i ely pa icipa es in cons uc ing i discu si ely. F om a p agma ic pe spec i e, Ca ió-Pas o and Candel-Mo a (2012) also a gue ha e minology should be unde s ood as a con ex ual and discu si e phenomenon, beyond any p esumed no ma i e igidi y. Th ough co pus analysis, hey show ha he choice o clima e- ela ed e ms depends on ac o s such as ex gen e (academic, media, educa ional), a ge audience (expe s, s uden s o laypeople), as well as communica ion channel and pu pose: echnical p ecision, simpli ied dissemina ion, o he o ical e ec . They a gue ha communica i e speci ici y (who speaks, o whom, and o wha pu pose) is cen al in e minological choice. F om a mo e discou se-o ien ed pe spec i e, Bu eau (2024) demons a es ha concep ual ep esen a ions o clima e change a y no only in e minology bu also in he ames o e e ence ac i a ed in di e en discou ses. Compa ing expe and media co po a, she inds signi ican di e ences in how causes, solu ions, and esponsibili ies ela ed o clima e change a e concep ualised. These indings align wi h Roge s (2004), who no es ha media discou se ends o simpli y and econ igu e scien i ic knowledge abou clima e, p oducing hyb id and some imes imp ecise concep s, hough mo e accessible o he gene al public. Concep ual me apho s ha e also been shown o play a cen al ole in shaping unde s anding o clima e change. Haddad Haddad and Mon e o-Ma ínez (2021) poin ou ha exp essions like ca bon oo p in o ca bon cap u e unc ion as s uc u ing me apho s, p ojec ing speci ic cogni i e ames on o abs ac phenomena. These me apho s no only aid unde s anding bu also o ien ac ion, since each ame en ails a di e en way o pe cei ing and add essing he p oblem. The ans e o such me apho s ac oss languages and cul u es can gene a e seman ic ensions. In hei English–A abic con as i e s udy, he au ho s highligh he di icul y o ansla ing concep ual implica u es accu a ely, which can a ec 6 communica i e e ec i eness in mul ilingual con ex s. Cabezas-Ga cía and León-A aúz (2022) ein o ce his idea by demons a ing ha clima e change communica ion accommoda es e minological a ian s ailo ed o di e en communica i e needs. Fo example, he choice be ween global wa ming and clima e c isis is no neu al: i implies di e ences in ideology, egis e , and communica i e in en . The way e ms a e used can shape public pe cep ion. Howe e , ecen s udies such as Goldwe e al. (2024) sugges ha changing e minology does no necessa ily a ec beha iou al in en ions. In hei expe imen al esea ch, hey ound ha eplacing e ms like global wa ming wi h clima e c isis had no s a is ically signi ican impac on people’s willingness o ake clima e ac ion. This inding in i es a mo e nuanced iew o he di ec in luence o language on en i onmen al beha iou , al hough i does no ule ou i s ole in cogni i e aming. DATA AND METHODOLOGY Empi ical esea ch on e minological a ia ion is based on ex analysis, since ha is he na u al en i onmen o e ms and whe e hei eal beha io can be obse ed. Fo his s udy, we ha e decided o ely on glossa ies, assuming ha he a ia ion eco ded he e will be smalle han he a ia ion ha ac ually exis s. In his way, we will base ou obse a ions on he examples ha ha e passed h ough he il e s applied by he e minologis s o specialis s who compiled he glossa ies, and which should be he mos s abilized in he specialis s’ usage. To compile a lis o he mos ep esen a i e e ms in he ocabula y ela ed o clima e change, we consul ed se e al glossa ies e ie ed h ough Google sea ches. These include Glossa y o Clima e Change Te ms (Uni ed S a es En i onmen al P o ec ion Agency), The Clima e Dic iona y: An E e yday Guide o Clima e Change (Uni ed Na ions De elopmen P og amme), Clima e Change Glossa y (BBC News), Clima e Change Glossa y: De ini ion o Key Te ms (Sus ainable T a el In e na ional), and Glossa y (O ice o Clima e Educa ion). A e selec ing he 100 e ms ha appea ed in he g ea es numbe o glossa ies, we sea ched o hem in wo e minological da abases: IATE (In e ac i e Te minology o Eu ope, om he Eu opean Union) and Ce ca e m (by Te mca , Ca alan go e nmen , Gene ali a de Ca alunya). The inal selec ion consis ed o 80 concep s, each ep esen ed by one o mo e e ms, all o which we e documen ed in a leas one o he da abases (mos o hem in bo h). The ull lis o 80 concep s and hei a ian s is a ailable in he appendix. Fo he o mal classi ica ion o a ian s, we d ew on he ypology p oposed by F eixa (2003), which g oups a ian s acco ding o whe he he change is g aphical, mo phosyn ac ic, educ ion, o lexical. This classi ica ion also allows o analysis o he deg ee o concep ual equi alence be ween a ian s (in cases wi h mo e han wo denomina ions, we compa ed hose wi h he leas o mal di e gence). Finally, o analyse he usage and e olu ion o e ms o e ime in specialized discou se, we used Google Ng am 7 Viewe , a ool ha allows o he compa ison o up o i e denomina ions simul aneously on a single empo al axis, enabling us o ack he appea ance and ela i e equency o each e m o e ime. To compa e he esul s wi h he usage and e olu ion o he e ms in jou nalis ic discou se, we used Fac i a 4 , he wo ld’s la ges p ess da abase, by Dow Jones. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS In his sec ion, we i s analyse he denomina i e index o he concep s included in ou sample o e ms. Nex , we o e an ini ial analysis o selec ed examples based on hei o mal classi ica ion, highligh ing he dis inc i e ea u es o he denomina i e a ian s and placing special emphasis on cases o cogni i e a ia ion. Finally, we examine selec ed e m clus e s o obse e how di e en a ian s show di e en cogni i e pe spec i es and how ha e hey e ol ed o e ime along he empo al axis. Denomina i e Index Mos o ou 80 concep s a e ep esen ed by one e m o wo. Bu 20% a e ep esen ed by 3 e ms and, as can be seen in Table 1; one concep is ep esen ed by 6 e ms and ano he one by 7. So, he denomina i e index (i.e., he a e age numbe o denomina ions pe concep , ollowing F eixa 2003) s ands a 2.37 denomina ions pe concep . Table 1. Dis ibu ion o Denomina i e G oups by Numbe o Denomina ions Den Quan i y % 1 25 31,25 2 25 31,25 3 16 20,00 4 6 7,50 5 6 7,50 6 1 1,25 7 1 1,25 To al 80 100% Index ---- 2,37 Rep esen ed by one e m we ha e examples like dese i ica ion, g eenhouse e ec , ozone p ecu so , an h opocene, ewilding, and ci cula economy. In e es ingly, he i s h ee a e olde e ms (none a e 1970), while he la e h ee a e mo e ecen (all appea ing a ound 2010), so, he age o a e m does no appea o de e mine whe he o no i has al e na e denomina ions. No does equency seem o be a decisi e ac o , as all a e among he mos equen ly used concep s in clima e- ela ed discou se. Simila ly, no speci ic wo d o ma ion p ocess appea s o go e n hei a iabili y. Thus, he ques ion o why some 4 Dow Jones. Fac i a. Da abase. A ailable a : h ps://www.dowjones.com/p oduc s/ ac i a. 8 concep s exhibi e minological a ia ion and o he s do no will need o be s udied in u u e wo k. Ano he hi d (31.25%) o he concep s is ep esen ed by wo denomina ions, while he emaining hi d (37.50%) a e ep esen ed by mo e han wo. The concep s ep esen ed by he highes numbe o denomina ions a e: hyd o ac u ing (wi h hyd aulic acking, hyd aulic ac u ing, hyd o acking, hyd o- ac and HF) and eco- iendly (en i onmen - iendly, en i onmen ally iendly, g een, ea h iendly, ecological, en i onmen al). Fo mal change dis ibu ion We app oach he s udy o seman ic equi alence among denomina ions ha al e na e o he same concep by analyzing he ype o o mal a ia ion obse ed. As shown in Table 2 and ollowing he classi ica ion p oposed by F eixa (2003), we ha e g ouped he examples in o ou ca ego ies based on whe he he change is g aphical, mo phosyn ac ic, educ ion, o lexical. We can see ha mos o he examples clus e a he wo ex emes: he mino change, which is simply g aphical, and he majo one, which in ol es a lexical change. Table 2. Classi ica ion by Type o Fo mal Va ia ion Type Quan i y % Examples G aphical 29 29.89 paleoclima ology / palaeoclima ology Mo phosyn ac ic 13 13.40 g eenwash / g eenwashing Reduc ion 20 20.83 li ing biomass / biomass Lexical 35 36.45 ca bon ma ke / ca bon ading G aphical a ia ion The examples o g aphical a ia ion ep esen he highes deg ee o seman ic equi alence. These include al e na ions in ol ing hyphena ion (e.g., ag oecology / ag o- ecology, bio uel / bio- uel, ne ze o / ne -ze o), spacing (hea wa e / hea wa e, was e wa e / was ewa e , sal wa e in usion / sal wa e in usion), and o hog aphic di e ences be ween B i ish and Ame ican English (paleoclima ology / palaeoclima ology, biome hanisa ion / biome haniza ion, e o es a ion / ea o es a ion). All o hese examples a e seman ically iden ical and do no ca y dis inc conno a ions beyond egional spelling con en ions. This ca ego y also includes nume ous cases o ull o ms and abb e ia ions, such as ac onyms (global wa ming po en ial / GWP, sea le el ise / SLR, g eenhouse gases / GHG), chemical o mulas (ca bon dioxide / CO₂), o o he sho ened o ms ( edox po en ial / oxida ion- educ ion po en ial, biological di e si y / biodi e si y, ecological anxie y / eco- anxie y). In many o hese cases, abb e ia ed o ms (like SLR o GWP) end o appea mo e equen ly in ex s wi h a highe deg ee o specializa ion. 9 Mo phosyn ac ic a ia ion Mo phosyn ac ic a ia ion is less equen (13.40%) and is mos ly associa ed wi h mo phological shi s, such as be ween nominal and e bal o ms (ca bon o se / ca bon o se ing, g eenwashing / g eenwash), o a ia ion in ol ing su ixa ion (clima e change / clima ic change, ni ogen e ilize / ni ogenous e ilize , en i onmen - iendly / en i onmen ally iendly). Some examples show syn ac ic es uc u ing, as in loss o biodi e si y / biodi e si y loss. Mos o hese cases display a high deg ee o equi alence, wi h li le o no deno a i e o conno a i e di e ence. The al e na ion be ween clima e change and clima ic change dese es pa icula a en ion. As i can be seen in igu e 1, bo h e ms we e a ely used be o e he mid-1980s and we e la gely es ic ed o scien i ic ex s. Howe e , wi h he ad ancemen o clima ology and he de elopmen o mo e sophis ica ed clima e models, clima e change gained ac ion as he gene al e m o desc ibing shi s in global wea he pa e ns. In 1988, he In e go e nmen al Panel on Clima e Change (IPCC) was es ablished as he main body assessing clima e science, consolida ing clima e change as he s anda d e m in in e na ional poli ical and scien i ic discou se. This explains he s eep ise in usage (blue cu e) a e 1985, a end ha has con inued unin e up ed, while clima ic change has emained ma ginal in equency. Figu e 1. Tempo al e olu ion o clima e change and clima ic change Reduc ion One ype o e minological a ia ion ha is o en o e looked, despi e i s quan i a i e ele ance (20.83%), is ha which esul s om he educ ion o syn agma ic o ms. These a e o en anapho ic educ ions, whe e he elided pa is eco e ed om con ex , bu in o he cases he educed o m is no anapho ic, ei he because i has become lexicalized, o because he ex ended o m includes less ele an o edundan in o ma ion. The seman ic dis ance be ween al e na ing o ms depends on whe he he educ ion is anapho ic (in which case he equi alence is jus con ex -dependen ) o lexical ( ypically showing a high deg ee o seman ic equi alence). 16 M.-C. L’Homme, Ams e dam: John Benjamins, 421–434. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.1075/ l p.23.19du . Du y Pascaline, Le ad Susanne 2008: La a ia ion synonymique dans la e minologie de l’éne gie: app oches synch onique e diach onique, deux é udes de cas [Synonymic Va ia ion in Ene gy Te minology: Synch onic and Diach onic App oaches, Two Case S udies]. – LSP and P o essional Communica ion (2001–2008). Du y Pascaline, Pic on Au élie (eds.) 2024: La dimension diach onique dans les langues de spéciali é [The Diach onic Dimension in Languages o Special Pu poses]. – Lexique 35. Eu opean Union. n.d. IATE – In e Ac i e Te minology o Eu ope [Accessed July 17, 2025]. A ailable a : h ps://ia e.eu opa.eu/. Fabe Pamela 2022: F ame-Based Te minology. – Theo e ical Pe spec i es on Te minology: Explaining Te ms, Concep s and Specialized Knowledge, eds. P. Fabe , M.-C. L’Homme, Ams e dam: John Benjamins, 353–376. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.1075/ l p.23.20 e . Fabe Pamela, León-A aúz Pila , P ie o Juan A. 2009: Seman ic Rela ions, Dynamici y, and Te minological Knowledge Bases. – Cu en Issues in Language S udies 1(1),  1–23. Fe nández-Sil a Sabela 2011: Va iación e minológica y cognición: ac o es cogni i os en la denominación del concep o especializado [Te minological Va ia ion and Cogni ion: Cogni i e Fac o s in he Designa ion o he Specialized Concep ]: PhD diss., Uni e si a Pompeu Fab a. Fe nández-Sil a Sabela 2016: The Cogni i e and Rhe o ical Role o Te m Va ia ion and I s Con ibu ion o Knowledge Cons uc ion in Resea ch A icles. – Te minology: In e na ional Jou nal o Theo e ical and Applied Issues in Specialized Communica ion 22(1), 52–79. Fe nández-Sil a Sabela 2022: Cogni i e App oaches o he S udy o Te m Va ia ion. – Theo e ical Pe spec i es on Te minology: Explaining Te ms, Concep s and Specialized Knowledge, eds. P. Fabe , M.-C. L’Homme, Ams e dam: John Benjamins, 435–456. Fillmo e Cha les J. 1977: Topics in Lexical Seman ics. – Cu en Issues in Linguis ic Theo y, ed. R.  W. Cole, Blooming on: Indiana Uni e si y P ess, 76–138. F eixa Judi 2003: La a iació e minològica: Anàlisi de la a iació denomina i a en ex os de di e en g au d’especiali zació de l’à ea de medi ambien [Te minological Va ia ion: Analysis o Denomina i e Va ia ion in Tex s wi h Di e en Le els o Specializa ion in he Field o he En i onmen ]: PhD diss., Uni e si a Pompeu Fab a. F eixa Judi 2006: Causes o Denomina i e Va ia ion in Te minology: A Typology P oposal. – Te minology: In e na ional Jou nal o Theo e ical and Applied Issues in Specialized Communica ion 12(1), 51–77. 17 F eixa Judi 2013: O a ez sob e las causas de la a iación denomina i e [Once Again on he Causes o Denomina i e Va ia ion]. – Deba e Te minológico, 9 38–946. F eixa Judi 2022: Causes o e minological a ia ion. – Theo e ical Pe spec i es on Te minology: Explaining Te ms, Concep s and Specialized Knowledge, eds. P. Fabe , M.-C. L’Homme, Ams e dam: John Benjamins, 399–420. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.1075/ l p.23.18 e. Goldwe Danielle, Doell Kimbe ly C., Van Ba el Jay J., Vlasceanu Madalina 2024: Clima e Change Te minology Does no In luence Willingness o Take Clima e Ac ion. – Jou nal o En i onmen al Psychology 100, 1–5. Guslyako a Alla, Valee a Nailya, Va ko a Olga 2020: ‘G een Neology’ and I s Role in En i onmen al Educa ion (A Media Discou se App oach). – E3S Web o Con e ences 169(4),  05004. Haddad Haddad Amal, Mon e o-Ma ínez Sil ia 2021: La me á o a en la e minología del cambio climá ico: Un es udio con as i o inglés-á abe [Me apho in he Te minology o Clima e Change: A Con as i e English–A abic S udy]. – UGR Digibug. A ailable a : h ps://digibug.ug .es/. In e go e nmen al Panel on Clima e Change (IPCC). n.d. Special Repo : Global Wa ming o 1.5 ºC. Glossa y. A ailable a : h ps://www.ipcc.ch/s 15/chap e /glossa y/. Me O ice. n.d. Clima e Change Glossa y. A ailable a : h ps://wea he .me o ice.go .uk/clima e-change/clima e-glossa y Moo e B endan, Ve ue h Ca oline, Minas Angela Mae, Tipping Ch is ianne, Mande Sa ah, Lo enzoni I ene, Hoolohan Clai e, Jo dan And ew J., Whi ma sh Lo aine 2021: T ans o ma ions o Clima e Change Mi iga ion: A Sys ema ic Re iew o Te minology, Concep s, and Cha ac e is ics. – Wiley In e disciplina y Re iews: Clima e Change 12(6), e738. O ice o Clima e Educa ion (OCE). n.d. Glossa y. A ailable a : h ps://www.oce.global/en/ esou ces/clima e-science/glossa y/. Roge s Ma ga e 2004: Mul idimensionali y in Concep Sys ems: A Bilingual Tex ual Pe spec i e. – Te minology: In e na ional Jou nal o Theo e ical and Applied Issues in Specialized Communica ion 10(2), 215–240. Sus ainable T a el In e na ional 2024: Clima e Change Glossa y: De ini ions o Key Te ms. A ailable a : h ps://sus ainable a el.o g/clima e-change-glossa y/. Temme man Ri a 2000: Towa ds New Ways o Te minology Desc ip ion: The Sociocogni i e App oach, Ams e dam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Te cedo Ma ibel 2011: The Cogni i e Dynamics o Te minological Va ia ion. – Te minology 17(2), 181–197. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.1075/ e m.17.2.01 e . 18 TERMCAT (Cen e de Te minologia de Ca alunya). n.d. *Ce ca e m – Base de da os e minológica*[Ce ca e m – Te minological Da abase] [Accessed 17 July 2025]. A ailable a : h ps://www. e mca .ca /en/ce ca e m. Uni ed Na ions De elopmen P og amme (UNDP) 2023: The Clima e Dic iona y: An E e yday Guide o Clima e Change. A ailable a : h ps://clima ep omise.undp.o g/news-and-s o ies/clima e-dic iona y-e e yday- guide-clima e-change. Uni ed S a es En i onmen al P o ec ion Agency (EPA) 2016: Glossa y o Clima e Change Te ms. A ailable a : h ps://19janua y2017snapsho .epa.go /clima echange/glossa y- clima e-change- e ms_.h ml. U eña Gómez-Mo eno, Manuel José, Fabe Pamela, Cas o Mi iam Buendía 2013: F ame Blending in Specialized Language: Ha m ul Algal Bloom. – Te minology: In e na ional Jou nal o Theo e ical and Applied Issues in Specialized Communica ion 19(2), 175–201. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.1075/ e m.19.2.02gom. APPENDIX 1: LIST OF TERMS 1. ag oecology, ag o-ecology 2. albedo, e lec ance 3. an h opocene 4. an h opogenic 5. a mosphe ic ae osol 6. a mosphe ic li e ime 7. biodi e si y, biological di e si y 8. biodi e si y loss, loss o biodi e si y, loss o biological di e si y, biodi e si y e osion, e osion o biodi e si y 9. bio uel, bio- uel 10. biogasi ica ion, biome hanisa ion, biome haniza ion, me haniza ion, me hanisa ion 11. biomass, li ing biomass 12. biosphe e 13. blue economy 14. ca bon cap u e, CO2 cap u e, ca bon dioxide cap u e, cap u e o CO2 15. ca bon cycle, ci cula ion o ca bon 16. ca bon dioxide, CO2 17. ca bon dioxide emissions, ca bon emissions, CO2 emissions 18. ca bon oo p in , CO2 oo p in , ca bon dioxide oo p in 19. ca bon in ensi y, CO2 in ensi y, ca bon dioxide in ensi y, CI 20. ca bon ma ke , ca bon ading, emissions ading 21. ca bon neu al, ca bon-neu al, clima e neu al, GHG emissions neu al, g eenhouse gas emissions neu al 22. ca bon o se ing, ca bon o se 23. ca bon emo al, ca bon dioxide emo al, CDR 24. ca bon seques a ion, CO2 seques a ion, ca bon dioxide seques a ion, ca bon dioxide s o age, s o age o ca bon 25. ca bon sink, ca bon dioxide sink, sink 26. ci cula economy 27. clima e change, clima ic change 28. clima e change adap a ion, adap a ion o clima e change, clima e adap a ion, adap a ion 29. clima e c isis, clima e eme gency, clima e b eakdown 30. clima e jus ice 31. clima e esilience, esilience o clima e change, clima e esiliency 32. clima e sensi i i y, sensi i i y 19 33. clima e s ike, F idays Fo Fu u e, FFF, School S ike o Clima e, You h Fo Clima e 34. clima e ipping poin , ipping poin , poin o no e u n 35. clima e ansi ion 36. clima e a iabili y, clima ic a iabili y 37. compos able 38. c yosphe e 39. dese i ica ion 40. d inking wa e , po able wa e 41. eco-anxie y, ecological anxie y, en i onmen al anxie y 42. eco- iendly, en i onmen - iendly, en i onmen ally iendly, g een, ea h iendly, ecological, en i onmen al 43. eco- e ugee, en i onmen al mig an , en i onmen al e ugee 44. ene gy e iciency 45. ene gy ansi ion 46. en i onmen al ce i ica ion 47. e apo anspi a ion 48. ex eme wea he e en 49. global wa ming, global hea ing 50. global wa ming po en ial, GWP 51. g eenhouse e ec 52. g eenhouse gases, GHG 53. g eenwashing, g eenwash, g een sheen 54. hea wa e, hea wa e, wa m spell, ho spell 55. hea y me al 56. hyd o luo oca bon, luo ohyd oca bon, HFC 57. hyd o ac u ing, hyd aulic acking, hyd aulic ac u ing, hyd o acking, hyd o- ac, HF 58. indigenous knowledge, local knowledge, adi ional knowledge 59. indi ec emissions 60. megaci y 61. na u e es o a ion 62. ne ze o, ne -ze o 63. ni ogen e ilize , ni ogenous e ilize 64. ozone laye , ozone shield, ozonosphe e 65. ozone p ecu so 66. paleoclima ology, palaeoclima ology 67. pe ma os , pe gelisol 68. pho ochemical smog, oxidan smog, oxidizing 69. edox po en ial, oxida ion- educ ion po en ial 70. e o es a ion, ea o es a ion, es ocking 71. egene a i e ag icul u e, egene a i e a ming 72. enewable ene gy, ene gy om enewable sou ces 73. ewilding 74. sal wa e in usion, sal wa e in usion, saline in usion, sal wa e enc oachmen 75. sea le el ise, SLR 76. soil deg ada ion, soil de e io a ion 77. species ein oduc ion 78. suspended pa icula e ma e , SPM, pa icula e ma e , PM, suspended pa icula es 79. sus ainable de elopmen , SD 80. was ewa e , was e wa e , sewage e luen , sewage