„Draugiškas“, „Draugingas“, „Draugus“

J. Klimavičius. Friendly, friendly, friends 133 JONAS KLIMAVIČIUS lietuvių kalbos institutas Draugiškas, Draugingas, Draugus alfonso See the review of the book by Eidinto in the Moscow Sphinx “An Attractive Story of the Loss of Independence in 1940.” (Mokslo Lietuva, 2006 22 10, 13) Prof. Arnoldas Piročkinas also found “a considerable number of things that violate language culture” (10). Among the few "non-normative, obsolete and irregularly constructed words" (10) is classified as friendly. However, the reviewer does not provide either examples or the meaning of the use of this word in a. Eidžius’s book, so it remains unclear whether the reviewer considers it non-normal or incorrect for some reason. His argument is authority: “Who would justify the words draugingas, draugingumas, often used in a. Eidintas’ book, by the example of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary. However, I think that we should follow the opinion of Jonas Jablonskis that these words should not be used: they should be replaced by the words friendly, friendliness, which are characteristic of the Lithuanian language system” (10). As for J. Jablonski’s opinion, the Jablonskiist (Jablonski’s specialist) is quite right – J. Jablonski certainly corrected the word friendly in the meaning of “friendly” (JablR iv 1935: 316, 329; v 1936: 223; J.JablRR ii 1959: 298, 307, 512). This is a very simple fix – here is definitely more typical friendly 1. „characteristic of a friend, friendly“: Friendly behaviour (J. Jablonskis). "Sedlim draugiškai, valgim sausainį šuniškai" (J. Brodovskio žodynas) lKŽ ii2 1969. But there is also 2. „friend, inclined to make friends“ (J. Šlapelis, m. Šalčius) lKŽ ii2 1969. It is already noticeable in Konstantinas Sirvydas’s dictionary (1642) friendly: Towárzyski / Familiaris, socialis, sebrißkas / draugingas – thus one -iškas, the other -ingas. In Ferdinand Nesselmann’s dictionary (1851) there is a clear distinction: gesellig for friendly and friends, and gemeinschaftlich, allgemein for friends. Friendly is also in the new scripts. Already in 1938, a different norm was established – a. s. (i.e. antanas salys) of the native language newspaper “Klausimų kraitelė” distinguishes: “With the adjective draugiškas we say essential, more internal, characteristics, in German kameradschaftlich, in Russian товарищеский, and draugingas again means having many friends and, in addition, 134 Language Culture | 81 willing to be friends, german. gesellig, rusų sociable. we say: a friendly person is usually also friendly” (GK 1938: 4 56; a.salR i 1979: 254). This distinction is also enshrined in the 1938 dictionary General Philosophy Terminology prepared by Stasys Šalkauskas: A friendly person has many friends, and a person who tends to be friends has many friends. Usually a friendly person is friendly and behaves. Friendly attitude towards one’s friends is a sign of friendly loyalty (s.ŠalkR ii 1991: 216). A year later it was consolidated in the booklet Kalbos patarėjas (1939) prepared by Leonardas Dambrauskas and edited by Antanas Salis and Pranas Skardiejus. Thesaurus lKŽ ii1 1947 the word draugingas first presents from the noun draug 1. „friendship, company, company, bunch“ (old scripts and dialects) and 2. „šeima, šeimyna“ (vakarų dzūkai) padarytą – 1. „didelės draugės (šeimos), „abundant“: Friendly bee marcinkónys. like your bulbs, are they friendly (or much under the bush)? A singer. It should be a homonym (this distinction is not made in lKŽ ii2 1969, only this meaning is already 3.). This homonymous work remained unrevealed in P. Skardžius's 1943 book Lietuvos kalbos žodžių daryba. 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 2nd place 1947 "friendly, pleasant" and only 3. „has or is inclined to have friends“, but lKŽ ii2 1969 it is already draugingas 1. clearly began to standardize DŽ1 1954: draugingas 1. „having or inclined to have friends“, although not entirely consistent: relative – and 1. “having many relatives”, and 2. “close, related”: related words – like related: related peoples, related feelings. Furthermore, DŽ did not follow the path of normative strictness – unambiguity, but the simple path of regularity and variety of stylistic capabilities: friendly – 1. ‘having or likely to have friends’, 2. „prone to be friends, friendly“ DŽ2 1972, DŽ3 1993, but not quite consistent: related – only „close, relative“ DŽ2, although later – 1. “having many relatives”, 2. "near-minded, kindred" DG3. most importantly, the word draugiškas kità, not corrected by J. Jablonski, but with the meaning necessary for the language in the normative dictionary is. In some bilingual dictionaries the synonyms are listed without the necessary distinction: общительный – likes to communicate, meet, friends, friendly, friendly; conversational, friendly; sociable RlKŽ ii 1967, better – likes to communicate, friendly, friends, talkative, sociable RlKŽ ii 1983. It is well distinguished between friendly – дружеский, then ва риа ческий and friendly – общительный; Company lRKŽ 1971. But lRKŽ 1988 – only friendly, and instead of friendly inserted... приятель – общительный <...> человек. assigned sociable – 1. 1) draugingas, draugus, in J. Klimavičius. Friendly, friendly, friends 135 talkative [2) friendly, warm] and friendly – 1. 1) friendly alKŽ 1975 (no distinction – and friendly – friendly, and friendly – friendly; amicable laKŽ 1979 and 1991); draugingas (mėgstantis bendrauti) – sociable; (fast befriended) – liant lPKŽ 1992 (friendly – not!..), more precisely – sociable – friendly, pleasant, liant – 2) prk. friendly, affectionate; prieraišus ir amical – bičiuliškas, draugiškas PlKŽ 1976, nors sociable – ir socialus, visuomeniškas, linkęs bendraugiškas – amichevole litKŽ 2003, panašiai – draugingas – amichevole, socievole, draugiškas – 1. amichevole, benigno, affabile itlKŽ 2005, drauti PlKŽ 2004; draugingas – affabile, socievole; (draugiškas) amichevole, socievole – mėgstantis bendrauti; amichevole – friendly, friendly, affabile – sticky, sweet, nice, accommodating, sincere itlKŽ 2002; sociable – friendly, communicative, amigable – 1) friendly and sociable – amigable, sociable (friendly – not) ispl, lispKŽ 2004. Thus, we see a fairly consistent designation of the meanings “friendly” and “friendly” with different words in many languages, so it is quite justified and necessary to distinguish between friendly and friendly in the Lithuanian language, although it is not yet quite established – friendly is sometimes both “friendly”, friendly occasionally – and “friendly”, friendly – and social or descriptive (with the least expression) – preferring to distinguish between them, e.g. : Another thing that makes people so fond of socializing is that they can’t stand loneliness a.Schopenhagen 1994 185. The minds and spirits drauti. Beje, reikia pažymėti tam tikrą draugingo ir mėgstančio bendrauti dar of the vast majority of people are just as monotonous, <...>. That thing explains not only why they are so friendly and so fond of flocking together in herds – <...> a.SchopenhGia 1994 186, cf. also the tendency to communicate (ibid., 187), the need to communicate (ibid., 189), although it is rather the commonality. and what if J. Jablonski knew these differences in meaning? He was very good at speaking and was very attentive. a. Pirochkin states: “Yablonsky tried to change the adjectives hospitable = feastful, feastful (v. 18, 204), relative = relatives (v. 184–185) and false = untrue, unlawful, false (v. 224).” (a.PiročkJJKT 1986: 74). reply to Viktoras Kamantauskas’s booklet Trumpas kalbos nereguliukėlio lingumų ir barbarizmų žodynėlis (1928) taisymus (teikinys – po antraštinio žodžio; kartais yra komentarų) savo tęstiniu straipsniu „mūsų kalbos žodydalykai” (1928), J. Jablonskis reproaches him for Kamantauskas’s correction of the word viesingas into vaišingas, vaišus: “and here the author absolutely needed to operate with clear language texts” (JablR v 1936: 204), i.e. to provide examples of corrections – errors. Jablonski explains: “I myself, it seems, have no 136 KalBos KulTūRa | 81 have been used in writing, although the word hospitable in a certain sense could, of course, be used (next to "fishy lake, poetic land"); of the words vaišingas, vaišus meaning he (the word svetingas), of course, is not usable... " (JablR v 1936: 204). J. Jablonskis does not correct anything specifically here, and his approach is strictly constructive. However, it alone is not enough – there are also lexical meanings that have developed in the microsystem: vaišingas – “a person who likes to feast, a good feast-maker” DŽ1, “a person who likes to feast, a good feast-maker” DŽ2,3 (: feasts; cf. and vaišinti “to give tasty food or drink” DŽ3) and svetingas – “a person who likes guests, feast-maker” DŽ1, “a person who likes guests, feast-maker” DŽ2,3 (: guest; cf. and svečiuotis “to be a guest, to visit” DŽ3, and viešėti – “to be at feasts, at guests, to visit” DŽ3). The closeness of the meanings of these two adjectives is confirmed by live language data lKŽ Xiv 1986: svetingas – "loving guests, kindly, festively receiving them, accepting them": Buvo anie sveingi, su tais svetimais liuob pravalgys viską veivųržėnai. A hospitable Catholic takes care that in his home the traveler will be well a. Baranauskas. [The soldier] was hospitally received and comforted as if at a very good man’s J. BasanlP mlm 1902 2 214 (Gražiškiai) // „where it is kindly received, met“: Pirkion (in the wall of the buy) put the floor of the bridge – it will be hospitable [buy] valkiniñkai. perfectly rightly the dominant of the synonym line is feastful, and in it – hospitable (a.lybersŽ 1981). v. Kamantauskas nothing has been corrected, only marked: "liar ing in the present meaning is used by ivinskis and valančauskis". J. Jablonski (not in this, but in another article) literally adhered only to the meaning of the action [in fact should be false (: lie) – as true, deceptive], but unknown (?) authentic language data: false complaint J. BasanlPY 1904 2 237, false complaint made by J. BasanlP mlm 1898 1 41, false statement by Ramýgala (lKŽ vii 1966). Jablonskis might not have known yet, Pirochkin could have already... v. Kamantauskas corrects the relative to relatives (this one is taken from the writings of Kazimieras Buga). J. Jablonskis, contrary to Pirochkin’s statement, writes: “I myself will not be able to advise the reader to correct the word giminingas everywhere by the word giminus, until I know in what sense the word giminingas is used in what context, until I know, to be sure, what the word giminus means in written language: <...>” (JablR v 1936: 184). lKŽ iii 1956 giminus – “relative”: relatives, who par (i. e. per) žanatvę (i. e. marriage) inėjo into that family a. Juškos dictionary. The language is closely related but not identical to the language of the Lakota people. The shortened version of this sentence by K. Buga is also DŽ2,3. J. Jablonski has also corrected unfriendly people into unfriendly, unfriendly (?)..., unfavorable (JablR iv 1935: 329). Jablonskinis a. Piročkinas even from the J. Klimavičius. Friendly, friendly, friends 137 do not mention. o and lKZ ii1 friends, lKZ ii2 friends 1. „like to make friends, friendly, kind” is also illustrated by J. Jablonski’s sentence: He is very friendly (he immediately makes friends). This is transferred to DŽ1, remaining DŽ2, and moreover – to DŽ3, although this is hardly an important feature of the common language. But from this we see that J. Jablonskis used the word draugus in two meanings – 1) “friendly”, 2) “friendly”. therefore, it is not possible to say that he cursed the word friendly at all – no, only in the meaning of “friendly” did not consider it characteristic. a. Pirochkin correctly says that -ingas adjectives “are very rarely made from nouns denoting living beings” (a. PirochkJJKT 1986: 73). J. Jablonskis, who corrected many of them, is poetic, heroic, patriotic, intelligent... but you cannot look at it formally. Enthusiastic is certainly not a Lithuanian derivative of enthusiast, it is a loanword – энтузиаст-ический, Polish. entuzjast-yczny – the result of substitution of the prefix of Lithuanianization. Enthusiastic is a part of a long string of similar adjectives, which are not related to the names of the person at all – ambitious, ceremonial, emotional, energetic, harmonious, capricious, competent, competitive, mannered, pretentious, principled, tendentious..., only denoting the characteristics of the person. and it is not at all necessary to invent an unspeakable difference, afraid of formalists: enthusiastic “a bunch of enthusiasm”, and enthusiastic – “having enthusiasm”. Of course, microsystemicity should be respected – if there is only antipathic, it is inappropriate to give preference to sympathetic. The differences in meaning cannot be overlooked either. Probably no one yet confuses the opposite and the hostile, sometimes even emphasizes the difference: completely opposite and irreconcilably hostile NŽa 2006 12 569. But it is abnormal that in the normative dictionary there is only systematic (of course, also systemic of other meanings), and the linguists themselves – undoubtedly justifiedly – use the words systematic, systemicity: <...>, bendūd rinė kalba must be not only systematic GK 1997 4 1. systemicity of language is a variable phenomenon with internal contradictions (ibid.). The systemic nature of language is particularly emphasized by structuralists K. Gaiv, s. KeinKTŽ 1990, who demand that language be studied as a system. Systematics of terms K. GaivlT 2002 40. for the theory and practice of language culture the factor of systematics is very important a. PupkKKs 2005 51. Lithuanian names of persons is already mentioned lying, hospitable, as well as travelling, fornication, reckless; vicious (and vicious), prophetic (and prophetic), hypocritical (and hypocritical). and that doesn't cause the system to collapse. 138 Language Culture | 81 Bet ar tikrai draugingas padarytas iš draugas? P. skardžiaus sakoma: „Tam tikrais atvejais, atrodo, kad priesagos -ingadariniai gali būti sudaromi tiek iš daiktavardžių, tiek iš būdvardžių“ (P. skardlKŽD 1943 – RR i 1996: 114). Tų two pages, among them friendly „friendly, friendly” szDi 371 (K. sirvydo žodynas, 1713) (: draugas and draugùs „freundlich, freundschaftlich, leutsellig“) (ibid., 115). This is also noted in the academic trinomial grammar lKG i 1965: 558). But there is another possibility of the verb – friendly “loving a friend, being in a friend’s company”: prijatelj 2. // “company” // “meeting, fun”, 4. ‘family; family (own and hired)’ lKZ ii2. P. skardžius sees such an alternative of the verb as quite common – koilungngas (: báilė), baimėnų gas (: báimė), baisėngas (: baęsas, baisà), gailėngas ir gáilingas (: gaullas, gáilė), laimėn gas (: láima, láimė), malonėngas (: malónė), méilėngas (: méilė), mokslėn gas (: mókslas), narsėngas (: nasas), noringas (: nóras), vargėngas (: vagas)... P. skardRR i 1996 114–116. The pronunciation of some Vedic and root words greatly reinforces this alternative: báilingas (: báilė), báimingas (: báimė), gáilin gas (: gáilė), méilingas (: méilė). iŠvaDa Regular verbs – only not from draugas, but from draug – the word draugingas, reasonably corrected with the meaning “friendly”, should not only be left with the meaning “like to make friends, likes a friend, sociable”, but also be spread in usage. J. Jablonskis was a lawyer in his work, this was the most important thing for him, but since his time the science of work has advanced very far. Furthermore, one cannot fail to see that some of the meanings of the derivatives (welcoming, false,...) are not the result of action but of semantic development. For a nuanced language, it is necessary to have both friendly (perhaps even the equivalent of social) and common sense (: communicate? cf. nértingas: nertėti), common sense – communicable to intruders, strangers, communicability to change. 1975 – English-Lithuanian dictionary. composed by a. laučka, B. Piesarskas, E. stasiulevičiūtė, vilnius. J. Basanavičius ii 2004 – Lithuanian fairy tales 2. compiled by J. Basanavičius, Chicago. J. Klimavičius. Draugiškas, draugingas, draugus 139 J. BasanlP mlm i 1898 – Lithuanian tales 1. "Lithuanian Mythology". collected by J. Basanavičius, shenandoah Pa. J. BasanlP mlm ii 1902 – Lithuanian tales 2. "Lithuanian Mythology". compiled by J. Basanavičius, shenandoah Pa. DŽ1 1954 – Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary, vilnius. 1972 – Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language, Vilnius. DŽ3 1993 – Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language, vilnius. K. GaivlT 2002 – K. Gaivenis. Lithuanian terminology, vilnius. K. Gaiv, s. KeinKTŽ 1990 – K. 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Lithuanian-Russian dictionary, vilnius. lRKŽ 1988 – a. lyberis. Lithuanian-Russian dictionary, vilnius. The New York Times (New York Times Magazine). 1976 – French-Lithuanian dictionary. composed by a. Juškienė, m. Katilienė, a. Kaziūnienė, vilnius. 2004 – J. J. Balašienė. French-Lithuanian dictionary, vilnius. a. PupkKKs 2005 – a. Pupkis. Language culture studies, vilnius. RlKŽ ii 1967 – Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary 2. Prepared by v. Baronas, v. Galinis, vilnius. RlKŽ ii 1983 – Russian-Lithuanian dictionary 2. compiled by Ch. lemchenas, vilnius. 1994 – a. Schopenhauer. life wisdom aphorisms. Green. a. tekorius, vilnius. 140 Language Cultures | 81 Literatures 1978: J. BalčRR i 1978: J. Balčikonis. selected writings 1, vilnius. GK – gimtoji kalba (žurnalas). 1935. pp. 4. "Jablonski's Writings". Red. J. Balčikonis, Kaunas. 1936: The Jablonski Writings 5. Red. J. Balčikonis, Kaunas. J. JablRR II 1959: J. Jablonskis. Selected writings 2. composed by J. Palionis, vilnius. a.lybersŽ 1981: a. lyberis. Dictionary of Synonyms, Vilnius. lKG i 1965: Grammar of Lithuanian Language 1. ed. K. ulvydas, vilnius. a. PiročkJJKT 1986: a. Piročkinas. Translation of John Jablonski, Kaunas. a.salR i 1979: a. salys. writings 1, Rome. 1943–1946: P. Skardžius. Lithuanian language word formation. – selected writings 1, vilnius. 1991. pp. 2. "S.S.C.S.". raštai 2, vilnius. Received 21 April 2008 Draugiškas, Draugingas, Draugus summary The well-formed word draugingas built from draug (and not from draugas) is usually corrected when it has the meaning of ‘friendly’. However, it should be preserved in the meaning of ‘fond of being with other people, sociable’ and disseminated in actual use. Jablonskis was very consistent in building new words; however, linguistics, and word-building in particular, has developed much further since then. moreover, it cannot be overlooked that the meanings of some derivatives (e.g. svetingas, melagingas) are the result of semantic development rather than word-building. To express different shades of meaning, the language needs both: draugingas (which might serve as an equivalent of socialus) and bendringas (:bendrauti? cf. nértingas: nértėti), bendringumas which could replace more irritating foreign words komunikabilus, komunikabilumas. JoNas Klimavičius lietuvių kalbos institutas P. vileišio g. 5, lT-10308 vilnius