Dėl dar vienos lietuvių pavardžių atsiradimo galimybės

KALBA VITALIJA MACIEJAUSKIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language ON ANOTHER POSSIBLE ORIGIN OF LITHUANIAN SURNAMES In studying the system of Lithuanian personal names in the 19th century1, among other things, an effort is made to answer as fully as possible the question of what circumstances and causes determined the character of the present-day body of surnames. In describing it from the perspective of structure, attention should first be drawn to the abundance of surnames with Slavic suffixes—various types of -sk- and -avičius, -evičius. This has already been assessed in studies of Lithuanian historical anthroponymy addressing the features of the final stabilization of Lithuanian surnames, particularly the Slavicization of these personal names (see Maciejauskienė 1991: 169–214; Ragauskaitė 2005: 63–74) and variation in their forms (Maciejauskienė 1997: 73–75, 77–80; Ragauskaitė 2005: 93–94). In addition, the principal possible origins of all surnames of this structure have been identified—Slavicization of personal names and borrowing—while also recognizing that surnames with the suffixes -avičius, -evičius may also have arisen naturally from the 16th century onward (and later), owing to the linguistic situation in the Lithuanian state, from the particularly frequent and widespread patronymics formed with these suffixes (Maciejauskienė 1993: 82–83, 84–85; 1996: 60). In discussing the Slavicization of surnames, attention was also drawn, among other things, to the translation of the roots (stems) of these personal names into Polish, usually accompanied by a substantial change in the structure of the surnames being translated (Maciejauskienė 1991: 1 What is meant is the monograph being written by the author of this article. V. MACIEJAUSKIENĖ. Dėl dar vienos lietuvių pavardžių atsiradimo galimybės 9 209–211; 1993: 86–88)2. Such translation undoubtedly affected not only the final context of the origins of present-day surnames, in which genetically Lithuanian surnames are relatively few3, but also their overall structural profile. While recognizing that the context of the origins of Lithuanian surnames was determined, among other things, by entirely objective causes (as is known, most surnames arose from Christian given names4), and that the Slavic structure of these personal names resulted from the aforementioned possibilities for their origin, it must also be acknowledged that by no means have all questions related to these matters yet been answered. The missing answers must, of course, be sought by continuing to collect and study historical anthroponymic data and bearing in mind that, from this perspective, personal names from the 19th century are especially important—a period when the forms of established Lithuanian surnames continued to stabilize5. It is already clear that an assessment of the anthroponymy of this century not only confirms the conclusions reached so far, but also expands the study with new data of various kinds. Among the latter, some have been observed that may perhaps make it possible to substantiate the conjecture that there were other possible origins of our surnames with a Slavic structure and foreign origin, not yet identified in previous studies. One of these possibilities will be discussed in this article. Its presentation and at least tentative substantiation were made possible by 19th-century sources recording people identified by a given name and two surnames joined by the words or, in other words. Depending on the language in which the sources were written, these words appear as the Latin alias, the Russian или, иначе; in addition, the Latin word vel or merely its abbreviation v is used: Maciej Wersocki alias Szykszna, Янъ Марцинкевичъ или Клестонь, Мацей Версоцкій иначе Шикина, Casimirus Kijzkis vel Moteiko, Gasper Ajewski v. Margas6. As can be seen, the identifications record two each 2 In doing so, the discussion drew on an account of the Polonization of personal names in the early 17th-century books of St. John’s Church in Vilnius, which, among other data, contains many examples of such translation (see Zinkevičius 1977: 105–111). 3 Such surnames are thought to make up only about 30 percent of all present-day surnames (see Vanagas 1982: 64). 4 This is also attested, among other things, by an assessment of the origins of personal names from the 17th century (the century in which Lithuanian surnames were formed most intensively) (see Maciejauskienė 1991: 230–243). 5 The 19th-century anthroponymy is especially useful for research also because only a relatively short period separates it from the body of surnames now called current—the Index of Lithuanian Surnames Recorded from Spoken Language, on the basis of which LPŽ was compiled (the index was assembled in the 1930s). This particularly increases the reliability of identifying historical and present-day surnames as the same, comparing data on their distribution and, of course, drawing conclusions related to this. 6 Here only one example of each such spelling is given, on the assumption that the frequency of use of these words and the way the abbreviation for vel is written, along with other similar details, will be evident from the cases of such identification presented and discussed below. 10 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 82 surnames, and this sets them all apart from the context of naming by a given name and surname usual for Lithuanians in this period7. Earlier publications had already noted that such forms of naming occur in nineteenth-century sources (see Maciejauskienė 1993a: 104; 1997: 83–84), but a comprehensive assessment of them had not been provided until now. Several such forms of naming were mentioned in discussions of the Slavicization of surnames (Maciejauskienė 1991: 209–210). An attempt to assess the structure and origin of the surnames recorded in all the collected forms of naming of this kind revealed that more than one type of such recording can be distinguished. The basis for this distinction would be the varying relationships between the two surnames, which most likely also attest to different reasons for the emergence of such forms of naming—some sufficiently clear, others perhaps only conjectural. REASONS FOR THE EMERGENCE OF PERSONAL NAMES WITH TWO SURNAMES As already stated, the reasons for the emergence of such forms of naming may be either clear or merely conjectural. The first category includes the previously mentioned translation of Lithuanian-origin surname roots (stems) into Polish (Russian), accompanied by a change in the structure of the personal names. These are readily identifiable cases in which two surnames—an authentic one and a Slavicized one—are written in a single form of naming. Here are two such forms of naming, with brief explanations: Georgij Awinas alias Baranowſki (2, 37; 1819)8 – in this entry from the church register of the Inturkė parish (Molėtai district), the surnames *Avinas and *Baranauskas are recorded. The first can be identified with the present-day surname Āvinas, derived from Lithuanian āvinas ‘ram’ and not attested not only in Inturkė but anywhere in Molėtai district (see LPŽ I 142). Thus, it most likely did not become the official surname of the person recorded in the source. The second can be identified with the surname Baranaũskas, which 7 Because precisely this type of Lithuanian naming had become the norm in nineteenth-century sources (for more, see Maciejauskienė 1993a: 100–103). 8 In parentheses is given the source number in the list appended to the article, followed by a comma and the reference to the source folio or page, and after a semicolon the year in which the person was recorded in this way in the source. The source list was not intended to be greatly expanded, so when selecting personal names, an effort was made to draw them from the same sources. For this very reason, most of the forms of naming discussed in the article are those recorded in four church registers from the Inturkė parish (Molėtai district). V. MACIEJAUSKIENĖ. Dėl dar vienos lietuvių pavardžių atsiradimo galimybės 11 is among our most common surnames9 and is found in various parts of Lithuania, including Molėtai District (14 families in Joniškis, as many as 23 in Molėtai, and elsewhere). Clearly, this particular historical personal name remained as the person’s official surname. In considering the origin of the latter, it is compared with analogous Polish and Belarusian surnames, while the Slavic word barõnas ‘ram’ is also mentioned (LPŽ I 190–191, 199). Thus, there are no links with Āvinas, although the recorded name also points to another possible origin for this Lithuanian surname of Slavic structure and origin. Ignatius Wisocki alias Awkƒztolis (3, 5; 1809) – the name recorded in a church register from Inturkė Parish contains the surnames *Visockas or similar, and *Aukštuolis. The first is to be identified with the present-day surname Visòčkas, which is also found in Molėtai District (4 families in Joniškis); as regards its origin, the surname is compared with analogous Slavic (Belarusian, Polish, Russian) surnames (see LPŽ II 1234–1235). The second is to be identified with the present-day surname Aukštuõlis, which is also known in Molėtai District (though somewhat farther from Inturkė: 40 families in Balninkai), and is derived from Lithuanian aukštuõlis: áukštas (see LPŽ I 139). It is not entirely clear which surname became the recorded person’s official surname in this case, though Visòčkas is the more likely. Another sufficiently clear reason for the emergence of such recorded names is likewise associated with Slavicization, this time involving only a change in surname structure. These are cases showing that records of individuals contain two surnames of the same origin but different structures. These recorded names, too, are presented with brief comments: Францишекъ Борткусъ или Борткевичъ (8, 29; 1850) – the names recorded in a revision list of residents of the Drūpiškė estate (Kelmė District) are the surnames *Bartkus and *Bartkevičius. The first is to be identified with the present-day surname Bãrtkus, and the second with Bartkẽvičius; both are found in the area of the former estate and derive from forms of the Christian name Baltramiejus (see LPŽ I 203–204). It is unclear which of the two personal names recorded in the entry remained the surname officially used by the person mentioned in the source. However, notes attached to the surname Bartkẽvičius, found in various parts of Lithuania, state people call them Bãrtkus (see LPŽ I 203–204), plainly show that through Slavicization the surname Bãrtkus could indeed have been replaced by a surname with the Slavic suffix –evičius. Josephi Markuniec alias Markiewicz (2, 37; 1819) – the surnames recorded in a church register from Inturkė Parish are *Markūnas (*Morkūnas) 9 It is borne by about 800 Lithuanian families – see Maciejauskienė 1987: 74. 12 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 82 and *Markevičius (*Morkevičius), which have the Lithuanian patronymic suffix –ūnas and the Slavic suffix -evičius, respectively. The first is to be identified with the present-day surnames Markūnas, Morkūnas, and the second with Markevičius. All of them are found, among other places, in Molėtai District, though farther from Inturkė (in Balninkai and Giedraičiai). The surname Morkevičius may also be mentioned here; it is not known in Molėtai District. All the surnames derive from forms of the Christian name Mōrkus (see LPŽ II 163, 164, 271). It is unclear which of the personal names recorded in the entry remained the person’s official surname. The recorded names arising through Slavicization mentioned above, in which two surnames are recorded, are uncommon in nineteenth-century sources. Other types of recorded names occurred much more frequently. The relationship between the two surnames entered in these is unclear. Thus, the reasons for the emergence of such recorded names can only be conjectured. It is easy to see that the surname pairs include personal names of different structures. Noticeably rarer among these recorded names are those in which two surnames of different origins are entered, lacking the Slavic structural features discussed above (the -sk- type and the suffixes -avičius, -evičius). Here are a couple of such cases of the recorded names mentioned: Casimirus Kiškis vel Moteiko (1, 65; 1805), Jerzy Kiškis alias Moteiko (4, 5; 1814) – the personal names *Kiškis and *Moteika (*Mateika) are recorded in entries in church registers from Inturkė Parish. The first is to be identified with the present-day surname Kiškis, which is found in the parish area (5 families in Joniškis) and derives from Lithuanian kiškis (see LPŽ I 1006). The second is to be identified with the surname Matéika, Mateikà, which is very common in Molėtai District (22 families in Joniškis, 14 in Molėtai, and elsewhere) and is derived from forms of the Christian name Motiejus (see LPŽ II 178). The distribution of present-day surnames does not make it possible to determine which of the personal names recorded in the entries remained the people’s official surname. It may be conjectured that such recorded names could have reflected efforts to replace a nickname-derived surname (in this case, one clearly Lithuanian) with a more neutral one. Augustyn Klungis v. Ilgutis (5, 51; 1834–1837) – the surnames *Klungis and *Ilgutis are recorded in an entry in a document from the Pašvalis estate. The first is to be identified with the present-day surname Klungis, which is also known in Pasvalys (1 family); its origin is thought to be unclear (see LPŽ I 1029). The second is to be identified with the surname Ilgūtis, also found near Pasvalys (2 families in Salōčiai) and derived from Lithuanian ilgas (see LPŽ I 766, 765). It remains unclear which of the two personal names became the person’s official surname, and why they were recorded together in one entry. V. MACIEJAUSKIENĖ. Dėl dar vienos lietuvių pavardžių atsiradimo galimybės 13 Mačkunasth or Kallade, Andrei Martinovič (7, 201; 1882) – in the designation of the owner of the Bürgèn estate (Pasvalys District), belonging to the peasant estate10, the surnames *Mačkunas (*Mockūnas) and *Kaladė are recorded. The first is identifiable with the present-day surname Mockūnas, which occurs in the estate’s localities (2 families in Daujėnai, 12 in Krinčinas, 1 in Pasvalys) and derives from a variant of the Christian name Motiejus (see LPŽ II 263). The second is identifiable with the surname Kalādė, known only farther from Pasvalys or other estate localities and derived from the Slavicism kalādė (see LPŽ I 892). It may be conjectured that the designation reflects an effort to replace a surname of clear nickname origin, seemingly considered too poor, with a more acceptable one, in some sense a more neutral one. As can be seen, the reasons for recording two surnames in such designations may be unclear or merely conjectural. Other designations of this type confirm this as well. For instance, comparing the surnames recorded in Jan Grygzentis v. Tomaszunas (611; 1835) with present-day surnames, while taking their distribution into account, shows that the second surname, Tamošiūnas, survived. A comparison of the reconstructed surnames of her father, *Gruodis and *Pakultinis, from the woman’s designation Anna Grodziowna v. Pakultiniowna (1, 85; 1810), with present-day surnames showed that the person’s official surname was most likely the surname of unclear origin Pakultinis. Of the surnames *Ilgius and *Ožkaragis, or the like, in the designation Michaelis Ilgius alias Aszkaragis (2, 46; 1821), the first remained official, most likely in the ending variant Ilgis. It is not entirely clear which of the two personal names remained the official surname of the person designated Vincenty Kierulis alias Markūniec (1, 64; 1805)—*Kerulis or *Markūnas (*Morkūnas)—though the particularly common Kerùlis in localities of the parish is the likeliest, although the alternative is also possible. The designation Adam Szakarnis v. Bedel (5, 52; 1834–1837) should also be considered: it records two surnames associated with the present-day forms Šakarnis and Bedelis or Bėdalis, Bedãlis. It may be conjectured that the personal names recorded in such designations have differing statuses: only one of them is an official surname, while the other is a nickname. However, the general context of Lithuanian naming in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, which has already been studied fairly thoroughly, argues against such a use of these personal names. Thus, it is likely that these designations were most often associated with efforts, for one reason or another, to replace an unacceptable surname with another—more neutral in origin, “prettier,” or simply different. Accordingly, one can also speak of a certain instability in the already established body of Lithuanian surnames, a “movement” associated with the conjectured replacement of some surnames by others. 10 It is from an alphabetical list, so both surnames are written first, followed by the person’s given name and patronymic. 11 The source pages are unnumbered, so only the number assigned to it in the list at the end of the article is given. 14 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 82 This assumption is also supported by the designations of the type discussed most often. They record two surnames of different origins, one of which in every case has Slavic suffixes (the previously mentioned -sk- type or -avičius, -evičius). First, three such designations from the church records of Inturkė parish, with brief explanations: Gabrielis Jusewicz alias Mizaniec (2, 26; 1817) – the surnames *Jusevičius and, most likely, *Miežonis are recorded in the designation of the person. The first is identifiable with the present-day surname Jusėvičius, which is also known in Molėtai (2 families), among other places, and derives from a variant of the Christian name Justinas (see LPŽ I 872, 873). The second is identifiable with the surname Miežonis, which occurs almost exclusively in Molėtai District (15 families in Giedraičiai, 1 family in Molėtai); for its derivation from Lithuanian miežys, miežis, see LPŽ II 224. In this case, it is not entirely clear which personal name continued to function as the official surname of the person in question; apparently, either possibility is viable. Joannes Butera alias Pawłowski (4, 10; 1819) – the surnames *Butera and *Paulauskas are recorded in the designation. The first has not survived to the present day, while the second is identifiable with the present-day surname Paulauskas, which occurs in many very different parts of Lithuania, including quite near Inturkė (5 families in Joniškis, 4 families in Molėtai, and elsewhere). It is one of the most common Lithuanian surnames (ranking seventh among the ten most common)12, derived from the Christian name Paūlius (see LPŽ II 408). Jacobi Kulwinjki alias Kulszys (1, 92; 1811) – the surnames *Kulvinskas and *Kulšys, or a similar form, are recorded in the designation. The first is identifiable with the present-day surnames Kulvinskas, Kulvinskis, whose distribution data do not attest to their occurrence in localities near Molėtai District (see LPŽ I 1118). The second is associated with the surnames Kūlsis, Kulšys, which are also known in Molėtai District (in Giedraičiai, Joniškis, and Molėtai) and derive from Lithuanian kūlšė, kūlšis (see LPŽ I 1117). Thus, the surname that most likely remained official was Kulšys or Kūlsis. As can be seen, in all three cases, the two surnames recorded in such designations are entirely different in origin, and one has a Slavic suffix (-evičius, -auskas and -inskas or -inskis). What is important is that, as already mentioned, designations of this type were the most numerous in the nineteenth-century sources examined, and that they demonstrate a somewhat unusual use of surnames with Slavic suffixes alongside surnames of different structures and origins. As is known, such surnames (especially those with suffixes of the -sk- type) make up a fairly large part of the overall body of our surnames, and some of them are also very—or at least fairly 12 It is borne by about 1,000 Lithuanian families (see Maciejauskienė 1987: 74). V. MACIEJAUSKIENĖ. Dėl dar vienos lietuvių pavardžių atsiradimo galimybės 15 common. However, neither the abundance of these surnames in the overall context of our surnames nor the striking frequency of some of them can essentially be linked to the patterns governing the spontaneous formation of our surnames or solely to the previously discussed features of the final stabilization of these personal-name forms (here, their Slavicization is primarily meant), let alone explained by the borrowing of surnames13. Thus, other possible origins must also be sought. Could it be that the designations just discussed attest to one of them? Probably so—if their emergence were associated with efforts in the nineteenth century to artificially replace some of our already established surnames of Lithuanian structure (and often also of Lithuanian origin) with other surnames. The latter had Slavic suffixes and were seemingly more universal or neutral, and were generally also characteristic of the naming systems of neighboring Slavic languages. It would be difficult to answer the question of whom such a presumed replacement of some surnames with others might have served or been necessary for—the persons being designated or those who wrote the records (it is entirely possible that the circumstances differed in each particular case). Therefore, the designations presented below are intended only to show which surnames may have been replaced, and by which other surnames, thereby providing as convincing a basis as possible for the possibility of such replacement. The designations are presented in three groups, distinguished according to which of the two personal names recorded in them remained (or may have remained) the official surname of the persons concerned. First are cases indicating that surnames with Slavic suffixes remained official and may, in particular cases, have replaced all or at least some surnames of a different structure. These are followed by designations showing that such surnames did not remain the official surnames of the persons concerned. The third group contains designations that may supplement both the first and second groups of instances in which two surnames were recorded, since comparison of the surnames recorded in them with present-day surnames does not make it possible to determine precisely which of the two personal names remained the official surname of the person recorded in this way. Not Janūtis, but Mackevičius; not Ladūkas, but Sakaláuskas The first group presents designations showing that the personal name with a Slavic suffix remained (or may have remained) the official surname; it occurred in the sources 13 Plačiau dėl to žr. Macijauskienė 1991: 207–208. 16 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 82 most often. The subsection title contains two pairs of surnames recorded in designations of persons in the church books of Inturkė parish. Here they are: Ignatij Mackiewicz alias Janutis (2, 14; 1814)—the designation contains the surnames *Mackevičius (*Mockevičius) and *Janutis (*Jonutis). The former is identifiable with the present-day surname Mackẽvičius, which is also found in Molėtai district (5 families in Giedraičiai, 3 in Joniškis, 10 in Molėtai) and derives from the Christian name Motiejus (see LPŽ II 125–126). The latter may be associated with the surnames Jõnas Janùtis, Jonùtis, derived from the Christian name, both of which are widespread far from Molėtai district (see LPŽ I 807, 845). The data presented show that in this case the surname Janùtis or Jonùtis, used in the parish, may have been replaced by the surname Mackẽvičius. This is a relatively common Lithuanian surname (about 570 families); moreover, it is also known in the naming systems of neighboring Slavic peoples—Belarusians and Poles (see LPŽ II 125–126). Joannes Laduk alias Sokolowski, Petri Laduk alias Sokolowski (2, 2; 1813), Joannis Sokołowski alias Ładukas (2, 28; 1817), Petri Sokołowski alias Laduk (2, 46; 1821), Antonii Sokołowski alias Laduk (2, 47; 1822), Antonius Laduk v Sokołowski, Petrus Ładuk v Sokołowski, Vincentus Ładuk v Sokołowski (4, 15; 1823)—the designations record the surnames *Ladukas and *Sakalauskas, or similar forms. The former is identifiable with the present-day surname Ladùkas, whose places of distribution differ from those of the historical personal name (see LPŽ II 14), so there would seem to be no basis for linking them. The latter is associated with the surname Sakaláuskas, which is widespread in various parts of Lithuania, including Molėtai district (11 families in Giedraičiai, 8 in Molėtai). It is the tenth most frequent Lithuanian surname14 and is also used in the naming systems of Slavic peoples—Belarusians, Poles, and Russians (for its origin, see LPŽ II 659). The data presented allow us to conclude that in this case Sakaláuskas most likely remained the official surname of the persons named in the sources, having replaced the second surname recorded in the designations, Ladùkas. Other designations of this type are presented in alphabetical order according to the first surname recorded in them: Georgij Cziulis alias Czywinki (1, 90; 1811), Jakób Cziula alias Czywinki (4, 8; 1818)—the designations in the church books of Inturkė parish record the surnames *Čiulis, *Čiula and *Čivinskas. There are currently no surnames with which the forms of the first historical personal names could be identified. In terms of origin, these were most likely surnames derived from nicknames, whose root *čiul- is linked to Lithuanian čiulénti, čiùlyti ‘to suck’, čiuliúoti ‘to rock, to cradle’ 14 It is borne by about 900 Lithuanian families (see Maciejauskienė 1987: 74). V. MACIEJAUSKIENĖ. Dėl dar vienos lietuvių pavardžių atsiradimo galimybės 17 (LKŽ II 149) or the like. The second surname is identifiable with the present-day Čivińskas, which is also found in Molėtai District (1 family in Giedraičiai). Georgii Jwanowski v Turka (2, 46; 1821) – the naming records the surnames *Ivanauskas and *Turka in a church register from Inturkė Parish. The first is identifiable with the present-day surname Ivanáuskas, formed from the Christian name Jõnas and found in various parts of Lithuania, including Molėtai District (2 families each in Giedraičiai and Joniškis, and as many as 15 families in Molėtai) (see LPŽ I 775). This is once again one of the most common Lithuanian surnames15, also found, among other places, in Slavic naming. The second surname has no exact equivalent among present-day surnames, but may be compared with the surnames Tūrkas, Tūrkus, of ethnic-name origin, which are known only far from Molėtai. These data suggest that the second surname recorded in the naming, *Turka, has not survived to the present day. Szymon Maculewicz alias Bindziuk (1, 79; 1808), Georgij Bindziuk alias Maculewicz (1, 84; 1810), Jacobi Bindziuk alias Maculewicz (2, 47; 1822) – the surnames *Maculevičius and *Bindziukas (*Bindžiukas) are recorded in namings in church registers from Inturkė Parish. The first is associated with a present-day surname formed from the inflected forms of the Christian name Motiejus, which is fairly common in Molėtai District as well (2 families in Giedraičiai, 13 in Joniškis, and 7 in Molėtai) (see LPŽ II 125, 124). The second personal name has no equivalent among present-day surnames. Янъ Шимона сынъ Марцинкевичъ или Клестонъ (8, 5; 1834), Габріель Сьмона сынъ Марцинкевичъ или Клетонась (8, 15; 1834) – a reference to the father’s name in extended namings from documents of the Drupiškė manor (Kelmė District) records the surnames *Marcinkevicius and *Klestonas or *Kletonas. The first is identifiable with the present-day surname Marcinkėvičius, derived from the Christian name Martýnas. It is relatively common (borne by about 590 Lithuanian families) and thus found in various parts of Lithuania, including Kelmė (1 family) and Kražiai (2 families) (see LPŽ II 158). The second personal name has no equivalent among present-day surnames. As can be seen, the recorded forms of the name differ, so its authenticity remains uncertain. This does not, however, preclude the possibility that the official surname of the persons mentioned remained Marcinkėvičius. Casimiri Miłsiewicz alias Petraſzaniec (2, 36; 1819) – the naming in a church source from Inturkė Parish records the surnames *Misevičius and *Petra-šonis (*Petrošonis), or the like. The first is associated with the present-day surname Misėvičius, formed from a form of the Christian name Mýkolas, which is also found in Molė- 15 It is borne by about 740 Lithuanian families (see Maciejauskienė 1987: 74). 18 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 82 tuose (see LPŽ II 254). The second can be identified only with the surname Petrošionis, known far from Molėtai District and derived from a form of the Christian name Pėtras (see LPŽ II 442). Thus, one may surmise that a surname of this kind (or one in a somewhat different form, e.g. *Petrašonis, *Petrušonis), used in Inturkė Parish, was replaced by the surname Misevičius. Jakób Petrukianiec alias Miseuicz (4, 6; 1815) – the naming in a church register from Inturkė Parish records the surnames *Petrukonis and *Misevičius. The first is associated with the present-day surname Petrukónis, formed from a form of the Christian name Pėtras; distribution data do not show it to be found even near Molėtai District (see LPŽ II 443). The second is identifiable with the previously mentioned surname Misevičius, known in Molėtai. This case and the one presented just before it may be of interest because they would point to repeated attempts to replace surnames of Lithuanian structure (both have the patronymic suffix –(i)onis) with the same surname, Misevičius, of different origin and structure. However, whether these two namings should indeed be interpreted in this way could probably be determined only after considerably more data have been gathered. Josephi Pietkiewicz alias Smeledis (1, 88; 1810), Mathei Pietkiewicz alias Smeledis (1, 91; 1811), Casimiri Pietkiewicz alias Smeledis (2, 37; 1819), Thomas Pietkiewicz alias Smeledis (4, 11; 1820) – the surnames *Petkevičius and *Smėledis or the like are recorded in the namings of individuals in church registers from Inturkė Parish. The first is identifiable with the present-day surname Petkevičius, formed from inflected forms of the Christian name Pėtras and found in various parts of Lithuania, including Molėtai District: 4 families in Alanta, 3 in Giedraičiai, 14 in Joniškis—the nearest to Inturkė—and 6 in Molėtai (see LPŽ II 435). This, too, is a relatively common surname (borne by about 660 Lithuanian families) and is also known in Slavic naming. The second is associated only with the nickname-derived surnames Smėlėdis, known in Molėtai (1 family), and Smeliādis (2 families) (see LPŽ II 769). The data presented, especially the frequency of the Slavic-structured surname and the extreme rarity of the second, suggest that at least some surnames of Lithuanian origin may have been replaced by Petkevičius, a more origin-neutral and versatile surname. To avoid making the article longer, a few more characteristic cases of this type of naming, recorded in the same sources, can be briefly described. For example, in the records of individuals, the surnames *Rinkevičius and *Suduikis or *Šuduikis, recorded as Jacobi Rynkiewicz v Suduykis (1, 60; 1805), Martinus Rynkiewicz alias Szuduykis (1, 85; 1810), Georgij Szuduykis alias Rynkiewicz (1, 98; 1811), Casimiri Szuduykis alias Rynkiewicz (2, 23; 1816), were certainly official V. MACIEJAUSKIENĖ. Dėl dar vienos lietuvių pavardžių atsiradimo galimybės 19 The surname Rinkẽvičius remained; comparing the surnames recorded in the current naming Thoma Jackiewicz alias Szupienis (2, 45; 1821), *Jackevičius and *Šupienis, it is apparent that the latter could indeed have been replaced by the surname Jackẽvičius; evidently, of the surnames *Vadila and *Rutkauskas recorded in the naming Jacoby Wadil alias Rutkowski (3, 5; 1810), the latter, which has a Slavic suffix, remained the official one; the surname Vitkáuskas, of the same structure, most likely replaced the Lithuanian-origin surname Vištelis, Vištėlis recorded alongside it in the naming Felicjanus Witkowski alias Wiſztielis (2, 38; 1819). As can be seen, the surnames recorded in these namings (and most likely retained as official) Rinkẽvičius, Jackẽvičius, Rutkáuskas, Vitkáuskas exhibit the features of more universal or neutral personal names already mentioned—all are widespread in various parts of Lithuania, are relatively common (three of them are borne by between more than 400 and almost 600 Lithuanian families), and also occur in Slavic naming. Ne Starinskas, bet Iliùkas, ne Zmitrãvičius, bet Samuìlis The pairs of surnames given in the subsection title are taken from namings which indicate that the surnames without Slavic suffixes were most likely retained as official. They are therefore presented first here. Vincentii Starzynski v Jluk (2, 46; 1821) – the surnames *Starinskas (*Staržinskas) or the like, and *Iliukas, were recorded in a naming from a church register of Inturkė parish. The first can be linked to the present-day surnames of Slavic origin Starìnskas, Staržìnskas, which are known only far from Molėtai District (see LPŽ II 807, 806). The second can be identified with the surname of not entirely clear origin Iliùkas, which occurs only in Molėtai (see LPŽ I 767, 764). Thus, in this case, the second surname recorded in the naming most likely remained the official one. Мамешъ Томаша сынъ Змитровичь или Самуилисъ (8, 5; 1834), Янъ сынъ Томаша Змитровичь или Самуилисъ, Іозефъ Казимировъ Змитровичь или Самуилисъ (8, 6; 1834), Гадевушъ Казимировъ сынъ Змитровичь или Самуилисъ (8, 30; 1850) – the surnames *Zmitrãvičius and *Samuilis are recorded in namings (expanded with a reference to the father’s name) in a document from the Drupiškė estate (Kelmė District). The first can be identified with the present-day surname Zmitrãvičius, derived from the Christian name Dimìtrijus and known only very far from the estate localities (see LPŽ II 1296). The second surname is linked to the surname Samuìlis, derived from the Christian name Samuèlis and occurring in the estate localities (20 families in Kelmė, one each in Tytuvėnai and Užventis) (LPŽ II 671). These data show that the second surname recorded in the namings remained the official one. 20 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 82 Few namings attesting that surnames without Slavic suffixes were retained as official (the types -avičius, -evičius and -sk- are meant) were found in the sources examined; they can be said to be almost isolated instances. It is also noteworthy that the present-day surnames with which this type of surname recorded in the namings can be identified differ from those of this type mentioned in the first group: they are neither widespread nor common (the surnames Starinskas, Staržinskas ir Zmitravičius are borne by only a dozen or so families each), and sometimes such a historical personal name has no counterpart among present-day surnames at all. Here are two more namings that confirm this: Joannis Gingiewicz v Kowszynis (1, 60; 1805), Stanislaj Gingiewicz alias Kauszyniec (1, 84; 1810) – the surnames *Gingevičius and *Kaušinis are recorded in namings from the church register of Inturkė parish. The first surname has no counterpart among present-day surnames, while the second can undoubtedly be identified with the surname of Lithuanian origin Kaušinis, which occurs, among other places, in Molėtai District—23 families in Joniškis and 21 in Molėtai (see LPŽ I 952). Gabrielis Wizynis v Jastrzemski (2, 51; 1823), Francisci Wizyn alias Jastrzemski (2, 56; 1824) – the surnames *Vižinis or the like, and *Jastržemskas, *Jastrem skas or the like, were recorded in namings from sources of Inturkė parish. The first is identified with the present-day surname Vižinis, which is found mainly in Molėtai District (5 families in Joniškis, 7 in Molėtai) and, together with the surnames Vižynis, Vyžinis occurring nearby, is derived from Lithuanian vyža, vyžius (see LPŽ II 1244). The second is linked to the surnames of Slavic origin Jastržemškas, Jastremškas, which are not known in Molėtai District (see LPŽ I 818). It is evident that the Lithuanian-structured and Lithuanian-origin surname Vižinis remained the official one. Gudelis or Gadliauskas, Laukis or Banėvičius? This subsection presents name forms in which the data comparing the two personal names recorded with present-day surnames do not clearly show which of them remained the official surname of the persons recorded. Such cases were few—again, only a handful. First are presented those whose pairs of recorded surnames appear in the subsection title, followed by two more name forms of this type (all are taken from church sources of the Inturkė parish). Christophori Gudelis v Godlewski (1, 63; 1805) – from this name form, the surnames *Gudelis and *Godliauskas (*Gadliauskas) can be reconstructed. The former is identified with the present-day surname of ethnonymic origin Gudėlis, which is also known in Alanta (2 families), that is, in Molėtai District, although some distance from Inturkė (see LPŽ I 736, V. MACIJAUSKIENĖ. Dėl dar vienos lietuvių pavardžių atsiradimo galimybės 21 735). The latter is linked to the surname Gadliauskas, believed to be of Slavic origin, which, among other places, is also known very close to Inturkė—7 families in Joniškis (see LPŽ I 604). It is impossible to say precisely which of the two personal names recorded in a single name form remained the person’s official surname, although it is more likely to have been Gadliauskas. Mathia Łoukis v Baniewicz (1, 44; 1802), Georgij Baniewicz v Łoukis (1, 53; 1804), Ludvicus Loukis alias Boniewicz (1, 61; 1805), Georgij Laukis alias Baniewicz (1, 80; 1808), Mathia Baniewicz alias Laukis (1, 81; 1808), Mathias Loukis alias Baniewicz (2, 21; 1816) – the surnames *Laukis (*Laukys) and *Banevičius are recorded in repeated name forms for the individuals. The former is linked to the present-day surname Laukis, derived from Lithuanian laũkis, laũkas, which is also found in Molėtai (5 families), among other places (see LPŽ II 32). The latter is identified with the surname Banėvičius, also known in Molėtai District (3 families in Giedraičiai, 20 in Molėtai) and derived from a form of the Christian name Benediktas (see LPŽ I 187). In this case, too, it is not entirely clear which personal name remained the official surname of the individuals in question; it is entirely possible that this varied from case to case. However, given the frequency of the surname Banėvičius in Molėtai District, it may be inferred that it could indeed have replaced some instances of the surname Laukis. Vincenti Maciulewicz alias Cziuczyn (2, 45; 1821) – the surnames *Maciulėvičius and *Čiučinas (*Čiučinis) are recorded in the name form. The former is identified with the present-day surname Maciulėvičius, found in Molėtai District (2 families in Giedraičiai, 13 in Joniškis, 7 in Molėtai), and formed from forms of the Christian names Mãtas, Motiejus (see LPŽ II 125, 124). The latter is linked to the surname Čiučinas, known only in Molėtai (2 families); its origin is assessed by comparison with Russian personal names of similar root or structure (see LPŽ I 431)16. It is unclear which personal name remained the official surname of the individual mentioned in the source. Georgij Zwerella alias Zuromski (2, 36; 1819), Georgius Zuromski alias Zwerela, Simon Zuromski v Zwarela (4, 12; 1821) – the surnames *Žverelė or similar and *Žuromskas are recorded in the name forms. The former is identified with the present-day surnames Žverėlė (2 families in Molėtai) and Žverela (9 families in Joniškis), found in Molėtai District. Their forms are apparently not entirely authentic, having changed from *Žverelė; they are derived from Lithuanian žveris, žvėrelis or similar (see LPŽ II 1352). The latter is linked to the surname of Slavic origin Žuromškas, which, among other places, is also known very close to Inturkė (2 families in Joniškis), and alongside it there is 16It seems that this is not entirely justified, and that a different assessment of the origin of this surname is also possible; however, in order not to increase the length of the article, broader comments have been omitted here and elsewhere. 22 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 82 note people call Žverelė (see LPŽ II 1350). Thus, both surnames have survived to the present day, and it is unclear which of them remained the official personal name of the persons mentioned in the source. The content of the note confirms the authentic form of a surname of Lithuanian origin and clearly indicates that the Slavic surname most likely arose by replacing it with the personal name *Žverelė or the like. As can be seen, comparison of the pairs of personal names recorded in all the designations discussed in this subsection with present-day surnames does not clarify which one remained the official surname of the persons mentioned. CONCLUDING REMARKS In describing the corpus of Lithuanian surnames in terms of structure and origin, it must be stated that a very large number of personal names have Slavic suffixes (especially those of the –sk– type and –avičius, –evičius) and that most of our surnames are genetically non-Lithuanian. Historical anthroponymic studies have already sought answers to the question of why this is so, and, it may be assumed, more than one answer has indeed been found. Naturally, some uncertainties remain, which can be dispelled only by continuing to collect and evaluate historical personal names. From this perspective, the historical anthroponymy of the nineteenth century is especially important: it not only confirms the principal results of research already conducted, but also attests to facts that make it possible to try to fill gaps left by the aforementioned uncertainties. Among such facts are designations that stand out from the naming context for persons of this entire period: a given name and two surnames joined by the words or, in other words. Assessing the structure and origin of the surnames recorded in such pairs makes it possible, among other things, to discuss a possibility not yet distinguished in previous studies: the emergence of Lithuanian surnames with a Slavic structure and foreign origin. The latter possibility is associated with the artificial replacement of already established surnames of Lithuanian structure (and often origin as well) by surnames of Slavic structure and foreign origin. The latter can be described as, in a certain respect, “more universal”: they are relatively common, have no clearly defined area of distribution, and are characteristic not only of Lithuanian but also of the onomasticon of neighboring Slavic languages. Naturally, the assessment of naming with two surnames presented in this article should still be tested and substantiated as convincingly as possible through the continued collection of nineteenth-century anthroponymic data. Moreover, it would probably be unwise to rule out entirely other possible reasons for the emergence and spread in the sources of the designations presented here. V. MACIEJAUSKIENĖ. Dėl dar vienos lietuvių pavardžių atsiradimo galimybės 23 On the other hand, recognizing that some Lithuanian surnames of foreign origin with Slavic suffixes (especially those of the –sk– type and –avičius, –evičius) may have arisen by replacing surnames of Lithuanian structure (and often origin as well) with them would help answer more clearly why there are so many such surnames, why most of them are relatively or even very common, why they lack more clearly defined areas of distribution, and so on. As noted, this cannot be explained either by the characteristics of the spontaneous formation of our surnames or solely by the Slavicization of these personal names, let alone by borrowing. The attempt to substantiate yet another possibility for the emergence of surnames of foreign origin and Slavic structure should, of course, be linked to the Slavicization of the corpus of Lithuanian surnames—or, more precisely, to a manifestation of it not yet identified in previous studies. SOURCES17 1. Metryki Chr zestne od 1794 Februarij 2 dnia do 1812 Julij 13 dnia. [Inturkė parish (Molėtai district) baptismal register. 2 February 1794–13 July 1812]. Kept in the archive of Inturkė Church. 2. Metryki Chr zestne od 1812 Julij 26 – do 1824 Augusta 15 dnia. [Inturkė parish (Molėtai district) baptismal register. 26 July 1812–15 August 1824]. Kept in the archive of Inturkė Church. 3. Metryki Pogrzebowe od r. 1807 miesiaca Sierpnia 21 dnia do r. 1812 Lipca 16 dnia. [Inturkė parish (Molėtai district) death register. 21 August 1807–16 July 1812]. Kept in the archive of Inturkė Church. 4. Metryki Pogrzebowe od 1812 Julij 18 do 1825 Januarij 22. [Inturkė parish (Molėtai district) death register. 18 July 1812–22 January 1825]. Kept in the archive of Inturkė Church. 5. Accounts of the income and expenses of the Pasvalys estate for 1829–1830 and 1834–1837. Kept in the Manuscript Department of the Library of the Academy of Sciences, collection 43–15254. 6. Rachunek z Włosciანami Pocztowskiemi... [Systematic list of the obligations, taxes, and labor duties of the peasants of the Paštuva manor farm (Kaunas district). 1835]. Kept in the Manuscript Department of the Library of the Academy of Sciences, collection 38–55. 17 This is an alphabetical list in which, when presenting manuscript sources, their original title is given first (sometimes slightly abbreviated), followed in parentheses—where possible—by a fuller equivalent in Lithuanian. In one case (see entry 5), the source title is taken from the library catalogue, as the original could not be identified. The locations where the sources are kept are given after the titles. 24 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 82 7. Alphabetical list of landowners in the Kovno Governorate. Kovno, 1882. 8. Revision list... of the Druviškės estate... [Revision lists of the Drupiškės estate (Kelmė district). 1834, 1850]. Held in the Manuscripts Department of the Library of the Academy of Sciences, collection 37–62. L I T E R A T U R E LKŽ II 1969 – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 2, Vilnius: Mintis. LPŽ I 1985 – Dictionary of Lithuanian Surnames 1. Ed. A. Vanagas, Vilnius: Mokslas. LPŽ II 1989 – Dictionary of Lithuanian Surnames 2. Ed. A. Vanagas, Vilnius: Mokslas. M a c i e j a u s k i e n ė V. 1987: The most common Lithuanian surnames. – Language Culture 52, 70–75. M a c i e j a u s k i e n ė V. 1991: The Formation of Lithuanian Surnames, Vilnius: Mokslas. M a c i e j a u s k i e n ė V. 1993: Personal names in the Kriaunos parish in the 17th–18th centuries. – Questions of Lithuanian Linguistics 32, 34–99. M a c i e j a u s k i e n ė V. 1993a: Lietuvių įvardijimas XIX a. pirmojoje pusėje. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 32, 100–113. M a c i e j a u s k i e n ė V. 1996: Dėl lietuvių pavardžių su priesagomis –avičius, –evičius vertinimo. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 36, 60–70. M a c i e j a u s k i e n ė V. 1997: Variation in the forms of Lithuanian surnames in the 19th century. – Lituanistica 2 (30), 71–88. R a g a u s k a i t ė A. 2005: XVI–XVIII a. kauniečių asmenvardžiai, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla. V a n a g a s A. 1982: Mūsų vardai ir pavardės, Vilnius: Mokslas. Z i n k e v i č i u s Z. 1977: Lietuvių antroponimika. Vilniaus lietuvių asmenvardžiai XVII a. pradžioje, Vilnius: Mokslas. Received 30 April 2009 V. MACIEJAUSKIENĖ. Dėl dar vienos lietuvių pavardžių atsiradimo galimybės 25 ON ANOTHER HYPOTHETICAL ORIGIN OF LITHUANIAN SURNAMES Summary The paper attempts to provide arguments for one more hypothetical claim concerning the foreign origin and Slavic structure of some Lithuanian surnames. They include surnames with the suffixes of the –sk- type and the suffixes -avičius, -evičius. Such surnames are numerous; some of them are among the most frequent. They are not limited to particular territories and are found throughout the country. They look universal and are also frequent in Slavic languages (Byelorussian, Polish and Russian) outside Lithuania. In Lithuanian anthroponymic research such surnames have been treated as resulting from Slavic influence on Lithuanian names or as borrowings from Slavic languages. However, it is also admitted that the surnames with the suffixes -avičius, -evičius might have evolved rather naturally. In the 16th century and later due to a specific linguistic situation in the Lithuanian State patronymics with such suffixes were quite frequent. Still such circumstances of the evolution of the names do not seem sufficient; they fail to account for a large number of such names in the Lithuanian onomastics and their highly frequent use. The anthroponymic research into the 19th century names and surnames identified a peculiarity of referring to people by their names and two surnames joined by the words arba, kitaip (‘or’, ‘otherwise’), e.g. Jacobi Wadil alias Rutkowski, Maciey Wersocki alias Szykszna, Thomas Pietkiewicz alias Smeledis. The analysis of the structure and origin of such pairs, their identification with the present surnames, especially considering the historic and present-day data referring to the spread of personal names, helped establish which of the two surnames were later preserved as an official surname. The investigation has also contributed to formulating one more hypothetical claim concerning surnames of foreign origin with Slavic suffixes (–sk- type and -avičius, -evičius). Such surnames might have artificially replaced Lithuanian surnames which had already had a well-established Lithuanian structure (often they were also of Lithuanian origin). This would be another, previously not identified, indication of the development of Lithuanian surnames under the influence of Slavic languages. VITALIJA MACIEJAUSKIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 5 P. Vileišio St., Vilnius LT-10308 [email protected] 26 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 82